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ME 237: Mechanics of Microsystems : Lecture Modeling Squeeze Film Effects in MEMS Anish Roychowdhury Adviser : Prof Rudra Pratap Department of Mechanical Engineering and Centre for Nano Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India

237: Mechanics of Microsystems Lecture Squeeze Film …suresh/me237/SqueezeFilm... ·  · 2014-10-21ME 237: Mechanics of Microsystems : Lecture ... What is Squeeze Film Effect Introduction

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Page 1: 237: Mechanics of Microsystems Lecture Squeeze Film …suresh/me237/SqueezeFilm... ·  · 2014-10-21ME 237: Mechanics of Microsystems : Lecture ... What is Squeeze Film Effect Introduction

ME 237: Mechanics of Microsystems : Lecture 

Modeling Squeeze Film Effects in MEMS 

Anish  Roychowdhury

Adviser : Prof Rudra Pratap

Department of Mechanical Engineering and 

Centre for Nano Science and Engineering

Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India 

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OutlineIntroductionMotivation SF in MEMSModeling  

Solution Methods Results Interpretation  

Summary

Introduction : What is Squeeze Film  and when does it occur?

Motivation: Why  is it important to study? 

Various MEMS devices showing  Squeeze Film Effects  

Modelling :  The Reynolds Equation 

Solution Methods 

The Eigen‐expansion Method   

Understanding the Results Understanding the Results 

Summary

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Introduction : What is Squeeze Film EffectIntroductionMotivation SF in MEMSModeling  

Solution Methods Results Interpretation  

Summary

Schematic of Squeeze flow*

a• F=∫PdA║ ║

a• F=║F║exp(i (ωt‐φ))• Fs=║F║cos(φ)• Fd=║F║sin(φ)

Stiffness effect Damping effect

• Ksq=Fs/δh• Csq=Fs/δhω

* Animation courtesy : Siddartha Patra, ME 2011, Mechanical Engineering, IISC Bangalore Resonator*** 33

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Introduction : Squeeze FlowIntroductionMotivation SF in MEMSModeling  

Solution Methods Results Interpretation  

Summary

Fluid flow 

Air gapSide view Side viewSide view

Air gap Air gap

Top viewTop view Top view

Fluid flow 

Fluid flow 

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Introduction : Relevant Conditions for Squeeze Film Effects

IntroductionMotivation SF in MEMSModeling  

Solution Methods Results Interpretation  

Summary

Continuum Flow regimeContinuum Flow regimeKnudsen Number (Kn)

λ =  mean free path 

Vibration normal to a fixed substrateVibration normal to a fixed substrate*

ph  =  characteristic flow length  

Flow Regime Division

Si (High Q) based MEMS devicesSi (High Q) based MEMS devices

Lg

L,W >> h L,W >> h 

Type of motionGeometry aspecth

5

Materials aspect

* Animation  ( MEMS Tuning  Gyro )Courtesy  JP Reddy,  CeNSE , IISC

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Motivation: Importance of squeeze film IntroductionMotivationSF in MEMSModeling  

Solution Methods Results Interpretation  

Summary

Gap to length ratio*Change in effective stiffness and Damping *

X/δst

6* ME Thesis, S Patra, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 2011

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Squeeze Film in MEMS devicesIntroductionMotivationSF in MEMSModeling  

Solution Methods Results Interpretation  

Summary

Accelerometer [1]Varactor [5]

RF Switch [7]Cantilever resonator [3]

CMUT [4]

Gyroscope [2]Torsion Mirror [6]

Yaw Rate  sensor [8]

7

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Getting to the Reynolds Equation IntroductionMotivationSF in MEMSModeling 

Solution Methods Results Interpretation  

Summary

Under continuum hypothesis fluid flow is modelled using the Navier Stoke’s Equation

1

Ass min small temperat re differen es ithin fl id ‘ ’ an be

1

Assuming  small temperature differences within fluid  ‘μ’  can be treated as constant and we can rewrite  (1) as   

2

Assuming incompressible flow we get from equation (2)we  get from  equation (2)

33

8

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Contd. IntroductionMotivationSF in MEMSModeling 

Solution Methods Results Interpretation  

Summary

Key equations 

Continuity

Navier StokesExpanded Navier Stokes

Isothermal

9

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Contd. IntroductionMotivationSF in MEMSModeling 

Solution Methods Results Interpretation  

Summary

Navier Stokes

Neglect Body forces

Neglect fluid inertia

Thin Film thickness

Small am.p of Osc.

Fully Developed flow

10

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Contd. IntroductionMotivationSF in MEMSModeling 

Solution Methods Results Interpretation  

Summary

Thus we arrive at the 2D Reduced NS Eqn. 

No Slip – BC  

a) SFD Flow  ‐ normal  motion b)  plate Top view *

Velocities

Flow rates

* Source [2] 11

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Contd. IntroductionMotivationSF in MEMSModeling 

Solution Methods Results Interpretation  

Summary

Using Velocities &

With Continuity Eqn /2h/2

/2

h

hFlow rates

& Isothermal Flow

12

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The Reynolds Equation IntroductionMotivationSF in MEMSModeling 

Solution Methods Results Interpretation  

Summary

Nonlinear compressible Reynolds EquationEquation 

Linearized compressible ReynoldsLinearized compressible Reynolds Equation 

Linearized Non dimensional  compressible Reynolds Equation 

Squeeze Number

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The Squeeze number IntroductionMotivationSF in MEMSModeling 

Solution Methods Results Interpretation  

Summary

Rarefaction

Ambient pressure

Length to air gap ratio

14

Oscillation frequency

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Analytical Techniques for solution of Reynolds Equation 

IntroductionMotivationSF in MEMSModeling 

Solution Methods Results Interpretation  

Summary

Analytical techniques

Variable Separation

Acoustic Impedance

Bessels’FunctionFourier PerturbationSeparation

Green’s function

Impedance

Reduction of Dimension

Mixed Methods

Fourier Transform

Equivalent Circuit Models

Perturbation Methods

Models

89 Analytical Methods

234567

Based on – 28 papers surveyed

012

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Problem deifinition : Variable flow boundary: All sides clamped plate 

IntroductionMotivationSF in MEMSModeling 

Solution Methods Results Interpretation  

Summary

Rectangular plate all sides open

Structural BC – all sides clampedGeometry – flow B.C.’s

OOOORectangular plate – all sides open

OOOC

OOCC

OCOC

OCCC

CCCCCC

16

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Separation of Variables : Eigen Expansion IntroductionMotivationSF in MEMSModeling 

Solution Methods Results Interpretation  

Summary

We are solving linearized Reynolds eqn. (1)

Consider homogeneous form of (1)(2)

Using eigen expansion and separation of g g p pvariables we assume  

Where 

(3)

(4)

Thus from (2), (3), and 4 we get   (5)

Now assume the following  (6)

(7)( )

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Solution: Contd. IntroductionMotivationSF in MEMSModeling 

Solution Methods Results Interpretation  

Summary

Thus we get 

Assuming harmonic(8)

Assuming harmonic source term 

Thus choosing 

(9)

(10)g (10)

Using (8),(9),(10) and  Reynolds Eqn

(11)(11)

Multiplying both sides of (11) by  (12)

And using orthogonality (13)

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Solution: Contd. IntroductionMotivationSF in MEMSModeling 

Solution Methods Results Interpretation  

Summary

We get (14)

Kinematic BCs are satisfied Now  the  first mode shape of the plate  can be approximated as (15)

Thus the solution is given by (8) 

Where  Is an admissible eigen function 

O Cl dOpen Boundary

Closed Boundary

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Kinematic BC’s IntroductionMotivationSF in MEMSModeling 

Solution Methods Results Interpretation  

Summary

Mode shape

Satisfies

No deflection at fixed edges 

Maximum deflection at center

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Admissible Eigen Function s: OOOOIntroductionMotivationSF in MEMSModeling 

Solution Methods Results Interpretation  

Summary

From separation of variables for P

Assuming

We getWe get

Separating variables we get the d tix and y equations

Applying zero pressure BCs we getBCs, we get

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Solution for the All sides open case : OOOOIntroductionMotivationSF in MEMSModeling 

Solution Methods Results Interpretation  

Summary

All sides open

Zero pressure B C ’sZero pressure  B.C.’s

Admissible eigenfunction

And using  with

in

with

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Solution for the All sides open case : OOOOIntroductionMotivationSF in MEMSModeling 

Solution Methods Results Interpretation  

Summary

Non dimensional pressure 

Total Force 

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Results : Stiffness and DampingIntroductionMotivationSF in MEMSModeling 

Solution Methods Results Interpretation  

Summary

Stiffness Damping

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Results : Stiffness and Damping Relative comparison among flow BCs 

IntroductionMotivationSF in MEMSModeling 

Solution Methods Results Interpretation  

Summary

Stiffness Ratios Damping  Ratios

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Results : Pressure and Phase variation: OOCC

IntroductionMotivationSF in MEMSModeling 

Solution Methods Results Interpretation  

Summary

Pressure variation :   a)  σ = 0.1,  b)   σ = 1000 OOCC

Phase  variation :   a)  σ = 0.1,  b)   σ = 1000 

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Pressure Profiles varying with Squeeze number  

IntroductionMotivationSF in MEMSModeling 

Solution Methods Results Interpretation  

Summary

OOOO OCOC

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Summary IntroductionMotivationSF in MEMSModeling 

Solution Methods Results Interpretation  

Summary

• We have seen when and where squeeze film effects occur.• We discussed modeling aspects and solution methods• We discussed modeling aspects and solution methods.• Variation of squeeze film parameters with squeeze number was shown.• Effect of flow boundary conditions were discussed.• Pressure and phase variation with squeeze number were shown. p q

Other aspects in squeeze film modeling 

Complexities  Coupled Domains Commercial Software for Modeling Squeeze Filmf l Film Rarefaction

CompressibilityInertiaPerforations 

StructuralFluidElectrostatic ANSYS

COMSOLANSYSCOMSOL

28

Non trivial BC’s Complex geometries

NISA

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ReferencesIntroductionMotivationSF in MEMSModeling 

Solution Methods Results Interpretation  

Summary

1. Khan S, Thejas and Bhat N (2009) Design and characterization of a micromachined accelerometer withmechanical amplifier for intrusion detection. 3rd National ISSS conference on MEMS, Smart Structures andMaterials Kolkata India (Oct 14-16 2009)Materials, Kolkata, India (Oct. 14-16, 2009).

2. Patil N (2006) Design and analysis of MEMS angular rate sensors. Master's Thesis: Indian Institute of Science,Bangalore, India.

3. Pandey AK, Venkatesh KP and Pratap R (2009) Effect of metal coating and residual stress on the resonantfrequency of MEMS resonators. Sãdhãna 34(4):651-661

4. Ahmad B and Pratap R (2011) Analytical evaluation of squeeze film forces in a CMUT with sealed air filledcavity. IEEE Sensors 11(10): 2426-2431.cav ty. Se so s ( 0): 6 3 .

5. Venkatesh C, Bhat N, Vinoy K J, et al.(2012) Microelectromechanical torsional varactors with low parasiticcapacitances and high dynamic range. J. Micro/Nanolith. MEMS MOEMS 11(1):013006.

6 P d A (2007) A l ti l N i l d E i t l St di f Fl id D i i MEMS D i PhD6. Pandey A (2007) Analytical, Numerical, and Experimental Studies of Fluid Damping in MEMS Devices. PhDThesis: Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.

7. Shekhar S, Vinoy K J and Ananthasuresh G K (2011) Switching and release time analysis of electrostaticallyactuated capacitive RF MEMS switches. Sensors & Transducers Journal 130(7):77-90.

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8. Venkatesh K P, Patil N, Pandey A K, et al. (2009) Design and characterization of in-plane MEMS yaw ratesensor. Sãdhãna 34(4):633-634.

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Thank You!  

Acknowledgements

F di A UGC G t SAP II• Funding Agency ‐ UGC Grant SAP –II• Siddarth Patra :  ME IISC 2011,  Dept, Of Mechanical Engineering • Dr Ashoke Pandey:  Faculty In Dept of mechanical Engineering , IIT Hyderabad 

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Help Slides

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Losses in MEMS Devices

Losses in MEMS devicesLosses in MEMS Devices

Internal ExternalInternal

Bulk Losses

External

Support Losses Fluid Flow Losses

Surface Losses Squeeze Film Damping

Drag

Loss due to internal friction from vibration

S f t t t

Support structure absorbing vibration

Surface treatment damagesSurface Roughness

Total Quality factor for a system isTotal Quality factor for a system is given as :

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Definitions and Basic TerminologyNumber Density of molecules (n) P = Pressure

Mean Free Path λ

d ll d b l lP    PressureK b  ( Boltzmann Const) = 1.3805 x 1023T = Temperature 

Average distance travelled by a molecule between two successive collisions 

Under ambient conditions

P = 1.013 x 105  Pa (1 atm )   T = 273.15 Kn = 2 69x 1025  x m‐3

Under standard conditions T = 300 Kd  ̴̴  3.7 x 10‐10  mn = 2.41x 1020  x  P m‐3

λ = 0.0068/P and for P = 1.013 x 105  Pan = 2.69x 10 x  m

)

λ  0.0068/P    and  for P   1.013 x 10 Pa (1 atm ) λ = 67 nm 

Molecular diameter(d)Under STP using Hard sphere model d  ̴̴  3.7 x 10‐10  m    

Characteristic flow length (h)

Characteristic length of the flow channel in case of Squeeze film it is the gap thickness 

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Effective Viscosity*

34* MS Thesis, J Young, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998

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Vector Diagram – Force and Displacement* 

• F=∫PdA• F=║F║exp(i (ωt‐φ))

F ║F║ (φ)• Fs=║F║cos(φ)• Fd=║F║sin(φ)• Ksq=Fs/δh• Csq=Fs/δh/ ω

35* Slide courtesy S Patra

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Discussion – Analytical 

We have

For low σ

• Is negligible resulting in differential pressure to be small and out of phase 90°with displacement

For high σ

• Is dominant term and pressure profile approximately matches displacement fil d fil i + 180º t f h ith di l tprofile and pressure profile is +- 180º out of phase with displacement

36