The Millennium Development Goals and Human Development

Sakiko Fukuda-Parr Director Human Development Report Office

UNDP

International symposium, Tokyo 9 October, 2002

• The millennium goals are human development goals

• Progress is too slow• What it will take

– Nationally: Democratic governance– Internationally: Partnership of rich

countries

An overview

The millennium goals: an overview1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger (1.2 billion have less than $1

a day, 800 million are hungry)

2. Achieve universal primary education (113 million children are not in school)

3. Promote gender equality and empower women (60% of children not in school are girls, women have on average only 14% of seats in parliaments)

4. Reduce child mortality (every day 30,000 children die of preventable causes.)

5. Improve maternal health (In Africa, a woman has 1 chance in 13 of dying in childbirth)

6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases (40 million are living with HIV/AIDS, 75% of them in Africa)

7. Ensure environmental sustainability (1.1 billion people do not have access to clean water, over 2 billion to sanitation)

8. Develop a global partnership for development (ODA declined from 53 to 51 billion from 1990 to 2001)

What are MDGs

What are MDGs

The millennium goals: an overview. By 2015:

1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

a. Halve the proportion living on less than $1 a day

b. Halve the proportion suffering from hunger

2. Achieve universal primary education

a. Ensure universal primary education

3. Promote gender equality and empower women

a. Eliminate gender disparities in education.

What are MDGs

The millennium goals: an overview4. Reduce child mortality

a. Reduce infant and under-five mortality by 2/3

5. Improve maternal health

a. Reduce maternal mortality by ¾

6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases

a. Halt and begin to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS

b. Halt and begin to reverse the spread of malaria and other major diseases

What are MDGs

The millennium goals: an overview7. Ensure environmental sustainability

a. Integrate the principles of sustainable development and begin to reverse the loss of environmental resources

b. Halve the proportion without access to safe drinking water

c. Improve the lives of at least 100million slum dwellers (by 2020)

What are MDGs

The millennium goals: an overview

8. Develop a global partnership for development

a. Develop further an open, rule based predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial system

b. Include the commitment to good governance, development and poverty reduction both nationally and internationally

What are MDGs

The millennium goals: an overview8. Develop a global partnership for development

c. Address the special needs of the least developed countries, including tariff and quota free access for LDC exports. Enhanced programme of debt relief for HIPCs and cancellation of official bi-lateral debt and generous ODA for countries committed to poverty reduction.

d. Address the special needs of landlocked countries and small island developing states.

What are MDGs

The millennium goals: an overview8. Develop a global partnership for development

e. Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries, through national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long-term

f. In co-operation with developing countries develop and implement strategies for decent and productive work for youth.

What are MDGs

The millennium goals: an overview8. Develop a global partnership for development

g. In co-operation with pharmaceutical companies provide access to affordable essential drugs in developing countries.

h. In co-operation with the private sector – make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications.

MDGs are human development goals

Human development is about widening choices people have in life, to lead a life to its full potential and in dignity. At the core of this process is expanding capabilities:

1. To be knowledgeable2. To be healthy and survive3. To enjoy a decent standard of living4. To enjoy political and civil liberties, and

participate in the life of a community.

MDGs are HD goals - a tool of mobilisation and framework of accountability

The MDGs represent an unprecedented political consensus on time bound quantified indicators. MDGs are:

• Not a new model of development, but

• A tool of political mobilization

• A framework of accountability for national governments, international donors, and many other actors that have a role in development – local NGOs, international NGOs, womens groups, trade unions, private businesses, the media, the judiciary…….global citizens

MDGs are HD goals – a historical perspective on setting goals

• Setting goals is the easy part….• The bad,

– DAC commits to 0.7% GDP in 1970; average disbursements in 2000 was 0.22%

– Health for all by 2000 set in 1978• the good,

– UNICEF’s immunization goals• and the possible?

– The MDGs have mobilized more political momentum than any goals before

Progress is too slow: globally

7

Safe w ater

Maternal m ortality

Child m alnutrition

Gender equality

Basic education

Child m ortality

HIV/AIDS

P ov erty

Achieved To be achieved

N o re lia b le a n d c o m p a ra b le d a ta

1 9 9 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 1 5

M DG progress in 1990s4 0 %

HDR2002: MDG analysis – overall (119 countries)

0

20

40

60

On track in less than half

Half to three-quarters

Over three-quarters

0

20

40

60

23

33

8

31

55

2SSA

26% 33% 23%

Progress is too slow: for many countries

HDR2002: MDG analysis – goal by goal

Failing to grow out of income poverty

20

52

20

75

4

24

Falling income

0 to 3.7% growth

over 3.7% growth

SSA

Total

Progress is too slow – goal by goal

Progress is too slow: which countries are failing

Overall regional performance: % of countries in region on track

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Eastern Europe &CIS

South Asia

East Asia

Arab States

Latin America

Sub-Saharan Africa

On track in: Less than 1/2 1/2 to3/4 Over 3/4

MDGs: An advantage to the more developed?

0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

HDI value

On track in: 3/4 or more

Less than 1/2

1/2 to 3/4

Medium HDLow HD High HD

The less developed fairing worse

Progress is too slow: which countries are failing?

Number of countries in conflict by MDG performance

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

<1/2 1/2 to 3/4 3/4 + No data

AfghanistanBurundiIndiaIraqMyanmar

PakistanPhilppinesTurkey

AlgeriaIndonesiaIranMauritiusPeruRussiaSri LankaSudan

AngolaCongo, dem.IsraelRwandaSomalia

Source: Stokholm Int. Peace Institute. >1000 conf lict related deaths per year

Conflict and performance in the MDGS

Progress is too slow: which countries are failing?

Is Growth a pre-requisite to MDG success?

137

17 15

13

17

24

17

4 6

14

5

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Less than 1/2 1/2 to 3/4 More than 3/4 No data

Negative growth

0 to 3% growth

over 3% growth

Progress is too slow: which countries are failing?

Getting poorer but progressing

9

3

2 2

1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

EE & CIS Arabstates

East Asia LatinAmerica

SSA

BelarusKazakhstanKyrgyzatanLatviaLithuaniaMacedoniaMoldovaRomaniaRussia

AlgeriaKuw aitSaudi Arabia

Brunei Dar.Mongolia

ParaguayEcuador

Comoros

Progress is too slow: which countries are failing?

What it will take - nationally

Public policy that responds to the needs of ordinary people, especially the poor. That happens when:

• Decision makers are accountable to people• Ordinary people have a say in decision making -

with one person one voice• Governance is not just efficient but fair and

protects human rights, when governance is democratic.

What it will take – nationally deepening democracy

Deepening democracy requires:• Spread of democratic institutions• Spread of democratic politics

What it will take: Deepening democracy

Deepening democracy

Direct role – to be able to participate and effect the decisions that effect your life is an integral part of human development

Indirect role – participating in the political process can lead to improvements in other aspects of human development

What it will take: partnership with rich countries

• Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development

– Aid– Debt– Trade– Technology

What it will take: partnership with rich countries

What it will take: partnership with rich countries

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

1990 2000

Aid

as

% o

f GN

P

EU

Japan

USA

DAC target 0.7%

Aid from donor countries

What it will take: partnership with rich countries

Aid to recipient countries

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

1990 2000

Aid

per

cap

ita ($

US)

Arab statesAfrica

LDCs

Latin America

East Asia

South Asia

What it will take: partnership with rich countries

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Industrialproducts

Labour intensivemanufacturing

Agriculturalgoods

%

Tariff protection imposed by high-income countries

What it will take: partnership with rich countries

20803

16028

4100

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

US EU Low incomecountries

Subsidy per farmer

Average per capita income in

low income countries

Subsidizing agriculture

What it will take: partnership with rich countries

What it will take: partnership with rich countries

©The Economist

A level playing field?...

For more: seeHuman Development Report 2002: Deepening Human Development Report 2002: Deepening

Democracy in a Fragmented WorldDemocracy in a Fragmented Worldwww.undp.org/hdro/

And wait for:Human Development Report 2003: The Political Human Development Report 2003: The Political

Economy of Achieving the MDGsEconomy of Achieving the MDGsPublication forthcoming in September 2003

Thank you