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INFO 2Unit 2.3 – People and ICT Systems
Specification
1. Characteristics of users
2. How users interact with ICT Systems
Appropriate interface design Help and Support
3. Types of user interfaces
4. Working in ICT
Break it down
What characteristics of users should be considered when designing an ICT System or Interface?
Characteristics of usersQuestions to consolidate
Users of computer systems will vary
The way the user interacts with the system will be affected by the following factors:◦ Experience◦ Physical Characteristics◦ Environment of use◦ Task to be undertaken◦ Age
Characteristics of users
Characteristics of users
Experience
Experienced
Inexperienced
Help features
Clarity
familiarWant to work fast
Short cuts
Easily frustrated
Physical
Poor eyesight
Voice recognition
Zoom in features
Output audio
Output Braille
Large icons
Fine motor skills
Pointing deviceVoice recognition
Touch screen
Environment of use
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-10701953
travelling
Loud/Quiet
Industrial
Chemical Plant• Gloves – big keys• Dirt – no keyboards Loud – Visual output
Quiet - headphones
GPS – touch screen, audio output, simple visual output
Task to be under taken
restaurant
Concept keyboard
Data entry
Keyboard/Scanner
Gaming
Joystick / headset
Age
Children
Adults
Structured, text,
Simple, BIG, pictures, icons
Elderly
Slow, guidance
Past Paper Questions
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Past Paper Questions
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Past Paper Questions
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Appropriate interface design
Most ICT Systems involve human interaction at some point
How users interact with ICT Systems
Appropriate interface design
HCI – Human Computer Interface The point of interaction between people and
computer systems
Creating an appropriate HCI requires:◦ Choice of appropriate hardware devices (input and
output)◦ Designing the ‘look and feel’ of the software
(layout and design)
How users interact with ICT Systems
Appropriate interface design
An HCI Should:◦ Be easy to use◦ Appropriate for the users◦ Safe◦ Robust◦ User Friendly (Help features and shortcuts)◦ Be consistent (Look and Feel)
How users interact with ICT Systems
Explain two factors that you think should be considered when designing a web interface for use by customers that would support good customer management
(4 Marks)Consider: Users of a website might not have visited before,
therefore customers might have varied skill levels.
Many online customers worry about the use of e-commerce. The HCI needs to address these worries.
Exam Question
Explain two factors that you think should be considered when designing a web interface for use by customers that would support good customer management
(4 Marks)
Customers will have different levels of ICT skills. (1) A simple menu system would give specific options to enable those with little skill to use the system. Appropriate online help should be provided. (1)
Many customers are afraid of safety when using online systems for ordering and paying for goods. (1) The HCI needs to offer assurance that the site is secure. (1)
Exam Question - Answer
What support options are available in most generic applications?
Many software applications offer the following support features:
◦ On screen help – avoid jargon, provide FAQ and search
◦ Wizards – prompts for novice users◦ Tips◦ Built in demonstrations◦ Online help facilities
Help/Support Options
What support options are offered by system providers?
Many providers offer the following support options:
◦ Telephone Help Desk◦ Email support◦ User Guides◦ Online support (patches, updates)
Help/Support Options
What other support options are available for industry standard packages?
Mass used applications tend to have the following available:
◦ Bulletin boards◦ User Groups◦ Books
Help/Support Options
Past Paper Questions
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Several standard categories of user interface:
Command line interface Menu driven interface Graphical user interface (GUI) On-Screen Forms
Natural Language interface
Types of HCI
User types in commands for the computer.
Examples: MS-DOS, Unix, Linux, Command Prompt (see next slide)
Command Line Interface (CLI)
Back in the heyday of text-based operating systems like Unix and DOS, the command prompt was the operating system, and not knowing how to use it meant that you could not really use your system without someone experienced in computing holding your hand. This was the era of computing clubs, when getting to grips with your computer required some serious devotion and learning.
When the most successful graphical operating systems, the various Apple Mac and Windows incarnations came along, they triggered a massive increase in the popularity of computers by simplifying the whole process of using them. No longer did users have to memorize reams of commands in order to simply configure and navigate around their computers.
On the other hand, icon based graphic interfaces tend to reduce the flexibility of the underlying operating systems considerably, especially since they are designed to be accessible to the novice user. The various Windows operating systems are instantly familiar to just about any citizen of a developed country between the ages of 10 and 35, not to mention anyone who has worked in an office within the last 10 years, but how many people know how to properly configure and customize Windows XP? Judging by the proliferation of computer service ads in every city, not many.
The command prompt, a purely text-driven interface, is still present at the core of Windows XP, and it contains many options that are not otherwise accessible without third-party software, but which most 'experts' could not live without. The mighty PING command being one simple example.
Command Prompt
http://www.pcstats.com/articleview.cfm?articleID=1723
Back in the heyday of text-based operating systems like Unix and DOS, the command prompt was the operating system, and not knowing how to use it meant that you could not really use your system without someone experienced in computing holding your hand. This was the era of computing clubs, when getting to grips with your computer required some serious devotion and learning.
When the most successful graphical operating systems, the various Apple Mac and Windows incarnations came along, they triggered a massive increase in the popularity of computers by simplifying the whole process of using them. No longer did users have to memorize reams of commands in order to simply configure and navigate around their computers.
On the other hand, icon based graphic interfaces tend to reduce the flexibility of the underlying operating systems considerably, especially since they are designed to be accessible to the novice user. The various Windows operating systems are instantly familiar to just about any citizen of a developed country between the ages of 10 and 35, not to mention anyone who has worked in an office within the last 10 years, but how many people know how to properly configure and customize Windows XP? Judging by the proliferation of computer service ads in every city, not many.
The command prompt, a purely text-driven interface, is still present at the core of Windows XP, and it contains many options that are not otherwise accessible without third-party software, but which most 'experts' could not live without. The mighty PING command being one simple example.
Command Prompt
http://www.pcstats.com/articleview.cfm?articleID=1723
Command What it does Example
PING Verifies IP connectivity to another TCP/IP
Ping www.google.co.uk
DIR Displays a list of a directory's files and subdirectories.
dir
CD This changes directory relevant to the one you are currently working in
cd downloads
CD.. Go back one level in the directory
cd..
MKDIR Creates a directory in the current directory
mkdir workmkdir “new folder”
Exit Closes Command Prompt Window
exit
Command Line Interface example
START - CMD
ADVANTAGESDon’t use graphics so less demanding on system resources (less computer memory required).Contains many options that are not otherwise accessible without third-party software.Complex commands can be entered quickly
DISADVANTAGESRequires devotion and learningCommands need to be memorizedCan be frustratingReference to manuals often needed
IDEAL FORExperienced usersExpert users
NOT IDEAL FORBeginners and intermediate users
Command Line Interface
Useful in situations where the user needs to be restricted to a limited choice
Menu Driven Interface
To consider
Balance between options on a screen at one time and number of levels of sub-menus required
Should have a consistent layout Should use the same prompt for the same
operation (e.g. back button) Prompt should be in the same position on
the screen
Menu Driven Interface
ADVANTAGESRestrict the options a user can selectUsed effectively with touch screen systems
DISADVANTAGESCan slow down use of the system as set routes have to be followed
IDEAL FORInexperienced usersOccasional usersSituations where the user’s requirements are known in advance (predetermined choices)
NOT IDEAL FORSpeedy operations
Menu Driven Interface
Use 4 basic features (WIMP)
◦ Windows◦ Icons◦ Menus◦ Pointers
Often called a WIMPenvironment
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
ADVANTAGESUser FriendlyIntuitiveUse of sound and video made use ofMost operating systems come with this sort of interface
DISADVANTAGESDemanding in terms of system resources e.g. hard disk and memory
IDEAL FORInexperienced users
NOT IDEAL FORExperienced users (may resent working through levels of directories and menus)
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Widely used to enter data into a computer system
Good idea for an on-screen form to mimic the style of a paper form
Include check boxes, menus or lists
On-Screen Forms
ADVANTAGESSimilar to paper formsIntuitiveVariety of data-entry techniquesAutomatically validated (reduces chance of error)
DISADVANTAGESDemanding in terms of system resources e.g. hard disk and memory
IDEAL FORFilling in questionnaires, ordering goods
NOT IDEAL FORExperienced users
On-Screen Forms
Microsoft's View
Craig Mundie is Microsoft's big thinker, charting the path of its future research. His current obsession is what he calls natural user interfaces, new ways of interacting with computers, of which Kinect is one example.
There is, he says, a shift about to happen from the old graphical user interface to a trend where "the computer is more like us - it sees, it listens, it speaks, it understands, it even seeks to do things on our behalf."
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-1257004527th Feb 2011
Natural Language Interface
Getting there
◦ Search Engines Ask.com uses Natural Language Processing (NLP) to
interpret questions written in natural language NLP tries to understand the context of a question
◦ Help search MS Office tries to interpret questions written in natural
language
◦ Games Consoles Natural movement turns a players body into a games
controller
Natural Language Interface
http://groups.csail.mit.edu/sls/sls
Command Driven ‘Natural Language Interfaces’ exist ◦ Speech Synthesis◦ Subset of natural language◦ E.g. My car to control music selection, phone calls
etc.
Pure Natural-Language Interfaces may still be stuff of the future. WHY?
Natural Language Interface
Spoken Language has ambiguities i.e. different meanings, same pronunciation, different spelling
◦ Lead I lead the race for a long time The dog required a lead
◦ Read I read a book yesterday Do you like to read?
◦ Witch/Which Which hat was it? The Witch wore a big black hat
◦ There/Their/They’re There was nowhere to go Their football was taken away They’re going to live in England
Context and tone need to be taken into account
Difficulties with developing a Pure Natural Language Interface
Structure of sentences can also be ambiguous.
“My car needs oiling badly”
Would you really want someone to oil your car badly?
Difficulties with developing a Pure Natural Language Interface
ADVANTAGESNatural to allExpress freely without constraintNo special training requiredFlexible
DISADVANTAGES (of current models)Ambiguous and impreciseLanguage always changingSame words have different meanings
IDEAL FORAll types of users
NOT IDEAL FOR
Natural Language Interface
Past Paper Questions
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Past Paper Questions
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Past Paper Questions
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Past Paper Questions
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Past Paper Questions
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Past Paper Questions
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Rearrange the letters below to figure out what we are learning about next
IGIOINTKRNWC
WORKING IN ICT
Starter
List as many personal qualities as you can required for a professional working in ICT
E.g.
1. Good oral communication skills2.
Starter
Working In ICT
Working In ICT An ICT professional is a person who works in the
development, maintenance or support of ICT Systems.
You have 3 minutes in your groups to write down as many jobs you can think of associated with IT/ICT
You now have 15 minutes to visit 1. Jobsite.co.uk2. Monster.co.uk3. Totaljobs.com
and find as many IT/ICT jobs as possible (Think about your search criteria IT, ICT, games etc.)
IT Analyst IT Support Web Developer Chief Information Officer (CIO) / Chief
Technology Officer (CTO) IT Audit Manager Social Games Developer Programmer (Java/C++) Information Strategy Architect IT Trainer IT Engineer
Jobs in IT/ICT
1. Team Worker2. Reliable3. Good Listener4. Good verbal
communication (technical/non technical)
5. Organised6. Good problem solver7. Good written skills8. Integrity (trustworthy,
has values and principles)
Personal Qualities required
12
2, 4
5
67
8
ICT Worker
Good oral & written skills
Good listener
Integrity
Team worker
Able to adapt
Attention to detail
Creative Flair
Good problem solver
Work under pressure
Work flexible hours
Personal Qualities required
1. ______________2. ______________3. ______________4. ______________
Personal Qualities required
1. Work well under pressure
2. Good oral and written communication skills
3. Attention to detail4. Work flexible hours
Personal Qualities required
1 2
34
1. ______________2. ______________3. ______________4. ______________5. ______________6. ______________7. ______________8. ______________9. ______________
Personal Qualities required
1. Integrity2. Good Problem Solver3. Good Listener4. Team Worker5. Attention to detail6. Organised7. Work under pressure8. Good Oral and writing
skills9. Attention to detail
Personal Qualities required
1
2 3
4
5
6, 7
8 8
9
1. ______________2. ______________3. ______________4. ______________5. ______________6. ______________7. ______________8. ______________9. ______________10.______________
Personal Qualities required
1. Good listener2. Organised3. Good Problem Solver4. Team Worker5. Multi-task6. Good oral skills7. Good written skills8. Attention to detail9. Interpersonal10. Work under pressure
Personal Qualities required
1
2
3
45
6
7
89
10
Lots of Jobs in IT require you to work as part of a team
Imagine this scenario
I require a team of 5 students to design and build a website for the school. It must be built to a professional standard. It must be built in less than 3 months.
Who would you choose to be part of your team?
Why have you chosen them?
Characteristics of an effective ICT team
Members are usually allocated a specific role according to their strengths
However, it is important that each member works as part of the team◦ If a member is absent or leaves the group other team
members must be aware of their responsibilities and be flexible and adaptive
Most teams have a team leader
All members need good communication skills
Characteristics of an effective ICT team
ICT Team
Good leadership
Appropriate balance of skills
Suitable allocation of
tasks
Adequate planning and scheduling of
tasks
Adherence to agreed
standards
Good communication skills
Characteristics of an effective ICT Team
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Past Paper Questions
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