2/23/15

What were the effects of invasions and migrations on the political and cultural

landscapes of Western Europe during the early Middle Ages?

• No all powerful state or empire. Territories merged together or were taken over by other leaders.

• The Church becomes a stabilizing force: As more territory was conquered, Christianity spreads.

Charlemagne’s Rise to Power

• Charlemagne, Old French for Charles the Great

• Historically considered one of most important leaders in European history

• But why?????????

• Increased Kingdom– Incorporated land of foe into his sphere of

influence, formed alliances with local rulers

• Religious authority– Protected Pope Leo III from military and civil

threats– Restored the Pope to power after revolt– Named emperor of Roman people

– Pope’s action suggested that Charlemagne’s rule had backing of church, God

Charlemagne’s Rule

Charlemagne’s Rule

• Empire large, but not easy to rule• Delegating Authority

– Counts: officials to help rule parts of empire in his name.

– Counts bound to obey, granted large tracts of land and given much authority.

• Oversight– Inspectors kept tabs on Charlemagne’s counts

A New Society

• Wanted leaders in empire to be able to read, write

• Ordered churches and monasteries to start schools

• Students learned:

– Religion

– Music

– Grammar

New Invaders

• The Vikings– came from northern Europe– Society rural, agricultural

• Food Shortages lead to Raids– Take what they needed from others

• Vikings were superb ship builders and sailors• Coastal and inland cities were targets. • Vikings killed captured defenders; took what

they could find, sailed away

Discoveries

• Iceland – 700’s• Greenland- 982• 1082- Canada

Individual Work

• You will write a persuasive essay answering the question– “How might the empire have been weaker if

Charlemagne had not supported education and religion?”.

• You will offer your opinion and write an essay that attempts to validate your reasoning. Students can use text, notes or online source.

3/2/15

What events were partly credited for the origin of Feudalism?

Feudalism originated partly due to kings not being able to defend the land of the nobility

from invasion (Muslim, Vikings, Magyar)

Hierarchy

• King

• Nobles (Lords)-• Landowners

• Knights most important, highly skilled soldiers.

• Being a knight is expensive

• Knights demanded payment for services

Knights were usually paid for their services with land• Land given was called a fief

– Anyone accepting fief was called a vassal

• Historians call system of exchanging land for service the feudal system, or feudalism

• How did the feudal system work?

• lord gave land to knight in return for protection and loyalty

• feudal system =‘s political and social system

• manorial system =‘s economics

• because it was built around large estates called manors

Lords, Peasants, and Serfs

• Manors owned by lords or knights

• Peasants farmed manor fields

• Peasants were given protection, plots of land to cultivate for selves

Serfdom

• Most peasants on farm were serfs, tied to manor

• Not slaves, could not be sold away from manor

• But could not leave or marry without lord’s permission

Free People

• Manors had some free people who rented land from lord

• Others included landowning peasants, skilled workers like blacksmiths, millers

• Also had a priest for spiritual needs

Manor

• land occupied by fields for crops, pastures for animals

• Crop rotation (why?)• Church, mill, blacksmith• Goal was to be self-sufficient.

• How did lords and peasants benefit from the manorial system?

• lords' farmlands were taken care of, produced food; peasants were provided protection from invaders

Quiz

1. Which European country was home to Muslims? (it takes up most of the Iberian peninsula)

2. What was the economic system that was related to the feudal system?

3. What was the goal of the manor?4. Why was crop rotation important?5. Name one of the duties a Lord has to his

knights

Individual work

3/4/2015

• On a half sheet answer the following:• What is the Magna Carta and how has this

document influenced our own constitution?• You have 6 min to write your answer. It will be

graded.

• The Magna Carta is the first document to have ever restricted a kings power. The king is not above the law.

• The US constitution can remove a sitting president through impeachment. Must obtain consent of the people.

Growth of Monarchies

• The power of kings grew and the nature of monarchy changed across Europe in the early Middle Ages.

• England was one of the first countries in Europe to develop a strong central monarchy.

• Under the Anglo-Saxons, who first unified the country, and then under the Normans, who conquered the Anglo-Saxons, the English kings exercised considerable power.

The Norman Conquest

• In 1066 the English king died without an heir.

• William decided to take crown by force; gathered army, sailed for England where two armies fought in Battle of Hastings

• Became King William I of England, known as William the Conqueror

• Claimed all English land as personal property

• new nobility created, all owing loyalty to king

• William ordered a survey taken to learn more about kingdom

• Wanted to know who lived in each part of England, what they owned, how much they could afford to pay in taxes

• William was a Norman• French speaking nobility• Lower classes kept the Anglo-Saxon language• French and English possessions

Magna Carta

• Nobles concerned their rights would be taken away

• 1215, concerns reached crisis point under King John

• John caught in war with France, lost almost all of England’s French holdings

• Tried to raise money with new tax on nobility• Nobles refused tax, took up arms against king

• Rebellious nobles forced John to accept document outlining their rights, Magna Carta

• Restricted king’s power; even kings not above the law

• King had to obtain consent of nobles before raising taxes

• Ended king’s ability to arrest, punish people without cause or take property illegally

• Another rebellion

• Parliament • As part of agreement to end rebellion, king

agreed to meet with members of nobility, clergy, middle class to discuss key issues facing country

• Resulting council developed into English governing body, Parliament

Central Government Strengthened

1295, Parliament summoned by Edward included nobles, clergy, representatives from every English county, town

• Had power to create new taxes, advise king on lawmaking, royal policy

• Edward strengthened England’s central government, reformed system of laws

• Saw Parliament as tool for strengthening monarchy, not limiting it; kept Parliament in secondary role to power of king

Check up

• How did Magna Carta and Parliament change the English monarchy?

Answer

• reduced the king's power, formed a council (Parliament) that would create new taxes and advise the king on lawmaking

Quiz

• What was the name of the Norman invader of England?

• What language did the Normans speak?• What language did the English speak?• What did the Magna Carta limit?• What legislative body was formed as a result

of a rebellion by nobles in England over taxes?

Individual work

A• Scan pages 387-391 and list all of

the people mentioned in your notebook.

• Select one and perform basic research on that person.

• Prepare an outline of that person (important dates, events, etc).

• Write a short biography using two internet sources.

• How has their influence felt today?

B• Scan pages 388-391.• Consider all viewpoints

(nobles, king, clergy and commoners) before you answer if the Magna Carta was a revolutionary document for its time. Why? Why not? What influences can you see today?

3/5/15

What was the nature and influence of religion in the Middle Ages?

• Every European was Christian; • religion touched almost every part of life, • unified Europe; • church members became more active, • more people joined religious orders.

Popes as Political Figures

• Pope is head of Roman Catholic Church• During Middle Ages, they became

powerful political figures

Religious Ceremonies

• Major life events marked by religious ceremonies

• Monks acted as peacemakers, prayed for safety of rulers, armies

• Church officials served as teachers, record keepers

• Clergy people’s main connection to church, had great influence

Dramatic Increase

• Around 1000 CE, influence of church increased dramatically

• Why?

• Great upwelling of piety, level of devotion, in Europe

Power and Conflict

• Excommunication• Cast out of the church • No greater punishment for Christians• Person excommunicated could not take part in

Eucharist, could not be saved

Refresher

• Conflict• What happened in 1054?

• Pope Leo excommunicated bishop of Constantinople, split Christian Church in two

• Those who agreed Leo called Roman Catholics; those who sided with bishop, Orthodox

• Traditionally, Kings played an active role in choosing clergy

• Kings chose most bishops

Reform

• Reform popes did not think anyone but clergy should choose religious officials

Quiz

• From your assigned reading (homework) 393-394

• Take out a half sheet of paper and tell me what was the conflict between Pope Gregory and King Henry. What was the resolution and why was this such a major event?

Book work/silent reading

• Pages 403-407.• Read and take Cornell notes on the Crusades.

Pay attention to cause and effects.

Video

• http://youtu.be/ePgOFrRIeDo

• The Crusades Crescent and the Cross Full version pt 1 of 2 Full Documentary