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2/23/15
How do nerve cells communicate?
• By transmission of messages between neurons. One way direction and at the same strength.
Nervous System
• Nervous System: Involved in thinking, dreaming, feeling, moving and much more.
Two Main Parts
• Central Nervous System: brain and spinal cord.
• Peripheral Nervous System: nerve cells that send messages between the central nervous system & all the parts of the body
Central Nervous System
• Extends from the brain down the back
• Responsible for spinal reflexes• Example: touch a hot stove, message
sent to spinal cord, message sent to hand to let go.
Peripheral Nervous System
• Two Divisions:• 1) Somatic: Transmits sensory
messages to central nervous system. (activated by touch, pain, temp changes, etc)
• 2) Autonomic: Regulates the bodies vital functions (heartbeat, breathing, digestion, & blood pressure)
Autonomic divides into two
• 1) Sympathetic: Activated during action (“fight or flight”)
• 2) Parasympathetic: restores the body’s reserves of energy after an action has occurred. (heart rate & blood pressure normalized, breathing is slowed, digestion returns to normal)
Neurons: Tree like Structures
• Run through our entire body and communicate with each other
• Send & receive messages from other structures in the body (muscles & glands)
• More than 100 Billion neurons (mostly found in the brain)
Cell Body
• Cell Body: produces energy that fuels the activity of the cell
• Can have many dendrites but usually only one axon
Dendrites (Branches)
Receive information from other neurons and pass the message through the cell body
Axon (Trunk)
• Carries messages away
D. Myelin
• Myelin: covers axon• White fatty substance that insulates
and protects the axon.• Helps to speed up transmission of
message.
Axon Terminals
• Axon Terminals: Smaller branches at the end of the axon.
Synapse
• Area between the axon terminal and another dendrite.
• New synapses can develop between neurons that were not previously connected, as when we learn something new.
Guided Practice
• Label the Neuron handout you have 10 min to complete. We will review Tuesday.
Brain Poster • Day 1:1. Draw a large brain/head for a human being2. Organize it into the 4 lobes3. Draw a neuron and label the different
sections. 4. Draw how the basic nervous structure
functions in the body (Central and Peripheral) (Sections 3 and 4 can be small sections off to the
side.
• Hand back test…….
2/27/15
• What is the name of the disorder that occurs as the result of the loss of the myelin sheath?
• Hint “Ice Bucket” challenge• Name the two parts of the central nervous
system.
Neurotransmitters: Chemicals
• Stored in sacs in the axon terminals• When a neuron fires, it releases
neurotransmitter sacs.• Different chemicals cause different
physical reactions• Example: – Acetylcholine: involved in controlling our
muscles– Dopamine: motor behavior: too much=
Schizophrenia, too little = Parkinson’s disease.
• http://youtu.be/yL9UJVtgPZY
• http://youtu.be/ECkPVTZlfP8
The Endocrine System
• Endocrine System: consists of glands that secrete substances, called hormones.
Pituitary Gland: Pea sized “master gland”
• Growth: regulates the growth of muscles, bones, and other glands.
• Prolactin: stimulates milk production in women
• Oxytocin: stimulates labor in women
Thyroid Gland
• Produces thyroxin: affects the body’s metabolism
Adrenal Glands: located above the kidneys
• Cortical steroids: increase resistance to stress & promote muscle development
• Causes liver to release stored sugar, making energy available for emergencies
• Adrenaline & noradrenalin: helps to cope with stressful situations
Testes & Ovaries: produces testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone
• Testosterone: Male sex hormone, but found in females in small amounts
• A. After 1st 8 weeks of development: influences the sex of a child
• B. Adolescence: aids in muscle & bone growth, primary & secondary sex characteristics. (Reproduction/body hair)
• . Estrogen: primary and secondary sex characteristic (body hair & breast development)
• B. Progesterone: stimulates growth of female reproductive organs & helps prepare the body for pregnancy
• C. Estrogen & Progesterone: regulate menstrual cycle
• Higher levels of estrogen seem to be connected with optimal cognitive functioning & feeling of well-being among women.
3.5.15What are the 4 Lobes of the brain?
Quiz
• Before we get too deep….let get our quiz out of the way.
• You have 20 min
Brain Anatomy
Frontal Lobe:
• Problem solving, attention, judgment, reflection, coordination of movement, sense of smell, muscle movements, physical reaction, libido.
Video
• Frontal Lobe Tumor Changes Personality• http://youtu.be/UWHg002x_38
Occipital Lobe
• Vision, Reading
Parietal Lobe:
• Sense of touch, response to internal stimuli, sensory combination and comprehension, some language & reading functions, some visual functions.
Temporal Lobe:
• Auditory memories, some hearing, visual memories, some vision pathways, music, fear, some language, some speech, some behaviors & emotions, sense of identity.
Cerebellum:
• Balance, posture, cardiac, respiratory, vasomotor centers
Sensory Area:
• Legs, torso, head, arms, hands, fingers, face, lips, tongue
Motor Area:
• Toes, knees, hips, shoulders, wrists, fingers, neck, eyes, jaw.
Hindbrain
• Lower portion of the brain and involves vital functions.– Ex. Heart rate, respiration, and balance
What is found in the Hindbrain• Medulla which handles vital functions.– Ex. Heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing
• Pons regulate body movement, attention, sleep, and alertness.
• Cerebellum deals with balance and coordination.
Midbrain
• Deals with vision and hearing.• Home to Reticular Activating System which
handles attention, sleep, and arousal.
Forebrain
• Forebrain allows people to engage in complex thinking.
Parts of the Forebrain
• Thalamus- A relay station for sensory information.
• Hypothalamus-handles body temperature, storing of nutrients, and emotion.
• Limbic System – learning and memory, emotion, hunger, sex, and aggression.
Cerebrum
• Cerebrum – which is what again???• Cerebral Cortex is also review!!! Tell me about
it!!!
• Corpus Callosum, this is the structure which unites the two hemispheres of the brain.
Day 2
• Add and label the different sections of the brain we covered today – the 4 lobes and the cerebellum. (make sure each area is clearly labeled)
• For each of the different sections I want you to tell me exactly what each sections does.
• Then for each section you need to add an additional picture which gives me an idea of what each section is responsible for.
Reflection
1. How has this assignment, starting from its first stages of labeling the brain and creating the poster, increased your knowledge of the brain and its many parts?
2. Describe the brain. How does it function? What are the different parts and what are their functions?
3. Why do you think the brain is created the way it is? 4. Why do you think the more physical aspects of the brain
are closer to the spinal cord and the more higher level thinking near the crown of the head.
5. How does our brains differ from other organisms? Explain.
Chapter 4
Sensation and Perception
Sensation and Perception: The basics
• Sensation: the stimulation of sensory receptors & transmission of information to the central nervous system.
• Perception: psychological process through which we interpret sensory stimulation
Thresholds
• Absolute Threshold: the weakest amount of stimulus that can be sensed.
Demo
• With your table partners• I will give your table 5 cups filled with liquid• You will rate the taste on your paper• Make your observations quietly.
Result of demo
• Discuss• Hearing Test• http://youtu.be/4G60hM1W_mk
• 26 Year Old Woman Hears Her Family For The First Time at 26
• http://youtu.be/GnNIHv06iaw
• Difference Threshold: the minimum amount of difference that can be detected between two stimuli.
Detection and Adaptation
• Signal–Detection Theory: your environment, physical state, mood, and your attitude can affect sensitivity to stimuli.
• Sensory Adaptation: process by which we become more sensitive to weak stimuli and less sensitive to unchanging stimuli.
Vision:
• Light: is electromagnetic energy• We only see ROY G BIV, this is only
a fraction of all the possible colors in the electromagnetic spectrum. (infrared & ultraviolet light)
• Afterimages: the color’s complementary color
• Color Blindness: only seeing light and dark, no color. (rare)
The Eye
• The Eye: • The Pupil: lets in light (like a
camera)• Pupil size is sensitive to light &
emotions.• Allows dark & light adaptation for up
to 45 minutes
Warm up 3.2.15
• Review: – What hormone does the Thyroid gland produce
and what does it regulate?• New section:– List 5-10 physical and emotional traits that you
have.– Next to each of them check off which are the
result of your environment or heredity.
Heredity: Our genetic background
• Heredity: the transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring.
• **Can determine our behavior & physical appearance**
• Genes: the basic building blocks of heredity.• **One gene is given by one parent, & one is
given by the other parent.
Chromosomes: made of (DNA)
• ** Normal human cells contain 46 chromosomes.
• >23 from one parent, 23 from the other parent
• ** Males=XY• **Female= XX
Nature-Nurture Debate
• Nature: genetics influences a person’s personality most
• **Biological groundwork that prepares a person to develop in certain ways
• Nurture: environment influences a person’s personality most.
• **Family, education, culture, living conditions, etc…
Kinship Studies: helps to determine what role heredity & environment play
• Studies certain traits or behavioral patterns in individuals and then compares them to those of relatives
• Example: twins & adoptee studies
Twins:
• Identical Twins: share 100% of genes• ** have same shyness & activity levels,
irritability, sociability, & happiness• ** more likely to share psychological disorders
like autism & schizophrenia• Fraternal Twins: share 50% of genes
Twins Reared Apart:
• ** Many shared common psychological & personality traits like: intelligence, traditionalism, risk avoidance, aggression, and leadership.
• ** shared same mannerisms such as how they stand or sit.
Questions
1. What was the reason given for the twins to be of different height and weight?
2. Why did one twin have a higher IQ than the other?
3. Can IQ be changed and if so how?4. So is it nature or nurture or a combination of
both?
Early exit ticket
• What is the function of Dendrites (Branches)?• What are the 2 parts of the Central Nervous
System?• Acetylcholine and Dopamine are ………?
