2.3 - Guidance and feedback on performance

Learning objectives

To understand the types of guidance.

To describe the advantages and disadvantages of each type of guidance.

To explain different types of feedback use in sport.

When learning any new skills different forms of guidance are required. Coaches and teachers normally give this support.

Types of guidance

Think. Pair. Share - What do you think is meant by these types of guidance?

Methods of teaching/ guidance include:• Visual• Verbal• Manual • Mechanical

Visual guidance:This is often used when a performer is just starting out in the learning process. Learners can see the whole action and interpret it for themselves.

Forms of visual guidance includes:• Demonstration• Playback of a video clip• Observe technique from images or stills.

Types of guidance

Advantages and disadvantage of visual guidance:

Advantages Disadvantages

• Can demotivate learner if it's a highly complex skill as they won’t be able to do it.

• Can overload beginners with information.

• Needs to be accurate and clear otherwise skill can be learnt incorrectly.

• Provides learner with a mental image of the skill.

• Draws attention to key points (gives cues)

• Better for less complex skills where less information needs to be given.

Types of guidance

Verbal guidance:Terminology and phrases associated to certain skills can be made simple and straightforward in a clear verbal explanation.

Types of guidance

Advantages and disadvantage of verbal guidance:

Advantages Disadvantages

• Players must understand the basic terminology used.• Overload beginners with information.• Learners may lose concentration easily.

• Tactics can be explained.• Gives technical info/ key

points and highlights cues.

• Feedback can be given and immediately.

Types of guidance

Manual guidance:This method is used when the skills learnt are dangerous or are complex. Coaches or teachers will uses a ‘hands on’ approach to ensure safety. i.e. Trampolining sommersault support.

Types of guidance

Think. Pair. Share - Can you think of other manual guidance uses? What other sport may a coach use this method?

Advantages and disadvantage of Manual guidance:

Advantages Disadvantages

• Learner becomes dependent on support and interferes with kinaesthestic awareness.

• Proximity of coach may be upsetting

• Builds confidence.

• Eliminates danger.

• Gives early feel for whole skill.

Types of guidance

Mechanical guidance:Mechanical guidance involves the use of equipment to help support the learner whilst practicing the skill. i.e. The use of floats in swimming help learners to develop leg kicking action in the water.

Types of guidance

Advantages and disadvantage of mechanical guidance:

Advantages Disadvantages

• Learner can become dependent on this form of guidance.

• The feel of the movement with the guidance is different to the actual movement.

• The learner does not get an opportunity to correct mistakes in the technique.

• Promotes confidence and ensures safety for the learner particularly where there is an element of danger in the skill. i.e. rock climbing.

Types of guidance

Feedback is a vital part of information processing, which can help to provide confidence and motivation for the performer. Feedback has an important role to play in correcting errors and improving performance.

Types of feedback

Types of feedback

Think. Pair. Share - How many different sporting examples can you think of where intrinsic feedback happens?

Intrinsic feedback:This type of feedback happens within the performer. Information received by the athlete as a direct result of producing a movement through the kinaesthetic senses - feelings from muscles, joints and balance.

Accurately performed technique give internal feelings of satisfaction and confidence.

Extrinsic feedback:This feedback comes from results and match analysis. There are 2 lines of extrinsic feedback:

1. Knowledge of results – the outcome2. Knowledge of performance – how well the performer played.

The following are all examples of extrinsic feedback:

• Watching a performance back from video

• Listening to a coaches comments

• Final score in a game

Types of feedback

Concurrent feedback - information provided to the athlete during the performance.

Types of feedback

Terminal feedback - information provided to the athlete before or after the performance.

Types of feedback

Explain visual guidance.What is the difference between intrinsic and

extrinsic feedback?

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of verbal

guidance.

Describe the types of feedback and guidance a

beginner would need.

Guidance and feedback on performance

Apply it! What has stuck with you?

Exam questions1. Extrinsic and intrinsic feedback are used when performing in sport. Assess the relative importance of each of these types of feedback to a group of people who have just started to learn to swim. (3)(i) Extrinsic feedback.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (ii) Intrinsic feedback (3)....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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Exam questions2. Evaluate the use of visual and verbal guidance to improve sports performance with a group of beginners in badminton. (9)

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Marks Scheme:1. Extrinsic feedback:Any one from: The relative importance of extrinsic feedback is greater than intrinsic

feedback because beginners will have little or no knowledge of how to perform the swimming skills (1) so extrinsic feedback from the coach will (1) will give them the basic knowledge they require to develop their skills and technique (1).

A beginner will require extrinsic feedback because they lack confidence as they are new to the activity (1) therefore they will require extrinsic feedback from a coach (1) to motivate/encourage them/confirm what they are doing is correct in order to develop their skills and technique (1)

Intrinsic feedback:Any one from: The relative importance of intrinsic feedback is not as great as extrinsic

because a beginner will not be able to use intrinsic feedback (1) because they lack the basic and essential knowledge of swimming skills and techniques (1) which need to be used to self-assess and self-correct their performance (1).

Intrinsic feedback is useful for experienced performers therefore not applicable to a group of beginners (1) because experienced performers will have developed a kinaesthetic/feel for the correct movement/skills/techniques (1) and will therefore know when the action is incorrect but a beginner will not be able to differentiate in this way (1).

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Marks Scheme:2. Knowledge and understanding of types of guidance (AO1)• Visual guidance, can be through practical demonstrations/images, for example, the coach/a high level performer

could demonstrate the skill.• Verbal guidance, being told how to complete a skill.• A coach explaining the skill.

Application of knowledge of use of guidance with a group of beginnersin badminton (AO2)• Consideration of any areas where verbal guidance on its own would be best, e.g. questioning the

performer/giving basic instructions regarding positions on the court so that the performer can have success.• Consideration of any areas where visual guidance on its own would be best, e.g. demonstration of how to serve

so the beginners can see what is expected and know what to do.• Consideration of any areas where verbal and visual guidance would be best, e.g. talking through key teaching

points while demonstrating them.

Making connections between the use of guidance, the activity and thelevel of the badminton player (AO3 – evaluation)• Consideration of best method of guidance to fit the needs of the players. Including the disadvantages of types of

guidance for particular players, e.g. verbal guidance can be excessive and cause information overload; visual guidance can be ineffective if people are not paying attention or it is a poor demonstration.

• Consideration of other difficulties, e.g. verbal guidance difficult to deliver in a large sports hall, complex skills are difficult to explain.

• Conclusion, making a judgement that a combination of visual/verbal guidance would be best for a group of badminton beginners, or that visual guidance would be preferable to verbal in this context, because of limited skill level. Conclusion may also make reference to whether other forms of guidance may be more useful to improve performance.

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