Cch vit, ngha 214 b ch trong ting Trung Quc

B th l mt yu t quan trng ca Hn t, gip vic tra cu Hn t tng i d dng v nhiu

ch c gom thnh nhm c chung mt b th. T i Hn, Ha Thn phn loi ch Hn

thnh 540 nhm hay cn gi l 540 b. Th d, nhng ch , , u lin quan ti ngn

ng, li ni, m lun v.v nn c xp chung vo mt b, ly b phn (ngn) lm b th

(cng gi l thin bng ). n i Minh, Mai ng T xp gn li cn 214 b th

v c dng lm tiu chun cho n nay. Phn ln cc b th ca 214 b u l ch tng hnh

v hu nh dng lm b phn ch ngha trong cc ch theo cu to hnh thanh (hay hi thanh).

Mi ch hnh thanh gm b phn ch ngha (hay ngha ph ) v b phn ch m (hay m

ph ). a s Hn t l ch hnh thanh, nn tinh thng b th l mt iu kin thun li tm

hiu hnh-m-ngha ca Hn t. Phn sau y gii thch ngha 214 b, trnh by nh sau:

B B TN B

PHIN M NGHA

1. NHT yi s mt

2. CN kn nt s

3. CH zh im, chm

4. PHIT pi nt s xin qua tri

PHT F nt s xin qua tri dng 2

Y nt s xin qua tri dng 3

5. T y v tr th 2 trong thin can

T Yn v tr th 2 trong thin can dng 2

T Ya v tr th 2 trong thin can dng 3

6. QUYT ju nt s c mc

7. NH r s hai

8. U tu

9. ( ) ( ) NHN (NHN NG)

rn ngi

10. NHI r Tr con

11. NHP r vo

12. BT b s tm

13. QUYNH jing vng bin gii xa; hoang a

14. MCH m trm khn ln

15. BNG bng nc

16. K j gh da

17. KHM kn h ming

18. () () AO do con dao, cy ao (v kh)

19. LC l sc mnh

20. BAO b bao bc

21. CHY b ci tha (ci mung)

22. PHNG fng t ng

23. H x che y, giu gim

24. THP sh s mi

25. BC b xem bi

26. TIT ji t tre

27. HN hn sn ni, vch

28. KH, T s ring t

29. HU yu li na, mt ln na

30. KHU ku ci ming

31. VI wi vy quanh

32. TH t t

33. S sh k s

34. TR zh n pha sau

35. TUY si i chm

36. TCH x m ti

37. I d to ln

38. N n n gii, con gi, n b

39. T z con trai; TNX ngi th 2

40. MIN min mi nh, mi che

41. THN cn n v tc (o chiu di)

42. TIU xio nh b

43. UNG wng yu ui

44. THI sh xc cht, thy ma

45. TRIT ch mm non, c non mi mc

46. SN shn ni non

47. XUYN chun sng ngi

48. CNG gng ngi th, cng vic

49. K j bn thn mnh

50. CN jn ci khn

51. CAN gn thin can, can d

52. YU yo nh nhn

53. NGHIM n mi nh

54. DN yn bc di

55. CNG gng chp tay

56. DC y bn, chim ly

57. CUNG gng ci cung ( bn tn)

58. K j u con nhm

59. SAM shn lng, tc di

60. XCH ch bc chn tri

61. () () TM (TM NG) xn qu tim, tm tr, tm lng 62. QUA g cy qua (mt th binh kh di)

63. H h ca mt cnh

64. () () TH (TI GY) shu tay 65. CHI zh cnh nhnh

66. () () PHC p nh kh 67. VN wn vn v, vn chng, v sng

68. U du ci u ong

69. CN jn ci ba, ru

70. PHNG fng vung

71. V w khng

72. NHT r ngy, mt tri

73. VIT yu ni rng

74. NGUYT yu thng, mt trng

75. MC m g, cy ci

76. KHIM qin khim khuyt, thiu vng

77. CH zh dng li

78. I di xu xa, t hi

79. TH sh binh kh di, ci gy

80. V w ch, ng

81. T b so snh

82. MAO mo lng

83. TH sh h

84. KH q hi nc

85. () () THY shi nc 86. () () HA hu la

87. TRO zho mng vut cm th

88. PH f cha

89. HO yo ho m, ho dng (Kinh Dch)

90. () () TNG qing mnh g, ci ging 91. PHIN pin mnh, tm, ming

92. NHA y rng

93. ( ) ( ) NGU nu tru 94. () () KHUYN qun con ch 95. HUYN xun mu en huyn, huyn b

96. NGC y qu, ngc

97. QUA gu qu da

98. NGA w ngi

99. CAM gn ngt

100. SINH shng sinh , sinh sng

101. DNG yng dng

102. IN tin rung

103. () () THT p n v o chiu di, tm (vi)

104. NCH n bnh tt

105. BT b gt ngc li, tr li

106. BCH bi mu trng

107. B p da

108. MNH mn bt da

109. MC m mt

110. MU mo cy gio m

111. TH sh cy tn, mi tn

112. THCH sh

113. () () TH (K) sh ch th; thn t 114. NHU ru vt chn, lt chn

115. HA h la

116. HUYT xu hang l

117. LP l ng, thnh lp

118. TRC zh tre trc

119. M m go

120. (-)

(-)

MCH m si t nh

121. PHU fu snh

122. (- )

(- )

VNG wng ci li

123. DNG yng con d

124. () () V y lng v 125. LO lo gi

126. NHI r m, v

127. LI li ci cy

128. NH r tai (l tai)

129. DUT y cy bt

130. NHC ru tht

131. THN chn by ti

132. T z t bn thn, k t

133. CH zh n

134. CU ji ci ci gi go

135. THIT sh ci li

136. SUYN chun sai suyn, sai lm

137. CHU zhu ci thuyn

138. CN gn qu Cn (Kinh Dch); dng, bn cng 139. SC s mu, dng v, n sc

140. () () THO co c 141. H H vn vn ca con h

142. TRNG chng su b

143. HUYT xu mu

144. HNH xng i, thi hnh, lm c

145. () () Y y o 146. y che y, p ln

147. ( ) ( ) KIN jin trng thy

148. GIC ju gc, sng th

149. () () NGN yn ni 150. CC g khe nc chy gia hai ni

151. U du ht u, cy u

152. TH sh con heo, con ln

153. TRI zh loi su khng chn

154. () () BI bi vt bu 155. XCH ch mu

156. TU zu i, chy

157. TC z chn, y

158. THN shn thn th, thn mnh

159. () () XA ch chic xe 160. TN xn cay, vt v

161. THN chn nht, nguyt, tinh; thn (12 chi); chi th 5 a chi 162. ( ) ( ) QUAI XC chu cht bc i cht dng li 163. () () P y vng t, t phong cho quan 164. DU yu mt trong 12 a chi

165. BIN bin phn bit

166. L l dm; lng xm

167 KIM jn kim loi; vng

168. (- )

(- )

TRNG chng di; ln (trng)

169. () () MN mn ca hai cnh 170. () () PH f ng t, g t

171. I di kp, kp n

172. TRUY, CHUY zhu chim ui ngn

173. V y ma

174. () () THANH qng mu xanh 175. PHI fi khng

176. ( ) ( ) DIN min mt, b mt 177. CCH g da th; thay i, ci cch

178. () () VI wi da thuc ri 179. PH, CU ji rau ph (h)

180. M yn m thanh, ting

181. () () HIT y u; trang giy

182. (-)

(-)

PHONG fng gi

183. () () PHI fi bay

184. ( -)

( -)

THC sh n

185. TH shu u

186. HNG xing mi hng, hng thm

187. ( ) ( ) M m con nga 188. CT g xng

189. CAO go cao

190. BU, TIU bio tc di; sam (shn)=c ph mi nh 191. U du chng nhau, chin u

192. SNG chng ru np; bao ng cy cung

193. CCH g l tn mt con sng xa

ci nh

194. QU gi con qu

195. ( ) ( ) NG y con c 196. () () IU nio con chim 197. L l t mn

198. LC l con hu

199. () () MCH m la mch 200. MA m cy gai

201. HONG hung mu vng

202. TH sh la np

203. HC hi mu en

204. CH zh may o, khu v

205. MNH mn con ch; c gng (mnh min)

206. NH dng ci nh

207. C g ci trng

208. TH sh con chut

209. T b ci mi

210. ( -)

( -)

T q ngang bng, cng nhau

211. ( -)

( -)

X ch rng

212. () () LONG lng con rng

213. (-)

(-)

QUY gu con ra

214. DC yu so 3 l

1 Nt 1. ( Y ) Nht => S mt

2. () Cn => Nt s

3. ( Zh ) Ch => im, chm

4. ( Pi ) Phit => Nt s xin qua tri

5. ( Y ) t => V tr th 2 trong thin can

6. ( Ju ) Quyt => Nt s c mc

*********************************

2 Nt 7. ( r ) Nh => s hai

8. ( Tu ) u => (khng c ngha)

9. ( Rn ) Nhn () => ngi

10. ( Er ) Nhi => tr con

11. ( R ) Nhp => vo

12. ( B ) Bt => s tm

13. ( Jing ) Quynh => vng bin gii xa; hoang a

14. ( M ) Mch => trm khn ln

15. ( Bng ) Bng => nc

16. ( J ) K => gh da

17. ( Qin ) Khm => h ming

18. ( Do ) ao () => con dao, cy ao (v kh)

19. ( L ) Lc => sc mnh

20. ( Bo ) Bao => bao bc

21. ( B ) Chu => ci tha (ci mung)

22. ( Fng ) Phng => t ng

23. ( X ) H => che y, giu gim

24. ( Sh ) Thp => s mi

25. ( Bo ) Bc => xem bi

26. ( Ji ) Tit => t tre

27. ( Chng ) Hn, Xng => sn ni, vch

28. ( S ) Kh, t => ring t

29. ( Yu ) Hu => li na, mt ln na

*********************************

3 Nt 30. khu => ci ming

31. vi => vy quanh

32. th => t

33. s => k s

34. tr => n pha sau

35. truy => i chm

36. tch => m ti

37. i => to ln

38. n => n gii, con gi, n b

39. t => con

40. min => mi nh mi che

41. thn => n v tc (o chiu di)

42. tiu => nh b

43. ung => yu ui

44. thi => xc cht, thy ma

45. trit => mm non, c non mi mc

46. sn => ni non

47. xuyn => sng ngi

48. cng => ngi th, cng vic

49. k => bn thn mnh

50. cn => ci khn

51. can => thin can, can d

52. yu => nh nhn

53. nghim => mi nh

54. dn => bc di

55. cng => chp tay

56. dc => bn, chim ly

57. cung => ci cung ( bn tn)

58. k => u con nhm

59 sam 1=> lng tc di

60. xch => bc chn tri

********************************

4 Nt 61. tm ()=> qu tim, tm tr, tm lng

62. qua => cy qua (mt th binh kh di)

63. h 6=> ca mt cnh 64. th ()=> tay

65. chi => cnh nhnh

66. phc ()=> nh kh

67. vn => vn v, vn chng, v sng

68. u 7=> ci u ong

69. cn => ci ba, ru

70. phng 9=> vung

71. v => khng

72. nht => ngy, mt tri

73. vit => ni rng

74. nguyt => thng, mt trng

75. mc => g, cy ci

76. khim => khim khuyt, thiu vng

77. ch => dng li

78. i => xu xa, t hi

79. th => binh kh di

80. v => ch, ng

81. t => so snh

82. mao B=> lng

83. th => h

84. kh => hi nc

85. thu ()=> nc

86. ha ()=> la

87. tro => mng vut cm th

88. ph => cha

89. ho => ho m, ho dng (Kinh Dch)

90. tng ()=> mnh g, ci ging

91. phin => mnh, tm, ming

92. nha => rng

93. ngu ( )=> tru

94. khuyn ()=> con ch

**********************************

5 Nt 95. huyn => mu en huyn, huyn b

96. ngc => qu, ngc

97. qua => qu da

98. nga => ngi

99. cam => ngt

100. sinh => sinh , sinh sng

101. dng => dng

102. in => rung

103. tht ( ) => n v o chiu di, tm (vi)

104. nch => bnh tt

105. bt => gt ngc li, tr li

106. bch => mu trng

107. b => da

108. mnh => bt da

109. mc => mt

110. mu => cy gio m

111. th => cy tn, mi tn

112. thch =>

113. th; k () => ch th; thn t

114. nhu => vt chn, lt chn

115. ha => la

116. huyt => hang l

117. lp => ng, thnh lp

*******************************

6 Nt 118. trc => tre trc

119. m 7C73 => go

120. mch (, ) => si t nh

121. phu => snh

122. vng (, ) => ci li

123. dng => con d

124. v () => lng v

125. lo => gi

126. nhi => m, v

127. li => ci cy

128. nh => tai (l tai)

129. dut => cy bt

130. nhc => tht

131. thn => by ti

132. t => t bn thn, k t

133. ch => n

134. cu => ci ci gi go

135. thit => ci li

136. suyn => sai suyn, sai lm

137. chu => ci thuyn

138. cn => qu Cn (Kinh Dch); dng, bn cng

139. sc => mu, dng v, n sc

140. tho () => c

141. h => vn vn ca con h

142. trng => su b

143. huyt => mu

144. hnh => i, thi hnh, lm c

145. y () => o

146. => che y, p ln

*******************************

7 Nt 147. kin () => trng thy

148. gic => gc, sng th

149. ngn => ni

150. cc => khe nc chy gia hai ni, thung lng

151. u => ht u, cy u

152. th => con heo, con ln

153. tri => loi su khng chn

154. bi () => vt bu

155. xch => mu

156. tu ,() => i, chy

157. tc => chn, y

158. thn => thn th, thn mnh

159. xa () => chic xe

160. tn => cay

161. thn => nht, nguyt, tinh; thn (12 chi)

162. sc ( ) => cht bc i cht dng li

163. p () => vng t, t phong cho quan

164. du => mt trong 12 a chi

165. bin => phn bit

166. l => dm; lng xm

*****************************

8 Nt 167. kim => kim loi; vng

168. trng ( , ) => di; ln (trng)

169. mn () => ca hai cnh

170. ph () => ng t, g t

171. i => kp, kp n

172. truy, chuy => chim ui ngn

173. v => ma

174. thanh () => mu xanh

175. phi => khng

******************************

9 Nt 176. din () => mt, b mt

177. cch => da th; thay i, ci cch

178. vi () => da thuc ri

179. ph, cu => rau ph (h)

180. m => m thanh, ting

181. hit () => u; trang giy

182. phong (, ) => gi

183. phi () => bay

184. thc (, ) => n

185. th => u

186. hng => mi hng, hng thm

******************************

10 Nt 187. m () => con nga

188. ct => xng

189. cao => cao

190. bu, tiu => tc di; sam => c ph mi nh

191. u => chng nhau, chin u

192. sng => ru np; bao ng cy cung

193. cch => tn mt con sng xa; => ci nh

194. qu => con qu

*********************************

11 Nt 195. ng () => con c

196. iu () => con chim

197. l => t mn

198. lc => con hu

199. mch () => la mch

200. ma => cy gai

******************************

12 Nt 201. hong => mu vng

202. th => la np

203. hc => mu en

204. ch => may o, khu v

******************************

13 Nt 205. mnh => con ch; c gng (mnh min)

206. nh => ci nh

207. c => ci trng

208. th => con chut

******************************

14 Nt 209. t => ci mi

210. t (, ) => ngang bng, cng nhau

******************************

15 Nt

211. x (, ) => rng

******************************

16 Nt 212. long ( ) => con rng

213. quy (, ) => con ra

******************************

17 Nt 214. dc => so 3 l

Theo thng k ca i hc Yale (trong Dictionary of Spoken Chinese,

1966), cc ch Hn c tn s s dng cao nht thng thng thuc 50 b th

sau y:

1. nhn () - b 9

2. ao () - b 18

3. lc - b 19

4. khu - b 30

5. vi - b 31

6. th - b 32

7. i - b 37

8. n - b 38

9. min - b 40

10. sn - b 46

11. cn - b 50

12. nghim - b 53

13. xch - b 60

14. tm () - b 61

15. th () - b 64

16. phc () - b 66

17. nht - b 72

18. mc - b 75

19. thu () - b 85

20. ho () - b 86

21. ngu - b 93

22. khuyn () - b 94

23. ngc - b 96

24. in - b 102

25. nch - b 104

26. mc - b 109

27. thch - b 112

28. ho - b 115

29. trc - b 118

30. m - b 119

31. mch - b 120

32. nhc ( ) - b 130

33. tho () - b 140

34. trng - b 142

35. y () - b 145

36. ngn - b 149

37. bi - b 154

38. tc - b 157

39. xa - b 159

40. sc - b 162

41. p+ (phi) - b 163

42. kim - b 167

43. mn - b 169

44. ph - (tri) - b 170

45. v - b 173

46. hit - b 181

47. thc - b 184

48. m - b 187

49. ng - b 195

50. iu - b 196