23.Colloquial Russian 2.pdf

2Colloquial Russian

FrenchItalianRussianSpanish 2The Colloquial 2 SeriesSeries Adviser Gary King

The following languages are available in the Colloquial 2 series

Accompanying cassettes and CDs are available for the above titles They can beordered through your bookseller or send payment with order to Taylor amp FrancisRoutledge Ltd ITPS Cheriton House North Way Andover Hants SP10 5BE UK or to Routledge Inc 29 West 35th Street New York NY 10001 USA

2Colloquial Russian

The next step in language learning

Svetlana le Fleming and Susan E Kay

First published 2003by Routledge11 New Fetter Lane London EC4P 4EE

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canadaby Routledge29 West 35th Street New York NY 10001

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor amp Francis Group

copy 2003 Svetlana le Fleming and Susan E Kay

Printed and bound in Great Britain by TJ International Padstow Cornwall

All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproducedor utilised in any form or by any electronic mechanical or other meansnow known or hereafter invented including photocopying and recordingor in any information storage or retrieval system without permission inwriting from the publishers

British Library Cataloguing in Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication DataLe Fleming Svetlana

Colloquial Russian 2 the next step in language learningSvetlana le Fleming and Susan E Kay

p cm ndash (The colloquial 2 series)Includes indexes

ISBN 0-415-26116-31 Russian language ndash Conversation and phrase books ndash English2 Russian language ndash Textbooks for foreign speakers ndash English3 Russian language ndash Spoken Russian I Title Colloquial Russian two II Kay Susan E 1947ndash III Title IV SeriesPG2121L364 2003491783prime421ndashdc21 2002152412

ISBN 0ndash415ndash26116ndash3 (book)ISBN 0ndash415ndash26117ndash1 (cassettes)ISBN 0ndash415ndash30250ndash1 (audio CD)ISBN 0ndash415ndash26118ndashX (pack)

This edition published in the Taylor amp Francis e-Library 2006

ldquoTo purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor amp Francis or Routledgersquoscollection of thousands of eBooks please go to wwweBookstoretandfcoukrdquo

ISBN 0-203-38052-5 (Master e-book ISBN)

ISBN 0-203-38670-1 (Adobe eReader Format)

Contents

Acknowledgements viiHow to use this book viii

Unit 1 Rossiq i russkij qzyk 1Russia and the Russian language

Unit 2 Transport 39Transport

Unit 3 Turizm 57Tourism

Unit 4 Migraciq 75Migration

Unit 5 Sport 92Sport

Unit 6 Kulturnaq izn v Rossii 111Cultural life in Russia

Unit 7 Sredstva massovoj informacii (CMI) 128The mass media

Unit 8 Rynok truda 146The labour market

Unit 9 Demografiq 163Demography

Unit 10 Obrazovanie 180Education

Unit 11 Rossijskoe Ob]estvo 198Russian society

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123411156789401421111

Unit 12 Zdravooxranenie 216The health service

Unit 13 Vybory v Dumu 234Elections to the Duma

Unit 14 Internet 250The Internet

Grammar reference 270Key to exercises 288EnglishndashRussian vocabulary 308RussianndashEnglish vocabulary 318Grammar index 342Russian index 344

vi | Contents

Acknowledgements

The Authors and Publishers would like to thank the following forpermission to reproduce material in this book

Argumenty i fakty Delovye lyudi Itogi Komsomolskaya PravdaLiteraturnaya gazeta Moskovskie novosti Nezavisimaya gazetaNovoe vremya Priglashaem na rabotu Salon krasoty Stolichnoeobrazovanie Vash dosug Versiya Vremya novostei

Every effort has been made to trace and acknowledge ownership ofcopyright The publishers will be glad to hear from any copyrightholders whom it has not been possible to contact

111121113456789101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

How to use this book

Colloquial Russian 2 is intended for students who working on theirown or with a teacher have already completed a first-level course inRussian and want to continue their study The book starts with arevision unit which covers all the basic structures including cases andaspects so it is not a problem if you are a bit rusty

The book is thematically based and draws on sources from news-papers and magazines The aim is to provide interesting informationabout Russia at the same time as introducing new vocabulary andlanguage points It addresses some of the particular problems oflearning Russian such as memorising vocabulary stressing wordscorrectly and choosing the right preposition Each unit contains abrief section in English on its theme a dialogue a text usually basedon a newspaper article as well as various other written materialsencountered in everyday life advertisements tables and graphsquestionnaires and forms to complete The text is also illustrated by photographs There are a variety of exercises designed to testcomprehension and practise the new language points In the sectionson word building guidance is given on how to increase your Russianvocabulary Key new vocabulary is given in each unit and there is a cumulative RussianndashEnglish vocabulary including all key wordsat the end of the book The EnglishndashRussian vocabulary contains all the words needed for the EnglishndashRussian translation exercisesAt the end of the book there is also a key to exercises quick refer-ence grammatical tables and an index of the language points coveredin the course

On the accompanying tapes and CDs you will find not only thedialogues but also comprehension exercises and exercises to practisethe new language points in each unit The exercises on stress are aparticular feature And donrsquot forget therersquos a website to support the Colloquials course At lthttpwwwroutledgecomcolloquialsrussiangt you will find extra exercises as well as links to sites thatbuild on the material in the units

1 ROSSIQ I RUSSKIJ QZYK

In this unit you will

learn some facts about the history of Russia revise the basic structures of Russian grammar including cases

and aspects

When Mikhail Gorbachev became General Secretary of theCommunist Party of the Soviet Union in March 1985 he recognisedthe need for fundamental economic reform His policy of pere-strojka (economic restructuring) had very little impact but his otherfamous introduction glasnost an element of freedom of speechand political freedom ultimately led to the collapse of the USSRReformist politicians were successful in the elections of 1989 revo-lutions took place in the Soviet Unionrsquos East European satellitesduring 1989ndash90 and the republics of the Soviet Union also startedto demand independence The final blow was the unsuccessful coupby conservative elements in August 1991 which eroded Gorbachevrsquosposition and brought Boris Yeltsin President of Russia to the foreThe Soviet Union was finally dissolved in December 1991 Thecollapse of the Soviet Union was also the birth of a new Russia Sincethen Russiarsquos history has not been smooth characterised by suchnotable events as Yeltsinrsquos violent clash with parliament in October1993 ending in the siege of the Russian lsquoWhite Housersquo and the finan-cial collapse of September 1998 Despite its problems Russia is acountry with a rich culture huge resources both human and physicaland its capital Moscow is now a vibrant and exciting city

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Language revision diams

Rules of spelling

These rules apply throughout Russian and impact on all the otherlanguage points described below

1 After g k x h w ] replace y by i2 After h w ] c replace unstressed o by e3 After g k x h w ] c replace q by a4 After g k x h w ] c replace [ by u

Understanding of the case system is fundamental to a grasp ofRussian Cases hardly feature in English there is only some differ-entiation in the use of pronouns Contrast lsquoI like herrsquo with lsquoShe likesmersquo The forms lsquoIrsquo and lsquoshersquo are used when they are the subject ofthe verb or nominative case and lsquoherrsquo and lsquomersquo when they are theobject or accusative case In Russian not just pronouns but nounsand adjectives proclaim their role in the sentence by changing theirending and the number of cases extends beyond nominative andaccusative to six in total

Comprehensive tables of the endings of nouns adjectives andpronouns are at the back of the book

The nominative case

Uses of the nominative case

1 The nominative is the case of the subject of the verb

Moskva procvetaetMoscow flourishes

2 It is also used as the complement of (ie following) the non-existent present tense of the verb lsquoto bersquo and after to lsquoit isrsquo andvot lsquohere isrsquo

Moskva ndash stolicaMoscow is the capital

Vot Moskva |to stolicaHere is Moscow It is the capital

2 | Russia and the Russian language

The nominative may also be found after the past tense of byt wherethe permanence of a state is being emphasized

Puwkin byl velikij potPushkin was a great poet

Endings in the nominative case

Singular nouns

There are three genders of nouns in Russian and in most instancesthe gender is indicated by the letter a noun ends with in the nomi-native singular When a noun ending in -a or -q clearly refers tosomeone of male gender the word is masculine muhina lsquomanrsquodqdq lsquounclersquo In practice this means that it changes its endings likea feminine noun but adjectives and verbs agreeing with it have mascu-line endings

Plural nouns

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Rossiq i Russkij Qzyk | 3

Masculine Feminine Neuter

cns prezident -a gazeta -o vinopresident newspaper wine

-j tramvaj -q revol[ciq -e zdanietram revolution building

- kreml - vozmonost -mq vremqkremlin opportunity time

Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

prezident prezidenty gazeta gazety vino vina

tramvaj tramvai revol[ciq revol[cii zdanie zdaniq

kreml kremli vozmonost vozmonosti vremq vremena

1 The spelling rule may require a change from -y to -i kniga ndashknigi lsquobooksrsquo

2 Some masculine nouns have a nominative plural in -a bereg ndashberega lsquobanksrsquo veher ndash vehera lsquoeveningsrsquo dom ndash doma lsquohousesrsquogorod ndash goroda lsquotownsrsquo

3 Nouns in -anin end in -ane anglihanin ndash anglihanelsquoEnglishmenrsquo but gospodin ndash gospoda lsquogentlemenrsquo

4 Other exceptions uhitel ndash uhitelq lsquoteachersrsquo brat ndash bratqlsquobrothersrsquo stul ndash stulq lsquochairsrsquo drug ndash druzq lsquofriendsrsquo synndash synovq lsquosonsrsquo derevo ndash derevq lsquotreesrsquo rebenok ndash deti lsquochil-drenrsquo helovek ndash l[di lsquopeoplersquo mat ndash materi lsquomothersrsquo dohndash doheri lsquodaughtersrsquo (Note that all forms of mat and dohapart from the nominative and accusative singular have -er- before the ending)

5 Some nouns generally of foreign origin are indeclinable Theynever change their endings and do not even have a pluralAdjectives describing them will decline in the usual way howeverTheir gender can generally be determined by their ending as withdeclinable nouns but note taksi ndash neuter

Adjectives

There are two basic sets of adjective endings hard and soft

1 Adjectives with stressed endings have the masculine ending -ojkrutoj krutaq krutoe krutye lsquosteeprsquo

2 Endings may be altered by the spelling rules russkij russkaqrusskoe russkie lsquoRussianrsquo xorowij xorowaq xoroweexorowie lsquogoodrsquo bolwoj bolwaq bolwoe bolwie lsquobigrsquo

Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural

Hard interesnyj interesnaq interesnoe interesnyeinteresting

Soft drevnij drevnqq drevnee drevnieancient

Pronouns

The third person forms are indeclinable and remain the same what-ever the case gender or number of the noun they describe

ego his its (m and n)ee her its (f )ix their

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

moj my moq moe moi

tvoj your (singular tvoq tvoe tvoiand familiar)

naw our nawa nawe nawi

vaw your (plural vawa vawe vawiand polite)

ves all vsq vse vse

hej whose hq he hi

tot thisthese ta to ti

tot thatthose ta to te

Singular Plural

q I my we

ty you vy you(singular and familiar) (plural and polite)

on he it (masculine) oni they (all genders)

ona she it (feminine)

ono it (neuter)

kto who

hto what

Exercise 1

Pick out the nouns adjectives and pronouns in the nominative casefrom the following passage

Moskva ndash Moscow

Pervoe letopisnoe upominanie o Moskve otnositsq k 1147 goduOsnovatel Moskvy byl suzdalskij knqz rij VladimirovihDolgorukij |to on vybral mesto dlq stroitelstva goroda Gorodros bystro i ue v 14-om veke stal centrom russkix zemel Moskvaostavalas stolicej vplot do 1713 goda kogda Petr Pervyj perenesstolicu v novyj gorod ndash Peterburg Tolko v 1918 godu ue posleRevol[cii Moskva snova stala stolicej snahala Sovetskogo So[zaa potom Rossii

For information on dates and other uses of ordinal numerals see Unit 4

Vocabulary diams

vybrat to chooseknqz (m) princeletopisnoe upominanie chronicle referenceosnovatel (m) founderostavatsq to remainotnositsq k to date fromperenesti to transferrasti to growstroitelstvo construction

Exercise 2

Answer the questions in Russian One word answers will suffice

1 Kakoj gorod stolica Rossii2 Kto osnoval Moskvu3 Kakoj gorod stal stolicej v 1713g4 Kto perenes stolicu tuda5 Kakoj gorod stal stolicej v 1918g

Exercise 3

Put these phrases in the plural

interesnyj moskovskij muzej drevnij russkij kreml

strawnoe istoriheskoe sobytie slonaq konomiheskaq

problema naw znamenityj istorik

The accusative case

Uses of the accusative case

1 The accusative is the case of the direct object of the verb

rij Dolgorukij osnoval MoskvuYuriy Dolgorukiy founded Moscow

2 It is also used after certain prepositions v vo lsquoto intorsquo (motion)lsquoduringrsquo (time) za lsquobeyond behind lsquo(motion) for na lsquoto on torsquo(motion) lsquoforrsquo (time) o ob obo lsquoagainstrsquo po lsquoup to eachrsquo podlsquounderrsquo (motion) pro lsquoaboutrsquo spustq lsquoafter laterrsquo herez lsquoacrossthrough in (after a period of time)rsquo

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

The Moscow Kremlin

More detailed information is given about most of these prepositionsin later units Unit 2 ndash na Units 4 and 6 ndash v Unit 8 ndash za Unit 6 ndasho ob obo pro Unit 10 ndash po

Stolicu perenesli v MoskvuThey moved the capital to Moscow

The accusative is also used without a preposition to denote durationin time or space

My tam ili vs[ zimuWe lived there all winter

Vs[ dorogu domoj ona molhalaShe was silent the whole way home

Endings in the accusative case

Singular nouns

Plural nouns

Acc Nom Acc Acc

inanimate as nom gazeta gazetu all nouns as nom

animate as gen revol[ciq revol[ci[(see below)

vozmonost vozmonost

Acc Acc Acc

inanimate as nom inanimate as nom all nouns as nom

animate as gen animate as gen(see below)

Adjectives and pronouns

Ego ee and ix are preceded by n- after a preposition as they are inall cases other than the nominative poxo na nego lsquolike himrsquo

Exercise 4

Put the words in brackets into the accusative case

1 Q zna[ (ta molodaq russkaq en]ina) 2 My edem v (malenkaqprimorskaq derevnq) 3 Vy xotite idti na (sovremennaq anglijskaqpesa) ili (klassiheskaq russkaq opera) 4 (Vsq nedelq) my ego nevideli 5 My ezdili vo (Franciq) na (mesqc) 6 My vstretili

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

inanimate inanimate interesnu[ inanimate as nom as nomas nom as nom as nom

animate animate drevn[[ animateas gen as gen as gen

mo[ tvo[

nawu vawu

vs[ h[

Singular Plural

q menq my nas

ty tebq vy vas

on ono ego oni ix

ona ee

kto kogo

hto hto

(vawa sestra) u vxoda v (teatr) 7 Lenin perenes (russkaq stolica)v (Moskva) 8 (Kto) vy videli 9 My ohen xorowo (on) znaem

The genitive case

Uses of the genitive case

1 The genitive is the only case ending which English retains onnouns It is the -rsquos ending used to denote possession Similarly inRussian the genitive indicates possession or translates lsquoof rsquo

Putin ndash prezident RossiiPutin is the President of Russia

Rol prezidenta ohen slonaqThe Presidentrsquos role (role of the President) is very complex

2 The genitive is also used after a very large number of preposi-tions bez lsquowithoutrsquo vdol lsquoalongrsquo vne lsquooutsidersquo vnutri lsquoinsidersquovperedi lsquoin front of beforersquo vmesto lsquoinstead ofrsquo vo vremqlsquoduringrsquo (named events in history) vozle lsquoby nearrsquo vokruglsquoaroundrsquo v tehenie lsquoduringrsquo (with words such as nedelq lsquoweekrsquo

The Russian White House home of the parliament or DumaPhoto N Kay

or god lsquoyearrsquo indicating periods of time) dlq lsquofor (the sake of)rsquolsquodo lsquoup to untilrsquo (time or place) iz lsquofrom out ofrsquo iz-za lsquobecauseof from behindrsquo iz-pod lsquofrom underrsquo krome lsquoexceptrsquo mimo lsquopastnaprotiv lsquooppositersquo okolo lsquoaround nearrsquo ot lsquofromrsquo poslelsquoafterrsquo protiv lsquoagainstrsquo radi lsquofor the sake ofrsquo s so lsquofromrsquo sredilsquoamong u lsquoby near chezrsquo

vo vremq perevorotaduring the coup

protiv prezidentaagainst opposed to the President

radi Bogafor Godrsquos sake

do raspada Sovetskogo So[zauntil the collapse of the Soviet Union

byli tanki vokrug Belogo domathere were tanks round the White House

More detailed information is given about iz-za in Unit 7 aboutthe differences between iz ot and s in Unit 5 and between sand so in Unit 12

The preposition u + genitive lsquoin the possession ofrsquo is used to trans-late lsquoto haversquo into Russian

U prezidenta byla bolwaq vlastThe President had great power

Note that bolwaq vlast is the subject of this sentence liter-ally lsquoGreat power was in the possession of Presidentrsquo

3 The genitive singular is used after oba obe lsquobothrsquo and the numeralsdva dve lsquotworsquo tri lsquothreersquo hetyre lsquofourrsquo and compounds endingin those numerals The genitive plural is used after all othernumerals except for odin odnaodnoodni lsquoonersquo which is anadjective agreeing with the noun it describes

dvadcat tri hlena Dumytwenty three members of the Duma

pqtnadcat hlenov Dumyfifteen members of the Duma

There is much more detailed treatment of cardinal numerals in Unit 9

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

4 The genitive is used after expressions of quantity such as mnogolsquoa lotrsquo malo nemnogo lsquoa little fewrsquo neskolko lsquoseveralrsquo skolkolsquohow manyrsquo bolwinstvo lsquothe majorityrsquo and on its own as apartitive genitive to indicate part of a substance or lsquosomersquo

Politika vyzyvaet malo interesa v RossiiPolitics arouses little interest in Russia

My vypili vinaWe drank some wine

contrast

My vypili vinoWe drank the wine

5 The genitive is found in several negative constructions

after net ne bylo ne budet lsquothere is not was not will not bersquo

U Gorbaheva ne bylo kompetentnyx sovetnikovGorbachev did not have competent advisers

V takoj situacii net drugogo vyxodaIn such a situation there is no other way out

after ne vidno ne slywno ne zametno lsquocannot be seen heard discernedrsquo

Belogo doma ne vidno ots[daThe White House cannot be seen from here

as the direct object of negative verbs

Gorbahev ne imel podderki sredi narodaGorbachev did not have support among the people

However when the object is more concrete the accusative ispreferred

Q ne viu ego avtomobilI donrsquot see his car

There is much more detail about the negative in Unit 13

6 The genitive is also used as the direct object of certain verbselat (po-) lsquoto wishrsquo dostigat dostignut lsquoto achieversquoExpressions such as shastlivogo puti lsquobon voyagersquo are in thegenitive because the verb elat is understood Some other verbstake either the genitive or the accusative boqtsq lsquoto fearrsquo datlsquoto wait forrsquo iskat po- lsquoto seek look forrsquo oidat lsquoto expectrsquoprosit (po-) lsquoto ask forrsquo trebovat (po-) lsquoto demandrsquo xotet(za-) lsquoto wantrsquo Generally the genitive is used if the object isabstract and the accusative if it is a concrete object or a personiskat pomo]i lsquoto seek for helprsquo iskat dom lsquoto look for ahousersquo

There are more examples in Unit 11

Endings in the genitive case

Singular nouns

1 Never forget the effect the spelling rules have on endings knigandash knigi

2 Remember that the accusative of masculine animate nouns is thesame as the genitive

My za syna i protiv otcaWe are for the son and against the father

3 Some masculine nouns also have alternative genitive endings in -u or -[ They are most commonly found in the sense of lsquosomersquoKupi ha[ lsquoBuy some tearsquo Note also the expression mnogonarodu lsquoa lot of peoplersquo

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Nom Gen Nom Gen Nom Gen

prezident prezidenta gazeta gazety vino vina

tramvaj tramvaq revol[ciq revol[cii zdanie zdaniq

kreml kremlq vozmonost vozmonosti vremq vremeni

Plural

1 Masculine nouns

mesqc ndash mesqcev lsquomonthsrsquo (because of the spelling rule)moskvih ndash moskvihej lsquoMuscovitesrsquo (also nouns ending in --w and -]) sloj ndash sloev lsquolayersrsquo (because of the stressed ending) anglihanin ndash anglihan brat ndash bratev stul ndashstulev drug ndash druzej syn ndash synovej rebenok ndash detejhelovek ndash l[dej

2 Feminine nouns

ideq ndash idej lsquoideasrsquo semq ndash semej lsquofamiliesrsquo

Sometimes a vowel (-o- -e- or -e-) is inserted between the lasttwo consonants of nouns ending in -a studentka ndash studentoklsquofemale studentsrsquo devuwka ndash devuwek lsquogirlsrsquo nouns ending in -nq generally do not have a - pesnq ndash pesen lsquosongsrsquo but thereare exceptions derevnq ndash dereven lsquovillagesrsquo kuxnq ndash kuxonlsquokitchensrsquo

3 Neuter nouns

derevo ndash derevev lsquotreesrsquo

Sometimes a vowel is inserted between the last two consonantsof nouns ending in -o okno ndash okon lsquowindowsrsquo pismo ndash pisemlsquolettersrsquo kreslo ndash kresel lsquoarmchairsrsquo

Nom Gen Nom Gen Nom Gen plural plural plural

prezident prezidentov gazeta gazet vino vin

tramvaj tramvaev nedelq nedel more morejweek sea

kreml kremlej revol[ciq revol[cij zdanie zdanij

vozmonost vozmonostej vremq vremen

1 Remember that the accusative plural of masculine and feminineanimate nouns is the same as the genitive and that adjectives orpronouns agreeing with them will also take endings like thegenitive

Q zna[ tix russkix en]in i ix muejI know these Russian women and their husbands

2 The genitive of personal pronouns and kto is the same as theaccusative The genitive of hto is hego

Exercise 5

Put the words in brackets into the genitive

Perevorot 19 avgusta 1991 goda ndash neskolko (zamehaniq)

Pervaq popytka (perevorot) v Rossii proizowla v avguste 1991 godakogda neskolko (hlen) (byvwee Politb[ro) organizovali zagovor ivystupili protiv (novaq demokratiq i Gorbahev) (Gorbahev) ne bylov Moskve vo vremq (zagovor) i zagovor]iki byli uvereny v uspexe(svoi dejstviq) Oni znali hto u (Gorbahev) net (bolwaq

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Masculine and Neuter Feminine Neuter

interesnogo interesnoj interesnyx

drevnego drevnej drevnix

moego moej moix

tvoego tvoej tvoix

nawego nawej nawix

vawego vawej vawix

togo toj tix

togo toj tex

vsego vsej vsex

hego hej hix

politiheskaq vlast) i (podderka) (narod) Odno iz (sobytiq)kotoroe stimulirovalo popytku (gosudarstvennyj perevorot) bylanacionalizaciq Rossiej (gazovaq i neftqnaq promywlennost) ipovywenie (vnutrennie ceny) na neft Odnako popytka (perevorot)provalilas Novoe pravitelstvo (Elcin i ego soratniki)rewitelno potrebovali (arest) (organizatory) (puth) Teper ueni u (kto) net (somneniq) hto popytka (perevorot) v avguste 1991goda ndash odna iz (prihiny) (raspad) (Sovetskij So[z)

Vocabulary diams

byvwij formervnutrennij domesticvystupit protiv to act come out againstgazovaq i nefqnaq gas and oil industry

promywlennostgosudarstvennyj statedejstvie actionzagovor zagovor]ik plot plotter

povywenie increasepodderka supportpopytka attemptpravitelstvo governmentprihina reasonprovalitsq to failproizojti to happen take placeraspad collapserewitelno resolutelysobytie eventsomnenie doubtsoratnik comrade-in-armsuvereny v uspexe confident of the successhlen Politb[ro member of the Politburo

(political bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party)

Exercise 6

Answer the questions in English

1 Who were the instigators of the coup2 Why did they feel that Gorbachev was vulnerable3 Which economic policy helped provoke the coup4 What was the Yeltsin governmentrsquos response to the failed coup5 In what significant historical event was the failure of the coup an

important factor

Dative case

Uses of the dative case

1 The dative is the case of the indirect object of the verb

Gorbahev peredal vlast Elcinu v dekabre 1991gGorbachev handed over power to Yeltsin in December 1991

2 The dative is also used after certain verbs that take a direct objectin English verit (po-) lsquoto believersquo pomogat pomoh lsquoto helprsquosledovat (po) lsquoto followrsquo (orders etc) sovetovat (po-) lsquotoadvisersquo ugroat grozit lsquoto threatenrsquo

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Rossii grozit perevorotA coup threatens Russia

There is further information on verbs with the dative in Unit 5

Note the constructions with uhit lsquoto teach learnrsquo and uhitsqlsquoto learnrsquo

Q uhu ego russkomu qzykuI teach him Russian

Q uhus russkomu qzykuI am learning studying Russian

But note

Q uhu russkij qzykI am learning Russian

There is more information on verbs of teaching and learning inUnit 10

3 The dative is used with the prepositions k lsquotowards (place) by(time)rsquo and po lsquoaccording to along through byrsquo k veherulsquoby eveningrsquo k domu lsquotowards the housersquo po pohte lsquoby postrsquo poulice lsquoalong the streetrsquo There is more information on the use ofpo in Unit 10

4 The dative is used with a large number of impersonal expressionsnam interesno lsquoit is interesting for usrsquo Prezidentu nadorewit lsquothe President has to decidersquo These expressions are dealtwith in detail in Unit 12 Note also On nam izvesten lsquoHe isknown to usrsquo

5 Note this use of the dative with the infinitive

Hto mne delatWhat am I to do

6 The dative may also be combined with certain reflexive verbs

Lideru prixoditsq rewatThe leader has to decide

Emu xotelos uvidet prezidentaHe wanted to see the President

These expressions are also covered in Unit 12

Note the construction with the reflexive verb nravitsq (po-)lsquoto likersquo

Im ne nravilas politika GorbahevaThey did not like Gorbachevrsquos policy ndash literally Gorbachevrsquospolicy was not pleasing to them

7 The dative is also used with the short adjective nuen nunanuno nuny to translate lsquoto needrsquo

Emu nuna byla pomo]He needed help

There are further examples of this construction in Unit 12

Endings in the dative case

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Masculine Feminine

Singular Plural Singular Plural

prezidentu prezidentam gazete gazetam

tramva[ tramvaqm nedele nedelqm

kreml[ kremlqm revol[cii revol[ciqm

vozmonosti vozmonostqm

Neuter

Singular Plural

vinu vinam

zdani[ zdaniqm

vremeni vremenam

Exercise 7

Put the words in brackets into the dative

Iz zapisok urnalista

Teploe avgustovskoe utro 1991 goda My edem po (Sadovoe kolco)k (Belyj dom) My ue slywali iz peredah po (radio) i po(televidenie) o popytke perevorota Esli sudit po (posledniesoob]eniq) po (radio) (soldaty) nikto ne prikazyval strelqt po (tolpa) Vopros v tom pomoet li armiq (puthisty) ili

Singular Plural

q mne my nam

ty tebe vy vam

on ono emu oni im

ona ej

kto komu

hto hemu

Masculine and Neuter Feminine Plural

interesnomu interesnoj interesnym

drevnemu drevnej drevnim

moemu moej moim

tvoemu tvoej tvoim

nawemu nawej nawim

vawemu vawej vawim

tomu toj tim

tomu toj tem

vsemu vsej vsem

hemu hej him

prisoedinitsq k (demokraty i Elcin) posledu[t li soldaty(prikazy) iz Kremlq V golove pronosqtsq raznye mysli Pohemuto proizowlo Kto vinovat Neueli Gorbahev (Puthisty) nenravilas politika Gorbaheva (Gorbahev) nado bylo dejstvovatrewitelnee Sejhas (on) nuna podderka vsex l[dej Teper (vsedemokraty i Elcin) ugroaet arest Vokrug Belogo doma ndash tolpynaroda (My) pohti nevozmono projti blie k (zdanie) Belogodoma no (my) tak xohetsq uslywat Elcina On stoit na tanke iobra]aetsq k (narod) Vse polny ntuziazma pomoh (on i egosoratniki) K (obed) powel dod no nikto ne xotel uxodit (Vse)xotelos byt hast[ istorii

Vocabulary diams

v golove pronosqtsq mysli thoughts run through (my) mindvinovat guilty to blamedejstvovat to actneueli really is it possibleobra]atsq k to addressperedaha po televideni[ television broadcastposlednee soob]enie latest reportprikaz prikazyvat order to orderprisoedinitsq k to joinstrelqt to shootsudit po to judge byhast part

Exercise 8

1 What was the weather like on the nineteenth of August2 How had the writer heard about the attempted coup3 What reasons for the coup are suggested4 Was it clear which side the army was on5 Where did the crowds congregate6 Who addressed them and from where

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Instrumental case

Uses of the instrumental case

1 The instrumental case is used to translate lsquobyrsquo or lsquowithrsquo referringto the instrument with which an action is performed pisatkarandawom lsquoto write with a pencilrsquo okruat tankami lsquotoencircle with tanksrsquo Note its use after certain verbs indicatingmovement of parts of the body maxat rukoj lsquoto wave (with)onersquos handrsquo kivat kivnut golovoj lsquoto shake onersquos headrsquopoimat plehami lsquoto shrug onersquos shouldersrsquo There is furtherinformation on how the instrumental is used to translate lsquobyrsquo inUnit 10

2 It is also used after certain prepositions

za behind beyond for (to fetch)medu betweennad overpered in front of beforepod under (place)s with (accompanied by)

There is more information on the uses of za in Unit 8 and on sin Units 5 and 6

3 The instrumental is frequently used as the complement of bytlsquoto bersquo when this verb is in the past or future tense or the infinitiveOn xotel byt prezidentom lsquoHe wanted to be presidentrsquo

4 The instrumental case is used after several verbs

zanimatsq zanqtsq to be engaged in occupied withinteresovatsq (za-) to be interested inokazyvatsq okazatsq to turn out to beostavatsq ostatsq to remain aspolzovatsq (vos-) to use enjoystanovitsq stat to becomeuvlekatsq uvlehsq to be keen onupravlqt control manage governqvlqtsq to seem be

There is information on these and other verbs with the instru-mental in Unit 6

5 The instrumental occurs in certain adverbial expressions of time

utrom in the morning dnem in the daytimeveherom in the evening noh[ at nightvesnoj in spring letom in summerosen[ in autumn zimoj in wintercelymi dnqmi for days on end

and in some expressions of manner

wepotom in a whisper begom at a run

Note also the phrases takim obrazom lsquoin that way thusrsquo anddrugimi slovami lsquoin other wordsrsquo

6 The instrumental is also used in defining dimensions

vysotoj in height dlinoj in lengthrostom tall wirinoj in width

reka wirinoj v desqt metrova river ten metres wide

Endings in the instrumental case

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Masculine Feminine

prezidentom prezidentami gazetoj gazetami

tramvaem tramvaqmi nedelej nedelqmi

roqlem roqlqmi revol[ciej revol[ciqmi

kremlem kremlqmi vozmonost[ vozmonostqmi

Neuter

Singular Plural

vinom vinami

zdaniem zdaniqmi

vremenem vremenami

1 Do not forget the possible impact of the spelling rule vrah ndashvrahom lsquodoctorrsquo tovari] ndash tovari]em lsquocomradersquo gostinicandash gostinicej lsquohotelrsquo

2 If the ending is stressed -em and -ej are replaced by -em or-ej zemlq ndash zemlej lsquoearthrsquo

3 The instrumental of masculine surnames ending in -ov -ev -in-yn is ym Elcin ndash Elcinym Otherwise they decline likenouns For the complete declension including feminine and pluralsurnames see the tables at the back of the book

interesnym interesnoj interesnymi

drevnim drevnej drevnimi

moim moej moimi

tvoim tvoej tvoimi

nawim nawej nawimi

vawim vawej vawimi

tim toj timi

tem toj temi

vsem vsej vsemi

him hej himi

Singular Plural

q mnoj my nami

ty toboj vy vami

on ono im oni imi

ona ej

kto kem

hto hem

Exercise 9

Put the words in brackets into the instrumental

(Utro) 20 avgusta situaciq stala bolee (qsnaq) V tot den Elcin stal (simvol) demokratii pod (ego rukovodstvo) oderanapobeda nad (kommunistiheskaq nomenklatura) Gorbahev bolwe ne polzuetsq (populqrnost) sredi rossijskix demokratovNerewitelnost Gorbaheva qvilas (glavnaq prihina) krizisa egopolitiki (Takoj obraz) Elcin s (ego xarizmatiheskij avtoriteti tverdaq uverennost) stal (glavnaq politiheskaq sila) v Rossii

Vocabulary diams

nerewitelnost indecisionoderana pobeda victory was achievedrukovodstvo leadershiptverdaq uverennost unshakeable confidence

Prepositional case

Uses of the prepositional case

The prepositional case is used after certain prepositions v lsquoinrsquo (place)na lsquoon atrsquo (place) o ob obo lsquoabout concerningrsquo pri lsquoat the time of in the presence of adjoiningrsquo More information about v may befound in Units 4 and 12 about na in Unit 2 and about o ob obo inUnit 6

Endings in the prepositional case

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Masculine Feminine

prezidente prezidentax gazete gazetax

tramvae tramvaqx nedele nedelqx

kremle kremlqx revol[cii revol[ciqx

vozmonosti vozmonostqx

Certain masculine nouns take the ending -u after the prepositions vand na though not after other prepositions taking the prepositionalcase These nouns include les ndash v lesu lsquoin the forestrsquo bereg ndash naberegu lsquoon the bankrsquo pol ndash na polu lsquoon the floorrsquo sad ndash v sadulsquoin the gardenrsquo ugol ndash v uglu lsquoin the cornerrsquo god ndash v prowlomgodu lsquolast yearrsquo wkaf ndash v wkafu lsquoin the cupboardrsquo Krym ndash vKrymu lsquoin the Crimearsquo

Neuter

Singular Plural

vine vinax

more morqx

zdanii zdaniqx

vremeni vremenax

interesnom interesnoj interesnyx

drevnem drevnej drevnix

moem moej moix

tvoem tvoej tvoix

nawem nawej nawix

vawem vawej vawix

tom toj tix

tom toj tex

vsem vsej vsex

hem hej hix

Exercise 10

Put the words in brackets into the prepositional case

1 Belyj dom naxoditsq v (centr) Moskvy na (Krasnopresnenskaqnabernaq) 2 Vo vremq perevorota Gorbahev byl v (Krym) na (bereg) morq 3 V (zdanie) Belogo doma zasedaet parlament Rossii4 Interesno slywat ob (ti sobytiq) v (vawa strana) 5 Miliciqbyla na (plo]ad) okolo Belogo doma 6 O (kto) idet reh O(lidery) perevorota Q nihego ne zna[ o (oni) 7 Elcin byl v(Belyj dom) a organizatory perevorota byli v (Kreml)

Vocabulary diams

zasedat to sit (of parliament)

Exercise 11

Answer the questions in Russian

1 Gde naxoditsq Belyj dom2 Gde byl Gorbahev vo vremq perevorota3 Gde naxoditsq Krym4 Gde zasedaet parlament5 Gde byla miliciq6 Gde byl Elcin7 Gde byli organizatory perevorota

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Singular Plural

q mne my nas

ty tebe vy vas

on ono nem oni nix

ona nej

kto kom

hto hem

Reflexive pronouns

In addition to the personal pronouns and possessive pronounsreferred to above there is the reflexive pronoun sebq and the reflexivepossessive pronoun svoj Sebq means myself yourself himself etcreferring back to the subject of the verb In consequence it has nonominative The other forms common to all genders singular andplural are acc gen sebq dat sebe instr soboj prep sebe

Ona dumaet tolko o sebeShe thinks only of herself

The endings of svoj are the same as those of moj and tvoj It trans-lates any possessive ndash lsquomyrsquo lsquoyourrsquo lsquohisrsquo etc provided it refers backto ownership by the subject of the verb

On l[bit svo[ rabotuHe loves his work

To use ego in this sentence would mean it was someone elsersquos workIn sentences with a first or second person subject svoj may be usedas an alternative to the first or second person possessive

My l[bim nawu svo[ rabotuWe love our work

Sam is the emphatic pronoun lsquoselfrsquo

Ona sama sdelalaShe did it herself

The full declension is in the grammar summary

Short form adjectives

The adjectives referred to earlier are all long or attributive adjectivesThere are also short or predicative adjectives They are used only inthe predicate of the sentence separated from the noun or pronounthey describe by the verb lsquoto bersquo

Kniga byla interesnaThe book was interesting

To form a short adjective remove the -yj or -ij from the long adjec-tive This gives you the masculine For the feminine add -a for the

neuter -o and the plural -y zdorovyj lsquohealthyrsquo ndash zdorov zdorovazdorovo zdorovy If the masculine form ends in two consonants a vowel is sometimes inserted between them interesnyj ndashinteresen

Some adjectives including those ending in -skij have no shortform

Adverbs

Adverbs are formed in the same way as neuter short form adjectivesBystryj lsquoquickrsquo ndash bystro lsquoquicklyrsquo on idet bystro lsquohe is walkingquicklyrsquo

Compared with English Russian has very few tenses one presenttwo future and two past Verbs fall mostly into two conjugations orpatterns of endings first and second First conjugation verbs mayoften be recognised by their infinitive ending in -at or -qt delatlsquoto do makersquo terqt lsquoto losersquo Second conjugation verbs more oftenend in -it or -et govorit lsquoto speakrsquo smotret lsquoto look atrsquoHowever there are a small number of second conjugation verbsending in -at and -qt and irregular first conjugation verbs endingin -it -et -ti Note that tables of the endings on verbs are givenat the back of the book

Formation of the present tense ndash first conjugation

Regular first conjugation verbs ending in -at or -qt ndash remove the-t from the infinitive and add -[ -ew -et -em -ete -[t

Remember that as there is only one present tense in Russian q dela[may translate as either lsquoI dorsquo or lsquoI am doingrsquo dependent on thecontext

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

q dela[ my delaem

ty delaew vy delaete

on ona ono delaet oni dela[t

In addition to regular first conjugation verbs there are also verbs which take regular first conjugation endings but their presenttense stem is different from the infinitive stem so it has to be learntWhere the present tense stem ends in a vowel the endings are the same as on delat and where it ends in a consonant the endings are -u -ew -et -em -ete -ut If the ending is stressed e is replacedby e

myt lsquoto washrsquoq mo[ my moemty moew vy moeteon onaono moet oni mo[t

pisat lsquoto writersquoq piwu my piwemty piwew vy piweteon onaono piwet oni piwut

idti lsquoto gorsquoq idu my idemty idew vy ideteon onaono idet oni idut

Much more about the stress of present tense of verbs may be foundin Unit 10

Verbs with infinitives ending in -avat drop the syllable -av- in thepresent tense verbs ending in -ovat replace the -ov- by -u- and thoseending in -evat replace the -ev- by -[-

davat lsquoto giversquoq da[ my daemty daew vy daeteon onaono daet oni da[t

sovetovat lsquoto advisersquoq sovetu[ my sovetuemty sovetuew vy sovetueteon onaono sovetuet oni sovetu[t

voevat lsquoto wage warrsquoq vo[[ my vo[emty vo[ew vy vo[eteon onaono vo[et oni vo[[t

Watch out for the effect of the spelling rules on such verbs

tancevat lsquoto dancersquotancu[ tancuew tancuet tancuem tancuete tancu[t

Second conjugation

Remove the last three letters from the infinitive and add the endings-[ -iw -it -im -ite -qt Some second conjugation verbs arealso affected by the spelling rules

govorit lsquoto speakrsquoq govor[ my govorimty govoriw vy govoriteon onaono govorit oni govorqt

derat lsquoto holdrsquoq deru my derimty deriw vy deriteon onaono derit oni derat

If the stem of a second conjugation verb ends in the consonants -d-t -s -z -st that consonant will change in the first person singu-lar (q form) only Other forms are regular If the stem ends in -b -v-p -f and -m an -l- is inserted between the stem and the ending inthe first person singular only

vodit to lead q vou ty vodiwplatit to pay q plahu ty platiwprosit to ask q prowu ty prosiwvozit to convey q vou ty voziwsvistet to whistle q svi]u ty svistiwl[bit to love q l[bl[ ty l[biw

Irregular verbs

There are a small number of irregular verbs in Russian

moh lsquoto be ablersquo mogu moemmoew moetemoet mogut

beat lsquoto runrsquo begu beimbeiw beitebeit begut

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

xotet lsquoto wantrsquo xohu xotimxohew xotitexohet xotqt

est lsquoto eatrsquo em edimew editeest edqt

Reflexive verbs

Add -sq after a consonant or - and -s after a vowel

vstrehatsq lsquoto meetrsquo vstreha[s vstrehaemsqvstrehaewsq vstrehaetesvstrehaetsq vstreha[tsq

There is much more information about reflexive verbs in Unit 4

The verb lsquoto bersquo

Byt has no present tense For alternative ways of translating lsquotobersquo see Unit 6

Use of the present tense

In addition to a straight translation for one of the English presenttenses Russian uses the present tense in some additional circum-stances Actions which started in the past and are continuing in thepresent are conveyed in Russian by the use of the present tense

Q ue hetyre goda zanima[s russkim qzykomI have been studying Russian for four years already

In indirect speech or questions Russian uses the tense in which theoriginal statement or question was made This frequently means thatRussian uses the present tense where English uses the past

Q sprosila ego zanimaetsq li on russkim qzykomI asked him whether he was studying Russian

On skazal hto on zanimaetsq russkim qzykomHe said that he was studying Russian

Verbs of motion have two different present tenses which have somesimilarities to the two present tenses in English This is explainedfully in Unit 2

Exercise 12

Complete the sentences by putting the verbs in brackets into thepresent tense

Sovetskij So[z bolwe ne (su]estvovat) Byvwie respublikiteper (qvlqtsq) nezavisimymi gosudarstvami Okolo dvadcatirespublik (vxodit) v sostav Rossijskoj Federacii Parlament RF(nazyvatsq) Duma On (sostoqt) iz dvux palat urnalisty hasto(pisat) hto rossiqne ne (interesovatsq) politikoj Oni bolwene (doverqt) politikam Q (shitat) hto oni pravy A Vy KakVy (dumat) Net my ne (moh) soglasitsq My (podderivat)prezidenta i vo vsem (soglawatsq) s nim

Aspects

There are in the overwhelming number of cases two Russian verbinfinitives for every English one For example lsquoto dorsquo may be delator sdelat The first of these is the imperfective infinitive or infini-tive of the imperfective aspect and the second is the perfectiveinfinitive or infinitive of the imperfective aspect The present tense isformed from the imperfective infinitive There are both imperfectiveand perfective past and future tenses formed from the respectiveinfinitives

Formation of the imperfective future

The imperfective future is formed from the future tense of bytlsquoto bersquo + the imperfective infinitive

q budu delat my budem delatty budew delat vy budete delaton onaono budet delat oni budut delat

The formation is exactly the same for the second conjugation andfor irregular verbs q budu govorit etc q budu est etc

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Formation of the perfective future

The perfective future is formed in the same way as the present tensebut using the perfective infinitive Note the irregular perfective dat

sdelat lsquoto dorsquo sdela[ sdelaemsdelaew sdelaetesdelaet sdela[t

dat lsquoto giversquo dam dadimdaw daditedast dadut

Formation of the imperfective and perfective past

Both the imperfective and perfective past are formed in the same waybut from their respective infinitives Where the infinitive of a Russianverb ends in -t the past tense is generally formed by removing the-t and replacing it by -l (masculine singular) -la (femininesingular) -lo (neuter singular) -li (plural all genders)

delat ndash delal delala delalo delalisdelat ndash sdelal sdelala sdelalo sdelali

Note however the following exceptions

ndash Verbs ending in -eret

umeret lsquoto diersquo umer umerla umerlo umerli

ndash Some verbs ending in -nut drop the -nut in the masculine

privyknut lsquoto get used torsquoprivyk privykla privyklo privykli

vozniknut lsquoto arisersquovoznik voznikla vozniklo voznikli

but note

kriknut lsquoto shoutrsquokriknul kriknula kriknulo kriknuli

prygnut lsquoto jumprsquoprygnul prygnula prygnulo prygnuli

ndash Verbs ending in -st remove the -st before adding the past tenseendings

past lsquoto fallrsquo pal pala palo paliest el ela elo eli

ndash Verbs ending in -ti

idti wel wla wlo wlinesti to carry nes nesla neslo neslivesti to lead vel vela velo velirasti to grow ros rosla roslo rosli

ndash Verbs ending in -h

teh to flow tek tekla teklo teklileh to lie down leg legla leglo leglimoh mog mogla moglo moglidostih to achieve dostig dostigla dostiglo

dostigli

Imperfective and perfective pairs

The perfective is often differentiated from the imperfective by theaddition of a prefix Common prefixes include

vy- za- na- o- ot- pere- po- pod- pri- pro- s- u-

pit vypit to drinkhitat prohitat to readpisat napisatdelat sdelat

Other pairs are differentiated by a suffix

rewat rewit to decidepose]at posetit to visitvstavat vstatdavat datsobirat sobrat to collectnadevat nadet to put on

or by the presence of the infix -yv- or -iv- in the imperfectivepodpisyvat podpisat lsquoto signrsquo For more about verbs of thistype see Unit 14

Govorit has two perfectives skazat lsquoto say tellrsquo and pogov-orit lsquoto talk speakrsquo Some other unusual perfective pairs includebrat vzqt lsquoto takersquo pokupat kupit lsquoto buyrsquo stanovitsq stat lsquoto becomersquo

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Difference in usage between the imperfective andperfective aspects

Imperfective aspect

1 Unfinished or continuous actions

On celyj den smotrel televizorHe was watching watched television all day

Zavtra q budu rabotat v saduTomorrow I will work in the garden

2 Habitual or repeated actions

My hasto igrali v tennis tim letomWe often played used to play tennis that summer

Oni budut plavat v more kadyj denThey will be swimming will swim in the sea every day

3 Emphasis on the process of the verb

Q l[bl[ katatsq na lyaxI love skiing

4 After the verbs nahinat nahat and stat lsquoto beginrsquo konhatkonhit lsquoto finishrsquo prodolat lsquoto continuersquo and some otherverbs with similar meanings the imperfective infinitive is alwaysused

Q tolko hto konhila rabotat nad toj knigojI have only just finished working on this book

For other verbs meaning lsquoto stoprsquo see Unit 14

Perfective aspect

1 Emphasis on completion or result This may be a single action

On konhil rabotuHe finished the work

Vy dolny prohitat tu knigu segodnqYou must read (finish reading) that book today

or a series of actions each one completed before the next onestarts

Q vstanu primu duw i odenusI will get up take a shower and get dressed

2 Some perfectives with the prefix po- imply that the action isperformed for a short time only

My posideli v sadu i powli domojWe sat in the garden for a while and went home

For aspects in relation to verbs of motion see Unit 2

Subjunctive

In addition to the five tenses described above Russian also has asubjunctive formed by using the particle by with the past tense Qsdelala by lsquoI would have done itrsquo Fuller information on the subjunc-tive is given in Unit 11

Imperative

The third person imperative may be formed from either the imper-fective or perfective verb delaj(te) sdelaj(te) lsquodorsquo For fullerinformation on this imperative see Unit 2 Davaj davajte impera-tive of davat is used with the first person plural (my form) of thefuture perfective to form a first person imperative Davajte sdelaemlsquoLetrsquos do itrsquo

Exercise 13

Choose the appropriate verb form from the alternatives in brackets

Raspad SSSR

Pervyj konflikt v Sovetskom So[ze (sluhitsq sluhilsq) e]e v1986g v Alma Ate Zatem v 1989g (nahinalsq nahalsq) konfliktmedu Armeniej i Azerbajdanom po povodu Nagornogo KarabaxaA s 1989 konflikty stali (voznikat vozniknut) praktiheskipovs[du na Ukraine i Kavkaze v Moldavii i PribaltikeSovetskoe rukovodstvo snahala ne (ponimalo ponqlo) istokov tix konfliktov Odnako primenenie sily v Rige i Viln[se v qnvare 1991g uspexa ne (prinosilo prineslo) (Nahinalis nahalis) peregovory o novom so[znom dogovore Konfederativnyjxarakter predloenij (vyzyval vyzval) nedovolstvo so storonykonservatorov i (voznikala voznikla) ideq perevorota protiv reform voob]e Pobeda nad puthistami (privodila privela) knekontroliruemomu raspadu SSSR V dekabre 1991g prezidenty

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Rossii Ukrainy i Belorussii (podpisyvali podpisali)soglawenie o likvidacii SSSR i sozdanii SodruestvaNezavisimyx Gosudarstv

Vocabulary diams

voznikat vozniknut to arisedogovor treatyistok sourcenedovolstvo dissatisfactionperegovory negotiationspo povodu on the subject ofpovs[du everywherepodpisyvat podpisat

soglawenie to sign an agreementpredloenie proposalprimenenie sily use of forceprinosit prinesti uspex to bring successsluhitsq to happensozdanie creationSodruestvo Nezavisimyx Commonwealth of

Gosudarstv Independent States

Exercise 14

1 Where did the first conflict break out in the Soviet Union2 What did Armenia and Azerbaidjan fall out about3 Where did conflicts break out in 19894 How did the leadership try to subdue the Baltic States in 19915 What was it about the proposals for a new Union treaty which

upset the conservative faction in government6 Who signed the agreement to abolish the Soviet Union7 What was its substance

2 TRANSPORT

In this unit you will learn

about the transport system in Russia to use the imperative how to form the comparative more about the preposition na

Because of Russiarsquos immense size rail and air are the most importantmodes of transport Travel by rail is still reliable and cheap as it wasin Soviet times Although more investment is needed for constructionand track maintenance especially in the remote regions whereclimatic conditions are very difficult there have been considerablerecent improvements Compared with Soviet times domestic air travelis expensive and the number of internal flights has been reducedAlthough dozens of private airlines were set up after the break-up ofthe Soviet state airline Aeroflot they do not offer the same compre-hensive service to provincial towns Road transport is slow as thereis no motorway system and roads are not well-maintained outsidemajor cities

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Dialogue 1

A conversation between a passenger and a booking clerk at MoscowrsquosInternational Airport Sheremetevo 2

PASSAIR Skaite poalujsta zdes proda[tsq bilety nasamolet Q tolko hto priletel iz Londona Mne nunoletet v Irkutsk

KASSIR Da konehno A kakoj kompaniej Vy xotite letet Unas sejhas mnogo aviakompanij

PASSAIR A kakaq kompaniq dewevleKASSIR Dewevle letet Transaro Aroflotom nemnogo doroe

No vam udobnee letet Aroflotom SamoletyAroflota otpravlq[tsq s terminala Weremetevo odin|to nedaleko ots[da

PASSAIR Xorowo polehu Aroflotom Kogda vyletaet samoletKASSIR Est dva rejsa Odin ndash herez 2 hasa a drugoj ndash nohnoj

rejsPASSAIR Poaluj polehu pervym rejsom A skolko stoit biletKASSIR Stoimost bileta tuda i obratno vmeste s nalogom ndash 250

dollarov |to esli Vy letite konomiheskim klassomKak Vy budete platit Nalihnymi ili kreditnojkartoj

PASSAIR Kreditnoj kartoj A kak dobratsq do Weremetevoodin

KASSIR Mono dobratsq rejsovym avtobusom ili marwrutnymtaksi Luhwe poezajte marwrutnym taksi Tak bystree

PASSAIR A gde ostanavlivaetsq taksiKASSIR Stoqnka tut rqdom Idite prqmo po koridoru povernite

napravo i prqmo u vyxoda iz aroporta Vy uviditemarwrutnye taksi

PASSAIR A q ne opozda[ na registraci[KASSIR Konehno ne opozdaete Herez 10 minut Vy budete v

Weremetevo odin Tolko prigotovte zaranee biletpasport vse Vawi dokumenty Ne zabudte baga I vsebudet v porqdke

Vocabulary diams

dobratsq do to get tozaranee in advance

40 | Transport

marwrutnoe taksi minibusmedunarodnyj internationalnalog taxnohnoj rejs night flightopozdat na (+ acc) to be late forotpravlqtsq to set off departpovernut to turnpoaluj perhapsrejsovyj avtobus regular busstoimost (f ) coststoqnka (taxi) rank stoptolko hto just

NB bilet tuda i obratno ndash return ticket platit nalihnymi ndash to paycash vse budet v porqdke ndash everything will be OK

Exercise 1

Answer the following questions in English

1 What airlines operate within Russia2 What are the methods of payment for an air ticket3 What does a ticket to Irkutsk cost4 How do you get to Sheremetevo Terminal 1 from Terminal 25 What do you need to check-in

Language points diams

Imperatives

In the above dialogue there are several examples of the second personimperative

Skaite poalujsta tell (me ) pleaseIdite prqmo go straight on

Imperatives can be formed from either imperfective or perfectiveverbs Remove the last two letters from the third person plural (oniform) of the present or future perfective to find the stem of the verbAdd -i if the stem ends in a consonant or -j if it ends in a vowelidti ndash idut ndash id ndash idi lsquogorsquo hitat ndash hita[t ndash hita ndashhitaj lsquoreadrsquo

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Transport | 41

Verbs with their stem ending in a single consonant that are stressedon the stem throughout their conjugation take the imperative ending- zabyt ndash zabudut ndash zabud ndash zabud lsquoforgetrsquo

For the plural or polite form add -te idite hitajte zabudteThe reflexive ending is -sq after -j or - and -s after -i or -te

odevajsq odevajtes odensq odentes lsquodressrsquoVerbs ending in -avat form their imperative irregularly davat

ndash da[t ndash davaj(te) lsquogiversquo vstavat ndash vsta[t ndash vstavaj(te) lsquostandrsquoNote also est ndash ew(te) lsquoeatrsquo and pit ndash pej(te) lsquodrinkrsquo

Stress is on the same syllable in the imperative as in the first personsingular (q form) pisat ndash piwu ndash piwi(te) lsquowritersquo The imper-ative of poexat is poezaj(te)

Generally the imperfective imperative is used to express generalinjunctions to perform or refrain from actions It is often found innegative sentences

Ne terqjte bilet Do not lose your ticket

A perfective imperative relates to one particular occasion

Povernite napravo Turn right

Exercise 2

Put the verb in brackets into the imperative to complete the sentence

Example (Brosit) musor v korzinu ndash Broste musor vkorzinu

1 (Ostanovit) mawinu 2 (Zakazat) gostinicu3 (Porekomendovat) xorowij bank 4 (Kupit) aviabilet5 (Zakryt) dver 6 (Postroit) novu[ dorogu 7 (Poexat) doPeterburga 8 (Oplatit) poezdku 9 (Provodit) passaira kpoezdu 10 (Prigotovitsq) k poletu

Exercise 3

Examine the special offer from Transaero Airline (shown on p 43)

1 What flights does Transaero have2 What planes does the company use

42 | Transport

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Transport | 43

TRANSA|RO

aviakompaniq

SPECIALNOE PREDLOENIE

XITROU ndash MOSKVA ot pound199 (+nalog pound2610)

Rossijskaq aviakompaniq TRANSA|RO su]estvuet na rynkebolee 8 let i vypolnqet regulqrnye rejsy iz Moskvy(Domodedovo) v Sankt-Peterburg Vladivostok OmskNorilsk Krasnoqrsk Ekaterinburg Novosibirsk IrkutskOrel Ninevartovsk Almaty Astanu Karagandu TawkentKiev Odessu London Frankfurt Tel-Aviv |jlat(Izrail) Pafos (Kipr)

Rejsy medu Londonom i Moskvoj vypolnq[tsq na novyxsovremennyx samoletax Boing 737ndash700

Dlq passairov pribyva[]ix v Moskvu rejsomltTransarogt iz Londona predostavlqetsq besplatnyjtransport ot aroporta do centra Moskvy

Na bortu samoleta passairam predlagaetsq novoeuluhwennoe men[

K uslugam passairov biznesklassa ndash komfortabelnyebiznes-zaly v aroportax Xitrou i Domodedovo

XITROU (Terminal-2) ndash MOSKVA (Domodedovo) eednevno

MOSKVA (Domodedovo) ndash XITROU (Terminal-2) eednevno

Zabronirovat i priobresti bilety mono v ofise ltTransaro Tursgt

v Londone

Nomer rejsa Vylet Prilet Tip samoleta

UN 344 2205 0510 Boing 737ndash700

UN 344 1320 1425 Boing 737ndash700

NB su]estvovat ndash to exist predlagatsq ndash to be offered predostavlqtsqndash to be offered vypolnqt rejs ndash to fly uluhwennoe men[ ndash improvedmenu eednevno ndash daily zabronirovat ndash to book priobresti ndash to acquire

3 From which airports does the company fly4 What additional services does the company offer5 What is the cost of a flight from London to Moscow6 What time does the flight arrive in London

Text 1

44 | Transport

eleznye dorogi Rossii

eleznye dorogi ndash nadenyj i dewevyj vid rossijskogotransporta V evropejskoj hasti Rossii ix struktura napominaetgigantskoe koleso Ego centr ndash Moskva Ot nee v raznye storonyidut radiusy ndash magistrali No hem vostohnee tem magistralejmenwe Potomu stroitelstvo novyx eleznyx dorog ostaetsqvanoj zadahej No stroit dorogi v Rossii s kadym godomstanovitsq vse doroe i trudnee Ved stroitelstvo idet v boleetqelyx klimatiheskix usloviqx Stoimost materialovoborudovaniq truda rabohix teper vywe

Novoe napravlenie v stroitelstve eleznyx dorog ndash sozdanievysokoskorostnyx magistralej kotorye ue ime[tsq vo mnogixstranax mira Pervu[ taku[ dorogu v Rossii planiru[tpostroit medu Moskvoj i Sankt-Peterburgom Poezda smogutdvigatsq po nej gorazdo bystree Odnako kologi vse ha]e

Po materialam Nezavisimoj gazety 2000

Vocabulary diams

buduhi beingved (emphatic particle) you see after allvizitnaq kartohka visiting cardvrednoe ve]estvo harmful substancevybrasyvat to emitvyrubatsq to be cut downvysokoskorostnaq magistral high-speed railwaydvigatsq to movedvienie poezdov rail trafficdvuxmestnye kresla double seatseleznaq doroga railwayzemlq land

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

protiv stroitelstva takix magistralej Ix argumenty vrezultate stroitelstva unihtoaetsq mnogo zemel vyruba[tsqlesa No s drugoj storony eleznodoronyj transportkologiheski vse e]e hi]e drugix On vybrasyvaet v vozdux v20 raz menwe vrednyx ve]estv hem avtomobilnyj

Sredi eleznodoronyx magistralej Moskovskaq eleznaqdoroga zanimaet osoboe mesto Buduhi stolihnoj magistral[ona menqetsq bystree drugix Devqt moskovskix vokzalov ndashvizitnaq kartohka stolicy Za poslednie gody urovenobsluivaniq na vokzalax stal namnogo vywe uslug dlqpassairov stalo bolwe Organizuetsq dvienie skorostnyxlektropoezdov lt|kspressgt s bolee vysokim komfortom Onisegodnq kursiru[t do Tuly Rqzani Vladimira Orla KalugiQroslavlq

V takix poezdax v pervom i vtorom klasse dvuxmestnye mqgkiekresla rabotaet bufet video Kadyj vagon obsluivaetsqprovodnikom I konehno samoe glavnoe ndash skorost lektrihkiVremq v puti stalo namnogo korohe Naprimer do Tuly obyhnaqlektrihka idet 3 hasa 44 minuty a lt|kspressgt na has menwendash 2 hasa 33 minuty

Transport | 45

koleso wheelkorohe shorterkursirovat to runmqgkij softnadenyj reliablenapominat to resemblenapravlenie trendoborudovanie equipmentobsluivatsq to be servedostavatsq zadahej to remain the taskprovodnik train attendantskorost (f ) speedskorostnoj lektropoezd express trainsozdanie creationstoimost (f ) proezda cost of the journeystolihnyj capitalstroitelstvo constructiontrud rabohix labourunihtoatsq to be destroyeduroven (m) obsluivaniq standard of serviceusluga servicehi]e cleanerlektrihka local (electric) train

NB s drugoj storony ndash on the other hand vse e]e ndash still vremq v puti ndashtravel time samoe glavnoe ndash the most important thing

Exercise 4

1 What does the layout of the railways in European Russiaresemble

2 Why is it ever more difficult to build railways in Russia3 What is the new trend in railway construction4 Where will the first high-speed rail link run5 Why are ecologists opposed to the construction of high-speed

railways6 What type of transport is ecologically cleanest7 What changes are taking place in the Moscow rail network

46 | Transport

Exercise 5

True or false

1 Letet Aroflotom (doroe dewevle udobnee)2 Samolet v Irkutsk vyletaet iz aroporta (Weremetevo odin

Weremetevo dva Domodedovo)3 Putewestvovat na samolete (doroe dewevle nadenee) hem

na poezde4 Vysokoskorostnye magistrali ue ime[tsq (v Rossii v

zapadnyx stranax v Ukraine)5 eleznodoronyj transport (grqznee hi]e opasnee)

avtomobilnogo transporta6 Uroven obsluivaniq na vokzalax stal (luhwe xue

bystree)7 Kadyj vagon obsluivaetsq (provodnikom oficiantom

nosil]ikom)

Comparatives

Long (attributive) comparatives

Almost all Russian adjectives can be turned into comparatives byputting the words bolee lsquomorersquo or menee lsquolessrsquo before the long formBolee and menee never alter whatever the case or number of theadjective

bolee bystrye poezda faster trainsna menee bystryx poezdax on less fast trains

lsquoThanrsquo is translated by hem preceded by a comma

Luhwe ezdit na bolee bystryx novyx poezdax hem nastaryxIt is better to travel on faster new trains than on old

Four adjectives have a one-word declinable comparative used insteadof adjective + bolee

bolwoj bolwij bigger greatermalenkij menwij smaller lesser

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Transport | 47

ploxoj xudwij worsexorowij luhwij better

luhwie poezda lsquobetter trainsrsquo bolwij vybor lsquogreater choicersquo

Four more adjectives have a one-word declinable comparative in addi-tion to the bolee form The form used depends on the context

molodoj bolee molodoj younger (things)mladwij younger junior (people)

staryj bolee staryj older (things)starwij elder senior (people)

vysokij bolee vysokij higher taller (literal)vyswij higher superior (figurative)

nizkij bolee nizkij lower (literal)nizwij lower inferior (figurative)

bolee starye poezda lsquoolder trainsrsquo starwie bratq lsquoelderbrothersrsquo bolee vysokie gory lsquohigher mountainsrsquo vyswee obra-zovanie lsquohigher educationrsquo

Exercise 6

Put the adjective in brackets into the appropriate form of the longcomparative

1 Turistiheskoe agenstvo predlagaet (interesnyj) poezdki vRossi[ 2 eleznye dorogi stali (nadenyj) vidom transporta3 Ezdit na (bystryj) skorostnyx poezdax ndash odno udovolstvie4 Priqtno it v (staryj) gorode 5 Dlq poezdki v Rossi[nuna (bolwoj) summa deneg 6 Bilety v teatr proda[tsq po(nizkij) cenam 7 (Vysokij) obrazovanie ispytyvaet krizis8 Legko rabotat s (malenkij) hislom studentov 9 (Bogatye)predpohita[t ezdit (udobnyj) pervym klassom 10 U menq odin(molodoj) brat i dve (starye) sestry

Short (predicative) comparatives

The short comparative is formed by adding -ee (alternative ending -ej) to the stem of the adjective The ending is the same for all gendersand for the plural It is better to use the short form to translate sen-tences where the verb lsquoto bersquo comes between nounpronoun and the

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Transport | 49

comparative Otherwise use the long bolee form The short com-parative also renders sentences beginning lsquoIt is was will be errsquo

Novye poezda bystreeNew trains are faster

Skorostnye poezda budut udobneeExpress trains will be more convenient

Luhwe letet AroflotomIt is better to fly by Aeroflot

Contrast

My edem na bolee novom poezdelsquoWe are going on a newer trainrsquo

Short comparatives of some adjectives end in -e

blizkij blie closer bogatyj bogahe richervysokij vywe higher glubokij glube deepergromkij gromhe louder dalekij dalwe furtherdewevyj dewevle cheaper dorogoj doroe dearerarkij arhe hotter korotkij korohe shorterkrepkij krephe stronger molodoj moloe youngermqgkij mqghe softer nizkij nie lowerploxoj xue worse prostoj pro]e simplerrannij ranwe earlier redkij ree rarersladkij sla]e sweeter staryj starwe olderstrogij stroe stricter tixij tiwe quieteruzkij ue narrower xorowij luhwe betterhastyj ha]e more often histyj hi]e cleanerwirokij wire wider bolwoj bolwe biggermalenkij menwe smaller

NB bolwe also means lsquomorersquo and menwe lsquolessrsquo Pozdnij has twoalternative forms ndash pozdnee poze lsquolaterrsquo Some adjectives do not have a shortcomparative eg adjectives ending in -skij When a comparative is requireduse the bolee form

Exercise 7

Complete the following sentences using a word meaning the oppo-site of the first comparative

50 | Transport

1 Q starwe brata brat menq na 5 let 2 Rasstoqnie do Londonakorohe do Moskvy 3 Letet samoletom bystree exat poezdom 4 V Moskve obsluivanie luhwe v provincii 5 Russkijqzyk trudnee francuzskij 6 Aviacionnyj transportgrqznee eleznodoronyj 7 Stoimost proezda v pervomklasse vywe vo vtorom 8 Ha]e l[di smotrqt video xodqtv kino 9 Ranwe vse ezdili na poezde stali letat nasamolete 10 Sejhas bolwe smotrqt televizor sluwa[tradio 11 Exat na avtobuse dewevle na poezde

After a short comparative lsquothanrsquo is usually rendered by putting theobject of comparison into the genitive

Avtobus udobnee poezdaThe bus is more convenient than the train

The genitive cannot be used to translate lsquothanrsquo if the object of compar-ison is not in the nominative

Bystree exat na poezde hem na avtobuseIt is faster to go by train than bus

or not a noun or pronoun

Luhwe v Rossii hem zdesIt is better in Russia than here

or lsquohisrsquo lsquohersrsquo lsquoitsrsquo or lsquotheirsrsquo

Naw tur interesnee hem ixOur tour is more interesting than theirs

Exercise 8

Change the adjectives to short comparatives and put the words inbrackets into the genitive

1 Hemodan tqelyj (sumka) 2 Moskva staraq (Peterburg)3 Otec staryj (mat) 4 Sestra molodaq (brat) 5 Volga wirokaq(Temza) 6 Mesqc fevral korotkij (mart) 7 Poezd dewevyj(samolet) 8 Ozero Bajkal glubokoe (ozero Ness) 9 Moskovskoemetro histoe (londonskoe metro)

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Transport | 51

Constructions with the comparative

Kak monoas as possible

Kak mono dewevleas cheap as possible

Hem temthe er the er

Hem dewevle tem luhwethe cheaper the better

Note Tem luhwe lsquoSo much the betterrsquo

Gorazdo namnogo kudamuch er

Poezd gorazdo namnogo dewevle samoletathe train is much cheaper than the plane

Vseever er

Stroit dorogi stanovitsq vse doroe (i doroe)Building roads is becoming ever more expensive more and moreexpensive

Note also the use of v and na in measuring difference

na has menwe an hour lessv dva raza bolwe twice as big

Exercise 9

Use the construction hem tem to form sentences

Example Prostaq zadaha ndash ona legkaq ndash Hem pro]ezadaha tem ona leghe

1 Avtobus medlennyj ndash on dewevyj 2 Sobor staryj ndash oninteresnyj 3 Ozero glubokoe ndash ono opasnoe 4 Helovek staryj ndashon umnyj 5 Doroga daleko ndash ee trudno stroit 6 Vozdux histyjndash to xorowo dlq zdorovq 7 Marwrut prostoj ndash on legkij8 Poezd bystryj ndash putewestvie korotkoe 9 Kreslo mqgkoe ndash onoudobnoe 10 Helovek bogatyj on ndash ploxoj

52 | Transport

Comparative of adverbs

The comparative of the adverb takes the same form as the shortcomparative of the adjective

Poezda xodqt bystreeTrains travel more quickly

Preposition corner diams

Prepositions are among the most difficult words to translate A prepo-sition rarely if ever has a direct equivalent in another language whichcovers all its uses This regular section will help your knowledge ofhow Russian prepositions are used

Na + accusative

Note the variety of uses of na + accusative and the different ways inwhich it may be translated into English

Expressions of place ndash lsquoto ontorsquo denoting motion towards

Points of the compass

na sever [g vostok zapadto the north south east west

places which in origin were not single buildings

na vokzal stadion stanci[ pohtuto the (mainline)station stadium station post office

Open spaces

na ulicu plowad dvoronto the street square yard

rivers islands and some mountain ranges

na Volgu Kipr Ural Kavkazto the Volga to Cyprus to the Urals to the Caucasus

activities or places which denote activity

na koncert lekci[ urok rabotu fakultetto the concert lecture lesson to work to the faculty

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Transport | 53

Expressions of time

na Rodestvo at for Christmasna drugoj den on the next daytur na 5 dnej 5-day tour

noh na 20-oe maqnight of the 19th to 20th May

On poexal tuda na dva godaHe has gone there for two years

Other useful expressions using na + accusative

bilet na poezd train ticketvid na reku view over the riverna vid in appearancena dvoix for twospros na demand forpoxoij na like

After verbs

vliqt na to influencealovatsq po- na to complainnadeqtsq na to hope for rely onnaznahat naznahit na to appoint toopazdyvat opozdat na to be late forotvehat otvetit na to reply topolagatsq poloitsq na to rely onpoxodit na to resemblesoglawatsq soglasitsq na to agree totratit po- na to spend on

Na + prepositional

Expressions of place ndash lsquoon atrsquo indicating location

Used with all the same nouns as na + accusative meaning lsquotorsquo

na severe [ge vostoke zapadein the north south east west

na vokzale stadione stancii pohteat the (mainline)station stadium station post office

54 | Transport

na ulice plowadi dvoreon the street (outside) square in the yard (outside)

na Volge Kipre Urale Kavkazeon the Volga in Cyprus in the Urals in the Caucasus

na koncerte lekcii uroke rabote fakulteteat the concert lecture lesson at work in the faculty

Means of transport

na metro na avtobuse na taksi poezde teploxodevelosipedeby metro bus taxi train boat bicycle

na nogax on onersquos feetna svoej sovesti on onersquos conscience

Expressions of time

na toj prowloj budu]ej nedelethis last next week

na dnqx the other dayna protqenii over the course ofna moem veku in my lifetime

Note also

na russkom qzykein Russian

perevodit perevesti na russkij qzykto translate into Russian

After verbs

igrat na (musical instruments) gitareto play the guitar

enitsq nato marry (for a man)

nastaivat nastoqt nato insist on

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Transport | 55

skazyvatsq skazatsq nato tell on have an effect on

sosredotohivatsq sosredotohitsq nato concentrate on

Exercise 10

Put the words in brackets into the appropriate case accusative orprepositional

1 My vywli na (ulica) 2 Ne vse studenty regulqrno xodqt na(lekcii) 3 Menq ne budet na (budu]aq nedelq) 4 My edem tudana (poezd) 5 Na (drugoj den) powel dod 6 Xolodnee na(sever) 7 Knigi na (russkij qzyk) ohen dorogie 8 On xorowoigraet na (roql) 9 On perevel vse pesy Wekspira na(francuzskij qzyk) 10 Moj drug enilsq na (russkaq) 11 Onotvetil na (vse voprosy) pravilno 12 Ona poxodit na (mat) aon na (otec) 13 Ne opozdaj na (poezd)

Exercise 11

Translate into Russian

1 You can pay for your ticket either by cash or credit card Iprefer to pay by cash

2 Help me please to find the taxi rank I have a lot of luggage3 A rail ticket is three times cheaper than an air ticket4 The most important thing is speed Express trains are much

faster now and travel time is shorter5 Ecologically rail transport is still cleaner than other kinds of

transport6 The faster the trains the better it will be for all travellers7 Travelling by a faster and more comfortable train is a pleasure

56 | Transport

3 TURIZM

about tourism in Russia how to use verbs of motion about prefixes on verbs of motion how to differentiate between take toe words with the root -xod-

In Soviet times the State Tourist company lsquoIntouristrsquo had amonopoly Its chief activity was organising travel for foreign touristswithin the USSR Although many tourists travelling to Russia stillprefer to go on organised tours there is now a much greater varietyof holidays on offer and much more scope for arranging travel your-self Travel agencies proliferate on the streets of major Russian townsoffering everything from cruises on the Volga to fishing trips to theKola peninsula Before the collapse of the Soviet Union foreign travelopportunities for Soviet citizens were very limited generally restrictedto countries within the Soviet sphere of influence Most Russians holi-dayed in their own country Trade Unions issued putevki lsquoholidayvouchersrsquo which entitled their members to holidays in Soviet resortssuch as those on the Black Sea But now Russians themselves havebecome enthusiastic travellers at home and abroad fuelling the boomin tourism

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Dialogue 1

A conversation between a traveller and a travel agent

PUTEWESTVENNIK Menq interesuet poezdka po ltZolotomu kolcugtHto Vy moete predloit

TURAGENT A skolko u Vas vremeniPUTEWESTVENNIK Vremeni u menq tolko 2 nedeliTURAGENT V nastoq]ij moment u nas bolwoj vybor Est

avtobusnye a take teploxodnye turyPUTEWESTVENNIK Moet byt luhwe poexat na poezde Q slywal

hto v Rossii est skorostnye poezda bolee bystryehem starye

TURAGENT Obyhno po ltZolotomu kolcugt turisty ezdqt naavtobuse ili na teploxode |to pro]e udobnee idewevle Na poezde slonee

PUTEWESTVENNIK A skolko vremeni zajmet takaq poezdkaTURAGENT Vse zavisit ot togo skolko gorodov Vy xotite

posetit Vot naprimer est xorowij avtobusnyjtur na vse goroda ltZolotogo kolcagt |tosemidnevnyj tur Est teploxodnyj tur toe na7 dnej K soaleni[ ne na vse goroda Vy uviditeUglih Kostromu Qroslavl

PUTEWESTVENNIK A na kakie tury u Vas est svobodnye mestaTURAGENT Poka est mesta na vse tury Kadyj hetverg v 10

hasov utra idet avtobus a kadu[ pqtnicu v 5hasov vehera s rehnogo vokzala otpravlqetsqteploxod

PUTEWESTVENNIK Poaluj poedu na teploxode Govorqt pejzai naVolge potrqsa[]ie sveij vozdux Mono xorowootdoxnut

TURAGENT Da v to vremq goda putewestvovat na teploxodendash odno udovolstvie Shastlivogo puti

PUTEWESTVENNIK Bolwoe spasibo

58 | Tourism

Vocabulary diams

predloit to offerpoka for a whilepotrqsa[]ij stunning fantasticsemidnevnyj tur seven-day tourteploxod boat

NB ltZolotoe kolcogt ndash Golden Ring (the route on which many ancientRussian towns are situated) poezdka zajmet ndash the trip will take v nastoq]ijmoment ndash at the present moment odno udovolstvie ndash pure pleasureshastlivogo puti ndash have a good trip

Exercise 1

1 What trip does the traveller want to go on2 What does the agent recommend3 What is the lsquoGolden Ringrsquo4 Why is it better to travel round the lsquoGolden Ringrsquo by bus5 What tours can the agency offer6 How long does a bus tour round the lsquoGolden Ringrsquo take7 Why does the traveller decide to go by boat

Exercise 2

Select holidays which answer the following criteria

1 Must have high quality accommodation2 Of award-winning quality3 Include a boat trip4 Seaside and city combination5 Opportunity to see as many of the Golden Ring towns as

possible6 Includes a visit to an outdoor museum

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Turizm | 59

NB emhuina ndash pearl vodopad ndash waterfall hudo sveta ndash wonder of the world

60 | Tourism

Belye nohi Sankt-Peterburga Serdce Rusi severnoj(3 i 5 dnej klassiheskie (6 dnej Velikij Ust[g-letnie tury vkl[ha[]ie Vologda-Kirillov-|rmita nohnu[ kskursi[ Ferapontovo s pose]eniem ltMosty zagovoriligt velikix severnyxltFontany Petergofagt monastyrej Kirillo-Carskoe selo Pavlovsk i Belozerskogo Ferapontovamnogoe drugoe) Spas-Priluckogo a take

ltmuzeq pod otkrytym nebomgt znamenitogo Velikogo Ust[ga)

Belye nohi Sankt-Peterburga Soloveckie ostrova(3 i 5 dnej) + otdyx na (7 dnej legendarnye Finskom zalive (7 dnej Solovki na Belom more po pansionaty v kurortnom poselke pravu nazyva[t ltvosmym Repino v 40 km ot S-Peterburga hudom svetagt)na beregu Baltijskogo morq)

Sem gorodov Zolotogo kolca Kii + Valaam + Solovki(5 dnej Sergiev Posadndash (9 dnej legendarnaq AleksandrovndashSuzdalndash programma s 1999 g vpervye VladimirndashGus-Xrustalnyjndash v odnom kombinirovannom rev-PolskijndashPereslavl- ture pose]enie trex Zalesskij) emhuin Rossii Diplom

1 stepeni v konkurse ltMarwrutndash2000ndashRossiqgt 11 kskursij)

Zolotoe kolco + otdyx na Kareliq (9 dnej otdyx v Volge (11 dnej Rostov Velikijndash prestinom otele QroslavlndashKostromandashPles ltKalevalagt + kskursii po + otdyx v pansionate Oneskomu ozeru na ostrov ltVolskij pribojgt) Kii i na znamenityj

vodopad Kivah)

Text 1111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Turizm | 61

Na bortu teploxoda ltGrigorij Pirogovgt

Za svo[ izn q mnogo putewestvovala i po vozduxu i po suweno nikogda ne plavala na teploxode I vot v tom godu qrewilas Q nawla podxodq]ij tur na teploxode i rewila exatPravda ne odna a so svoej drunoj kompaniej My vybraliltGrigorij Pirogovgt ndash nebolwoj teploxod kotoryj soverwaetrejsy v vyxodnye dni do Tveri i Ugliha My rewili plytdo Tveri

V pqtnicu my priwli na Rehnoj vokzal v 17 hasov za has dootplytiq teploxoda bystro prowli registraci[ i poluhilikl[hi ot svoix ka[t Na teploxode dve passairskie paluby i tretq ndash otkrytaq gde mono pozagorat Samyekomfortabelnye ka[ty razme]a[tsq na vtoroj palube Hemblie k nosu teploxoda ka[ta tem doroe ona stoit Na toje palube naxoditsq i kapitanskaq ka[ta

Kak tolko teploxod nahal otplyvat vse vywli na palubySveij vozdux potrqsa[]ie pejzai klassnaq kompaniqmuzyka i pivo ndash vse obe]alo hudesnyj otdyx Q mnogo razezdila na mawine po doroge Moskva ndash Tver Mne kazalos htoq zna[ ee vs[ ltotgt i ltdogt No vidy iz okna avtomobilq

Po materialam urnala ltVaw dosuggt 2001

Vocabulary diams

vyxodnye dni weekendzakusit to have a bite to eatkl[h ot ka[ty cabin keynaberenaq embankmentnos teploxoda bow of the shipotplytie departure (by boat)othalit to set sailpaluba deckpamqtnik monumentpewexodnaq kskursiq walking tourpozagorat to sunbatheprihalit to moorpodxodq]ij suitablepoxodit na (+ acc) to look like

soverwenno ne poxodili na to hto my uvideli s teploxodaivopisnaq priroda plqi doma otdyxa privetlivye rybakina beregu reki Q byla v vostorge

V 12 hasov v subbotu my priplyli v Tver Zdes u nas bylapewexodnaq kskursiq Ona vxodit v stoimost tura|kskursovod provela nas po naberenoj do pamqtnika Afanasi[Nikitinu zatem my prowli herez most v centr goroda vkartinnu[ galere[ Iz galerei my vywli hasa v hetyre i douina rewili poxodit po gorodu zajti v kafe zakusit ivypit hawku kofe My tolko prowli metrov 20 kak uvidelimalenkij restoranhik Ceny nas priqtno udivili vse bylovkusno milo i namnogo dewevle hem v Moskve

Iz Tveri my otplyli v 6 hasov vehera A v voskresene v 11hasov utra teploxod prihalil na zelenu[ stoqnku ltXvojnyjborgt Zdes v lesu na beregu reki my kupalis i zagorali eliwawlyki pili pivo V 5 hasov vehera my othalili otgostepriimnogo Bora i herez 3 hasa pribyli na Severnyj rehnojvokzal stolicy Kruiz na teploxode ndash prekrasnyj otdyx vvyxodnye dni

62 | Tourism

razme]atsq to be accommodatedrewitsq to make up onersquos mindsoverwat rejs to sailstoqnka stopudivit to surprisexvojnyj bor coniferous forestwawlyk kebab

NB na bortu teploxoda ndash on board ship po vozduxu i po suwe ndash by airand land ltOTgt I ltDOgt ndash inside out nahal otplyvat ndash set sail byt vvostorge ndash to be delighted Afanasij Nikitin ndash fifteenth-century Russianmerchant adventurer e (emphatic particle) ndash exactly

Exercise 3

1 What kind of cruises does the Grigoriy Pirogov offer2 How many decks are there on the ship3 Where is the captainrsquos cabin4 What can you see from the ship5 What did the walking tour of Tverrsquo include6 Why did the friends like the little restaurant in Tverrsquo7 How did the cruise end

Exercise 4

True or false

1 Luhwij sposob putewestvovat po ltZolotomu kolcugt (napoezde pewkom na teploxode)

2 Teploxody otpravlq[tsq (s eleznodoronogo vokzala srehnogo vokzala iz centra goroda)

3 Grigorij Pirogov soverwaet rejsy (v vyxodnye dni vokrugsveta kadyj den)

4 Hem blie k nosu teploxoda ka[ta tem ona (dewevle doroexue)

5 Pejzai za bortom byli (skuhnye potrqsa[]ie neobyhnye)6 V Tveri passairy posetili (istoriheskij muzej kreml

kartinnu[ galere[)7 Na stoqnke ltXvojnyj borgt passairy (sobirali griby

kupalis peli pesni)

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Turizm | 63

Verbs of motion

Verbs of motion are essential to any discussion of tourism The oneswe are going to look at first are ezdit exat poexat lsquoto go (byvehicle) travel ridersquo xodit idtipojti lsquoto go (on foot) walkrsquoEzdit exat and xodit idti are all imperfective verbs Ezditand xodit are lsquomultidirectionalrsquo verbs used for repeated journeysparticularly round trips such as to work and back

Udobnee ezdit na rabotu na poezdeIt is more convenient to travel to work (and back) by train

Moj syn xodit v wkoluMy son goes to school (ie there and back every day)

They are also used for generalisations where the occasion and direc-tion of the journey is imprecise

Obyhno turisty ezdqt na avtobuseUsually tourists go by bus

Or simply the direction is non-specific

On celu[ noh xodil po ulicamHe walked the streets all night

Exat and idti are lsquounidirectionalrsquo verbs used for single journeysin a particular direction

Segodnq q idu na rabotu pewkom a domoj edu naavtobuseToday I am walking to work but coming home by bus

Even where a journey is repeated if a single direction is stressedexat idti are used

Kadyj hetverg v 10 hasov idet avtobusThe bus goes every Thursday at 10

Q vsegda edu domoj na taksiI always come home by taxi

Note that xodit idti are used when trains buses boats trainsand other forms of public transport are the subject Ezdit exat

64 | Tourism

are used for cars and other smaller vehicles as well as for the actionof passengers on any form of transport

Poexat pojti are perfective verbs They convey the idea ofsetting off on a journey

Q poedu v 5 hasov utraI will go set off at 5 am

Luhwe poexat ranoIt is better to go set off early

They are also used if a completed journey was in one direction only

Poexala tuda na teploxodeI went there by boat

Where a round trip has been made ezdit xodit are used

Q ezdila v Rossi[ letomI went to (and returned from) Russia in the summer

Note the use of the perfective past tense in the phrases

q powel Irsquom offpoexali letrsquos go

Figurative use of verbs of motion

Where verbs of motion are used figuratively only one of the imper-fectives is ever used dod idet lsquoit is rainingrsquo dela idut xorowolsquothings are going wellrsquo idet lekciq lsquoa lecture is taking placersquo idetfilm lsquoa film is onrsquo

Exercise 5

Use the appropriate form of ezdit exat poexat or xodit idtipojti to complete the sentence

1 Poezda smogut gorazdo bystree po vysokoskorostnymmagistralqm 2 Ot Moskvy eleznye dorogi v raznye koncystrany 3 Amerikanskaq turgruppa v Sankt Peterburg Onabudet tam tri dnq 4 Anglijskaq gruppa ue v SanktPeterburg Ona vernulas v Moskvu vhera 5 V kotorom hasu ty zavtra utrom Q zakau taksi 6 V subbotu sneg ves den

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Turizm | 65

Words including the root xod

The word xod means lsquomovementrsquo na xodu lsquoon the moversquo v xodelsquoin the course ofrsquo By spotting it as the root of other words you maybe able to work out their meaning or at least remember them moreeasily

Prefixes add to or qualify the meaning of the root In several ofthese examples it indicates the direction of the movement

vxod lsquoentrancersquo vyxod lsquoexitrsquo doxod lsquoincomersquo rasxodylsquoexpensesrsquo perexod lsquocrossingrsquo poxod lsquohikersquo

Suffixes indicate the part of speech

xodit lsquoto go walkrsquo vxodnoj lsquoentrancersquo (adj) poxodka lsquogaitrsquo xodba lsquowalkingrsquo ndash 10 minut xodbylsquoa ten minute walkrsquo vyxodnoj den lsquoday off lsquo vyxodnye dnilsquoweekendrsquo

Xod combined with another root

paroxod lsquosteamshiprsquo (par lsquosteamrsquo) teploxod lsquomotor shiprsquo(teplo lsquowarmrsquo) pewexod(nyj) lsquopedestrianrsquo (pewij lsquofootrsquo)sudoxodnyj lsquonavigablersquo (sudno lsquovesselrsquo)

66 | Tourism

Yaroslavl

Exercise 6

Complete the following phrases using an appropriate form of a wordwith the root xod

v metro herez ulicu v peregovorov doronye sliwkom vysokie zona bilet tur na v dni

Prefixed verbs of motion

Key verbs in any discussion of travel are priezat priexat lsquotoarriversquo and uezat uexat lsquoto leaversquo The perfective of each pairis a prefixed form of the verb exat lsquoto travel go by vehiclersquo whichwas discussed earlier in the unit A whole series of verbs exists todescribe travel in different directions formed by adding prefixes to -ezat -exat Unlike the unprefixed ezdit exat poexat theseprefixed verbs of motion only have one imperfective They arenormally followed by a preposition which reinforces the meaningNote the hard sign -- between prefixes ending in a consonant and-ezat -exat

Some common examples

Imperfective Perfective Preposition

vezat vexat v + accto drive in

vyezat vyexat iz + gento drive out

doezat doexat do + gento drive as far as

zaezat zaexatto call (on a person) k + datto call (at a place) v or na + accto call for za + instr

obezat obexat vokrug + gen orto drive round without a preposition

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Turizm | 67

otezat otexat ot + gento drive away from

pereezat pereexat herez + acc or without to cross a prepositionto move from iz or s + gento move to v or na + acc

podezat podexat k + datto drive up

priezat priexat v or na + accto arrive come

proezat proexatto drive past mimo + gen

to travel a given distance without a preposition

razezatsq razexatsq po + datto disperse

uezat uexatto leave (a place) iz or s + gento leave (a person) ot + gen

Examples

Oni doedut do Bajkala segodnqThey will travel as far as Lake Baikal today

My priexali v Moskvu pozdno veheromWe arrived in Moscow late in the evening

All the same prefixes can be added to the stems -xodit -jti tocreate verbs which describe motion on foot in a variety of directionsNote the -o- between prefixes ending in a consonant and -jti

vxodit vojti v + accto walk in enter

Exercise 7

Replace verbs of motion describing travel in a vehicle by thosedescribing travel on foot

Example Veherom my poexali v kino ndash Veherom mypowli v kino

68 | Tourism

1 Kadyj god tysqhi studentov prieza[t v MGU 2 Vydolny vyexat iz doma za 2 hasa do otxoda poezda 3 Poedemna koncert segodnq veherom 4 Mne obqzatelno nado zaexat vbiblioteku 5 Q dolen uexat ot vas herez has 6 Ne nadozaezat za mnoj q poedu odna 7 Q zaexal k drugu no ego nebylo doma on ue uexal 8 On podexal k kasse i zaplatil zabenzin 9 My doexali do lesa i ostanovilis 10 Oni proexalimimo i ne zametili nas 11 Kogda Vy budete pereezat herezreku budte ostoronee 12 On neskolko raz obexal vokrugdoma 13 Moj drug privez mne slovar

Other verbs of motion

In addition to ezdit exat poexat and xodit idtipojtidescribed above there are other verbs of motion with two imper-fectives These include

Imperfectives Perfective Meaning

nosit nesti ponesti to carry (on foot)vozit vezti povezti to convey carry (by vehicle)vodit vesti povesti to lead (on foot)begat beat pobeat to runletat letet poletet to flyplavat plyt poplyt to swim saillazit lezt polezt to climbpolzat polzti popolzti to crawlbrodit bresti pobresti to wandertaskat ta]it pota]it to draggonqt gnat pognat to chase drivekatat katit pokatit to roll

In deciding which verb to chose follow the guidelines set out forezdit exat poexat

My nesli naw baga na ostanovku avtobusaWe were carrying our luggage to the bus stop

Povezem komp[ter domoj na mawineWe will take the computer home in the car

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Turizm | 69

Prefixes may be added to the imperfective verbs above to form new imperfective perfective pairs which indicate the direction ofmovement There are some changes to the stems -plyvat insteadof plavat -lezat instead of lazit -taskivat insteadof taskat -bredat instead of brodit -katyvat instead ofkatat and a change of stress in -begat and -polzat Other-wise the prefix is added straight to the stem without any additionor alteration

vvozit vvezti v + accto bring in import

vnosit vnesti v + accto carry in

vvodit vvesti v + accto lead in

vbegat vbeat v + accto run in

vletat vletet v + accto fly in

vlezat vlezt v + accto climb in

vpolzat vpolzti v + accto crawl in

Rejs priletaet v London v 1800The flight arrives in London at 1800

Rossiq vyvozit les na ZapadRussia exports timber to the West

Malhiki ubeali ot milicioneraThe boys ran away from the policeman

Exercise 8

Insert prefixed forms of -begat -beat -letat -letet

(-begat -beat)On bystro iz komnaty Kogda on na ostanovku avtobusue uwel Ranwe on kadyj den 5 kilometrov On do

70 | Tourism

universiteta za 10 minut Po doroge na rabotu on vbiblioteku Q xotel s nim pogovorit no on ue On komne i stal bystro govorit hto-to Ne nado dorogu v tommeste On v zal soverwenno rasterqnnyj

(-letat -letet)Po pqtnicam samolet iz Londona v 10 hasov vehera i vMoskvu v 5 utra Benzin konhilsq i samolet s trudom doaroporta On pervyj vokrug sveta My priwli v aroportpozdno samolet ue Ego mehta ndash herez Atlantiheskijokean

Exercise 9

Choose the correct verb from the brackets and use it with the appro-priate preposition

(priplyt v otplyt s doplyt do pereplyt herezuplyt podplyt k proplyt)

My opozdali na 5 minut i teploxod ue rehnogo vokzalaMy Tver rano utrom On s trudom berega On pervyj Golfstrim On neskolko kilometrov i vdrugpohuvstvoval sebq ploxo Lodka medlenno beregu On daleko v more

Not all verbs of motion are used literally Note the following exam-ples of figurative usage

provodit provesti vremq to pass timevremq proletaet time fliesvyxodit vyjti iz krizisa to get out of a crisissxodit sojti s uma to go madprixodit prijti v golovu to come to mindproxodit projti to register

registraci[vvodit vvesti zakon to introduce a lawzavodit zavesti hasy to wind up a watch

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Turizm | 71

nanosit nanesti u]erb cause damageperevodit perevesti translaterasxoditsq razojtis to split uprazvoditsq razvestis get a divorce

Some verbs have meanings which are not directly related to move-ment at all

proisxodit proizojti to happenprixoditsq prijtis to have tonaxoditsq to be situated

Exercise 10

Insert a suitable prefixed verb of motion used figuratively to completethe sentences

1 Trudno budet iz togo krizisa 2 On tak na svoego otca 3 V prowlom godu parlament novyj zakon 4 |migraciqspecialistov Rossii ogromnyj u]erb 5 My tak veseloproveli den hto vremq bystro 6 Moi hasy ostanovilisNado ix 7 Kogda mu umer ona s uma ot gorq 8 |tottur nam ohen 9 Naw dom na beregu reki 10 On vsegoDikkensa na russkij qzyk

ToeTake

Both toe and take mean lsquoalsorsquo

Toe is more often used when it repeats an existing circumstance

On ustal i q toeHe is tired and so am I

Moj brat vrah Ego ena toeMy brother is a doctor His wife too

Take should be used in the sense of lsquoin additionrsquo particularly aftera no

72 | Tourism

Moj brat biznesmen no on take muzykantMy brother is a buisnessman but he is also a musician

Est avtobusnye a take teploxodnye turyThere are bus and also boat trips

Q izuha[ russkij qzyk a take polskijI am studying Russian and in addition Polish

V letnie kanikuly my mnogo plavali a take katalisna lodkeDuring the summer holiday we swam a lot and also went on a boat

Toe can usually be replaced by take but not the other way round

V tom godu my edem v Rossi[ Moq sestra toe(take) edet tudaThis year we are going to Russia My sister is also going there

Exercise 11

Decide whether to use toe or take

1 Moq mat xorowo govorit po-francuzski q govor[ neploxo2 Ne tolko muzej a park byli zakryty 3 My soglasiliss nim 4 Pohemu on ne prixodil 5 My rewili hto filmbyl ne tolko glupyj no ohen strannyj

Exercise 12

According to a survey by sociologists only 2 of Russians can afforda super-expensive holiday anywhere on the planet So where do thosewith hardly any money spend their holidays This is how 1600Russians answered the question

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Turizm | 73

Exercise 13

1 Last year I went on a cruise round the world and visited manyinteresting countries

2 Our cabin was on the upper deck of the boat and the view wasstunning

3 You have to arrive at the river station one hour before the boatdeparts

4 I think the best way to travel around the Golden Ring is by busor by boat You will not see much if you go by train

5 Everything in Russia interests me but especially ancient historictowns like Novgorod and Pskov

6 As the ship was setting sail we all went out on deck

74 | Tourism

ухи

по д

aнны

серо

ссий

ског

о це

нтра

изу

чени

я об

щес

твен

ного

мне

ния

ГДE BЫ COБИPAETECЬ ПPOBECTИ

OTПУCKHа даче 25

Hа Черном море ndash 4За границей ndash 1B другом городе

селе России ndash 4B CHГ ndash 2Oстанемся дома ndash 45Oгдыхать не поедем

нет денег ndash 23 Пока не

решили ndash 6

Gazeta ltKomsomolskaq pravdagt maj 2001

4 MIGRACIQ

about migration to and from Russia how to ask questions using li about reflexive verbs how to use ordinal numbers and form dates more about the preposition v

Legal emigration from the Soviet Union was mostly confined to Jewsheading for Israel or Germans from the Volga region going to WestGermany It was considered unthinkable and unpatriotic for Russiansto leave their Motherland and it was made very difficult for them todo so After the collapse of the USSR the situation changed massemigration became a threat to the economic well-being of the countryas the best qualified and educated left in their thousands The situa-tion has now stabilised though many are still leaving in search of abetter life and greater opportunities A far more serious problemnowadays is immigration Russia is being flooded by refugees Amongthem are ethnic minorities trying to escape discrimination or Russianswho suddenly find themselves unwelcome and without a job in thenew independent republics

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Dialogue 1

A conversation between a journalist and a sociologist

URNALIST 20 maq 1991 goda Rossiq prinqla zakon o svobodnomvezde i vyezde Mnogie boqlis hto nahnetsqmassovaq migraciq iz SSSR Opravdalis li tiprognozy

SOCIOLOG Teper kogda prowlo 10 let mono skazat hto netBolee sereznoj problemoj stala ne migraciq aimmigraciq Ved priexat v Rossi[ ohen prosto

URNALIST Zapad bespokoitsq hto rossijskie granicy ohenlegko perejti Oni oxranq[tsq ploxo

SOCIOLOG Rossiq poka tranzitnaq zona dlq immigrantov No qne duma[ hto tak budet dolgo prodolatsq Granicybudut ukreplqtsq i v Rossii budet ostavatsq vsebolwe immigrantov

URNALIST A ne luhwe li zakryt granicySOCIOLOG Net togo delat nelzq Rost hisla immigrantov ndash

to blago dlq Rossii Hislo rossiqn umenwaetsq iesli my zakroem granicy to k seredine vekanaselenie Rossii rezko sokratitsq Kto budet rabotatu nas Odna nadeda na immigraci[

URNALIST Po-moemu bolwe vsego immigrantov v Rossi[ budetpriezat iz Kitaq Ue sejhas kitajcev v Rossiipohti million |ksperty shita[t hto k seredineveka kitajcy budut vtorym narodom posle russkixNe kaetsq li Vam to opasnym

SOCIOLOG Immigraciq iz Kitaq ndash nawe budu]ee Potomu nadodumat o tom kak sotrudnihat s immigrantami kakinkorporirovat ix v nawe ob]estvo

Po materialam urnala ltItogigt 2001

Vocabulary diams

bespokoitsq to be worriedblago goodboqtsq (+ gen) to be afraid

76 | Migration

granica borderkitaec Kitaj Chinese Chinanadeda hopenaselenie populationob]estvo societyopasnyj dangerousopravdatsq to be justifiedostavatsq to remain stayoxranqtsq to be guardedprinqt zakon to pass a lawseredina veka the middle of the centurysokratitsq to decrease reduce be reducedsotrudnihat s (+ inst) to cooperate withukreplqtsq to become strongerumenwatsq to decreasehislo number

NB zakon o svobodnom vezde i vyezde ndash law on free passage

Exercise 1

1 What law was passed on 20th May 19912 What did people fear might be the consequences of that law3 Why does Russia need immigration4 Which immigrant group will predominate in the future

Use of li

Note the use of the particle li to frame questions in the dialogue

Opravdalis li ti prognozyHave these forecasts proved to be correct

The key word usually the verb is moved to the beginning of thesentence followed by li Contrast the affirmative statement |tiprognozy opravdalis Frequently such questions are asked in thenegative

Ne kaetsq li vam to opasnymDoesnrsquot that seem dangerous to you

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Migraciq | 77

Contrast

|to kaetsq opasnymThat seems dangerous

The key word in a sentence is not always a verb

Ne luhwe li zakryt granicyWould it not be better to close the borders

Exercise 2

Convert the following statements into questions using the particle li

1 Problema migrantov ne kasaetsq Rossii 2 Q ne duma[ htoon prav 3 L[di ne ueza[t po konomiheskim motivam 4 Onane edet so mnoj 5 Su]estvuet problema trudoustrojstvabeencev 6 On rasskazal mne o poezdke v Rossi[ 7 Vse studentyedut v Rossi[

Text 1

78 | Migration

|migraciq ili immigraciq

E]e nedavno problema migrantov byla problemoj zapadnyxstran Ona pohti ne kasalas Rossii No ue so vtoroj poloviny1980-x godov migraciq medu Rossiej i stranami dalnegozarubeq usilivaetsq Rezko uvelihivaetsq vyezd naseleniq napostoqnnoe mesto itelstva v drugie strany Napravleniqmigracii snahala zaviseli ot nacionalnosti Uezali te ukogo byli rodstvenniki v SWA Izraile Germanii Pozdnee v90-e gody poqvilas novaq tendenciq bolwe stali uezatrusskie Kak pravilo l[di ueza[t po konomiheskim motivamMnogie ue poluhili ili nade[tsq najti rabotu na novommeste

Bolwu[ hast migrantov sostavlq[t specialisty A sredispecialistov l[di s vyswim texniheskim obrazovaniem |taltutehka mozgovgt volnuet stranu Ved takaq migraciq nositbezvozvratnyj xarakter i nanosit strane ogromnyj u]erb Iz-za

Vocabulary diams

bezvozvratnyj xarakter of a permanent characterbeenec beenstvo refugee refugee problemvolnovat to disturbvremennyj temporaryvyzvat to causevyxodec iz (+ gen) of origindolq shareile accommodation

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Migraciq | 79

otezda specialistov Rossii vse trudnee stanovitsq vyjti izkonomiheskogo krizisa

Raspad SSSR vyzval drugoj vid migracii immigraci[naseleniq Vozniklo novoe qvlenie ndash beenstvo Mnogo beencevpriexalo v Rossi[ iz byvwix respublik SSSR Mnogie begutot vojny i nacionalnyx konfliktov Poqvilas problema ixilq i trudoustrojstva Osnovnu[ hast beencev (dve tretiob]ego hisla immigrantov) sostavlq[t russkie

S kadym godom vse rastet immigraciq inostrannyx gradaniz blinego zarubeq Osobenno to zametno na vostohnyxgranicax Rossii Naprimer v oblastqx na granicax sKazaxstanom bystro rastet hislo kazaxov A hislo kitajcevvdol granicy s Kitaem na Dalnem Vostoke blizko k hislen-nosti rossijskix gradan

V evropejskoj hasti strany dolq migrantov poka ne tak zametnano ona bystro uvelihivaetsq Na dnqx mr Moskvy zaqvil htov stolice ivut 400 tys nelegalnyx immigrantov iz dalnegozarubeq V osnovnom to vyxodcy iz Kitaq VetnamaMongolii Afganistana Iraka Bolwinstvo tix l[dej xotqtuexat na Zapad v evropejskie strany i rassmatriva[t Moskvutolko kak vremennyj lttranzitnyj punktgt No on hastoprevra]aetsq dlq nix v postoqnnyj tak kak zapadnye stranyotkazyva[tsq prinimat ix i posyla[t obratno v Rossi[

zaviset ot (+ gen) to depend onzametnyj noticeablezaqvit to declareinostrannyj gradanin foreign citizenkazax Kazakhkasatsq (+ gen) to concernnadeqtsq na (+ acc) to hope foroblast (f ) province oblastob]ee hislo total numberotkazyvatsq prinimat to refuse to accept takepostoqnnoe mesto itelstva permanent residenceprevra]atsq v (+ acc) to turn intorassmatrivat to regard asrezko sharplysostavlqt to constitutetrudoustrojstvo placement in workuvelihivatsq to increaseusilivatsq to intensifyutehka mozgov brain drainhislennost (f ) numbers

NB kak pravilo ndash as a rule v osnovnom ndash mainly rossiqnin citizen of Russiareferring to any person living in Russia not necessarily someone of Russian ethnicorigin blinee zarubee ndash lsquothe near abroadrsquo former republics of the USSRnow the independent states of Ukraina Belorussiq Moldaviq KazaxstanUzbekistan Tadikistan Kirgizistan Turkmenistan GruziqArmeniq Azerbajdan Latviq |stoniq Litva dalnee zarubee ndashlsquothe far abroadrsquo all other foreign countries SNG (Sodruestvo NezavisimyxGosudarstv) ndash CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) consisting of all formerrepublics except the Baltic Republics of Latvia Lithuania Estonia

Exercise 3

1 When did the problem of migration arise in Russia2 Why do the majority of emigrants go to the USA Israel or

Germany3 Why is emigration damaging the Russian economy4 Who are the Russian refugees referred to in the passage5 What is the particular problem of illegal immigration in Russia

80 | Migration

Exercise 4

True or false

1 Rossijskie granicy (nevozmono legko trudno) perejti2 Rossiq dlq immigrantov (tranzitnyj punkt konehnyj punkt

turistiheskaq strana)3 Rost hisla immigrantov dlq Rossii (bedstvie blago spasenie)4 Naselenie Rossii (umenwaetsq uvelihivaetsq ne izmenqetsq)5 Bolwinstvo immigrantov v Rossii iz (blinego zarubeq

dalnego zarubeq zapadnyx stran)6 Bolwinstvo rossiqn migriru[t po (nacionalnym

konomiheskim politiheskim) motivam

Reflexive verbs

Reflexive verbs are easily recognised by -sq which is added after theverb ending This ending changes to -s after a vowel although notafter or j In the strictest sense a verb is only reflexive if the subjectof the verb is performing the action of the verb on itself

Mat odevaet rebenkaThe mother dresses the child

Rebenok odevaetsqThe child gets dressed (dresses self)

Many intransitive verbs (not taking a direct object) end in -sq incontrast to transitive (taking a direct object) verbs of the samemeaning without -sq

Dver zakrylasThe door closed

On zakryl dverHe closed the door

Although in English the transitive and intransitive verbs are often the same in Russian they are always differentiated commonly by the

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Migraciq | 81

reflexive ending There are a large number of examples of reflexiveverbs used intransitively in the dialogue and text about migration

Massovaq migraciq nahnetsqMass emigration will begin

Situaciq budet prodolatsqThe situation will continue

Hislo umenwaetsqThe number is falling

Contrast the transitive use of these verbs when they are without thereflexive ending

On nahnet rabotuHe will begin work

Neelatelno prodolat tu situaci[It is undesirable to continue this situation

umenwit hislo immigrantovto reduce the number of immigrants

Only the transitive verb may be followed by the infinitive

prodolat rabotat to continue workingnahinat hitat to start reading

Other common transitive intransitive pairs are

konhat konhatsq to finishprevra]at prevra]atsq to turnrasprostranqt rasprostranqtsq to spreadsobirat sobiratsq to gatheruvelihivat uvelihivatsq to increasesokra]at sokra]atsq to reduce

Sometimes the transitive and intransitive verbs are differentiated inEnglish as well povywat lsquoto raisersquo povywatsq lsquoto risersquo

Intransitive verbs may be used with a passive meaning

Granicy ploxo oxranq[tsqBorders are badly protected

82 | Migration

Granicy budut ukreplqtsqThe borders will be strengthened

Contrast

Rossiq ploxo oxranqet granicyRussia protects her borders badly

Rossiq budet ukreplqt granicyRussia will strengthen her borders

The reflexive is an alternative to the third person plural as a way ofexpressing the passive

Ploxo oxranq[t granicyBorders are badly protected

Budut ukreplqt granicyBorders will be strengthened

Some reflexive verbs indicate reciprocal actions

Oni pocelovalisThey kissed (one another)

Not all verbs ending in -sq have an obvious reflexive or passivemeaning stanovitsq lsquoto becomersquo staratsq lsquoto tryrsquo

Exercise 5

Select the appropriate verb

1 Beency (nahali nahalis) pribyvat v Rossi[ v 90-e gody2 Dver (otkryla otkrylas) 3 Moj prognoz (opravdal opravdalsq) 4 Lekciq (konhaet konhaetsq) v 4 hasa 5 Zaposlednie dni prezident Buw (uluhwil uluhwilsq) svojrejting 6 Hislo immigrantov vse vremq (uvelihivaet uvelihivaetsq) 7 Vlast prezidenta (ukrepila ukrepilas)8 Pravitelstvo (sokratilo sokratilos) rasxody na obrazovanie9 Uroven izni (povysil povysilsq) 10 Diskussiq(prodolaet prodolaetsq) 11 Kadyj veher studenty(sobira[t sobira[tsq) v klube 12 On (konhil konhilsq)govorit

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Migraciq | 83

Exercise 6

Read the following report from the lsquoMoscow Newsrsquo July 2001

NB vozvratnaq ssuda ndash loan slaboza]i]ennyj ndash vulnerable kak-to ndashsomehow somewhat obnadeit ndash to reassure prisvoit status ndash toconfer status

From the information in the report above answer the following ques-tions in English

1 How many migrants arrived in Russia after the collapse of theSoviet Union

2 What is their situation in Russia3 How many families were housed4 How many families were given loans5 What was the waiting list for housing in January 2001

Ordinal numerals

Ordinal numerals are adjectives which agree with the noun theydescribe Only the last element of a compound ordinal numeral is anadjective and it is the only element which changes its ending Earlierelements are cardinal numbers na dvadcat hetvertom meste lsquo intwenty-fourth placersquo All ordinal numerals decline as regular hardadjectives with the exception of tretij whose declension is in thegrammar summary

84 | Migration

Posle raspada Sovetskogo so[za v Rossi[ iz stran SNG i Baltiipribylo 8 millionov migrantov Liw desqtu[ hast iz nix ndash800 tysqh ndash gosudarstvo kak-to obnadeilo prisvoiv status Zavse gody tolko 22 tysqhi ltstatusnyxgt semej poluhili ile i98 tysqh migrantov poluhili mizernye vozvratnye ssudy V qnvare2001 goda v oheredi na ile ostavalis 69 tysqh semej (iz nix17 tysqh ndash slaboza]i]ennye) i 32 tysqhi helovek dali ssudy

The following examples show how ordinal numbers are used toexpress dates in Russian

pervoe maq the 1st of Maypervogo maq on the 1st of Maydvuxtysqhnyj god the year 2000v dve tysqhi pervom godu in 2001k dve tysqhi hetvertomu godu by 2004pervogo maq dvuxtysqhnogo goda on the 1st of May 2000zakon ot dvadcatogo maq law of the 20th Mayv dvadcatom veke stoletii in the twentieth centuryv devqnostye gody in the 1990s

It is also possible to use v + prepositional with years in the plural

v devqnostyx godaxin the 1990s

v seredine devqnostyx godovin the mid-1990s

Note this use of godov as the genitive plural of god In other contextslet is always used

Other useful phrases relating to dates

v kakom godu in what yearkakogo hisla on what date

Exercise 7

Answer the following questions

1 Kakoe segodnq hislo

Segodnq (1st May 7th November 25th December 23rd February30th October 4th August)

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Migraciq | 85

2 V kakom godu

Revol[ciq v Rossii proizowla in 1917 Perestrojka v SSSRnahalas in 1985 SSSR raspalsq in 1991 In 2000 prazdnovalinahalo novogo tysqheletiq Kto znaet hto sluhitsq in 2010Stalin umer in 1953

3 Kakogo hisla i kakogo goda

Velikaq otehestvennaq vojna nahalas on 22nd June 1941 On19th of August 1991 v Rossii proizowel puth Puwkin rodilsqon 1st June 1799 Pervyj sputnik byl zapu]en on 12th April1961

Exercise 8

The following advertisements all offer help with immigration Listthe different countries and services offered

86 | Migration

Preposition corner

The preposition v

Expressions of place

We have seen how frequently v + accusative is used after verbs ofmotion indicating arrival or entry It translates lsquoto intorsquo whenfollowed by most countries towns geographical regions buildingsreceptacles

v Ameriku Moskvu pustyn[ wkoluto America Moscow the desert school

v butylku q]ikinto the bottle the drawer

The exceptions are those nouns normally preceded by na which werelisted in Unit 2

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Migraciq | 87

NB VN ndash vid na itelstvo ndash registration permit PM ndash postoqnnoemesto itelstva ndash permanent residence brak ndash marriage nedviimost ndashproperty gradanstvo ndash citizenship propiska ndash registration

V + prepositional is used with the same nouns as take v + accusativebut to indicate lsquoin insidersquo

v Amerike Moskve pustyne wkolein America Moscow the desert at school

v butylke q]ikeinside a bottle drawer

Expressions of time

V + accusative is also used in many expressions of time

v kakoj denon what day

v ponedelnik vo vtornik etcon Monday Tuesday etc

v pervyj denon the first day (but remember na drugoj den lsquothe next dayrsquo)

v pervyj razfor the first time

dva raza v dentwice a day

On prohital gazetu v dvadcat minutHe read the newspaper in 20 minutes

(Za + accusative may alternatively be used in this way to expressthe time taken to complete an action It must be used with the nounhas to avoid confusion with telling the time v dva hasa lsquoat 2 orsquoclockrsquoza dva hasa lsquoin two hoursrsquo)

v Novyj God at New Yearv xorowu[ pogodu in good weatherv sovetskie vremena in Soviet timesv starinu in olden times

v pervu[ posledn[[ nedel[in the first last week (but remember na toj prowlojbudu]ej nedele)

v pervu[ oheredin the first place (but na oheredi lsquoin turnrsquo)

88 | Migration

Note also

dlinoj v hetyre metra four metres longwirinoj v pqt metrov five metres widev dva raza bolwe twice as big

Verbs followed by v + accusative

brosat brosit vto throw at

verit po- vto believe in

vstupat vstupit v parti[to join (the party)

igrat sygrat v tennis futbolto play tennis football

postupat postupit v universitetto enter (university)

prevra]atsq prevratitsq vto turn into

smotret po- v oknozerkaloto look out of the window in the mirror

strelqt vystrelit v to shoot atstuhat po- v dver to knock at the door

V + prepositional is also used in certain expressions of time

v kakom mesqcein what month

v qnvare fevrale etcin January February etc

v tom prowlom budu]em goduduring this the past the next year

Note that when god is preceded by other adjectives v + accusative isused v pervyj poslednij god lsquoin the first last yearrsquo

v tom dvadcatom vekein this the 20th century (but note v srednie veka lsquoin themiddle agesrsquo)

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Migraciq | 89

v prowlom nastoq]em budu]emin the past present future

v detstve molodosti starostiin childhood youth old age

v vozraste desqti letat the age of ten

v nahale v seredine v konceat the beginning in the middle at the end

Note also

v xorowem nastroenii in a good moodv pqti dejstviqx in five actsv tom hisle including

Verbs followed by v + prepositional

nudatsq v to needobvinqt obvinit v to accuse ofowibatsq owibitsq v to be mistaken inpriznavatsq priznatsq v to admit confess tosomnevatsq v to doubtubedatsq ubeditsq v to be convinced ofuhastvovat v to participate in

Exercise 9

Put the words in brackets into the accusative or prepositional asappropriate

1 On priedet v (sreda) 2 V (noqbr) powel sneg 3 V (ploxaqpogoda) ne stoit vyxodit 4 V (nahalo) vojny my ili vMoskve 5 Byli li immigranty v Rossii v (devqtnadcatyj vek)6 V (poslednij god) vojny my ili v Saratove 7 V (prowlyjgod) my pereexali v Sankt Peterburg 8 V (pervaq nedelq) martaoni uexali v London 9 Tri raza v (den) 10 V (srednie veka)ne bylo immigrantov 11 V (dvadcatye gody) semq migrirovalav Ameriku

90 | Migration

Exercise 10

Complete the following sentences by using v or na as appropriate

1 Oni poexali (v na) vostok 2 Nam nuna komnata (v na) dvoix3 (V Na) pervyj den poezdki ona zabolela 4 (V Na) drugoj denon pohuvstvoval sebq ploxo 5 Oni vywli (v na) ulicu 6 Myzakazali tur (v na) 10 dnej 7 My dolgo dali (v na) vokzale 8On poloil hek (v na) q]ik 9 Oni ivut (v na) ostrove Malta

Exercise 11

Decide which case to use accusative or prepositional

1 Mnogie studenty igra[t v (volejbol) 2 Sportsmeny uhastvu[tv (sorevnovanie) 3 Q postuhal v (dver) no nikto ne otvetil4 Q somneva[s v (ee iskrennost) 5 Moj syn postupil v(universitet) 6 Q bolwe ne ver[ v (kommunizm) 7 My taknudaemsq v (dengi) 8 Ego obvinili v (korrupciq) 9 Ves denona smotrit v (zerkalo) 10 On vstupil v (partiq) e]e molodym

Exercise 12

1 The Soviet Union ceased to exist on 25 December 19912 Thousands of refugees from the former republics of the USSR

continue to cross the border into Russia Many are fleeingethnic conflicts

3 In the 1990s illegal immigration to Russia especially fromChina increased almost twofold

4 Emigration does a lot of harm to the Russian economy since itis mostly highly trained specialists who leave the country

5 How many migrants came to Russia after the collapse of theUSSR

6 Would it not be better to close all Russian borders

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Migraciq | 91

5 SPORT

how sport has changed in Russia about the sports facilities available how to use kotoryj to introduce clauses about superlatives more about the prepositions s ot and iz about verbs with the dative about stress on masculine nouns

Sport in the USSR was always very important as its sporting achieve-ments boosted national prestige Sports facilities were free and thosewith talent could take up any kind of sport regardless of its cost ifit was approved by the state Things have changed since then Russianow follows international trends and has adopted a commercialapproach On the one hand as in most Western countries peopletake up sport to improve their health and appearance and the numberof sports clubs and fitness centres is growing fast They are quiteexpensive and not everybody can afford to join them On the otherhand new extreme and dangerous sports are becoming popular espe-cially among the young who seem to like living on the edge andexperiencing the surge of adrenaline

Dialogue 1

From an interview with the fitness director of the Greenway ClubLeli Savosina

URNALIST Segodnq vse xotqt stat hlenami sportivnogo klubaGovorqt hto to neobxodimo dlq zdorovq

SAVOSINA Q soverwenno soglasna V nawem stressovom ob]estvesport ndash to sposob snqt stress

URNALIST Kak e mono snqt stress v Vawem centreSAVOSINA Sposoby raznye Naprimer mono zanimatsq

fitnesom U nas v klube est trenaernye zaly snovejwej sportivnoj texnikoj Zanqtiq na trena-erax ohen populqrny Est zaly dlq arobiki zalydlq igry v tennis skvow

URNALIST Q slywal hto u Vas zamehatelnyj bassejn dlqplavaniq

SAVOSINA Da bassejn u nas otlihnyj My ispolzuem ego netolko dlq zanqtij plavaniem Zdes provodqtsqzanqtiq po akvaarobike

URNALIST A hto takoe akvaarobikaSAVOSINA Akvaarobika ndash to novyj vid sportivnyx trenirovok

Ona podxodit dlq l[dej l[bogo vozrasta Plavatvsegda priqtno a dvigatsq v vode pod muzyku voob]eohen veselo i legko

URNALIST Znahit v Vawem klube moet zanimatsq sportoml[boj helovek Ne obqzatelno byt professio-nalnym sportsmenom

SAVOSINA Konehno e net U nas rabota[t opytnyeinstruktory kotorye razrabota[t dlq vas programmuzanqtij

URNALIST A kak mono stat hlenom klubaSAVOSINA Dlq togo luhwe vsego i dewevle vsego priobresti

klubnu[ kartu Ona daet pravo svobodnogo pose]eniqklassov arobiki bassejna trenaernogo zala

Po materialam urnala ltSalon krasotygt 2001

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Sport | 93

Vocabulary diams

zanqtie plavaniem swimming lessonispolzovat to useklubnaq karta membership cardobqzatelno necessary obligatoryopytnyj experiencedpriobresti to acquireprovodit zanqtiq to conduct lessonsrazrabotat programmu to work out a programmesposob snqt stress means to relieve stresstrenaer training equipment

NB pravo svobodnogo pose]eniq ndash right of free attendance soverwennosoglasna ndash fully agree e ndash (particle) adds emphasis to what is being said ndash then

Exercise 1

1 What role does sport play in modern society2 What activities does the fitness club offer3 What is the clubrsquos pool used for4 Why is aqua-aerobics suitable for all age groups5 What is the role of the club instructors6 How do you become a member of the club

Exercise 2

Look at this advertisement for the Greenway Club and answer thequestions in English

1 What does the advertisement say about the club pool2 What types of training are on offer3 What are the different kinds of aerobics offered4 What is the Mama + programme5 What is the Healthy parents programme6 What discounts does the club offer

94 | Sport

NB silovye uroki ndash weight training lessons gibkost ndash flexibility mywca ndashmuscle tanec ltivotagt ndash belly dancing boevye iskusstva ndash martial artsprogramma dlq beremennyx ndash programme for pregnant womennovorodennyj ndash new born skidka ndash discount podvodnoe plavanie ndashunderwater swimming

Text 1

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Sport | 95

ГРИНBEЙ KЛУБВОДНО-CПОРТИBHЫЙ KOMПЛEKC

МИРОBОГО KЛACCA

C 1 ИЮHЯ CKИДKA 30 HA BCE BИДЫ KAPTMOCKBA 124321 ЛEHИHГРAДCKИЙ ПPOCП 39 TEЛ 967ndash68ndash15 967ndash68ndash13 967ndash68ndash12

Бассейн олимпийского стандарта (50 м)bull обучение плаванио детей и взрослыхbull подводное плавание

Tренажерный Залbull индивидуальные и групповые тренировкиbull тренировочные программы лобой сложностиbull наличие тренажеров на все группы мышц

изобилие свободного веса

Aэробикаbull силовые уроки групповые и индивидуальныеbull велоаэробика (сайклинг спининг)bull стрейчинг (гибкость и сила развитие гибкости)bull NEW Йога (йогафит Kундалини хатха)bull танцевальные уроки (танец laquoживотаraquo

школа laquoBreak danceraquo)bull NEW Боевые искусства Tай-бо Кибо bull NEW Пилатес

Aква-аэробикаbull силовые уроки в H2Obull кик-боксинг в H2Obull танцевальные уроки

laquoДалматинraquo ndash детский фитнес центрbull TT-(Teen Team) ndash программа для подростковbull laquoMама +raquo ndash программа для беременных

для мам и их новорожденных детейbull laquoЗдоровые родителиraquo ndash программа для

оздоровления пожилых людейbull кабинет специалиста по физической

реабилитации

а также CAУHЫ с оригинальным дизайном

COЛЯРИЙМАCCAЖБAР

|kstremalnyj sport v Moskve

Moskva ltzabolelagt kstrimom Xotq na pervyj vzglqd gorod nepodxodit dlq kstremalnyx razvlehenij Poblizosti net okeanas gigantskimi volnami na kotoryx mono zanimatsq serfingomnet gor s kotoryx mono prygat na lyax snoubordax iligornyx velosipedax No stolihnyx kstremal]ikov to ne pugaet

96 | Sport

Potomu hto kstrim dlq nix ndash stil izni Modnye v gorodekstremalnye tusovki kotorye hasto proisxodqt na kra[opasnosti stanovqtsq vse populqrnee Pritok adrenalina kotoryjispytyvaew pri tom prinosit kolossalnejwee udovolstviesrodni narkotiku to xohetsq pereit snova I hem bolweadrenalina tem bolwe kajf i tem leghe zabyvaew obo vsem nasvete

Bajkery (gornye velosipedisty) ndash samaq mnogohislennaq tusovkakotoraq obedinqet do tridcati tysqh helovek V osnovnom tomodnye rebqta dvadcati-tridcati let sredi kotoryx eststudenty komp[ter]iki bankovskie slua]ie V gorode davnoue est neskolko bajk-regionov centry kotoryx ha]e vsegoraspoloeny v parkax takix kak Izmajlovskij FilevskijNeskuhnyj sad i konehno Vorobevy gory s ix iskusstvennymgornolynym sklonom (bajkery i lyniki nazyva[t to mestoltMoskovskimi Alpamigt) V ltvysokij sezongt kotoryjprodolaetsq s aprelq po oktqbr massovye ltsezdygt proisxodqtkadye vyxodnye Sobiraetsq kak pravilo do pqtidesqti helovekI tusovka pomimo gonok predstavlqet e]e i interesnejwee wouvo vremq kotorogo bajkery p[t pivo i demonstriru[t drug drugunovejwie velosipednye tr[ki Mnogie stolihnye bajkery nesleza[t s velosipedov kruglyj god Nekotorye utverda[t htosamyj bolwoj kajf dlq velosipedista ndash letet po krutomulynomu sklonu

|kstremal]iki verqt hto budu]ee sporta prinadleit im ineredko alu[tsq na gorodskix vlastej kotorye po ix mneni[ne vosprinima[t ix vserez Bajkeram naprimer ne razrewa[tustraivat sorevnovaniq v parkax shitaetsq hto velosipedy portqtgrunt ltA ved to samyj zdorovyj sposob snqt stress ndash govoritbajker Georgij Ilin luhwe hem xodit po baram i pit vodkuili potreblqt narkotiki Moskva ndash idealnyj gorod dlqkstremalnyx vidov sporta Zdes est praktiheski vsq infra-strukturagt

Po materialam gazety ltArgumenty i faktygt 2000

Vocabulary diams

bankovskij slua]ij bank employeevolna wavevosprinimat vserez to take seriouslygonki (pl) racegornolynyj sklon ski slopegornyj velosiped mountain bikegrunt soil groundalovatsq na (+ acc) to complain aboutiskusstvennyj artificialispytyvat pritok adrenalina to experience an adrenaline surgekajf kicks highkruglyj god all-year-roundkrutoj sklon steep slopelya lynik ski skiermnogohislennyj numerousobedinqt to unitepereit to experiencepoblizosti nearbypomimo (+ gen) apart fromportit to damagepotreblqt narkotiki to use drugspredstavlqt to representprygat to jumppugat to frightenrazvlehenie entertainmentrazrewat (+ dat) to allowraspoloen situatedslezat s (+ gen) to get (climb) down fromsrodni (+ dat) akin tosezd congress conventiontr[k stunttusovka get-togetherustraivat sorevnovaniq to hold competitionsutverdat to claim

NB na pervyj vzglqd ndash at first glance na svete ndash in the world na kra[opasnosti ndash on the brink of danger on the edge v ltvysokijgt sezon ndash duringthe high season shitaetsq ndash it is considered

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Sport | 97

Exercise 3

1 Why have extreme sports become popular2 Is Moscow a suitable venue for extreme sports3 What kind of people go mountain biking4 When is the lsquohigh seasonrsquo and what takes place5 Why do the local authorities not like bikers6 What do bikers say in their own defence

Exercise 4

True or false

1 Sredi bajkerov mnogo (poilyx l[dej modnyx rebqtpodrostkov)

2 Na Vorobevyx gorax est (gornolynyj sklon bolwoe ozerosportivnyj klub)

3 ltVysokij sezongt prodolaetsq (s noqbrq po mart s aprelqpo oktqbr kruglyj god)

4 |kstremal]iki alu[tsq hto gorodskie vlasti (neprinima[t ix vserez udelq[t im mnogo vnimaniq nepuska[t ix v parki)

5 Akvaarobika podxodit dlq (professionalnyx sportsmenovl[dej l[bogo vozrasta molodei)

Genitive of cardinal numbers

There are some examples in the text of numerals in the genitive eitherafter prepositions or to translate lsquoofrsquo do tridcati tysqh heloveklsquoup to 30 thousand peoplersquo rebqta dvadcati-tridcati let lsquoguysof 20 to 30rsquo do pqtidesqti helovek lsquoup to fifty peoplersquo

Note the change of ending on the numeral and the fact that thenoun following is in the genitive plural Cardinal numerals will bedealt with in greater detail in Unit 9

98 | Sport

Kotoryj

There are a large number of examples in the text |kstremalnyjsport of the way in which kotoryj is used Meaning lsquowhich thatwhowhomrsquo kotoryj is a relative pronoun used to introduce adjec-tival clauses It declines like a hard adjective The number and genderof kotoryj are determined by the noun to which it refers and thecase by its role in the adjectival clause

V vysokij sezon kotoryj prodolaetsq s aprelq In the high season which lasts from April

In this example kotoryj is masculine singular to agree with sezonand nominative because it is the subject of prodolaetsq

Net gor s kotoryx mono prygatThere are no mountains from which to jump

Here kotoryx is feminine plural to agree with gory and genitiveafter s

Note that adjectival clauses are introduced by kto lsquowho whomrsquoor hto lsquowhich thatrsquo not kotoryj if they refer back to a pronoun

te o kom idet reh those of whom we speakvse hto zna[ everything that I know

Exercise 5

Insert the relative pronoun kotoryj in the correct form

1 V Moskve mnogo l[dej zanima[tsq plavaniem 2 On ivetv malenkom gorode net dae na karte 3 Posle matha mypowli k druzqm ne bylo segodnq na stadione 4 Mnogietusovki q posetila proisxodili na Arbate 5 Vorobevygory na est lynyj sklon populqrny sredi bajkerov 6 VMoskve est mnogo sportivnyx klubov v mono zanimatsqsportom 7 Segodnq na festivale vystupa[t sportsmeny s my xotim poznakomitsq 8 Sport ndash luhwee sredstvo protivstressa o mnogo govorqt v ob]estve 9 Grinvej-klub tolko 3 goda ohen populqren sredi molodei

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Sport | 99

Superlatives

Extreme sport lends itself to description as the fastest mostdangerous newest etc The most straightforward way of expressingsuch superlatives in Russian is by putting samyj before the adjec-tive Samyj which is a hard adjective is in exactly the same numbergender and case as the adjective it describes zanimatsq samymiopasnymi vidami sporta lsquoto engage in the most dangerous sportsrsquo

The eight adjectives with one-word comparatives referred to inunit 2 form their superlatives variously

Comparative Superlative

bolwoj bolwij samyj bolwojmalenkij menwij samyj malenkijploxoj xudwij samyj xudwij or

xudwijxorowij luhwij samyj luhwij or

luhwijvysokij bolee vysokij samyj vysokij

vyswij vyswij (figurative use)nizkij bolee nizkij samyj nizkij

nizwij nizwij (figurative use)molodoj bolee molodoj samyj molodoj (things)

mladwij samyj mladwij ormladwij (people only)

staryj bolee staryj samyj staryj (things)starwij samyj starwij or

starwij (people only)

Exercise 6

Put the adjectives in brackets into the superlative in the appropriatecase

1 V klube est zal s (novaq) sportivnoj texnikoj 2 Tam monoplavat v (zamehatelnyj) bassejne 3 Klub ne tolko prinimaet(sportivnyj) l[dej 4 Zanimatsq sportom (xorowij) sposobsnqt stress 5 (Bolwoj) kajf dlq kstremal]ikov it nakra[ opasnosti

100 | Sport

The dialogue and the text contain examples of an alternative type ofsuperlative

trenaernye zaly s novejwej sportivnoj texnikojgyms with the latest sports technology

predstavlqet interesnejwee wouputs on a most interesting show

These superlatives are formed by replacing the adjective ending with-ejwij and decline like xorowij staryj ndash starejwij Theirmeaning is less literally superlative than the variant with samyj morea way of giving added emphasis Adjectives with stems ending in gk x change those consonants to h w and take the ending -ajwij

velikij ndash velihajwijvysokij ndash vysohajwijglubokij ndash glubohajwijkorotkij kratkij ndash krathajwijlegkij ndash leghajwijstrogij ndash stroajwijtixij ndash tiwajwijwirokij ndash wirohajwij

Note also blizkij ndash bliajwij

Exercise 7

Rewrite the following phrases using the construction odin odnaodno iz followed by the ejwij ajwij superlative

Example dobryj helovek ndash odin iz dobrejwix l[dej

Staroe zdanie novaq texnologiq glubokoe ozero prostoj voproswirokaq reka krasivoe imq vanaq zadaha histyj vidtransporta sereznyj sluhaj slonaq problema opasnaqbolezn velikij pisatel

Superlative of adverbs and short superlative

The superlative of the adverb is formed by adding vsego lsquoof anythingeverythingrsquo or vsex lsquoof anyone everyone allrsquo after the comparative

On prygaet vywe vsexHe jumps highest (higher than anyone)

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Sport | 101

Mne nravitsq ta rabota bolwe vsegoI like this work best (better than anything)

This same construction may also be used as the superlative of theshort form adjective

|ta kniga interesnee vsexThis book is the most interesting

Exercise 8

Examine the advertisement (shown on page 103) for the stuntsmenrsquosfestival and answer the questions in English

1 Where does the stuntmenrsquos festival take place2 Which teams are taking part in the show3 Why are Russian stuntmen the strongest in the world4 Who will appear as well as the stuntmen5 How will the show end

Preposition corner

S ot and iz lsquofromrsquo

S + genitive

In expressions of place s is the opposite of na and means lsquofromrsquo Useit to translate lsquofromrsquo with those categories of nouns which use na tomean lsquotorsquo or lsquoat onrsquo

s severa from the norths vokzala from the stations ulicy from the streets Urala from the Uralss koncerta from the concerts raboty from works poezda from the trains velosipeda off a bike

102 | Sport

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Sport | 103

После своего выступления каскадерыспоют вместе со звездами рока

NB kaskader ndash stunt man smertelno opasnyj ndash deadly dangerousstepen riska ndash level of risk zaverwat ndash to finish meropriqtie ndash eventzvezda roka ndash rock star ubeditsq ndash to be convinced

S is commonly used to translate lsquofrom sincersquo in expressions of time

s aprelq since Aprils trex hasov since 3 orsquoclocks utra since mornings leta since summer

S may also translate lsquofromrsquo in the sense of cause

s gorq from griefso skuki from boredom

However ot is a safer choice in this type of context as it is less collo-quial ot radosti lsquofrom joyrsquo

Note that nahinat nahat s + genitive means lsquoto begin withrsquo aswell as lsquobegin fromrsquo

nahat s bukvy A begin with the letter Anahat s nahala begin from the beginning

C + genitive combines with storona lsquosidersquo in several expressions

s odnoj storony s drugoj storonyon one hand on the other hand

s moej storonyon my part

s levoj storony ot + genitiveto the left of

C is used with sdaha lsquochangersquo

sdaha s rublqchange from a rouble

C + instrumental means lsquowith together with accompanied byrsquo

My s muem poexali tudaMy husband and I went there

Ona ponimaet s trudomShe understands with difficulty

haj s molokomtea with milk

govorit s russkim akcentomto speak with a Russian accent

104 | Sport

This use of s should not be confused with the use of the instrumentalwithout a preposition to mean lsquowithrsquo in the sense of lsquoby means ofrsquo

rezat noomto cut with a knife

Note also

S Rodestvom Merry ChristmasS dnem rodeniq Happy Birthday

Ot + genitive

In expressions of place ot is used to mean lsquofrom a personrsquo

Q poluhila pismo ot negoI received a letter from him

On uwel ot enyHe left his wife

It also means lsquoaway fromrsquo often after verbs prefixed with ot-

Teploxod otplyl ot pristaniThe boat moved away from the quay

Note some other expressions of place using ot

daleko ot gorodafar from the town

v desqti kilometrax ot gorodaten miles from the town

In expressions of time s + genitive do + genitive is used to meanlsquofrom to rsquo

s pervogo fevralq do pervogo martafrom 1st February to 1st March

s dvux do pqtifrom two orsquoclock till five orsquoclock

S po + accusative has the slightly different meaning of upto (and including)

s pervogo fevralq po pervoe martafrom 1st February to 1st March inclusive

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Sport | 105

Ot do lsquofrom torsquo is used to express distance

rasstoqnie ot Moskvy do Peterburgathe distance from Moscow to St Petersburg

Note some other expressions of time using ot

vremq ot vremeni from time to timeden oto dnq from day to day

In expressions of cause ot means lsquofromrsquo and can refer to both phys-ical and emotional reasons

My umiraem ot golodaWe are dying from hunger

Oni zasmeqlis ot radostiThey burst out laughing from joy

Note also the following expressions

bez uma ot toj devuwkicrazy about this girl

v vostorge ot podarkadelighted at the present

Note the expression ot imeni lsquoon behalf of rsquo ot imeni otca lsquoonbehalf of my fatherrsquo

Some verbs followed by ot

zaviset ot to depend onza]i]at za]itit ot to defend fromosvobodatsq osvoboditsq ot to free oneself fromotkazyvatsq otkazatsq ot to refuseotlihatsq ot to be different fromotstavat otstat ot to lag behind

Iz + genitive

In expressions of place iz is the opposite of v and means lsquofromrsquo Useit to translate lsquofromrsquo with those categories of nouns which use v tomean lsquotorsquo lsquointorsquo lsquoinrsquo iz Ameriki lsquofrom Americarsquo iz pustynilsquofrom the desertrsquo iz wkoly lsquofrom schoolrsquo iz butylki lsquofrom thebottlersquo iz q]ika lsquofrom a drawerrsquo

106 | Sport

Iz may also be used to indicate source or material uznat izgazety lsquoto find out from the newspaperrsquo sdelat iz stali lsquoto makefrom steelrsquo

It can also be used to indicate cause iz nenavisti lsquoout of hatredrsquoiz blagodarnosti lsquofrom gratitudersquo

Note also izo vsex sil lsquowith all onersquos mightrsquo odin iz nixlsquoone of themrsquo

Exercise 9

Complete the following sentences by selecting s ot or iz as appro-priate

1 My priexali (s ot iz) [ga 2 Oni ne sleza[t (s ot iz)velosipedov kruglyj god 3 Stol sdelan (s ot iz) dereva 4 Detipriwli (s ot iz ulicy) 5 My poluhili tu informaci[ (s ot iz) direktora 6 Tolko odna (s ot iz) vas sdala kzamen7 (S Ot Iz) desqtogo po dvadcatoe i[nq 8 Ona (s ot iz)Francii 9 (S Ot Iz) kakoj storony 10 Poezd otxodit (s ot iz) vokzala v 1800

Verbs with the dative

There are some verbs in this unit which are followed by the dativecase

ne razrewa[t bajkeramthey do not permit the bikers

Other verbs taking the dative include

verit (po-) to believegrozit ugroat to threatendoverqt to trustzavidovat to envymewat (po) to stop hinderpodxodit podojti to suitpozvolqt pozvolit to permitpomogat pomoh to helpprikazyvat prikazat to order

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Sport | 107

radovatsq (ob-) to be pleasedsledovat (po-) to followsovetovat (po-) to advisesohuvstvovat (po-) to sympathise withudivlqtsq udivitsq to be surprised

Idti can be used with the dative in the expression

Vam idet it suits you

Note how the verb prinadleat lsquoto belongrsquo is used budu]eeprinadleit im lsquothe future belongs to themrsquo

But when membership of a group or club is referred to the verb isfollowed by k + dative Oni prinadleat k klubu bajkerovlsquoThey belong to a bikers clubrsquo

Exercise 10

Use the words in brackets in the correct form

1 Bajkery ne (verit) (gorodskie vlasti) hto gornye velosipedyportqt grunt 2 K soaleni[ tot rejs ne (podxodit) (my)3 |ta wlqpa ohen (idti) (moj otec) 4 Vrah (sovetovat)(bolnoj) zanqtsq sportom 5 Ona ne (razrewat) (svoi deti)igrat na doroge 6 Kak mono (doverqt) (takoj helovek)7 On (radovatsq) (vozmonost) uhastvovat v sorevnovaniqx8 Q (udivlqtsq) (tvoj vybor) 9 On vsegda (pomogat) (mat)10 Q tak (sohuvstvovat) (beency) 11 Mne kaetsq (Rossiq)ne (grozit) utehka mozgov 12 Q (zavidovat) (sovremennaqmolode) budu]ee (prinadleat) (oni) 13 My vsegda(sledovat) (sovety) instruktora

Stress

One of the greatest problems that Russian gives to the foreign speakeris identifying the stressed syllable of each word There is a consider-able difference in the pronunciation of stressed and unstressed vowelsFor example in xorowo each lsquoorsquo is pronounced quite differently The

108 | Sport

first is lsquoersquo as in father the second is lsquoarsquo and only the final stressedlsquoorsquo is pronounced as an lsquoorsquo To misplace the stress renders words unin-telligible to a Russian listener The situation is further complicatedby the fact that stress on words alters when their case or endingchanges This is the first of a series of guides to common stresspatterns on different parts of speech in Russian

Masculine nouns

Fixed stress ndash stress remains on the same syllable throughout thedeclension singular and plural avtobus lsquobusrsquo velosiped lsquobicyclersquouniversitet lsquouniversityrsquo This groups contains a large number ofnouns with three or more syllables but also some one and twosyllable nouns vid avtor

Fixed final stress ndash the stress moves from the final syllable in thenominative singular to the ending in all other cases stol lsquotablersquo(gen sing stola nom pl stoly gen pl stolov) no lsquoknifersquo umlsquomind intelligencersquo This group includes several nouns with suffixesik ic ok a ar gruzovik lsquolorryrsquo dvorec lsquopalacersquo (dvorcadvorcy dvorcov) konec lsquoendrsquo (konca koncy koncov) kusoklsquopiecersquo (kuska kuski kuskov) baga lsquoluggagersquo slovar lsquodictio-naryrsquo

Mobile stress ndash there are three different patterns of mobile stress onmasculine nouns

Type 1 ndash stress on the stem in the singular and on the ending in theplural krug lsquocirclersquo (sing kruga etc pl krugi krugov etc) druglsquofriendrsquo (druga druzq druzej) most lsquobridgersquo (mosta mostymostov) Many masuline nouns with their nominative plural in -afollow this pattern gorod lsquotownrsquo (goroda goroda gorodov) adreslsquoaddressrsquo poezd lsquotrainrsquo dom lsquohousersquo

Type 2 ndash stress on the stem in the singular and nominative plural(and accusative plural if it takes the same form as the nominative)on the ending in all other plurals volk lsquowolfrsquo (volka volkivolkov) uxo lsquoearrsquo (uxa uwi uwej) zub lsquotoothrsquo (zuba zubyzubov)

Type 3 ndash a very small number of masculine nouns have the stress onthe ending except in the nominative plural kon lsquosteedrsquo (konq konikonej) gvozd lsquonailrsquo (gvozdq gvozdi gvozdej)

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Sport | 109

Exercise 11

1 I was advised by my doctor to take up sport and join a sportsclub He says that sport will help me to relieve stress

2 Can you recommend sports classes that will suit me3 When you are young you are ready to risk everything You do

not think about danger4 He became a stuntman when he was twenty and even at the

age of forty he still performs the most dangerous stunts5 There are no high mountains around Moscow from which one

can parachute6 The city authorities have a lot of problems with Moscow bikers

who damage the soil in city parks

110 | Sport

6 KULTURNAQ IZN VROSSII

about film and theatre in Russia alternative ways of translating lsquoto bersquo about verbs with the instrumental how to form and use active participles more about the prepositions o and pro about stress on feminine nouns

Theatre together with opera ballet and cinema has always playeda very important role in Russian cultural life Despite censorship inSoviet times the standard was high art subsidies were generous andtickets cheap With the arrival of the market economy things havechanged theatre and cinema have lost state subsidies and the routeto survival has been to produce plays and films that appeal to massaudiences and guarantee a full house But not every Russian artistwas prepared to sacrifice his integrity some have preferred to leavethe commercial theatre and have formed small companies where theyare free to experiment A few however like the director of the MalyTheatre in St Petersburg Lev Dodin have managed to achieve successin changed circumstances

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Dialogue 1

The General Director of the Moscow International Non-CompetitiveFilm Festival MOFEST BV Volodin answers questions from a journalist

URNALIST Boris Vladimirovih ne mnogo li kinofestivalej vnawej strane U nas ue est ltMedunarodnyjmoskovskijgt ltKinotavrgt ltOkno v Evropugt i drugie

VOLODIN Vy owibaetes Filmov v mire vypuskaetsq ogromnoekolihestvo Festivalej toe provoditsq mnogo ndashpohti 650 v god I to zamehatelno Znahit mirovojkinomatograf iv i v prekrasnoj rabohej forme

URNALIST No hem e otlihaetsq Vaw festival ot drugixfestivalej

VOLODIN V osnovnom vse ti festivali qvlq[tsqkonkursnymi Ix cel vyqvit luhwie raboty spomo][ [ri [ri ocenivaet filmy A nanekonkursnyx festivalqx glavnyj ocen]ik ndash zritel

URNALIST Kakie e filmy Vy sobiraetes pokazyvat nafestivale

VOLODIN Zadaha nawego festivalq ndash pokazat samye interesnyeposlednie filmy

URNALIST Hto za kartiny budut pokazanyVOLODIN Samye izvestnye ue poluhivwie priznanie u

mirovogo zritelq |to italqnskij film ltXleb it[lpanygt |to ltVkus solnehnogo svetagt reisseraIwtvana Sabo film o hetyrex pokoleniqx evrejskojsemi i mnogie drugie Vsego e budet pokazano okolo100 filmov iz 20 stran mira

URNALIST A budut li pokazany otehestvennye filmyVOLODIN Da konehno Vpervye zriteli uvidqt luhwie kartiny

byvwix sovetskix respublik za poslednie 50 letURNALIST No ceny-to na bilety navernoe budut gromadnymiVOLODIN V tom-to i delo hto stoimost biletov budet samaq

dostupnaq A dlq pensionerov vsego 20 rublej to

112 | Cultural life in Russia

pohti blagotvoritelnye pokazy I v tom toeotlihie ltMOskovskogo FESTagt ot drugixfestivalej

Po materialam ltLiteraturnoj gazetygt 2000

Vocabulary diams

blagotvoritelnyj pokaz charity showvpervye for the first timevypuskat to releasevyqvit to discoverdostupnyj accessibleevrejskij Jewishkonkurs competitionmirovoj zritel world audienceotlihie differenceocenivat ocen]ik to judge (in a competition) judgeowibatsq to be mistakenpokolenie generationpoluhit priznanie to receive recognitionreisser producer

NB v tom-to i delo ndash thatrsquos (just) the point vsego ndash in all -to (particle) ndashadds emphasis to what is being said Difficult to translate into EnglishDepending on the context it may mean lsquoat leastrsquo lsquopreciselyrsquo or lsquojustrsquo

Exercise 1

Answer the following questions in Russian

1 Kakie kinofestivali est v Rossii2 Kakova ix cel3 V hem otlihie Moskovskogo ltFestagt4 Kakie filmy budut pokazyvat na festivale5 Kakie otehestvennye filmy mono uvidet na festivale6 Kakova cena biletov na festivale

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Kulturnaq izn v Rossii | 113

Exercise 2

Examine the list of the winners of Moskovskij medunarodnyjkinofestival and answer the questions in English

1 What is the top prize in the festival called2 Which film won that prize3 What did Russia win a prize for4 Which other countries were among the prizewinners5 What were the other prizewinning categories

NB The original English title of the film Fanatic was The Believer

Text 1111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Dodin i rossijskij teatr

V rossijskom teatre figuraglavnogo reissera vsegda bylavedu]ej Vspomnim imena velikixreisserov ndash StanislavskogoMejerxolda Sredi sovremennyxrossijskix reisserov osobennovydelqetsq Lev Dodin glavnyjreisser Malogo dramatiheskogo

teatra Peterburga |to odin iz samyx uspewnyx teatrovizvestnyx ne tolko v Rossii no i na Zapade teatr zavoevavwijsamye prestinye premii v Evrope Dodin proslavilsqpostanovkoj trilogii Abramova ltBratq i sestrygt stavwejpotrqseniem dlq Leningrada i poluhivwej vyswu[Gosudarstvennu[ premi[ Imenno s ltBratev i sestergt stavwixtorgovoj markoj MDT nahalis ego triumfalnye zarubenyegastroli Teatr pobyval v Qponii SWA pohti vo vsexevropejskix stranax Vmeste s kartinoj izni sovetskoj voennoji poslevoennoj derevni Dodin pokazyval miru ansamblblestq]ix akterov i svoe reisserskoe masterstvo

Aktery qvlq[tsq glavnoj gordost[ MDT Truppa Dodinasostoqvwaq bolwej hast[ iz ego uhenikov (v truppe tolko 50 akterov) shitaetsq odnoj iz samyx silnyx v Rossii Kadyjspektakl Dodin repetiruet ohen dolgo Byvaet hto ot pervyxt[dov do premery proxodit neskolko let Konehno Dodinpredstavlqet soboj unikalnoe qvlenie Emu udalos dae vkrizisnoj situacii kotoru[ pereivaet Rossiq soxranitxudoestvennost i individualnost svoego teatra izbeatego prevra]eniq v kommerheskij Ved izvestno hto v Rossii idet proces prevra]eniq teatrov v kommerheskie i mnogie rossijskie teatry predpohita[t kommerheskij uspex xudoestvennomu V takoj situacii figura glavnogoreissera vse ha]e otxodit na zadnij plan i zamenqetsq figurojdirektora-menedera upravlq[]ego teatrom kak kommerheskim

П Р О Ф И Л Ь

Vocabulary diams

vedu]ij leadingvoennyj wartimevspomnit to remembervydelqtsq to stand outgordost (f ) prideertvovat (+ inst) to sacrificezavoevat premi[ to win a prizezamenqt to replacezadnij plan backgroundzarubenye gastroli foreign tourzasluennyj deservedizbeat (+ gen) to avoidimenno namely actuallyishezat isheznut to disappearmasterskaq workshop studiomasterstvo skillpodobnyj similar topostanovka productionpotrqsenie sensationprevratitsq v (+ acc) to turn intoprevra]enie transformation

uhredeniem Teatry vse bolwe ertvu[t svoej xudoestven-nost[ i stavqt pesy garantiru[]ie kommerheskij uspex ipolnye zaly

Ne sluhajno mnogie rossijskie reissery uxodqt iz teatra vmalye zaly sozda[t svoi malenkie teatry |to pro]e i poorganizacii i po repertuaru Tak leghe vyit Takix teatrov-masterskix stanovitsq vse bolwe osobenno v Moskve Konehnomnogie iz nix isheza[t tak e bystro kak poqvlq[tsq Nonekotorye kak ltTeatr na go-zapadegt ltMasterskaq Fomenkogtpolzu[]iesq zasluennym uspexom ue ime[t svoego zritelqcenq]ego i poluha[]ego udovolstvie ot spektaklq i igryakterov Kto znaet moet byt so vremenem ti malenkiemasterskie prevratqtsq v teatry podobnye teatru Dodina

proslavitsq (+ inst) to become famousrepetirovat to rehearserukovodit (+ inst) to leadsovremennyj modernsostoqt iz (+ gen) to consistsoxranit to preservetorgovaq marka trade marktruppa companyupravlqt (+ inst) to manageuhredenie institutionxudoestvennyj artistic merit

xudoestvennost qualitycenit to appreciatet[d sketchqvlenie phenomenon

NB emu udalos ndash he succeeded ne sluhajno ndash not by chance

Exercise 3

1 Kto takoj Lev Dodin2 Hem proslavilsq Dodin3 O hem teatralnaq trilogiq ltBratq i sestrygt4 Pohemu Dodin ndash unikalnoe qvlenie v teatralnoj izni

Rossii5 Kakoj process idet sejhas v rossijskom teatre6 Pohemu figura direktora-menedera stanovitsq glavnoj v

teatre7 Pohemu reissery sozda[t svoi malenkie teatry8 Est li budu]ee u takix teatrov

Exercise 4

True or false

1 Konkursnye festivali orientiru[tsq na (wiroku[ publikuprofessionalnu[ auditori[ avtoritetnoe [ri)

2 Na nekonkursnyx festivalqx filmy oceniva[t (zritelikinokritiki [ri)

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

3 Malyj teatr Peterburga izvesten blagodarq (reisseru Dodinurepertuaru akteram)

4 Trilogiq ltBratq i sestrygt stala (populqrnoj pesoj torgovojmarkoj skandalnoj pesoj) teatra

5 Dodina bolwe interesuet (kommerheskij xudoestvennyjdewevyj) uspex

6 V Rossijskom teatre vse ha]e glavnoj stanovitsq figura(glavnogo reissera direktora-menedera aktera)

7 Mnogie reissery sozda[t svoi teatry-masterskie potomu htoxotqt (rukovodit teatrom byt nezavisimymi vyit)

You are of course already aware that byt lsquoto bersquo has no presenttense However several other verbs may be used as a susbstituteThese include

qvlqtsq qvitsq + instrumental to seem to appear to be

On qvlqetsq direktoromHe is the director

|to qvlqetsq prihinoj ego smertiThat was the reason for his death

Uspex qvlqetsq rezultatom usilij vsex akterovThe success is the result of all the actorsrsquo efforts

Note also qvlqtsq cel[ lsquoto be the aim ofrsquo qvlqtsqsledstviem lsquoto be a consequence ofrsquo qvlqtsq hast[ lsquoto be apart ofrsquo predstavlqt (soboj) lsquoto represent to bersquo

Dodin predstavlqet (soboj) unikalnoe qvlenieDodin is represents a unique phenomenon

Note also predstavlqt (soboj) primer lsquoto be an examplersquo pred-stavlqt (soboj) zadahu lsquoto be represent a task problemrsquo byvatlsquoto be to frequentrsquo

On vsegda byvaet v teatre pered nahalom spektaklqHe is always in the theatre before the start of the performance

kak to hasto byvaetas often happens is often the case

Exercise 5

Rephrase the sentences by using first the verb qvlqtsq + inst andthen the verb predstavlqt (soboj) + acc

1 Moskovskij festival ndash rezultat mnogoletnej raboty2 Dodin ndash unikalnoe qvlenie v rossijskom teatre 3 Pokazsamyx interesnyx filmov ndash zadaha festivalq 4 Vysokaqxudoestvennost ndash otlihitelnaq osobennost teatra Dodina5 Znakomstvo s mirovym kinematografom ndash cel festivalq6 Rost hisla immigrantov ndash blago dlq Rossii 7 |kstrim ndash stilizni molodei

Verbs with the instrumental

There are a number of verbs in the text which are followed by theinstrumental case Verbs taking the instrumental include

Verbs indicating control ndash polzovatsq (vos-) lsquoto use enjoyrsquorukovodit lsquoto leadrsquo upravlqt lsquoto govern managersquo torgovat lsquototradersquo vladet lsquoto ownrsquo lsquoto have a command of (a language)rsquozanimatsq zanqtsq lsquoto be engaged inrsquo zloupotreblqt lsquotoabusersquo riskovat lsquoto riskrsquo

Verbs indicating an attitude ndash gorditsq lsquoto be proud ofrsquointeresovatsq (za-) lsquoto be interested inrsquo l[bovatsq (po-) lsquotoadmirersquo uvlekatsq uvlehsq lsquoto be keen onrsquo

Verbs indicating state or appearance ndash kazatsq lsquoto seemrsquookazyvatsq okazatsq lsquoto turn out to bersquo stanovitsq stat lsquotobecomersquo shitatsq lsquoto be consideredrsquo ostavatsq ostatsq lsquotoremainrsquo

Other examples ndash ertvovat (po-) lsquoto sacrificersquo slavitsq (pro-) lsquoto be famed forrsquo bolet (za-) lsquoto be ill withrsquo

Exercise 6

Poslednee vremq mnogie novye teatry (polzovatsq) (uspex) Vsenade[tsq hto Dodin budet prodolat (rukovodit) (Malyjteatr) V prowlom godu Dodin (proslavitsq) (postanovka)trilogii Abramova |ta postanovka poluhila vyswu[ premi[ i

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(stat) (potrqsenie) dlq Leningrada Truppa Dodina (shitatsq)(odna) iz samyx silnyx v Rossii Dodin ne gotov (ertvovat)(svoq xudoestvennost) On gotov (riskovat) (vse) htobydobitsq uspexa Malyj teatr (ostavatsq) (odin iz samyxuspewnyx teatrov)

Participles

Participles are verbal adjectives They are formed from verbs buthave adjectival endings There are four types of participle in Russianpresent active past active present passive past passive They mayall be used to replace adjectival clauses ie clauses introduced bykotoryj

pesy kotorye garantiru[t kommerheskij uspexplays which guarantee commercial success

pesy garantiru[]ie kommerheskij uspexplays guaranteeing commercial success

Garantiru[]ie is an example of a present active participle Thereare numerous examples of both present and past active participles inthe text Dodin i rossijskij teatr

Active participles

Present active participles are formed by removing -t from the thirdperson plural (oni) form of the present tense and replacing it by -]ij poluhat lsquoto receive getrsquo ndash poluha[t ndash poluha[]ijlsquoreceiving gettingrsquo

The participle agrees in number gender and case with the noun itdescribes and declines like xorowij

Est nemalo zritelej poluha[]ix udovolstvie ot egospektaklejThere is a sizeable audience getting pleasure from his shows(poluha[]ix is genitive plural to agree with zritelej)

Participles formed from verbs ending in -sq always end in -sq regard-less of the preceding letter of the ending

Takie teatry-masterskie hasto razme]a[]iesq vbyvwix kinoteatrax ohen populqrny v MoskveSuch theatre workshops often located in former cinemas arevery popular in Moscow

Exercise 7

Form present active participles from the following verbs

ocenivat ponimat igrat proisxodit naxoditsq vestiblestet uhastvovat sozdavat polzovatsq prevra]atsqishezat voznikat stanovitsq upravlqt

Although present active participles usually replace kotoryj + presenttense of an active verb they may substitute for kotoryj + activepast tense if the action of the verb in the subordinate clause is takingplace at the same time as the action of the verb in the main clause

Rasskazali o filme kotoryj wel v to vremq vMoskveThey were talking about a film which was showing at the timein Moscow

Rasskazali o filme idu]em v to vremq v MoskveThey were talking about a film showing at the time in Moscow

Exercise 8

Replace the clauses with kotoryj by a present active participle

1 Kinofestival kotoryj proxodit v Moskve vyzval mnogointeresa za rubeom 2 Na festivale bylo mnogo filmovkotorye polzu[tsq uspexom u zritelej 3 Sredi akterov kotoryesnima[tsq v filme mnogo russkix 4 V truppe Dodina kotoraqsostoit iz ego uhenikov tolko 50 helovek 5 Ne mnogo ostalosteatrov kotorye predpohita[t xudoestvennyj uspexkommerheskomu 6 Hasto teatry kotorye razme]a[tsq vmalenkix zalax ohen interesnye 7 Ostalos malo l[dejkotorye e]e pomnqt staru[ Moskvu

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The past active participle is formed from either the imperfective orperfective past by replacing the -l from the masculine past tense by-vwij poluhat ndash poluhal ndash poluhavwij poluhit ndashpoluhil ndash poluhivwij Where there is no -l in the masculinepast tense add -wij to the masculine past tense isheznut lsquoto disap-pearrsquo ndash ishez ndash ishezwij

Note idti ndash wedwij vesti ndash vedwijParticiples from verbs ending in -sq always end in -sq never -s

Exercise 9

Form past active participles from the following verbs

ponqt ocenit sozdat vyit sygrat provesti najtiproizojti stat blestet postavit prevratitsq vospolzo-vatsq isheznut vozniknut ostanovitsq

The past active participle declines like xorowij and agrees innumber gender and case with the noun it describes It may be usedinstead of adjectival (kotoryj) clauses which contain the imperfec-tive or perfective past of an active verb The translation into Englishof both the clause and the participle are frequently the same

Dodin proslavilsq postanovkoj trilogii AbramovaltBratq i sestrygt kotoraq poluhila Gosudarstvennu[premi[Dodin proslavilsq postanovkoj trilogii AbramovaltBratq i sestrygt poluhivwej Gosudarstvennu[premi[Dodin is famous for the production of Abramovrsquos trilogyBrothers and Sisters which won a State Prize

Exercise 10

Replace the kotoryj clauses by past active participles

1 Q ne soglasna s kritikami kotorye ocenili film kak slabyj2 My govorili o filme kotoryj poluhil pervyj priz 3 Uaktrisy kotoraq igrala rol Anny Kareninoj prekrasnaqvnewnost 4 Film kotoryj wel po televizoru vhera dovolnoslabyj 5 Teatralnaq olimpiada kotoraq prowla v Moskve v

i[ne imela ogromnyj uspex 6 Festival kotoryj nahalsq vi[le zakonhilsq v avguste 7 Arxitekturnyj stil kotoryjpohti ishez teper byl ohen populqren v nahale veka 8 Mnogogovorilos o premere pesy Hexova kotoraq sostoqlas naprowloj nedele

Active participles used as adjectives and nouns

Many active participles are used as adjectives blestq]ij lsquobrilliantrsquovedu]ij lsquoleadingrsquo dejstvu[]ij lsquoactingrsquo sledu[]ij lsquonextrsquoteku]ij lsquocurrentrsquo nastoq]ij lsquopresent realrsquo (never used as aparticiple) budu]ij lsquofuturersquo (also used as present active participleof byt) byvwij lsquoformerrsquo rewa[]ij lsquodecisiversquo potrqsa[]ijlsquostunningrsquo

Kurq]ij is used to mean lsquosmokerrsquo vagon dlq kurq]ixlsquocarriage for smokersrsquo

Other examples of participles used as nouns include slua]ijlsquoemployeersquo upravlq[]ij lsquomanagerrsquo vedu]ij lsquopresenterrsquobudu]ee lsquofuturersquo nastoq]ee lsquopresentrsquo uha]ijsq lsquostudentrsquotrudq]ijsq lsquoworkerrsquo

Exercise 11

The newspaper Vaw dosug published the following ratings of filmsrecommended for both children and parents Read it and then answerthe questions in English

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NE TOLKO DETSKOE KINO

ocenka ltVDgt otlihno xorowo tak sebe otvratitelno

ltMUMIQ VOZVRAAETSQgtpro hto prodolenie filma ltMUMIQgt Syn glavnyx geroevstanovitsq obektom oxoty mumii so vsemi sledu[]imi iztogo scenami ltkwngt

urnal ltVaw dosuggt 2001

NB zvezda ndash star tak sebe ndash so-so otvratitelno ndash repulsive v polzu ndash infavour vpehatlitelnyj ndash impressionable silnyj duxom ndash strong in spiritdejstvu[]ee lico ndash character zlodejka ndash female villain vyxodka ndash trickpqtnistaq sobaka ndash spotty dog ivotnoe ndash animal zabavnyj ndash amusingnaoborot ndash the other way round

kommentarii nekotorye iz scen strawnovaty Vesti na totfilm mono tolko ne ohen vpehatlitelnyx detej V polzudetskoj auditorii govorit i tot fakt hto odin iz glavnyxpersonaej ndash malhiwka Tak hto vawemu rebenku budet za kogopereivatrekomenduetsq silnym duxom podrostkam

lt102 DALMATINCAgtpro hto film ndash prodolenie dobroj komedii 1996 goda lt101 dalmatinecgt Obstoqtelstva i dejstvu[]ie lica pohtine izmenilis Zlodejka po-prenemu Krulla de Vil imilye pqtnistye sobaki spasa[tsq ot ee vyxodokkommentarii pervyj film konehno e luhwe Odnako temkto l[bit smotret pro ivotnyx osobenno pro dalmatincevkartina ponravitsqrekomenduetsq l[bitelqm ivotnyx vsex vozrastov

ltWOKOLADgtpro hto v dvux slovax ndash krasivaq romantihnaq istoriqkommentarii ne sovsem detskij (skoree naoborot) no esli vamne s kem svoego rebenka ostavit ndash moete pojti na tot filmvse vmeste Kartina prekrasnaq k tomu e rqd pizodov vpolneponqtny i zabavny dlq vawego rebenkarekomenduetsq dlq semejnogo prosmotra s detmi l[bogovozrasta (krome malywej do 4 let) Podrostkam film monosmotret i bez roditelej

1 Which film received the highest (5-star) rating2 Which films are recommended for families3 Which film is recommended for animal lovers and why4 What is the subject of the film The Mummy Returns5 Would The Mummy Returns be a good film for impressionable

youngsters6 For whom is the film Chocolat recommended

Preposition corner

O + prepositional

lsquoabout concerningrsquo

dumat o sebe o rabote lekciq o ivopisithink about yourself about work a lecture about art

Note that o sometimes becomes ob generally before vowels and obobefore some combinations of consonants ob tom lsquoabout thatrsquo obiskusstve lsquoabout artrsquo ob otce lsquoabout fatherrsquo obo mne lsquoabout mersquoobo vsem lsquoabout everything

O + accusative

lsquoagainst on uponrsquo

opiratsq o stenu udaritsq nogoj o stol bok o bokto lean on the wall bang onersquos leg on the table side by side

Note ruka ob ruku lsquohand in handrsquo a rare example of ob before aconsonant

Pro + accusative

lsquoabout concerningrsquo (more colloquial than lsquoorsquo)

govorit pro delo talk about businessPro hto tot film What is this film aboutfilm pro ivotnyx a film about animals

Exercise 12

Put the words in brackets in the appropriate case

1 Q govorila o (syn) 2 Q zna[ vse pro (ty) 3 On spotknulsqob (igruwka) 4 Uheniki opira[tsq o (stol) 5 Mne nravqtsqfilmy pro (l[bov)

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Stress

Feminine nouns

Fixed stress ndash stress remains on the same syllable throughout thedeclension singular and plural gostinica doroga sposobnostThis group contains a large number of nouns with three or moresyllables but also some one syllable nouns bol and two syllablenouns ending in unstressed -a or -q vera kniga burq

Mobile stress ndash there are five types of mobile stress on feminine nouns

Type 1 ndash stress on the ending in the singular and stem in the pluralvojna (gen sing vojny nom pl vojny gen pl vojn dat plvojnam etc) strana glava sestra (pl sestry) Most of thesenouns have two syllables but there are some with three In this casethe stress moves back one syllable in the plural krasota (krasotykrasoty krasot krasotam etc)

Type 2 ndash stress on the stem in the singular and nominative plural(and accusative plural if it takes the same form as the nominative)on the ending in all other plurals hast (hasti hasti hastej)ohered lowad and many other nouns ending in -

Type 3 ndash stress on the ending except in the nominative accusativeplural guba (guby guby gub gubam etc) sveha sleza (pl slezy)

Type 4 ndash stress on the ending except in the accusative singular andthe nominative accusative plural which are stressed on the firstsyllable gora (acc sing goru gen sing gory nom acc pl gorygen pl gor dat pl goram etc) doska noga reka ruka sredastena golova storona boroda

Type 5 ndash stress on the ending in the singular except for the accusativesingular and on the stem in the plural voda (acc sing vodu gensing vody nom pl vody gen pl vod dat pl vodam etc) zimaduwa spina cena zemlq

Exercise 13

1 A winner of the Moscow International Film Festival was theAmerican film The Fanatic

2 The Maly Theatre of St Petersburg is one of the most interestingtheatres in Russia it became famous thanks to the artistic skillof the director Lev Dodin

3 The majority of the members of the jury judging the films wereprofessional actors

4 All newspapers wrote about the film which received the topprize at the Film Festival

5 The actors playing the main parts clearly belonged to theStanislavsky school

6 There are a lot of people in Russia who appreciate the art ofthe theatre

7 Theatres are becoming more and more commercial in Russiathey only put on plays guaranteeing a full house

8 A lot of the films taking part in the competition turned out tobe foreign Only one Russian film was among them

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7 SREDSTVA MASSOVOJINFORMACII (SMI)

about newspapers and television in Russia how to use hto and kto as relative pronouns about conjunctions in time and causal clauses how to choose between -to and -nibud how to use drug druga about stress on neuter nouns

During the period of glasnost Russia enjoyed unprecedentedfreedom of the press A large number of new newspapers appearedcensorship ceased and journalists were free to publish what theywanted New independent publications played an important role inthe collapse of the Soviet Union Since the war in Chechnya andespecially after the election of President Putin the situation haschanged somewhat The government is less ready to tolerate criticismof its policies Conscious of the power of the media to influence publicopinion the government is re-exerting its control over press and tele-vision The independent channel NTV the radio station |xoMoskvy and the newspaper Novaq Gazeta were the first victimsThere is now less freedom of expression in Russia than there was atthe time of the fall of the Soviet Union

Dialogue 1

From an interview with a journalist from Argumenty i fakty

AVTOR Q hasto slywu o tom hto svoboda pressy v Rossii vopasnosti Gosudarstvo pytaetsq kontrolirovat vsesredstva massovoj informacii

URNALIST No pressa ne moet byt polnost[ nezavisimojL[baq gazeta ot hego-to i ot kogo-to zavisit otvladelca gazety ot ob]estvennogo mneniq otsituacii na rynke Sam izdatel vyraaet interesykakoj-to gruppy

AVTOR No v Rossii bolwinstvo SMI vse bolwe zavisqt ottex kto daet im dengi

URNALIST Da to verno Delo v tom hto v Rossii sejhas mnogiegazety izda[tsq ne po rynohnym pravilam a za shetoligarxov politikov Mestnye organy vlasti toesoderat bolwoe kolihestvo gazet

AVTOR Su]estvuet mnenie hto naibolee nezavisimye SMIprinadleat hastnym licam tem dlq kogo media-biznes osnovnoj Naprimer hastnyj telekanal NTVurnal ltItogigt gazeta ltSegodnqgt radiostanciqlt|xo Moskvygt Vse oni podverglis kritike

URNALIST Po-moemu ix nezavisimost byla ill[ziej Ved vsestati urnalistov po glavnym voprosam izni vsevystupleniq televedu]ix na NTV vsegda otraalipozici[ vladelca stoqvwego za SMI

AVTOR A kto stoit za Vawej gazetoj Ona toe vyraaethi-to interesy

URNALIST Nawa gazeta vozmono i est samaq nezavisimaq Zanej stoqt sami urnalisty U nas redakciq rewaetto o hem pisat i kak pisat Edinstvennaqzavisimost kotoru[ my priznaem ndash zavisimost otnawix hitatelej

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Sredstva massovoj informacii (smi) | 129

Vocabulary diams

vladelec ownervystuplenie speechvyraat to expresszavisim ost (f ) -yj dependence dependentizdavat izdatel to publish publishermestnye organy vlasti local governmentopasnost (f ) dangerotraat to reflectpolnost[ nezavisimyj fully independentpodvergnutsq kritike to be subject to criticismpriznavat to acknowledgeredakciq editorial officerynohnoe pravilo rule of the marketsvoboda pressy freedom of the presssoderat to keepstatq articletelevedu]ij television presenterhastnyj kanal private channel

NB su]estvuet mnenie ndash there is an opinion delo v tom hto ndash the thing isthat za shet ndash at the expense of

Exercise 1

1 Pohemu svoboda pressy v Rossii v opasnosti2 Moet li pressa byt polnost[ nezavisimoj3 Ot kogo obyhno zavisit pressa4 Pravda li hto v Rossii sejhas sliwkom mnogo gazet

-to -nibud

-to and -nibud can be used after hto kto and kakoj

hto-to hto-nibud somethingkto-to kto-nibud someonekakoj-to kakoj-nibud some (or other)

130 | The mass media

The forms ending in -to are more specific They relate to things peoplethe identity of which is uncertain but whose existence is not in doubt

On hto-to prinesHe has brought something

Kto-to stuhitSomeone is knocking

Kakaq-to devuwka vas i]etSome girl (or other) is looking for you

There is an example in the dialogue

L[baq gazeta ot hego-to i kogo-to zavisitAny newspaper depends on someone and something

Forms in -nibud are vaguer and imply that the existence of thething person is in doubt Hto-nibud and kto-nibud may alsotranslate lsquoanythingrsquo or lsquoanyonersquo

Prines li on hto-nibudDid he bring anything

Kto-nibud xohet toDoes anyone want it

Moet byt nam okaut kaku[-nibud pomo]Perhaps they will give us some help

Contrast

kto-to zvonitsomeone is ringing (existence known)

esli kto-nibud pozvonitif someone rings (existence hypothetical)

-to -nibud may also be added to some adverbs to similar effectgde-to gde-nibud lsquosomewherersquo (place) kuda-to kuda-nibudlsquosomewherersquo (motion) kak-to kak-nibud lsquosomehowrsquo kogda-to kogda-nibud lsquosome time (or other)rsquo

On kogda-to il v RossiiHe lived in Russia at some time or other

Moet byt my kogda-nibud vstretimsqPerhaps we will meet some time

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Exercise 2

Select the appropriate word from the brackets and put it into thecorrect case to complete the sentence

1 Q (hto-to hto-nibud) hitala ob tom 2 Ty pisal (kto-to kto-nibud) 3 K tebe prixodila (kakoj-to kakoj-nibud) devuwka4 Daj mne pohitat (hto-to hto-nibud) 5 On izuhaet (kakoj-tokakoj-nibud) qzyk v universitete 6 Neueli vy ne moetenauhit ego (hto-to hto-nibud) 7 U vas est (kakoj-to kakoj-nibud) gazety 8 Ne volnujtes (kak-to kak-nibud) my rewimtu problemu 9 |to sluhilos (gde-to gde-nibud) na Severe10 On sejhas razgovarivaet s (kto-to kto-nibud) po telefonu11 Pojdem (kuda-to kuda-nibud) veherom 12 Vas (kto-to kto-nibud) sprawivaet

Exercise 3

Look at the result of the poll conducted by Public OpinionFoundation shown below

Opros fonda ltOb]estvennoe mneniegt

Kak hasto vy smotrite televizor hitaetegazety sluwaete radio htoby uznat novostio politiheskoj konomiheskoj izni strany

Ohen hasto 65Neskolko raz v nedel[ 26Voob]e nikogda 5Zatrudnilis s otvetom 4

Poluhaete li Vy pravdivu[ obektivnu[ informaci[ o politiheskoj izni strany

Ne poluha[t 56Poluha[t 30Zatrudnilis s otvetom 14

NB poloitelno ndash positively otricatelno ndash negatively zatrudnitsq sotvetom ndash to find it difficult to answer do not know somnevatsq ndash to doubt

True or false

Bolwinstvo rossiqn a) ne interesu[tsq novostqmi b) duma[t htoinformaciq v SMI neobektivna c) shita[t vliqnie SMIpoloitelnym d) oceniva[t vliqnie pressy otricatelno e)somneva[tsq v obektivnosti pressy

Text 1

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Somnevaetes li Vy v obektivnosti konomiheskix novostej

Ohen somneva[tsq 61Ne somneva[tsq 26Zatrudnilis s otvetom 13

Somnevaetes li Vy v pravdivom otobraenii ltnastroenij l[dej ob]estvennogo mneniqgt

Kak televidenie radio i pressa vliq[t na vas i vawe nastroenie

Otricatelno 49Poloitelno 32Zatrudnilis s otvetom 19

Rossijskoe televidenieSredi vsex sredstv massovoj informacii televideni[prinadleit vedu]aq rol Hislo telekanalov rastet s kadymgodom Vse oni stara[tsq byt ne poxoimi drug na drugaOdni otda[t predpohtenie sportivnym novostqm drugie ndashmuzykalno-razvlekatelnym treti predpohita[t nauhno-

Gazeta ltArgumenty i faktygt 2001

poznavatelnu[ informaci[ Teper esli vy xotite smotretnovosti u vas est vybor informacionnye programmyltSegodnqgt po NTV ltVremqgt po ORT ltVestigt po RTR vsepyta[tsq predstavit novosti pod svoim uglom i otliha[tsqdrug ot druga K tomu e u nekotoryx vedu]ix est svoqvoskresnaq avtorskaq analitiheskaq programma iz kotorojtelezritel moet poluhit dopolnitelnu[ informaci[ osobytiqx nedeli Takovy programmy ltVremenagt na ORTltItogigt na NTV ltZerkalogt na RTR Pervyj kanal ORT i vtorojkanal RTR ndash ob]enacionalnye kanaly i informaciq na nixpredstavlqet oficialnu[ tohku zreniq

Menee oficialnye kanaly ndash tretij kanal TVC kotoryjorientiruetsq na tex kogo interesuet Moskva kanalltKulturagt s programmami ob iskusstve |to kanal dlq texkto serezno interesuetsq muzykoj literaturoj poziej Vsebolee izvestnym stanovitsq kanal REN TV pervym perewedwijna cifrovu[ texnologi[ i populqrnyj sredi tex komunravqtsq zapadnye serialy i mylnye opery

Osoboe mesto do nedavnego vremeni zanimal hetvertyj kanalNTV edinstvennyj hastnyj kanal nezavisimyj ot vlastiBlagodarq vysokomu professionalizmu vedu]ix NTV byl odnimiz samyx populqrnyx osobenno sredi tex kto xotel uslywatinu[ neoficialnu[ tohku zreniq na mnogie aktualnyevoprosy Satiriheskaq programma na tom kanale ltKuklygtprogramma o rossijskom parlamente v kotorom zaseda[t kuklyrossijskie politiki do six por populqrna v Rossii

K soaleni[ v nastoq]ee vremq kanal NTV kak i drugieob]enacionalnye kanaly vse bolwe kontroliruetsqgosudarstvom i terqet svo[ nezavisimost Nedavnqq reorga-nizaciq kanala i smena ego televizionnoj komandy govorqt otom hto pravitelstvo rewilo raspravitsq s temi kto nesoglasen s ego politikoj Iz-za vmewatelstva vlastej v delatelevideniq nekotorye vedu]ie pokinuli kanal NTV i perewlina drugie menee oficialnye kanaly Voob]e novaq tele-vizionnaq komanda NTV kuda bolee loqlna po otnoweni[ kKreml[ i prezidentu

Vocabulary diams

avtorskaq programma personal programmevesti (pl) newsvmewatelstvo interferencevoskresnaq programma Sunday programmedopolnitelnyj additionalzerkalo mirroriskusstvo artitogi (pl) summing up total resultskomanda teamkukla doll puppetmuzykalno-razvlekatelnyj musical entertainmentmylnaq opera soap operanauhno-poznavatelnyj popular scienceob]enacionalnyj kanal national channelotdavat predpohtenie to give preferencepokinut to leavepoxoij na (+ acc) similar toraspravitsq s (+ inst) deal withsmena teamtohka zreniq point of viewcifrovoj digital

NB predstavlqt predstavit novosti pod svoim uglom ndash to present thenews from your own viewpoint k tomu e ndash in addition kuda bolee loqlnandash much more loyal po otnoweni[ k ndash towards

Exercise 4

1 Kakie informacionnye programmy mono smotret potelevizoru

2 Kakie ob]enacionalnye kanaly est v Rossii3 Na kogo orientiru[tsq kanaly TVC Kultura4 Hem znamenit kanal REN TV5 Hto predstavlql soboj kanal NTV6 Hto za programma ltKuklygt

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Exercise 5

True or false

1 L[baq gazeta zavisit ot (pravitelstva hitatelej vladelcagazety)

2 Televidenie igraet (malenku[ vedu]u[ politihesku[)rol

3 Mneniq televedu]ix otraa[t (pozici[ vladelca svo[pozici[ politiku pravitelstva)

4 Kanal ltKulturagt orientiruetsq na tex kto interesuetsq(sportom iskusstvom politikoj)

5 Kanal NTV byl (gosudarstvennym hastnym mestnym)kanalom

6 Programma ltKuklygt ndash programma o (rossijskoj naukerossijskom parlamente detqx)

7 NTV vse bolwe stanovitsq (populqrnym nezavisimymzavisimym ot pravitelstva)

Drug druga

Note the examples of drug druga lsquoone anotherrsquo in the above passage

Vse oni stara[tsq byt ne poxoimi drug na drugaThey all try not to be like one another

Oni otliha[tsq drug ot drugaThey differ from one another

Only the second half declines ndash like the noun drug lsquofriendrsquo

Oni pomoga[t drug druguThey help one another

Oni nenavidqt drug drugaThey hate one another

If the construction involves a preposition it is inserted between thetwo nouns as in the examples from the text

Exercise 6

Complete the following sentences with an appropriate form of drugdruga adding a preposition if necessary

1 Oni piwut pisma 2 My dumaem 3 Vy razgovarivaete 4 Oni ivut daleko 5 My poluhaem pomo] 6 Onine interesu[tsq 7 Oni l[bqt

Hto and kto used as relative pronouns

To hto

Clauses which in English are linked by the word lsquowhatrsquo (or lsquothatwhichrsquo) are linked in Russian by to hto

Q hita[ tolko to hto menq interesuetI read only what interests me

The case of to is governed by its role in the main clause (in the aboveexample it is accusative object of the verb hita[) and the case ofhto by its role in the subordinate clause (nominative subject of verbinteresuet) Note the forms of to and hto in the followingexamples

Q slywu o tom hto svoboda pressy v opasnostiI hear that the freedom of the press is in danger

Q ne intersu[s tem hto ty piwewI am not interested in what you write

Vse ne to hem kaetsqAll is not what it seems

Sometimes to hto translates lsquothe fact thatrsquo or lsquothatrsquo

On gorditsq tem hto ego naznahili direktoromHe is proud (of the fact) that he has been appointed director

It can also translate the English construction preposition + -ing

On konhil tem hto pokinul kanal NTVHe finished by abandoning NTV

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To hto figures in the expressions delo v tom hto lsquothe thing factis thatrsquo beda v tom hto lsquothe trouble is thatrsquo and problemazakl[haetsq v tom hto lsquothe problem consists in the fact thatrsquo

Beda v tom hto u nas malo denegThe trouble is that we have little money

Delo v tom hto v Rossii sliwkom mnogo gazetThe thing is that there are too many newspapers in Russia

Problema zakl[haetsq v tom hto Rossiq pereivaetkrizisThe problem consists in the fact that Russia is undergoing acrisis

Words other than hto may follow the construction v tom

Delo v tom kak dostat dengiThe thing is how to get the money

Problema v tom kuda exatThe problem is where to go

Exercise 7

Put to hto in the correct case

1 On govoril o svoboda pressy v Rossii v opasnosti 2 Onvidit ne vidqt drugie 3 Q ver[ v demokratiq pobedit4 On zakonhil svoj rasskaz zadal nam neskolko voprosov5 Ona vsegda gordilas ona russkaq 6 On ne vinovat v urnal byl zakryt 7 Beda v v Rossii sliwkom mnogo gazet 8 L[di somneva[tsq v oni poluha[t obektivnu[informaci[

Tot ktote kto

Tot kto and te kto are used to mean lsquothe one(s) whorsquo

Tot kto bolwe vsex rabotaet poluhit luhwu[ ocenkuHe who the one who works hardest will receive the best mark

The case of tot te is decided by their role in the main clause andkto from its role in the subordinate clause

Q pomogu tem komu trudno najti pravilnyj otvetI will help those who have difficulty in finding the right answer

(tem ndash dative after pomogu and komu ndash dative before trudno)

There are some examples in both the text and the dialogue

|to kanal dlq tex kto interesuetsq muzykojIt is a channel for those who are interested in music

SMI zavisqt ot tex kto daet im dengiThe media depend on the ones who give them money

After te kto either the plural or the singular verb may occur

te kto rabotaet zdes te kto rabota[t zdesthose who work here

Kto may be detached from tot and used to introduce a separateclause

Kto ne rabotaet tot ne estHe who doesnrsquot work doesnrsquot eat

Exercise 8

Put tot kto and te kto in the correct case

A 1 On obratilsq (to the one who) stoqla rqdom 2 Mne byloal (the one to whom) ona napisala pismo 3 Ona poznakomilamenq (with the one who) uhilsq s nej 4 (The one who) govoritto qvno glupyj helovek 5 Luhwe otdat knigu (to the one who)ona nravitsq

B 1 My (with those who) otstaivaet nezavisimost pressy2 |tot kanal (for those who) nravqtsq mylnye opery 3 Pressavsegda zavisit (from those who) finansiruet ee 4 Bolwinstvo(of those who) vystupal po televideni[ byli politikami 5 Myposlali priglawenie (to those who) xohet uhastvovat vprogramme 6 (Among those who) smotrit kanal NTV mnogostudentov 7 (Those who) interesuet iskusstvo smotrqt kanalltKulturagt

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Exercise 9

Study the different points of view regarding the number of channelson TV

Po materialam gazety ltVersiqgt 2001

NB to ue perebor ndash that is too much setevoj kanal ndash cable channel

1 Who are Vladimir Pozner Mikhail Leontrsquoev Oleg Dobrodeev2 Who is in favour of increasing the number of channels and who

is against3 How many national channels does Russia have What are they

VLADIMIR POZNER akademik Rossijskojakademii i televideniq vedu]ij programmy ltVremenagtna ORT

ltMirovoj opyt pokazyvaet hto kogda v strane dejstvuet bolwehetyrex ob]enacionalnyx kanalov to ue perebor Takogonigde v mire net A vot setevyx kanalov nuno stolko skolkoix moet ltsestgt rynokgt

MIXAIL LEONTEV vedu]ij avtorskojprogrammy ltOdnakogt na ORT

ltStolko kanalov skolko my imeem sejhas nam ne to htobynuno prosto v nastoq]ij moment strana ne sposobna ixsoderatgt

OLEG DOBRODEEV predsedatelTeleradiokomiteta

ltKanalov nuno bolwe Duma[ telezriteli tolko vyigra[tot togo esli v Rossii nakonec normalno zarabotaet sistema cifrovoj texnologii togda u nas budet ne westob]enacionalnyx kanalov kak sejhas a dvadcat ndash dvadcatpqtgt

Conjunctions

Care must be taken in Russian not to confuse conjunctions withprepositions Unhelpfully in English prepositions and conjunctionsare often identical

Posle zavtraka my powli gulqtAfter breakfast we went for a walk

Posle togo kak my pozavtrakali my powli gulqtAfter we had breakfast we went for a walk

In the first example the preposition posle governs the noun zavtrakaand in the second the conjunction posle togo kak introduces anadverbial clause of time

There are other similar pairs of prepositions and conjunctions

Preposition Conjunction Meaning

s + genitive s tex por kak sincedo + genitive do togo kak beforepered + instrumental pered tem kak before

prede hem before

Exercise 10

Insert posle or posle togo kak as appropriate

1 koncerta my powli v restoran 2 ona okonhila kursona pereexala za granicu 3 my poluhili novosti mypozvonili emu 4 obeda powel dod

Causal conjunctions

The conjunction blagodarq tomu hto is used to mean lsquothanks toowing torsquo (positive reasons)

Blagodarq tomu hto uluhwilos konomiheskoepoloenie bezrabotica upalaThanks to the fact that the economic situation has improvedunemployment has fallen

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Contrast the preposition blagodarq + dative lsquothanks torsquo

Blagodarq uluhweni[ konomiheskogo poloeniqbezrabotica upalaThanks to the improvement in the economic situationunemployment has fallen

Iz-za togo hto means lsquoowing to because of on account of the factthatrsquo in respect of negative circumstances

Iz-za togo hto konomiheskoe poloenie v straneuxudwilos mnogo predpriqtij zakrylosBecause the economic situtation in the country has worsenedmany businesses have closed

Contrast the preposition iz-za + genitive lsquobecause of on account ofrsquondash often also relating to unfavourable circumstances

Iz-za uxudweniq konomiheskogo poloeniq mnogopredpriqtij zakrylosBecause of the worsening of the economic situation manybusinesses have closed

Note an example in the text of the use of iz-za

Iz-za vmewatelstva vlastej v dela televideniqnekotorye vedu]ie pokinuli kanal NTVBecause of the interference of the authorities in television severalpresenters abandoned NTV

This could have been expressed as

Iz-za togo hto vlasti vmewivalis v delaBecause the authorities interfered

Exercise 11

A Complete the sentences using either blagodarq (+ dat) or iz-za(+ gen) and put the words in brackets into the appropriate case

1 V nastoq]ee vremq Rossiq ne moet soderat tak mnogokanalov (tqeloe konomiheskoe poloenie)v strane2 (Professionalnoe masterstvo) vedu]ix NTV stal ohenpopulqrnym 3 Mnogie gazety skoro zakro[tsq (nedostatokdeneg) v strane 4 (Xorowee nastroenie) on bystro zakonhil

rabotu 5 (Cenzura) na televidenii televedu]im teper trudnorabotat 6 Vhera samolety ne letali (ploxaq pogoda)

B And now replace these phrases by clauses with blagodarq tomuhto or iz-za togo hto

Example iz-za tqelogo konomiheskogo poloeniq ndash iz-za togo hto v strane tqeloe konomiheskoepoloenie

Exercise 12

Examine the programmes advertised on three Russian television chan-nels (see page 144) and answer the questions in English

1 Which feature films are on ORT2 What sports programmes are on3 Which channel shows the most cartoons4 On which channel is there a travel programme5 At what time is it possible to see the news on all channels6 What programmes about animals are on

Stress

Neuter nouns

Fixed stress ndash stress remains on the same syllable throughout thedeclension singular and plural elanie gosudarstvo izvestieThis group contains mostly words with three or more syllables butalso a small number of two syllable nouns gorlo bl[do huvstvokreslo solnce

Mobile stress ndash there are three main types of mobile stress on neuternouns

Type 1 ndash stress on the ending in the singular and stem in the plurallico (gen sing lica nom pl lica gen pl lic dat plu licametc) vino pismo hislo okno qjco selo Most of these nounshave two syllables but there are some with three In this case the

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Voskresene15 APRELQ

KANAL ORT KANAL ltROSSIQgt KANAL NTV

745 Slovo pastyrqMitropolit Kirill800 1800 Novosti810 Armejskijmagazin840 Disnej-klubltHip i Dejlgt905 Utrennqq zvezda1000 1500 Novosti(s surdo perevodom)1010 Neputevyezametki1030 Poka vse doma1110 ltXozqintajgigt Xud film1245 Utrennqq pohta1320 Klubputewestvennikov1400 |x Semenovna1435 ltTalanty ipoklonnicagtSpecreporta1510 Umnicy iumniki1540 Disnej klubltGufi i egokomandagt1610 KoncertKristiny Orbakajtev GCKZ ltRossiqgt1830 ltL[bov igolubigt Xudfilm2035ltVelikolepnyjgtXud film2230 Vremena2345 Na futbole025 ltMalhikigtXud Film

730 ltDodumalsqpozdravlq[gt Xudfilm900 Russkoe loto940 TV bingo-wou1035 Dobroe utrostrana1105 Anwlag1200 Gorodok1230 Bolwaqstrana1310 Parlamentskijhas1400 Vesti1420 Dialogi oivotnyx1520 Vokrug sveta1625 Dva roqlq1720 Sam sebereisser1800 Zerkalo1900 ltL[bit po-russkigt Xudfilm2050 ltL[bit po-russki-2gt Xudfilm2235 ltL[bit po-russki-3Gubernatorgt Xudfilm035 Hempionatmira po avtogonkamv klasse formula-1Gran-pri San-Marino Peredaha izImoly

800 1000 12001600 Segodnq815 ltDeti kapitanaGrantagt Xudfilm1015 ltPqtoeEvangeliegt FilmSergeq Kostina izcikla ltNovejwaqistoriqgt1140 Professiq ndashreporter VitalijBuzuev ltL[bov ikrestgt1225 Depressiq1250 ltVizit kminotavrugt Xudfilm1415 ltLicokavkazskojnacionalnostigtFilm AleksandraTixomirova1500 Tretij tajm1635 Putewestviqnaturalista1710 Bolwieroditeli1750 ltPolicejskaqakademiqgt1900 Itogi2045 Kukly2100 ltUlicarazbityx fonarej-3gt2220 Sportivnyetancy HempionatEvropy srediprofessionalov Balhempionov015 Futbolnyjklub055 ltZa gran[vozmonogogt

NB xud film = xudoestvennyj film ndash feature film

stress moves back one syllable in the plural koleso (kolesa kolesakoles kolesam)

Type 2 ndash stress on the stem in the singular and ending in the pluraldelo (dela dela del delam etc) leto mesto more pravoslovo telo Most of these nouns are two syllable but there are asmall number with three syllables zerkalo (zerkala zerkalazerkal zerkalam etc) oblako Most neuter nouns in -mq also havestress on the stem in the singular ending in the plural imq (imeniimena imen imenam etc) vremq bremq plamq plemq semqbut not znamq (znameni znamena znamen znamenam etc)

Type 3 ndash stress moving forward one syllable in the plural ozero(ozera ozera ozer ozeram) derevo This relates only to a smallnumber of three-syllable nouns

Exercise 13

1 I do not think that the press can be completely independent anewspaperrsquos policy depends on who the owner of the newspaperis

2 Most people are interested in the news and watch television tofind out about the political and economic life of the country

3 Many people doubt if they are getting accurate informationfrom the newspapers

4 My mother always says that television has a bad influence onher mood

5 There are many programmes on Russian television but myfavourite is The Puppets a satire on Russian politicians

6 Some Russians say that they watch soap operas to forget thereality of Russian life

7 Thanks to the professional skill of its presenters the Culturechannel has become very popular among those who areinterested in art

8 British and Russian television differ from one another in howthey present the news

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8 RYNOK TRUDA

about the employment scene in Russia how to conduct a job interview and apply for employment about past passive participles more about the preposition za about words with the root trud

Until recently the search for a job in Russia was limited to the jobadvertisements displayed in public places factory gates lamp postskiosk windows being the obvious locations Job centres were veryfew and concentrated mostly in large cities Now the situation ischanging job centres are springing up all over the country Mostnewspapers and magazines have a section for job vacancies Jobadvertisements are quite often blatantly ageist and sexist and alsoexpress requirements in respect of physical attributes Finding a jobthrough the internet is becoming more common However somethings in Russia are slow to change Looking for a job using personalconnections (blat) is still an important feature of the Russian jobmarket

Text 1111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Rynok truda | 147

V poiskax raboty

(Po zapadnym merkam bezrabotica v Rossii e]e ne dostiglakritiheskogo urovnq na segodnqwnij den zaregistrirovano 9millionov bezrabotnyx No konomisty shita[t hto s perexodomk rynku bezrabotica budet rasti V takoj situacii ohen vanoznat kak nahinat iskat rabotu Gazeta ltArgumenty ifaktygt daet sovet)

Iskat rabotu ndash delo nelegkoe Vakansij na rynke truda vsegdamnogo i kadomu heloveku moet byt najdeno mesto Samymvernym sposobom ustroitsq na rabotu v Rossii po-prenemuostaetsq ustrojstvo ltpo blatugt kogda vas rekomendu[t rodstven-niki ili znakomye Do six por tot sposob predpohitaet nemenee 50 rossijskix rabotodatelej |to vyzvano tem htoltsvoemu helovekugt rabotniku s rekomendaciej doverq[t bolweTak hto esli vy i]ete rabotu soob]ite ob tom samomuwirokomu krugu lic

Po statistike 80 vsex firm i predpriqtij podbira[t sebekadry v agenstvax po trudoustrojstvu osobenno krupnyxBolwie agentstva mogut predloit 500ndash800 vakansij togdakak melkie okolo 10 No agenstva kak pravilo zanima[tsqpoiskom diplomirovannyx specialistov ne nie dolnostisekretarq I esli poisk raboty s pomo][ agentstv vam nepodxodit nahinajte poisk samostoqtelno Kupite kak monobolwe gazet s obqvleniqmi o rabote V srednem 30 kompanijda[t o sebe informaci[ v presse

Vse populqrnee stanovitsq poisk raboty s pomo][ InternetaNedavno Komitetom truda i zanqtosti v Moskve byl otkrytspecialnyj sajt wwwlaborru i teper mnogie polzu[tsquslugami togo servera Preimu]estva Interneta vse pred-loeniq o rabote zdes aktualnye Na publikaci[ v Interneteuxodqt sekundy a htoby opublikovat obqvlenie v gazetetrebu[tsq dni i nedeli

Vocabulary diams

agentstvo po trudoustrojstvu employment agencyaktualnyj currentbezrabotica bezrabotnyj unemployment unemployedbukvalno literallyvernyj sposob sure waydiplomirovannyj specialist a qualified specialistdoverqt (dat) to trustdolnost (f ) postiskl[henie exceptionkahestvo qualitykrug lic circle of peopleKomitet truda i zanqtosti Labour and Employment committeemeneder po prodaam sales managernastojhivost (f ) persistenceob]itelnost (f ) sociabilityobqvlenie o rabote job advertisementotrasl (f ) branchperexod k rynku transition to the marketpodbirat kadry to select personnelpreimu]estvo advantageprilihnaq rabota decent jobrabotodatel employersamostoqtelno independentlysoob]it to inform(v) srednem on average

148 | The labour market

Su]estvuet mnenie hto na xorowie dolnosti l[dej ltsulicygt ne berut No v dlinnom spiske professij est nemaloiskl[henij i wansy byt prinqtymi na vpolne prilihnu[rabotu lts ulicygt ohen znahitelny Segodnq samye populqrnyeprofessii ndash menedery po prodaam Spros na nix vse e]e neudovletvoren v Rossii oni nuny bukvalno kadoj kompaniizanqtoj prodaami hego-libo a ix berut hasto lts ulicygtKahestva kotorye trebu[tsq ot rabotnika ob]itelnost inastojhivost xorowo podvewennyj qzyk znanie otrasli vkotoroj truditsq

spisok listtogda kak whiletruditsq to workudovletvorit spros na (+ acc) to satisfy demand onustroitsq na rabotu to fix oneself up with a jobustrojstvo na rabotu finding work

NB po zapadnym merkam ndash by Western standards svoj helovek ndash one ofour own people to vyzvano tem ndash it is because brat na rabotu lts ulicygt ndash to employ somebody responding to an advertisement displayedin a public place ltpo blatugt ndash using personal connections xorowopodvewennyj qzyk ndash a smooth tongue

Exercise 1

1 Kakoj sposob poiska raboty naibolee rasprostranen v Rossii2 Hto takoe ltblatgt3 Pohemu luhwe obra]atsq v poiskax raboty v krupnye agenstva4 Kak vy ponimaete poisk raboty lts ulicygt5 Kakie professii osobenno trebu[tsq sejhas v Rossii6 Kakovy preimu]estva polzovaniq Internetom

Exercise 2

True or false

1 Ot menedera po prodaam trebuetsq (ob]itelnostotvetstvennost umenie rabotat v komande)

2 Imet blat znahit imet (xorowie svqzi universitetsku[stepen rekomendaci[)

3 Rossijskie rabotodateli predpohita[t rabotnikov (srekomendaciej s diplomom lts ulicygt)

4 Samye populqrnye professii v Rossii (vrah uhitel menederpo prodaam)

5 Preimu]estva interneta v tom hto v Internete (predloeniqo rabote aktualnye informaciq interesnaq mnogoinformacii)

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Rynok truda | 149

Exercise 3

Examine the ratings of the most prestigious professions on theRussian labour market

1 What do the five most highly rated professions have incommon

2 Are there any inclusions which would not make the list in theWest

3 Which lsquoprofessionsrsquo that one might expect to find in a similarlist in the West are not included

Words with the root trud

The root trud means lsquolabour or (hard) workrsquo

truditsq trudovoj truenik truenica trudq]ijsqsotrudnik sotrudnihestvo

The suffix or ending generally tells you which part of speech a wordis

truditsq verbal suffix to labour work hardtrudovoj adjectival suffix working

Pейтинг престижных профессий(востребованность на рынке труда и величина заработной платы)

1 Менеджер по продажам торговый представитель менеджер по сбыту

2 Cтраховой аreнт

3 Mаркетолог

4 Бухгалтер

5 Mенеджер по рекламе PR-менеджер

6 Логистик

7 Инженер-технолог программист системный администратор

8 рист

9 Kурьер в крупной фирме официант бармен

10 Журналист психолог социолог

A suffix on a noun may also tell you what kind of noun it is Suffixesnik (m) and nica (f ) generally indicate an occupation or professionof a person or a role fulfilled by an inanimate object

truenik truenica hard worker

Note that d has changed to in these words

trudq]ijsq (active worker (Soviet officialese ndash participle of truditsq more usual are rabohijused as noun) lsquomanual workerrsquo rabotnik

lsquoworker employeersquo)

Prefixes add to or qualify the meaning of the word S- so- s- meanslsquowith co-rsquo

sotrudnik employee co-worker collaborator

-stvo is a suffix indicating an action

sotrudnihestvo co-operation collaboration

But note the set phrase s trudom lsquowith difficultyrsquo

Trud may also be combined with other roots

ustroit lsquoto arrangersquo ndash trudoustroitsq lsquoto fix yourself upwith workrsquo trudoustrojstvo lsquofinding workrsquo

sposobnyj lsquocapablersquo ndash trudosposobnyj trudosposobnostlsquofit fitness for workrsquo

Exercise 4

Complete the sentence by selecting an appropriate word with the roottrud

1 Nizkaq bezrabotica po-prenemu tipihna dlq rossijskogorynka 2 Novyj kod byl vveden v prowlom godu 3 Nadomnogo htoby sdat kzamen xorowo 4 Vse trebu[tuveliheniq zarplaty 5 U nego reputaciq nastoq]ego 6 Sredi nawej firmy tolko tri en]iny 7 Firma podpisaladogovor o 8 S bolwim ona nawla rabotu sekretarwi9 V Moskve sejhas mnogo agenstv po 10 Oni pomoga[t mnogim bezrabotnym

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Rynok truda | 151

Exercise 5

An advertisement in the Russian magazine PRIGLAWAEM NARABOTU for an interpreter-translator

NB vnewnie dannye ndash appearance komandirovka ndash business trip propiskandash residence registration obqzannost ndash duty vladenie komp[terom ndash computerliteracy voditelskie prava ndash driving licence rez[me ndash CV s otlihiem ndash withdistinction polzovatel PK ndash computer user umenie rabotat v komande ndashability to work in a team sobesedovanie ndash interview akkuratnyj ndash neat

Obqvlenie o rabotendashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndash

MOSKOVSKAQ FIRMApriglawaet na konkursnoj osnoveREFERENTA-PEREVODHIKA

ANGLIJSKOGO QZYKAOsnovnye obqzannostiPerevod pismennyj i ustnyjRabota na prezentaciqx vystavkaxkonferenciqxKomandirovki v Evropu

Osnovnye trebovaniq k kandidatuen]ina v vozraste do 25 letvyswee obrazovanieopyt raboty ne menee 2-x letxorowee znanie delovogo anglijskogo qzykavladenie komp[terom na urovne xorowegopolzovatelqumenie rabotat v komandexorowie vnewnie dannyepropiska v Moskve ili v Moskovskoj oblasti

Zarplata po rezultatam sobesedovaniqRez[me prisylat po faksu 263ndash29ndash84

Study the advertisement for the job and decide which of the twoapplicants would be more suitable for the job

Kandidaty

1 PEREVODHIK-REFERENT Makarov AleksandrDmitrievih 24 goda vyswee obrazovanie (MGU) diplom sotlihiem opyt raboty 2 goda v inofirmax ltFilipsgtltSamsunggt PK ndash opytnyj polzovatel anglijskij i fran-cuzskij qzyki ndash svobodno nemeckij i italqnskij qzyki ndashhita[ i perevou so slovarem vremennaq propiska v MoskveVoditelskie prava t f 219ndash66ndash42 (s 2000 do 2200)

2 PEREVODHIK-REFERENT Serova Mariq Sergeevna 27 letmoskvihka vyswee obrazovanie (Moskovskij gosudarstvennyjlingvistiheskij universitet) anglijskij francuzskij qzykiopyt raboty po specialnosti 3 goda v inofirme ltKristmasgttexniheskie perevody PK ndash polzovatel Otvetstvenna akku-ratna xorowie vnewnie dannye t f 338ndash04ndash14 (posle 1900)

Exercise 6

Complete the application form shown on page 154

Dialogue 1

Interview

DIREKTOR Zdravstvujte Sadites poalujsta Q kommerheskijdirektor firmy Antonov Petr Ivanovih A to nawmeneder po kadram Sokolov Ilq Dmitrievih

KANDIDAT Ohen priqtno Serova Mariq SergeevnaDIREKTOR My izuhili Vawe rez[me i zaqvlenie na rabotu i

xoteli by zadat Vam neskolko voprosov Vy rabotaetev firme ltKristmasgt na dolnosti perevodhikaPohemu Vy xotite peremenit rabotu Vas neustraiva[t usloviq

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Rynok truda | 153

ANKETA-REZMEFIO ______________________________________________________

ELAEMAQ DOLNOST _____________________________

Predpolagaemaq zarabotnaq plata (v $) _____________________

Kontaktnyj telefon i vremq svqzi ________________________

Data i mesto rodeniq ___________________ Pol muskoj enskij

Bliajwaq stanciq metro _________________________________

Semejnoe poloenie _______________________________________

Obrazovanie (gody uheby polnoe nazvanie uhebnogo zavedeniqspecialnost kvalifikaciq po diplomu) _________________

_____________________________________________________________

Znanie inostrannogo qzyka

anglijskij nemeckij francuzskij drugoj ______

Stepen vladeniq inostrannym qzykom

svobodnyj razgovornyj pismennyj texniheskij

Znanie komp[tera na urovne

polzovatelq programmista administratora

Znanie programm ___________________________________________

Nalihie voditelskix prav kategorii _________ ime[ ne ime[

Trudovaq deqtelnost (dva poslednix mesta raboty)

Dopolnitelnye svedeniq ______________________________data zapolneniq ______________ podpis ___________________

Data Nazvanie Profil Dolnost Prihinapostupleniq i organizacii organizacii uvolneniquvolneniq

KANDIDAT V firme ltKristmasgt q rabota[ ue 3 goda Za tigody q mnogomu nauhilas No mne xohetsqporabotat v krupnoj firme V krupnoj firme kakVawa po-moemu bolwe vozmonostej realizovatsebq

DIREKTOR Nu hto e prihina uvaitelnaq Rezultaty testovsdelannyx Vami otlihnye Vse delovye pismaperevedeny bez owibok napisany na xorowemanglijskom qzyke Tak hto pretenzij k Vawemuanglijskomu u nas net A kak u Vas dela skomp[terom

KANDIDAT Kopmp[ter ndash ne problema Za 3 goda q osvoilamnogie programmy Mne prixodilos provodit zakomp[terom mnogo vremeni

DIREKTOR Nu vot i prekrasno A teper pridetsq mnogo ezditUhastie v organizacii vystavok konferencijprezentacij ndash hast Vawix obqzannostej K tomu eVy dolny budete soprovodat menq vkomandirovki Rabota interesnaq no otvetstvennaq Imoet byt dovolno stressovoj Kak Vy dumaete Vyspravites s trudnostqmi

KANDIDAT Nade[s hto spravl[s Q l[bl[ imet delo strudnostqmi tak interesnej

DIREKTOR Nu hto e po-moemu Vy nam podxodite My vozmemVas na ispytatelnyj srok ndash odin god Esli delapojdut xorowo Vam budet predloena postoqnnaqrabota Vas to ustraivaet Vy moete pristupit krabote herez mesqc

KANDIDAT Duma[ hto moguDIREKTOR Togda podpisyvajte kontrakt

Vocabulary diams

zadat vopros to ask a questionzaqvlenie na rabotu application for workispytatelnyj srok probationmeneder po kadram

(po personalu) personnel manager

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Rynok truda | 155

otvetstvennyj responsibleosvoit programmu to master a programmeperemenit rabotu to change jobpodpisyvat kontrakt to sign a contractpristupit k rabote to start workrealizovat sebq

(svoj potencial) to realise onersquos potentialsoprovodat to accompanyspravitsq s trudnostqmi to cope with difficultiesuvaitelnaq prihina good reasonuhastie participation

NB nu hto e (nu vot i) ndash well well then vas to ustraivaet (vam topodxodit) ndash Does that suit you menq ne ustraiva[t (mne ne podxodqt)usloviq ndash The conditions do not suit me u nas net pretenzij ndash We have nocomplaints pridetsq ndash (You) will have to mne prixodilos ndash I had to

Exercise 7

1 Gde rabotaet kandidat v nastoq]ee vremq2 Pohemu ona xohet peremenit rabotu3 Kakovy budut obqzannosti kandidata na novoj rabote4 Pohemu rabota perevodhika shitaetsq stressovoj

Participles

Past passive participles are normally formed from the perfective verbThey are the equivalent of English participles ending in -ed (if theverb is regular) In Russian the ending is -annyj -ennyj -ennyjor -tyj Only transitive verbs (those which can take a direct object)form past passive participles

How to form past passive participles

Endings in -nnyj

1 Verbs ending in -at -qt replace the -t by -nnyj zarabotatndash zarabotannyj lsquoearnedrsquo

2 Second conjugation verbs ending in -it or -et and first conjugation verbs ending in -sti -zti take -ennyj or -ennyj if the ty form of the future perfective is stressed on theending rewit ndash rewiw ndash rewennyj lsquodecidedrsquo predloitndash predloiw ndash predloennyj lsquoofferedrsquo vvezti ndash vvezew ndashvvezennyj lsquoimportedrsquo

But note najti ndash najdew ndash najdennyj lsquofoundrsquo projti ndashprojdew ndash projdennyj

Where there is a consonant change in the q form of the future perfective this will also occur in the past passive participlepriglasit ndash priglawu ndash priglasiw ndash priglawennyjlsquoinvitedrsquo

Endings in -tyj

A small number of verbs of the first conjugation take the ending -tyj These include many monosyllabic verbs and their compoundsverbs ending in -ot -ut -yt and -eret vzqt ndash vzqtyj lsquotakenrsquoprinqt ndash prinqtyj lsquoacceptedrsquo zakryt ndash zakrytyj lsquoclosedrsquoubit ndash ubityj lsquokilledrsquo zaperet ndash zapertyj lsquolockedrsquo (note theloss of -e- in this kind of verb)

Exercise 8

Form the past passive participle from the following verbs

osnovat pokazat oplatit kupit ocenit postavitispolzovat predloit osu]estvit perevesti priglasitpodpisat prigotovit razvit prinqt priobresti najtivvesti zaregistrirovat razrewit otkryt udovletvorit

How to use past passive participles

Participles decline like adjectives and agree in number gender andcase with the noun they describe

Ona otkazalas ot mesta predloennogo ej vheraShe rejected the position offered to her yesterday

Oni nuny kadoj kompanii zanqtoj prodaamiThey are needed by every company engaged in sales

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Rynok truda | 157

Past passive participle and the passive voice

A short version of the participle can be used to form the passive Ithas only one -n- and endings like a short adjective

Mesto bylo predloeno ej vheraThe position was offered to her yesterday

Ona byla prinqta na rabotuShe was accepted for the job

Kontrakt budet podpisan zavtraThe contract will be signed tomorrow

Note how the stress moves to the end in participles ending in -ennyj

Marina ne budet priglawena na interv[Marina will not be invited to the interview

Note also that the instrumental case is used to express the agent bywhom or by what an action is performed

Pesa byla postavlena russkim reisseromThe play was produced by a Russian director

Zemletrqseniem bylo razruweno mnogo zdanijMany buildings were destroyed by the earthquake

Exercise 9

Form the past passive participle of the verb in brackets Do not forgetto use the perfective verb

1 Firma (zanimat zanqt) izgotovleniem komp[terov2 Predpohtenie bylo (otdavat otdat) specialistu s opytom3 Posle interv[ ona byla (priglawat priglasit) na rabotu4 Esli ispytatelnyj srok budet (proxodit projti) vam budet(predlagat predloit) postoqnnaq rabota 5 Kontrakt budet(podpisyvat podpisat) v sredu 6 Dlq nego specialno(naxodit najti) mesto v firme 7 Byli (pokupat kupit) vsegazety i urnaly na russkom qzyke 8 Bylo (rewat rewit)predloit emu rabotu 9 V xarakteristike bylo (otmehat otmetit) ee umenie rabotat v komande 10 Bilety byli(priobretat priobresti) v kasse aroporta 11 Na festivalebudut (pokazyvat pokazat) luhwie filmy goda

In some examples participles are used just like adjectives

obrazovannaq en]ina educated womanzasluennyj artist renowned actor

diplomirovannyj specialist a qualified specialistdiplomirovat to award a diploma

opredelennyj otvet definite answerxorowo podvewennyj qzyk a smooth tongue

Note in the text

wansy byt prinqtymithe chances of being accepted

(prinqt lsquoto acceptrsquo ndash prinqtyj ndash past passive participle)

Prinqtymi is in the instrumental case after the verb byt like anadjective rather than in the short form which might be expected fora past passive participle

Contrast

Mesto moet byt najdenoa job might be found

(najti lsquoto findrsquo ndash najdennyj ndash past passive participle)

Some past passive participles are used as nouns dannye lsquodatarsquozakl[hennyj lsquoa prisonerrsquo

Exercise 10

Change the active sentences into the passive using past passive parti-ciples with instrumental case

1 Universitet predloil ej xorowu[ rabotu 2 On rewilproblemu s bolwim trudom 3 Nakonec direktor podpisalkontrakt 4 My osvoili mnogie komp[ternye programmy 5 Onaperevela roman Tolstogo 6 Firma otkryla specialnyj sajt7 Sotrudniki rekomendovali ee kak otlihnogo specialista8 Predpriqtie opublikovalo obqvlenie v gazete 9 Ona prislalarez[me po faksu 10 Kritiki ocenili film kak slabyj11 Pravitelstvo vvelo novyj zakon ob immigracii12 Kitajskie sportsmeny zavoevali samye prestinye prizy

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Rynok truda | 159

Preposition corner

Za + accusative instrumental

A reminder of some familiar uses of za + instrumental meaninglsquobehindrsquo or lsquobeyondrsquo in relation to place

za domom behind the houseza gorami beyond the mountainsza rekoj over the riverza vorotami outside the gateza uglom round the cornerza granicej abroad (over the border)za gorodom out of townza dver[ outside behind the door

But remember idti exat vyjti za dom za gory za reku zavorota za ugol za granicu za gorod za dver Note not onlythe use of the accusative case after verbs of motion but also that thestress moves to za before certain nouns

In the dialogue you will notice the phrase za komp[terom lsquoatthe computerrsquo

Note some similar examples

za rulem at the wheelza obedom at lunchza stolom at the table

All the above examples relate to za used as a preposition of placeThere are also examples in the dialogue of za + accusative used as apreposition of time meaning lsquoduring the course ofrsquo

Za ti dva goda q mnogomu nauhilasDuring these two years I learnt a lot

Za tri goda q osvoila mnogo programmIn three years I mastered a lot of programmes

Za is used with do to mean lsquobeforersquo

za has do nahala interv[an hour before the start of the interview

Note however the following examples of za + instrumental

den za dnem day after dayza iskl[heniem with the exception

Za + accusative may also be used to mean lsquoforrsquo after verbs referringto payment reward thanks criticism

blagodarit (po-) za to thank forxvalit (po-) za to praise forplatit (za-) za to pay forkritikovat za to criticise forgolosovat (pro-) za to vote for

After nouns and adjectives related to these verbs za + accusative isalso used

blagodarnyj blagodarnost zagrateful gratitude for

plata za proezdfare

Note also za (+ accusative) i protiv lsquofor and againstrsquo

lsquoForrsquo in the sense of lsquoto fetchrsquo is translated by za + instrumental

posylat poslat za vrahomto send for the doctor

zaxodit zajti za drugomto call for a friend

idtipojti za pomo][to go for help

Note also

smotret za detmito look after children

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Rynok truda | 161

Exercise 11

Choose from the two alternatives in brackets (accusative or instru-mental)

1 On napisal knigu za (god godom) 2 Oni ivut za (gorod gorodom) 3 Ona ves den provodit za (knigoj knigu) 4 Mydolgo sideli za (rabotu rabotoj) 5 Letom my poedem za(granicu granicej) 6 Za (poslednee vremq poslednim vremenem)ona mnogo sdelala 7 God za (god godom) vse ha]e idet dod vavguste 8 Spasibo za (pomo] pomo][)

Exercise 12

1 Using personal connections is still the surest way of finding ajob in Russia

2 Unfortunately the conditions in your firm do not suit me3 She always liked working with people4 Can you start work in a weekrsquos time5 With great difficulty she found a job as interpreter in a small

firm6 You have to be very sociable and persistent if you want to be a

sales manager7 Her best quality is her ability to work in a team8 My main duty in my new job is translating from English into

Russian

9 DEMOGRAFIQ

about Russiarsquos demographic problems how to form and use numerals how to use nuen meaning lsquoto needrsquo about words with the roots rod mu en- mert- brak

According to demographers the present situation in Russia is cata-strophic The serious economic crisis of the 1990s led to a hugereduction in the birth rate while mortality was on the increase andnot only amongst the elderly The slow increase in life expectancywhich began in the 1960s halted and for the first time in 1992 thenumber of deaths exceeded the number of births According togovernment forecasts the population of Russia will decrease by afurther eight per cent in the next decade Russia already lags behinddeveloped countries in life expectancy Population decline presentsRussia with a strategic problem Large areas of the country arealready under-populated and ultimately there may be too fewRussians to retain their existing territory It is the central regions ofRussia which are declining fastest Of the major cities only Moscowis expanding due to immigration In many other major cities thenumber of deaths exceeds the number of births by two or three toone The politically unstable Caucasus region is the only major areaof population growth

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Text 1

164 | Demography

Naw muhina ltsverxsmertengt

Rezultatom demografiheskoj revol[cii proiswedwej v 20stoletii bylo gromadnoe uvelihenie srednejprodolitelnosti izni Vo mnogix razvityx stranax onaprevysila 75 let a v nekotoryx ndash 80 let Do serediny 60-xgodov Rossiq wla ob]im putem V 1964ndash65 godax srednqqprodolitelnost izni byla 696 goda odnako v 80ndash90 godaxona stala rezko sniatsq i sostavila v 1995 godu 65 let aprodolitelnost izni muhin voob]e upala do 58 let Vkonce stoletiq situaciq okazalas xue hem v 60 gody

Pohti vo vsex stranax en]iny ivut dolwe muhin Nonigde net takogo gromadnogo razryva medu nimi kak v Rossiindash 12-14 let |to vdvoe bolwe hem v bolwinstve razvityx stranOsnovnye prihiny vysokoj smertnosti muhin ndash kurenie izloupotreblenie alkogolem Soglasno statistike te kto mnogokurit terq[t 8 let po sravneni[ s temi kto nikogda ne kurit Te kto pet e]e let 8 Ustanovleno toe hto povywenieobrazovaniq znahitelno sniaet smertnost zanqtyepreimu]estvenno umstvennym trudom ivut dolwe licfiziheskogo truda Silno prodolitelnost izni zavisit iot brahnogo statusa enatye muhiny v vozraste 50 let mogute]e proit v srednem 23 goda razvedennye mogut rasshityvattolko na 18 let Faktiheski tut dejstvuet celaq gruppaprihin menee obrazovannye bolwe kurqt i p[t ha]ezanima[tsq fiziheskim trudom hem bolee obrazovannye i tdK tomu e nawi muhiny vedut malopodvinyj obraz iznia potomu terq[t e]e neskolko let

Konehno demografy davno videli hto Sovetskij So[z dvietsqk demografiheskomu krizisu No togo ne videli ltvverxugt Iodnoj iz prihin takogo poloeniq byla oficialnaq dezin-formaciq iz Centra statistiheskogo upravleniq kotoryjrazrabatyval demografiheskie prognozy |ti prognozy bylisverxoptimistihnymi K soaleni[ oni byli ne nauhnymi a

Vocabulary diams

brahnyj status marital statusenatyj married (man)zloupotreblenie alkogolem alcohol abuseidti ob]im putem to follow the general trendkurenie kurit smoking to smokemalopodvinyj

obraz izni sedentary way of lifenauhnyj scientificosoznat to realiseperepis (f ) censusprevysit to exceedpreimu]estvenno chieflyprimerno approximatelyrazvedennyj divorcedrazryv gaprasshityvat na (+ acc) to count onrodaemost (f ) birthratesledovatelno consequentlysmertnost (f ) mortalitysniatsq snienie to fall fallsrednqq prodolitelnost

(f ) izni average life span

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Demografiq | 165

politiheskimi Tak posle perepisi 1970 goda byl sdelan prognozdo 2000 goda Soglasno tomu prognozu rodaemost v stranedolna byla povywatsq |to obqsnqlos tem hto v Rossiikotoraq pribliaetsq k kommunizmu uroven izni postoqnnorastet Sledovatelno rodaemost ne moet umenwatsqOdnako ltvverxu owiblisgt primerno na 50 millionov helovek

Do six por v Rossii net demografiheskoj politiki idemografiheskaq situaciq ploxo osoznana ob]estvom A vedstrane nuny srohnye mery nuna racionalnaqdemografiheskaq politika i glavnoe napravlenie v nej poslepovyweniq rodaemosti dolno byt snienie muskojsverxsmertnosti

srohnye mery urgent measuresumstvennyj trud intellectual workupast to fall

NB po sravneni[ s ndash in comparison with i td (i tak dalee) ndash and so onltvverxu owiblisgt ndash mistakes were made at a high level ustanovleno ndash it hasbeen established Centr statistiheskogo upravleniq ndash Centre for StatisticalManagement

Exercise 1

1 Kakovy byli rezultaty demografiheskoj revol[cii v 20 veke2 Kakova byla srednqq prodolitelnost izni v 60-x godax3 Kakova raznica medu prodolitelnost[ izni muhiny i

en]iny4 Kakie faktory vliq[t na prodolitelnost izni5 Pohemu muhiny vedut bolee malopodvinyj obraz izni6 Kto razrabatyval demografiheskie prognozy v SSSR7 Kakov byl prognoz rosta naseleniq v SSSR k 2000 godu8 Nuna li Rossii demografiheskaq politika Pohemu

Exercise 2

True or false

1 Osnovnye prihiny vysokoj smertnosti muhin(zloupotreblenie alkogolem upotreblenie narkotikov tqelyjtrud)

2 Rodaemost zavisit ot (konomiheskoj situacii statusaen]iny v ob]estve brahnogo statusa)

3 ivut dolgo te kto (mnogo kurit mnogo pet zanimaetsqsportom)

4 Tipihnaq demografiheskaq politika napravlena na (povyweniesnienie soxranenie) rodaemosti

5 Smertnost sniaetsq v rezultate (uluhweniq obraza iznivstupleniq v brak poluheniq obrazovaniq)

6 Demografiheskij krizis oznahaet (rost naseleniq padenierodaemosti sokra]enie prodolitelnosti izni)

166 | Demography

Numerals

When a written text such as the one above on demography containsa lot of numerals it can be an aid to understanding Howeverproducing correct Russian using numerals poses particular problemsFirst there is the question of which case to put the noun into afterthe numeral Second needed particularly when using numerals inspoken Russian there is the matter of which case the numeral itselfgoes into

Cases after cardinal numerals

By now you are probably familiar with the followingodin odnaodno lsquoonersquo is an adjective and agrees in gender with

the following noun odin stol odna kniga odno okno There iseven a plural for plural only nouns odni nonicy Dva (mascand neut) and dve (fem) lsquotworsquo tri lsquothreersquo hetyre lsquofourrsquo and oba(masc and neut) and obe (fem) lsquobothrsquo are followed by the genitivesingular of the noun and genitive plural (masc and neut) or nomi-native plural (fem) of the adjective dva bolwix stola triinteresnye knigi Pqt lsquofiversquo and above are followed by the geni-tive plural of both noun and adjective pqt bolwix stolov Thecase following compound numerals is determined by the last elementdvadcat dve interesnye knigi

However these rules only apply if the numeral itself is in the nomi-native case or the inanimate accusative Numerals decline if thestructure of the sentence requires it eg after prepositions After anumeral in a case other than the nom acc the noun and adjectivewill go into the plural of the same case semq s pqt[ malenkimidetmi lsquoa family with five small childrenrsquo Only dva dve trihetyre oba obe have an animate accusative and this is not used incompound numerals q zna[ dvux devuwek q zna[ dvadcatdve devuwki All elements of a compound number decline spqtidesqti pqti do westidesqti hetyrex lsquofrom fifty-five tosixty-fourrsquo v vozraste pqtidesqti vosmi let lsquoat the age of fifty-eightrsquo Numerals used to tell the time similarly decline v dva hasalsquoat tworsquo s dvux hasov lsquosince from two orsquoclockrsquo The completedeclension of cardinal numerals is in the grammar summary

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Demografiq | 167

Exercise 3

Write out the numerals putting the nouns and adjectives in the correctcase

1 en]iny sostavlq[t 53 (procent) a muhiny 47 (procent)naseleniq Rossii 2 V 1992 godu sokra]enie naseleniqotmehalos na 44 (territoriq) Rossii a v 93 godu ue v 68 iz79 (rossijskij region) 3 V period s 1897 goda po 1924 godprirost naseleniq sostavil bolee 22 (million) helovek 4 Semqs 3ndash5 (rebenok) bolwaq redkost v Rossii 5 Bez migraciihislennost naseleniq Rossii sokratilas by do 140 (million)helovek ue k 2000 godu 6 Soglasno demografam hislennostnaseleniq Rossii snizitsq k 2010 godu do 133 (million) helovek7 Nevskij kspress sposoben razvivat skorost do 200 km v has8 Stoimost aviabileta v Moskvu ot 199 (dollar) 9 Mne ohennravitsq kniga ltOt 2 do 5gt

Collective numerals

Collective numerals dvoe lsquotworsquo troe lsquothreersquo hetvero lsquofourrsquo arefollowed by the genitive plural They can conveniently be used withplural only nouns that have no genitive singular troe hasov lsquothreeclocksrsquo hetvero sutok lsquofour days and nightsrsquo Collective numeralscannot be used in compounds so para or wtuka is used dvadcattri pary hasov lsquotwenty-three clocksrsquo

Forms also exist for five to ten pqtero westero semerovosmero devqtero desqtero Collective numerals are often foundwith animate masculine nouns with l[di lico and deti dvoemuhin lsquotwo menrsquo troe l[dej lsquothree peoplersquo pqtero detej lsquofivechildrenrsquo westero druzej lsquosix friendsrsquo

Note also the expressions nas bylo troe lsquothere were three ofusrsquo my nas dvoe lsquowe tworsquo komnata na dvoix lsquoroom for tworsquo nasvoix dvoix lsquoon your own two feet on footrsquo

168 | Demography

Exercise 4

Replace cardinal numerals by collective ones

1 V seme (hetyre rebenka) 2 My rabotali (dva dnq i dve nohi)3 Sredi nas bylo (tri devuwki) 4 (Pqt soldat) byli poslany v Hehn[ 5 (Sem sportsmenov) poluhili medali 6 (Weststudentov) zapisalis na kursy russkogo qzyka

Quantitative nouns

These consist of edinica lsquoonersquo dvojka lsquotworsquo trojka lsquothreersquohetverka lsquofourrsquo pqterka lsquofiversquo westerka lsquosixrsquo semerka lsquosevenrsquovosmerka lsquoeight devqtka lsquoninersquo desqtka lsquotenrsquo They are used prin-cipally for playing cards desqtka tref buben hervej pik lsquotheten of clubs diamonds hearts spadesrsquo and in the five point Russianmarking scale where trojka is satisfactory and pqterka is excellentNote also how semerka is used to translate lsquothe Seven (advancedindustrial nations)rsquo

Other numerical expressions

You may find the following expressions useful

vdvoe vtroe bolwetwice three times as much

v dva tri hetyre raza bolwetwice three four times as big

Contrast the expressions vdvoem vtroem meaning lsquotwo threetogetherrsquo

oni ivut vdvoemthe two of them live together

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Demografiq | 169

Exercise 5

Insert the right word dvoe vdvoem vdvoe

1 Oni poexali v Rossi[ 2 V tom godu v Rossi[ priexalo bolwe beencev hem v prowlom godu 3 sportsmenovzanqli pervoe mesto

troe vtroem vtroe

4 druzej rewili poexat na Kavkaz 5 Oni vse dela[t 6 Ee zarplata bolwe hem ego

Indefinite numerals

Neskolko lsquoseveralrsquo skolko lsquohow manyrsquo and stolko lsquohow manyrsquodecline like plural adjectives and agree with the nouns they describeiz neskolkix dannyx lsquofrom several statisticsrsquo Mnogo lsquomanymuchrsquo and nemnogo lsquonot manyrsquo decline in both the singular and theplural vo mnogom lsquoin many respectsrsquo vo mnogix mestax lsquoin manyplacesrsquo Malo lsquofewrsquo does not decline

Exercise 6

Put mnogo nemnogo neskolko skolko in the right case

1 Po mneni[ (neskolko) demografov Rossii grozitdemografiheskaq katastrofa 2 Vo (mnogo) razvityx stranaxprodolitelnost izni ohen vysokaq 3 Problema bylarewena v tehenie (neskolko) dnej 4 (Neskolko) semqm mypomogli dengami i odedoj 5 U (mnogo) beencev net daeodedy 6 Na konferencii q poznakomilas s (neskolko)novymi russkimi 7 So (skolko) studentami vy razgovarivali8 Ego imq izvestno (mnogo) 9 U (nemnogo) studentov est takievozmonosti

Helovek after numerals

After neskolko skolko and stolko use helovek as the genitiveplural of helovek and after malo mnogo nemalo nemnogouse l[dej Helovek is also used after numerals where there is no

170 | Demography

adjective l[dej is more common where there is an adjective desqthelovek lsquoten peoplersquo desqt xorowix l[dej lsquoten good peoplersquo

Exercise 7

Decide when to use helovek or l[dej

1 Naselenie Rossii 140 mln 2 Mnogo pogiblo vo vremqvojny 3 Skolko uhitsq v vawem universitete 4 V nawejgruppe 12 5 U nekotoryx net dae samogo neobxodimogo6 U neskolkix bylo po tri knigi 7 V Moskve q vstretilneskolko iz Anglii

Fractions and decimals

The feminine form of the ordinal number is used to express a frac-tion the words hast or dolq being understood odna westaq lsquoonesixthrsquo west desqtyx lsquosix tenthsrsquo Tret lsquoa thirdrsquo and hetvert lsquoaquarterrsquo are commonly used instead of the corresponding fractionsdve treti instead of dve tretix lsquotwo thirdsrsquo tri hetvertiinstead of tri hetvertyx lsquothree quartersrsquo

Decimals are expressed by using the fractions for tenthshundredths and thousands odna celaq i pqt desqtyx lsquo15rsquonol celyx i sorok vosem sotyx lsquo048rsquo west celyx ihetyresta vosemdesqt sem tysqhnyx lsquo6487rsquo

Fractions and decimals are always followed by the genitivesingular 696 goda Note that Russian uses a comma instead of adecimal point

Exercise 8

Write down in full the fractions in the first column (from the tableon page 172) (Vse naselenie) and answer the questions in Russian

1 V kakoj strane samaq vysokaq prodolitelnost izni2 Kakoj razryv medu prodolitelnost[ izni muhin i

en]in v Qponii v Italii Velikobritanii v Rossii3 Gde samyj bolwoj razryv

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Demografiq | 171

Dialogue 1

A conversation between a sociologist and a demographer

SOCIOLOG Xorowo izvestno hto demografiheskaq situaciq vRossii ohen sereznaq Rodaemost padaetnaselenie sokra]aetsq No ved Rossiq neiskl[henie To e samoe proisxodit v drugixstranax Po-moemu to xorowo

DEMOGRAF Da konehno L[di stali bolee otvetstvennymi isami planiru[t svo[ sem[ Molodye l[di xotqt

172 | Demography

TABLICA 1

Prodolitelnost izni v Rossii v sravnenii skrupnejwimi konomiheski razvitymi stranami(strany ltsemerkigt)

Strany Vse naselenie Muhiny en]iny

Qponiq 788 759 818

Franciq 769 728 809

SWA 765 730 800

Italiq 764 732 797

Kanada 764 730 798

Velikobritaniq 752 724 780

Germaniq 751 718 783

Rossiq

1989ndash1990gg 690 640 740

1993g 651 589 719

1995 650 580 720

Po dannym Goskomstata

NB Goskomstat ndash Gosudarstvennyj komitet po statistike ndash StateCommittee of Statistics

poluhit obrazovanie i stat samostoqtelnymi Ksoaleni[ v Rossii situaciq drugaq V razvityxstranax smertnost umenwaetsq a v Rossiiuvelihivaetsq i ue prevywaet rodaemost Takogoranwe ne bylo

SOCIOLOG Obyhno to obqsnq[t tqelym konomiheskimpoloeniem No mono li vse obqsnit tolkokonomiheskim krizisom

DEMOGRAF Konehno net Takaq situaciq ne tolko sledstviekonomiheskix faktorov Zdes mnogo drugix prihinTut i revol[ciq i gradanskaq vojna a takestalinskie repressii 30-x godov Soglasnodemografam tolko v Velikoj otehestvennoj vojneRossiq poterqla pohti 27 mln helovek

SOCIOLOG No moet byt prihina v tom hto nawe ob]estvostalo urbanizirovannym Bolwinstvo naseleniqteper gorodskoe A v gorodskix semqx malo detejdvoe detej ne bolwe

DEMOGRAF Urbanizaciq ndash ohen vanaq prihina No drugaq nemenee vanaq prihina ndash povywenie ob]estvennogostatusa en]iny Ved u en]iny teper est vyborOna sama rewaet skolko kogda s kakim intervalomi ot kogo roat

SOCIOLOG Znahit po-vawemu demografiheskaq situaciqzavisit ot mnogix faktorov

DEMOGRAF Nesomnenno Nado uhityvat vse faktory esli vyxotite ponqt demografihesku[ situaci[ v Rossii

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Demografiq | 173

Vocabulary diams

Velikaq Otehestvennaq Vojna Great Patriotic War (World War 2)gradanskaq vojna civil warob]estvennyj status social statuspadat to fallroat to give birthsledstvie consequenceuhityvat to take into consideration

Exercise 9

1 What demographic process is taking place throughout the world2 What is the demographic situation in Russia3 What are the differences and similarities between the

demographic situation in Russia and Europe4 Why is the number of children per family falling5 What explains the overall reduction in the population in the

1930s 1940s and 1980s6 What does the fall in the birth-rate depend on

174 | Demography

TABLICA 2

Ob]ie kofficienty rodaemosti smertnosti i estestvennogo prirosta v Rossii

(na 1000 helovek naseleniq)

Gody 1926 1949 1960 1980 1989 1991 1992 1993

Hislo rodivwixsq

447 33 232 159 146 121 107 94

Hislo umerwix

213 206 74 106 106 104 122 144

Estestvennyj prirost

234 124 158 53 4 17 ndash15 ndash5

Exercise 10

1 V kakom godu nabl[dalsq samyj bolwoj prirost naseleniq vRossii

2 Kogda prirost naseleniq stal otricatelnym3 Kak vy moete obqsnit takoe qvlenie

Nuen (m) nuna (f) nuno (n) nuny (pl) is a short adjectiveUsed together with the dative it translates lsquoto needrsquo

Nam nuno luhwee zdravooxranenieWe need a better health service

Klinike nuny opytnye vrahiThe clinic needs experienced doctors

In the past and future tense the form of the verb byt will varyaccording to the subject

Klinike nuny budut opytnye vrahiThe clinic will need experienced doctors

Another way of expressing the same idea is to use the verb to neednudatsq v (+ prep)

Rossii nuna demografiheskaq politikaRossiq nudaetsq v demografiheskoj politikeRussia needs a demographic policy

Exercise 11

Decide who needs what by putting nuen in the right form

1 Mne vremq 2 Emu slovar 3 Nam viza 4 Im urnaly 5 Bolnice novoe oborudovanie 6 Mne uhebnikrusskogo qzyka 7 Teatru aktery 8 Emu ne gazeta9 Rossii demografiheskaq politika

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Demografiq | 175

Now put these sentences first in the past and then in the future tense

Exercise 12

From 9ndash16 October 2002 Russia held a national census Fill in thequestionnaire by giving information about yourself in Russian (Seepage 177)

Word building

Words with the root rod lsquobirth tribe naturersquo

Note that d changes to or d in some words

Nouns rod lsquofamily tribe typersquo rody lsquochildbirthrsquo narod lsquopeoplersquoporoda lsquobreedrsquo rodina lsquonative landrsquo rodnq lsquorelativesrsquo Note the useof suffixes on the following nouns indicating a person roditellsquoparentrsquo rodstvennik lsquorelativersquo

Abstract nouns rodstvo lsquorelationshiprsquo rodaemost lsquobirthratersquo

Action rodenie lsquobirthrsquo

Adjectives rodnoj lsquonativersquo rodovoj lsquoancestralrsquo

Verbs rodit lsquoto give birthrsquo roditsq lsquoto be bornrsquo roat lsquoto givebirthrsquo

Note the prefixes on the following words all of which give a clue totheir meaning vozrodenie lsquorebirth renewal renaissancersquovozrodit lsquoto regeneratersquo (voz- vos- lsquouprsquo) zaroditsq lsquoto beconceivedrsquo zarodyw lsquoembryorsquo (za- lsquostart of an actionrsquo)pereroditsq lsquoto be transformed regeneratersquo (pere- lsquotrans- re-rsquo)bezrodnyj lsquowithout kinrsquo (bez- bes- lsquowithoutrsquo) priroda lsquonaturersquo(pri- lsquobeside attachedrsquo) urod lsquomonsterrsquo (u- lsquoawayrsquo)

Rod combined with other roots

odnorodnyj lsquohomogeneousrsquo inorodnyj lsquoforeign (inoj lsquootherrsquo)dvo[rodnyj brat lsquofirst cousinrsquo (dva lsquotworsquo) detorodnyj vozrast(deti lsquochildrenrsquo) lsquochildbearing agersquo

176 | Demography

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Demografiq | 177

FIOfamiliq imq othestvo

Mesto rodeniqnazvanie derevni goroda oblasti

strany

Rodnoj qzyk a take drugie qzyki kotorymi

svobodno vladeete

Semejnoe poloeniesostoite ili sostoqli v brake

skolko let

imeete ne imeete detej

skolko

Obrazovanienahalnoe srednee vyswee

zakonhennoe nezakonhennoe

ili]nye usloviqqvlqetes li sobstvennikom (doma

kvartiry dahi)

(esli neskolkix ukazat vse)

Uroven konomiheskojaktivnostizanqtye bezrabotnye studenty

pensionery vedu]ie domawnee

xozqjstvo

Istohniki sredstv k iznirabota stipendiq pensiq posobie

sbereeniq doxod ot sdahi v naem

imu]estva i td

Gradanstvo esli dvojnoe

ukazat oba

Nacionalnostili tniheskaqgruppa

Polmuskoj

enskij

Data rodeniqgod mesqc hislo

hislo ispolnivwixsq

let vo vremq perepisi

BCEPOC

KAЯ ПEPEПИCЬ

ЛEНИЯbull

ANKETAVoprosy perepisi dlq vsex gradan Rossii

NB pol ndash sex posobie ndash benefit istohniki sredstv k izni ndash sources ofincome sbereeniq ndash savings sdaha v naem imu]estva ndash renting of property

Some other roots that appear in this unit

Words with the root mu lsquoman malersquo

Nouns mu lsquohusbandrsquo muhina lsquomanrsquo muik lsquopeasantrsquo muestvolsquocouragersquo

Adjectives muskoj lsquomenrsquos male masculinersquo muestvennyjlsquocourageousrsquo

Verbs muat lsquomaturersquo muatsq lsquotake heartrsquo

Combined with za- lsquoacquisitionrsquo zamuem lsquomarriedrsquo (of a woman)vyjti zamu za + acc lsquoto marryrsquo (of a woman) zamunqq lsquomarriedwomanrsquo

Words with the root en-

Nouns ena lsquowifersquo en]ina lsquowomanrsquo enix lsquobridegroomfianceacutersquo enitba lsquomarriagersquo

Adjectives enskij lsquowomenrsquos femalersquo enstvennyj lsquofemininersquoenatyj lsquomarriedrsquo (of a man)

Verbs enit lsquoto marry (off)rsquo enitsq na + prep lsquoto marryrsquo (ofa man) lsquoto get marriedrsquo (of a couple)

Combined with other roots enonenavistnik lsquomisogynistrsquo(nenavist ndash lsquohatredrsquo) enopodobnyj lsquoeffeminatersquo (podobnyjlsquolikersquo)

Words with the root -mert- lsquodeathrsquo

Nouns smert lsquodeathrsquo smertnyj lsquomortalrsquo smertnost lsquomortalityrsquo

Adjectives mertvyj lsquodeadrsquo smertelnyj lsquomortal fatalrsquo

Verbs umeret lsquoto diersquo

Words with the root brak lsquomarriagersquo

(note where k changes to h)

Nouns brak lsquomarriage married statersquo brakosohetanie lsquomarriageservicersquo

Adjective brahnyj lsquomarriage conjugalrsquo

178 | Demography

Exercise 13

Choose the right phrase or word to fill the gap in the followingsentences

(enitsq(po-) vyjti zamu enatyj zamunqq brak)

1 V prowlom godu on na znakomoj studentke 2 Ona zanovogo russkogo 3 Nakonec oni rewili 4 Govorqt hto muhiny ivut dolwe 5 U en]in po-prenemu malovremeni na otdyx 6 V Rossii sejhas ohen populqrny sinostrancami

Exercise 14

1 The demographic situation in Russia is very serious the birth rateis in decline and life expectancy is falling

2 In many European countries the number of women is higher thanthe number of men That can be explained by the fact that femalelife expectancy is several years greater than male

3 According to the census conducted in the year 2001 the popula-tion of Britain constituted 70 million people

4 In the opinion of demographers a high birthrate is characteristicof developing countries In developed countries the situation isthe opposite

5 In order to stop the decline in population Russia needs a demo-graphic policy

6 Smoking and drinking are the main reasons why Russian menhave such a low life expectancy

7 We all should lead a healthy way of life First of all we shouldgive up smoking and drinking

8 I do not believe that married men live longer than divorced men

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Demografiq | 179

10 OBRAZOVANIE

about education in Russia how to form and use the present passive participle more about the preposition po words with the root uh uk about stress in the present and future of verbs

The Soviet Union rightly prided itself on the quality of its educationsystem Even now despite declining investment in education Russianstudents continue to demonstrate better mathematical and scientificskills than those in many western countries Russia still boastsuniversal basic education and a literate workforce However reformis essential if Russian education is to respond to the demands of themarket economy There is a need to move away from a pedagogicalapproach which emphasises the acquisition of knowledge rather than problem-solving skills Capital investment which has been inserious decline since the collapse of the Soviet Union needs to beincreased to repair decrepit buildings and replace outdated equip-ment Previously free for all students about two thirds of studentsin higher education now pay some contribution to the cost of theireducation but this has little impact on the universitiesrsquo need forgreater funding to improve infrastructure and increase teachersrsquolamentably low pay

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Obrazovanie | 181

Reforma obrazovaniq

V Rossii prowla reforma obrazovaniq 2 punkta v nej vyzvalimnogo sporov Pervyj ndash tak nazyvaemyj edinyj gosudarstvennyjkzamen provodimyj vzamen vypusknyx i vstupitelnyxkzamenov Vse vypuskniki kadyj v svoej wkole v odin i tote den otveha[t na odin i tot e test Rezultaty testirovaniqqvlq[tsq osnovaniem ne tolko dlq poluheniq attestata obokonhanii wkoly no i dlq postupleniq v vuz Vypuskniki sda[tdva obqzatelnyx kzamena matematiku i russkij qzyk ostalnyetri kzamena sda[tsq v zavisimosti ot specializacii Vyswaqocenka ndash 100 ballov Po tim ballam vypuskniki prinima[tsqv institut

Odnako mnogie obespokoeny samim faktom vvedeniq takogokzamena ltRossiq sliwkom bolwaq strana dlq hego by to nibylo edinogogt utverda[t oni ltSliwkom bolwaq raznicamedu stolihnoj wkoloj i wkoloj gde-nibud za Uralomgtgovorqt drugie K tomu e edinyj test nesovmestim s estkimotborom A otsutstvie otbora neizbeno sniaet kahestvo obra-zovaniq

Vtoroj punkt ndash plata za obuhenie Kadyj vypusknik vzavisimosti ot togo skolko ballov on nabral na teste poluhaetot gosudarstva hek Treti abiturientov kotorye nabralinaivyswie bally gosudarstvom vyda[tsq dengi dostatohnyedlq oplaty vsej uheby v vuze Inymi slovami oni uhatsqbesplatno Za prohix gosudarstvo vnosit tolko hast (70ndash30)Ostalnoe vnositsq iz sobstvennogo karmana Korohe dlq dvuxtretej rossiqn vyswee obrazovanie stalo platnym

Ranwe besplatnoe obrazovanie shitalos dostieniem v straneKahestvu sovetskogo obrazovaniq zavidovali Teper osnovnoenapravlenie ndash brat dengi s naseleniq Po slovam ministra obra-zovaniq ltb[detnyx sredstv ne xvataet Potomu neobxodimorazvivat finansirovanie za shet privleheniq vneb[detnyxsredstv V pervu[ ohered za shet raswireniq obrazovatelnyxusluggt A hto takoe obrazovatelnye uslugi |to ndash platnye

Vocabulary diams

abiturient applicant (to university)attestat ob okonhanii wkoly school leaving certificateball markbrat na sebq to take onvzamen (+ gen) instead ofvneb[detnye sredstva extra non-budgetary fundingvstupitelnyj kzamen entrance examinationvuz (vyswee uhebnoe zavedenie) higher education institution (HEI)vydavat to give (out)vyzvat spor to provoke an argumentvypusknik graduatevypusknoj kzamen final examinationedinyj gosudarstvennyj kzamen common state examinationestkij otbor rigorous selectionzavidovat (+ dat) to envyza shet (+ gen) by means ofnabirat nabrat to collect gainneizbenyj inevitablenesovmestimyj incompatibleprohij otherobrazovatelnaq usluga educational serviceobqzatelnyj compulsoryoplahivat to payosu]estvlqt to implementotsutstvie absenceocenka grade markpodgotovitelnye kursy preparatory coursesprivlehenie sredstv attracting financeraswirenie broadeningrepetitor tutor

182 | Education

otdeleniq v universitetax na kotorye teper nabira[tsq daleko ne luhwie a te kto mogut platit |to podgotovitelnyekursy dlq postupa[]ix v universitet to est to e platnoerepetitorstvo ranwe osu]estvlqemoe prepodavatelqmi ioplahivaemoe roditelqmi Tolko teper gosudarstvo vse uslugiberet na sebq

NB tak nazyvaemyj ndash so-called dlq hego by to ni bylo edinogo ndash foranything standardised inymi (drugimi) slovami ndash in other words izsobstvennogo karmana ndash out of onersquos own pocket v zavisimosti ot(+ gen) ndash depending on v pervu[ ohered ndash in the first place

Exercise 1

1 Hto oznahaet edinyj gosudarstvennyj kzamen2 Pohemu ego vvedenie bespokoit mnogix3 Kakie kzameny obqzatelny4 Kakie studenty budut uhitsq besplatno5 Kto dolen platit za obrazovanie6 Pohemu vvoditsq platnoe obrazovanie7 Hto oznahaet raswirenie obrazovatelnyx uslug

Exercise 2

Study this example from the examination in Russian language Seehow well you can do Use a dictionary if necessary

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Obrazovanie | 183

EDINYJ |KZAMENTest po russkomu qzyku

Prohitajte predloeniq

A Ego qzyk udivitelen B Q pomn[ hto kogda q v pervyj raznahal hitat Hexova to snahala on pokazalsq mne kakim-tostrannym kak by neskladnym V Blagodarq svoej iskrennostiHexov sozdal novye soverwenno novye po-moemu dlq vsego miraformy pisaniq podobnyx kotorym q ne vstrehal nigde G No kaktolko q vhitalsq tot qzyk zaxvatil menq

1 V kakom porqdke dolny sledovat ti predloeniqhtoby poluhilsq tekst

1) ABGV 2) BGAV 3) VBAG 4) GVABUkaite predloenie s punktuacionnoj owibkoj

2 V kakom slove udarenie na 2-m sloge

1) Obleghit 2) Prinql 3) Peredannyj 4) Baluetsq

Present passive participle

As with the participles discussed in earlier units the present passiveparticiple is a verbal adjective

How to form present passive participles

Add -yj to the first person plural (my form) of the present tense ofthe verb poluhat ndash poluhaem ndash poluhaemyj lsquo(being) receivedrsquo

Nesti and vesti change the -e- in the first person plural endingto -o- in the participle nesti ndash nesem ndash nesomyj lsquocarriedrsquo Verbsending in -avat take the ending -avaemyj davat ndash daem ndashdavaemyj lsquo(being) givenrsquo

This participle is generally only formed from transitive verbs (ie those taking a direct object) However there are a small number of verbs which govern the instrumental case which havepresent passive participles rukovodit ndash rukovodimyj lsquoleddirectedrsquo upravlqt ndash upravlqemyj lsquomanagedrsquo komandovat ndashkomanduemyj lsquocommandedrsquo

A considerable number of verbs do not have a present passiveparticiple These include

ndash many monosyllabic verbs eg bit brat est znatklast lit myt pet pit

ndash irregular first conjugation verbs eg pisat prqtatndash many second conjugation verbs gotovit derat platit

smotret stavit stroit

The problem of there being no present passive participle can fre-quently be overcome by forming the participle from a compound ofthe verb platit ndash oplahivat ndash oplahivaemyj lsquobeing paid forrsquo

Exercise 3

Form present passive participles from the following verbs

poluhat privlekat sozdavat l[bit uvaat vnositosu]estvlqt oplahivat vvozit predlagat provoditizuhat finansirovat ispolzovat

184 | Education

How to use present passive participles

They decline like adjectives and agree in number gender and casewith the noun they describe

Zarplaty poluhaemoj rossijskim uhitelem hasto nexvataet dae na pi]uThe wages received by a Russian teacher are often not enougheven for food

Several present passive participles are now frequently used as adjec-tives

l[bimyj favouritetak nazyvaemyj so-calleduvaaemyj respected dear

Some adjectives (usually negative) are formed like present passiveparticiples but from the perfective verb

nesovmestimyj incompatiblenepovtorimyj uniquenerazlihimyj indistinguishablenedopustimyj not permissiblenesravnimyj incomparablenezavisimyj independent

(formed from the imperfective)

Edinyj test nesovmestim s estkim otboromA single test is incompatible with rigorous selection

Note the use of the short form Present passive participles themselvesare rarely found in the short form

Some present passive participles are used as nouns obvinqemyjlsquothe defendantrsquo slagaemoe lsquoitem componentrsquo

Exercise 4

Replace the infinitives in brackets by the appropriate forms of thepresent passive participle

1 V 1985 godu nahalsq novyj period sovetskoj istorii (nazyvat)perestrojkoj 2 Kafedru russkogo qzyka (vozglavlqt) izvestnymlingvistom zna[t vo vsej strane 3 Puwkin (l[bit) l[dmivsex vozrastov samyj populqrnyj pot v Rossii 4 Metodika

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Obrazovanie | 185

prepodavaniq inostrannyx qzykov (ispolzovat) v tomuniversitete samaq sovremennaq 5 Mnogie tovary (vvozit) vRossi[ oblaga[tsq powlinoj 6 V pehati mnogo govorilos onovyx wkolnyx programmax (finansirovat) gosudarstvom7 Summy (vnosit) roditelqmi za obrazovanie detej vesmaznahitelny 8 Stipendii (poluhat) studentami ne xvataetdae na uhebniki 9 Obqzatelnyx kzamenov (sdavat)studentami vsego dva ndash russkij qzyk i matematika

Passive voice

Note that the present passive participle may not be used to form thepassive voice Use either the reflexive verb (see unit 4) or the shortform of the past passive participle (see unit 8) Note the use of theinstrumental when a reflexive verb is used to convey a passivemeaning It translates lsquobyrsquo

Prepodavateli piwut uhebnikThe lecturers are writing a textbook

Uhebnik piwetsq prepodavatelqmiThe textbook is being written by lecturers

Exercise 5

Replace the active construction by a passive

Example V krupnyx gorodax Rossii stroqt metro ndash V

krupnyx gorodax Rossii stroitsq metro

1 Vhera po televizoru peredavali interesnye novosti 2 Russkijqzyk prepoda[t vo mnogix anglijskix universitetax 3 Luhwimstudentam vyda[t stipendi[ 4 V Rossii gotovqt novu[ reformuobrazovaniq 5 Roditeli oplahiva[t vyswee obrazovanie vzavisimosti ot ix doxoda 6 Luhwix studentov prinima[t v institut bez kzamenov 7 Dlq stroitelstva novyx zdanijmoskovskij mr priglawaet inostrannyx specialistov

186 | Education

Transitive and intransitive pairs

Remember that reflexive verbs are intransitive and cannot be followedby a direct object

Q nahina[ rabotu v westI start work at six

Rabota nahinaetsq v westWork starts at six

Exercise 6

Decide which verb to use in the following sentences

1 Situaciq izmenila izmenilas v luhwu[ storonu 2 Onokonhil okonhilsq universitet s otlihiem 3 Srednqq zarplatav strane v poslednee vremq uvelihila uvelihilas 4|konomiheskoe poloenie v Rossii budet uluhwat uluhwatsq5 Reforma obrazovaniq prodolaet prodolaetsq vyzyvat mnogosporov 6 Lekcii nahina[t nahina[tsq v 9 hasov utra 7 Skadym godom gosudarstvo sokra]aet sokra]aetsq rasxody na obrazovanie 8 Zarplata uhitelej vse vremq umenwaet umenwaetsq 9 |kzameny konhili konhilis v i[ne 10 Edinyjkzamen skoro budet provodit provoditsq po vsej strane

Dialogue 1

An interview with the Rector ofMoscow State Technical University IB Fyodorov

URNALIST V 1995 godu Vawuniversitet poluhilstatus osobo cennogokulturnogo obektaRossijskoj FederaciiHto to znahit dlq Vas

REKTOR |to bolwaq hest i bolwaq otvetstvennost Izmoskovskix vuzov status osobo cennogo obekta za

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Obrazovanie | 187

zaslugi v oblasti obrazovaniq poluhili tolko dvavuza ndash MGU i MGTU im Baumana

URNALIST Dolgoe vremq inenernoe obrazovanie shitalosneprestinym No v Vawem universitete vsegda bylivysokie konkursy

REKTOR |to pravda K nawemu universitetu vsegda bylbolwoj interes Vse zna[t hto MGTU ndash odin izluhwix vuzov My gotovim inenerov a takespecialistov po inenernomu biznesu Kadyj gods[da prixodqt samye ltprodvinutyegt abiturientyzna[]ie o ego vysokix trebovaniqx o neobxodimostimnogo rabotat Dlq nix uheba zdes ndash vozmonostpoluhit otlihnoe obrazovanie interesnu[professi[ Voob]e v poslednie gody prestiinenernogo dela v Rossii stal rasti

URNALIST Su]estvuet mnenie hto uhitsq v Vawemuniversitete ohen trudno

REKTOR Da uhitsq nelegko no daleko ne tak strawno kakob tom govorqt Nawa programma rasshitana naheloveka s obyhnymi sposobnostqmi StudentuMGTU ne obqzatelno byt geniem xotq takie u nastoe est Ot nego trebuetsq liw odno ndash pose]atvse zanqtiq i vo-vremq sdavat domawnie zadaniq

URNALIST Skolko let uhatsq v MGTUREKTOR MGTU ndash edinstvennyj texniheskij vuz Rossii gde

srok obuheniq sostavlqet 6 letURNALIST Hem po-Vawemu obqsnqetsq Vaw uspexREKTOR Uspex zavisit ot trex slagaemyx Sovremennyj

uhebnyj plan kvalifikaciq prepodavatelej istremlenie studenta k znaniqm Esli odno iz nixotsutstvuet kahestvo obrazovaniq sniaetsq No vnawem universitete ime[tsq vse tri slagaemyxuspexa

Po materialam urnala ltStolihnoe obrazovaniegt 2001

Vocabulary diams

vo-vremq in timezasluga merit service

188 | Education

inenernoe delo engineeringotvetstvennost (f ) responsibilityotsutstvovat to be absentltprodvinutyjgt advancedrasshitan na (+ acc) aimed atslagaemoe uspexa component of successsrok obuheniq period of studystremlenie strivinguhebnyj plan curriculumcennyj obekt valued institutionhest (f ) honour

Exercise 7

1 Za hto daetsq status osobo cennogo obekta2 Kakie vuzy poluhili takoj status3 Kogo gotovit MGTU4 Pohemu studenty xotqt uhitsq v MGTU5 Na kogo rasshitana programma MGTU6 Kakoj srok obuheniq v MGTU7 Hem obqsnqetsq uspex MGTU

Exercise 8

True or false

1 Bolwe vsego sporov v reforme obrazovaniq vyzyvaet (edinyjgosudarstvennyj kzamen uhebnaq programma vvedenie testov)

2 Obqzatelnye kzameny vkl[ha[t (matematiku anglijskijqzyk geografi[)

3 Ranwe vyswee obrazovanie shitalos (besplatnym platnymkahestvennym)

4 Obrazovatelnye uslugi vkl[ha[t (podgotovitelnye kursyuslugi repetitorov hastnye uroki)

5 MGTU poluhil status osobo cennogo obekta za zaslugi voblasti (kultury iskusstva obrazovaniq)

6 MGTU gotovit (biznesmenov uhitelej inenerov)7 Programma MGTU rasshitana na (geniev sposobnyx studentov

srednix studentov)

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Obrazovanie | 189

Exercise 9

Study this advertisement for Moscow State Technical University andanswer the questions in English

190 | Education

MOSKOVSKIJ GOSUDARSTVENNYJTEXNIHESKIJ UNIVERSITET

im N| BAUMANA

Segodnqwnij mir ndash mirprofessionalizma i esli Vyxotite htoby to byl mir

dlq Vas my priglawaem Vasna uhebu v MGTU im N|

BaumanarArr lider rossijskixtexniheskix universitetovrArr pervoklassnoe obrazovaniev pervoklassnom universitetekotoromu prisvoen status osobocennogo kulturnogo obekta RFrArr gotovit inenerov po vsemosnovnym napravleniqm a takeinenernomu biznesu imenedmenturArr imeetsq vozmonostpoluheniq vtoroj specialnostiinenera-menedera inenera-kologa referenta-perevodhikabakalavra po informatikerArr sistema obrazovaniq vMGTU ndash wirokaq rudiciq pl[svysokij professionalizmrArr dlitelnost osnovnogokursa obuheniq 6 letrArr nawi vypusknikipolzu[tsq postoqnnym sprosomotehestvennyx i zarubenyx firm

FAKULTETYInformatika i

sistemyupravleniq

Inenernyj biznesi menedment

Mawinostroitelyetexnologii

Robotexnika ikompleksnaq

avtomatizaciqRadiolektronika i

lazernaq texnikaBiomedicinskaq

texnika Specialnoe

mawinostroenie|nergetiheskoe

mawinostroenie Optiko-lektronnoe

mawinostroenieArokosmiheskij

RadiotexniheskijRaketno-kosmiheskoj

texniki

1 Name the different faculties of the Moscow State TechnicalUniversity

2 How does the University characterise the education it offers3 What branches of engineering is it possible to specialise in4 What is the educational philosophy of the University5 How long do the basic courses last6 What are the prospects for graduates

Word building

Note the following words with the root -uh- uk- all of which arerelated to learning

Nouns uheba lsquostudiesrsquo uhenik lsquopupilrsquo uhebnik lsquotextbookrsquo naukalsquosciencersquo uhenost lsquolearningrsquo uhitel lsquoteacherrsquo uhenie lsquostudiesrsquouha]ijsq (participle in origin) lsquostudentrsquo uhili]e lsquoschool collegersquo

Adjectives uhenyj lsquolearnedrsquo (also used as the noun lsquoscientistrsquo)uhebnyj lsquoeducationalrsquo uhitelskij lsquoteachersrsquo nauhnyj lsquoscien-tificrsquo

Verbs uhit (vy-) (+ acc) lsquoto learnrsquo uhit (na-) (+ acc + dat)lsquoto teachrsquo uhitsq (na-) (+ dat) lsquoto learnrsquo uhitsq v (+ prep) lsquotostudy atrsquo otuhitsq lsquoto finish studiesrsquo otuhitsq ot (+ gen)lsquotobreak the habitrsquo

Exercise 10

Select from the brackets the most appropriate word to complete eachsentence

(obuhenie uhitsq nauhila uhebnyx uhil otuhilsquhatsq uhebnogo uhit uhitelej)

1 Ne vse studenty v Rossii besplatno 2 On ot butylkiradi zdorovq 3 Plata za vyzyvaet trudnosti u tex u kogonet sredstv 4 Zarplaty ohen nizkie 5 Nelegko vprestinom vuze kak MGTU 6 izn menq tomu 7 MGTUodno ia samyx luhwix vyswix zavedenij v Moskve 8 Bezsovremennogo plana institut ne privlekaet studentov 9 Mne

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Obrazovanie | 191

nravitsq anglijskij qzyk 10 20 let on detej russkomuqzyku

Preposition corner

Po + dative

along through around

po doroge po strane po polu po ulicamalong the road through the country around the floor aroundthe streets

vniz po reke po lestnicedown the river the staircase

by (means of)

po pohte po telefonuby post by telephone

by through

po pravu po proisxodeni[by right by origin

po gluposti po owibke po ego vinethrough stupidity by mistake through his fault

po priglaweni[ po professiiby invitation by profession

according to in for

po moim hasam po moemu mneni[according to my watch in my opinion

po Tolstomu po kakoj prihineaccording to Tolstoy for what reason

po krajnej mere po kakoj cene at least at what price

192 | Education

in on the subject of

uhebnik po geografiitextbook on geography

hempion po tennisutennis champion

specialist po russkomu qzykuRussian language specialist

at in on for (with the plural of the noun)

po utram po vyxodnym dnqmin the mornings at weekends

po prazdnikam po ponedelnikamon holidays on Mondays

po celym hasamfor hours on end

Note also

po adresu concerning directed towardspo povodu on the subject ofsudit po to judge byskuhat po to misstoskovat po to long for

Po + accusative

up to (place)

po poqsup to the waist

up to and including (time)

po pervoe maqup to and including 1st May

with numerals especially 2 3 4

po dva stolatwo tables each

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Obrazovanie | 193

po + dative is used with nouns

My poluhili po pismuWe received a letter each

numerals above five take accusative or dative with the noun in thegenitive plural

po pqt po pqti hasovfive hours each

Po + prepositional

on at the time of after

po smerti po priezde po vozvra]eniion the death of on arrival on return

po okonhanii kursa po poluhenii vizyon finishing the course on receipt of visa

Exercise 11

Put the nouns in the appropriate case after po

1 Ue west hasov po (moi hasy) 2 My plyvem vniz po (reka)3 Oni sideli po (poqs) v vode 4 Kadyj poluhil po (podarok) 5 Po (poluhenie) pasporta on pereexal v Ameriku6 Konferenciq sostoitsq s pervogo po (trete) fevralq

Exercise 12

Study the chart (on page 195) showing the growth of higher educa-tional institutions in Russia What changes have occurred since 1993

194 | Education

Stress

Present and future perfective of verbs

Fixed stress where the infinitive is stressed on the stem the presentor future perfective is stressed throughout on the same syllable

stavit ndash stavl[ staviw stavit stavim stavitestavqt

exat ndash edu edew edet edem edete edut

Generally verbs with monosyllabic infinitives have fixed stress butthis may be on the ending or the stem

byt ndash budu budew budet budem budete budut

vzqt ndash vozmu vozmew vozmet vozmem vozmetevozmut

The exception is moh ndash see below

Where the infinitive is stressed on the ending the first person singularwill be stressed on the ending In some verbs the stress then remainsthroughout on the ending This includes all regular and some irreg-ular first conjugation verbs

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Obrazovanie | 195

198081

193244

302 334

721914

Kоличество высшихучебных заведенийв Pоссии

По данным Госкомстата Подготовил Сергей MAKCИМОBИЧгоды

государственные

негосударственные

ltArgumenty i faktygt No 16 2001

NB po dannym Goskomstata ndash according to the data of the State Committeeof statistics

hitat ndash hita[ hitaew hitaet hitaem hitaetehita[t

idti ndash idu idew idet idem idete idut

Mobile stress generally this conforms to one pattern Many secondconjugation and some irregular first conjugation verbs stressed onthe ending in the infinitive are stressed on the ending in the firstperson singular but on the stem for the rest of the conjugation

pisat ndash piwu piwew piwet piwem piwetepiwut

iskat ndash i]u i]ew i]et i]em i]ete i]ut

prosit ndash prowu prosiw prosit prosim prositeprosqt

smotret ndash smotr[ smotriw smotrit smotrimsmotrite smotrqt

Note also

moh ndash mogu moew moet moem moete mogut

The verb xotet is an exception to the above patterns

xohu xohew xohet xotim xotite xotqt

Where a perfective verb has the prefix vyit is always stressed

vypisat ndash vypiwu vypiwew vypiwet vypiwemvypiwete vypiwut

Exercise 13

1 The introduction of a nation-wide Common State Examinationworries many Russians In their view the standard of educationwill inevitably fall

2 Only those students who gained the highest marks in this examwill receive a grant and thus free education

3 Russian parents now have a choice of which school to send theirchildren to of which textbooks to use of which curriculum tofollow

196 | Education

4 Not all private schools are better than state schools But they dohave one advantage the number of children in each class is muchsmaller

5 The biggest change in the Russian educational system in the 90swas the appearance and growth of fee-paying private educationalinstitutions

6 Engineering education is becoming popular again Competitionfor places at some technical universities is very high up to 20students per place

7 In my opinion education should be free and accessible to all Iam against private universities and private schools

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Obrazovanie | 197

11 ROSSIJSKOE OBESTVO

about the structure of Russian society how to form and use the subjunctive how to create conditional clauses about stress on the past tense of verbs

One of the big debates about post-Soviet society is whether Russianow has a middle class Certainly it does not as yet have a middleclass which resembles that of Western society The collapse of theSoviet Union caused great poverty for many members of societypensioners unemployed those in low-paid state employment manyof them highly qualified and educated Many of these people nowlive below the poverty line But one glance at the streets of Moscowand St Petersburg with their designer shops and expensive restau-rants will tell you that Russia most certainly has a rich elite Thereis also a group between the two extremes which can only be thoughtof as Russiarsquos emergent middle class highly qualified specialists ininformation technology finance or the law who can command betterthan average salaries This group suffered badly at the time of theeconomic crisis of 1998 but is fighting its way back

Text 1111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Rossijskoe obwestvo | 199

Srednij klass

Termin srednij klass obyhno upotreblq[t imeq v vidunynewnij srednij klass v stranax Zapada Isxodq iz togohasto zaqvlq[t hto v Rossii net takogo klassa No tak ne byvaetEsli v Rossii est bogatye i bednye znahit est i sredniesloi Konehno rossijskij srednij klass ne takoj kak naZapade poskolku v Rossii ne takaq konomika ne takojuroven blagosostoqniq

Oficialno priznano hto priznaki srednego klassa ndash nalihiesobstvennosti doxody obrazovanie professionalizm No esliby my priznali sobstvennost glavnym priznakom to ksrednemu klassu nado bylo by otnesti pohti vsex goroanpotomu hto oni privatizirovali kvartiry nado bylo by

200 | Russian society

Po materialam gazety ltVremq novostejgt 2001

vkl[hit vsex selqn potomu hto oni vlade[t zemelnymiuhastkami Esli by my opredelqli prinadlenost k srednemuklassu po doxodam to v srednem klasse okazalos by 30ndash50domoxozqjstv A esli by my klassificirovali srednij klasspo priznaku obrazovaniq nam priwlos by otnesti k nemu35ndash55 naseleniq No nevozmono otnesti k srednemu klassuvsex u kogo est vyswee obrazovanie poskolku doxody tixl[dej hasto ne dostiga[t dae proitohnogo minimuma

Rossijskij srednij klass sformirovalsq v bankovskoj sfere vfinansovom i reklamnom sektorax kotorye silno postradalivo vremq krizisa 1998 goda Konehno esli by ne bylo krizisato ne sokratilos by rezko kolihestvo rabohix mest v tixsektorax i srednij klass byl by sejhas gorazdo mnogohislenneeV nastoq]ee vremq soglasno sociologam 20ndash25 rossiqn ime[tneobxodimye priznaki novogo srednego klassa |to l[dikotorye ne dut kogda kto-to ustroit im xorowu[ iznTaku[ izn oni ustraiva[t sebe sami Oni obrazovanny vysokoprofessionalny hto pozvolqet im imet poroj ne odnu rabotua dve i dae bolwe Oni konomiheski samostoqtelny potomuhto blagodarq svoim doxodam oni mogut ne prosto vyivatno regulqrno delat pokupki i sbereeniq a to i vkladyvatdengi v cennye bumagi Oni-to i sostavlq[t qdro rossijskogosrednego klassa

No est e]e 40ndash45 naseleniq potencialnyx predstavitelejsrednego klassa U tix l[dej est konomiheskie i socialnye priznaki srednego klassa no konomika ne daet imgarantij pereme]eniq v qdro Oni ime[t neploxoe obrazovanieno ne mogut najti dostojnu[ rabotu s xorowim zarabotkomEsli by rossijskaq konomika zarabotala u tix l[dejpoqvilas by vozmonost uvelihit svoi doxody i oni mogliby perejti v srednij klass No dver v srednij klass dlq nixpoka zakryta

Vocabulary diams

blagosostoqnie wellbeing prosperityvkladyvat v (+ acc) to investdomoxozqjstvo householddostojnyj worthy repectablezarabotok salary earningszemelnyj uhastok plot of landnalihie presencenynewnij presentotnesti k (+ dat) to relate topereme]enie movingposkolku asporoj at timespredstavitel representativepriznak indicationproitohnyj minimum living wagereklamnyj sektor advertising sectorsbereeniq (pl) savingsselqnin villagerustraivat to arrange fix upcennye bumagi (pl) securitiesqdro nucleus

NB imeq v vidu ndash meaning having in mind isxodq iz togo ndash on thisbasis

Exercise 1

1 Pohemu rossijskij srednij klass ne takoj kak na Zapade2 Kakovy tipihnye priznaki srednego klassa3 Gde sformirovalsq rossijskij srednij klass4 Kakoj procent rossiqn ime[t priznaki novogo srednego klassa5 Kak mono oxarakterizovat takix l[dej6 Kto sostavlqet qdro rossijskogo srednego klassa7 Hto predstavlq[t soboj potencialnye predstaviteli srednego

klassa8 Pohemu dver v srednij klass dlq nix zakryta

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Dialogue 1

Conversation between a journalist and a sociologist

URNALIST V gazetax mnogo piwut o rossijskix bednyx o hertebednosti no malo piwut o bogatyx Kto takierossijskie bogatye

SOCIOLOG Ponqtie bogatstva otnositelno Po-nastoq]emubogatyx l[dej trudno klassificirovat Porossijskim merkam helovek shitaetsq bogatym a pozapadnym on edva dotqgivaet do srednego klassa Ktomu e est predstavlenie bednyx o bogatyx ibogatyx o sebe

URNALIST Hto e nado imet htoby tebq otnesli k bogatymSOCIOLOG Soglasno sociologam rossijskie bogatye na pervoe

mesto stavqt zagorodnyj dom potom idet prestinaqkvartira Dalwe ndash lihnaq oxrana prestinyjavtomobil i na poslednem meste ndash wikarnyjvnewnij vid

URNALIST No tak obyhno bednye l[di predstavlq[t sebebogatyx samoe glavnoe ndash prestinaq kvartira idorogaq mawina

SOCIOLOG Da sami bogatye duma[t o sebe inahe Dlq nix samyeglavnye priznaki bogatstva ndash oxrana i svqziBolwinstvo shita[t hto bogatyj dolennepremenno imet silnyx pokrovitelej iz organovgosudarstvennoj vlasti

URNALIST Znahit vse nawi bogatye razbogateli blagodarq svoimsvqzqm

SOCIOLOG Bo[s hto tak Vo-pervyx rossijskie bogatye ndash tote kto imel vlast i v sovetskoe vremq |topartijnye komsomolskie rabotniki Vo-vtoryx toltbiznesmenygt sovetskix vremen te kto ranwe bylsvqzan s lttenevojgt konomikoj

URNALIST Neueli net l[dej kotorye stali bogatymiblagodarq svoim sposobnostqm

SOCIOLOG Konehno est no malo V Rossii po mneni[sociologov procentov 5 sredi predprinimatelejmono otnesti k toj kategorii

Vocabulary diams

dotqgivat do (+ gen) to extend as far aszagorodnyj dom house in the countrykomsomol young communist leaguelihnaq oxrana personal bodyguardnepremenno obviously definitelyorgan gosudarstvennoj vlasti organ of state power the authoritiesotnositelnyj relativepokrovitel patronponqtie idea conceptpredprinimatel entrepreneurrazbogatet to become richsvqzi (pl) connectionstenevaq konomika shadow economyherta bednosti poverty linewikarnyj vid smart appearance

NB po rossijskim zapadnym merkam ndash by Russian Western standards vo-pervyx ndash firstly vo-vtoryx ndash secondly

Exercise 2

1 O hem piwut rossijskie gazety2 Hto duma[t rossijskie bogatye o sebe3 Kakovo predstavlenie bednyx o bogatstve4 Kak razbogateli rossijskie bogatye

Exercise 3

True or false

1 Priznaki srednego klassa (obrazovanie sobstvennost bolwiedoxody)

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2 Srednij klass Rossii sformirovalsq v (promywlennostiselskom xozqjstve finansovom sektore)

3 Esli rossijskaq konomika zarabotaet hislo l[dej srednegoklassa (uvelihitsq umenwitsq ne izmenitsq)

4 Po mneni[ bednyx atributy rossijskogo bogatstva (prestinaqkvartira dorogaq mawina dengi v banke wikarnyj vid)

5 Po mneni[ bogatyx attributy bogatstva (pokroviteli v organaxvlasti svoj dom nalihie sobstvennosti)

6 Rossijskie bogatye ndash to (byvwie partijnye rabotniki l[dis vyswim obrazovaniem byvwie spekulqnty)

Exercise 4

How the Russian rich spend their holidays

Gazeta ltKomsomolskaq pravdagt 2001

1 Describe the wedding in Venice the rich aspire to2 What kind of fishing and hunting trips are described3 Which two trips to mountains are mentioned

NB svadba ndash wedding svq]ennye mesta ndash holy places ublaat toindulge

Subjunctive

The subjunctive in Russian is formed by putting the particle by withthe past tense

on napisal by pisal byhe would have written he would write

It is possible for the by to precede the verb

q by podumalI should think

The subjunctive can be used to express desirability

mne xotelos byI would like I would have liked

vy by mne skazaliyou should have told me

q powel byI would like to go I would have gone

to bylo by otlihnothat would be excellent

Conditional clauses

Clauses introduced by esli lsquoifrsquo fall into two types

1 If the condition is capable of being fulfilled the subjunctive is notused Where the verb in the main clause is in the future then the verbin the clause introduced by esli will also be in the future unlike inEnglish where it would be in the present

My ne pojdem esli pojdet dodWe wonrsquot go if it rains

It is of course possible to find tenses other than the future afteresli

Esli tebe ne nravitsq [bka kupi novu[If you donrsquot like the skirt buy a new one

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

2 Where a condition is hypothetical the subjunctive mood is usedin both the main clause and in the conditional clause In this casethe conditional clause is introduced by esli by followed by the pasttense Remember that by is used only with the past tense

Esli by ne bylo krizisa to ne sokratilos bykolihestvo rabohix mestIf there had been no crisis then the number of jobs would nothave declined

The use of to lsquothenrsquo to introduce the main clause in this kind ofsentence is quite common

It is possible for the main clause to precede the esli clause

Kolihestvo rabohix mest ne sokratilos by esli by nebylo krizisa

Exercise 5

Create single sentences out of two simple sentences using the futuretense

Example U menq dengi Q edu za granicu ndash Esli umenq budut dengi (to) q poedu za granicu

1 Leto arkoe My ivem na dahe2 Q sda[ matematiku Q postupa[ v texniheskij universitet3 Rossijskie dorogi uluhwa[tsq V Rossi[ ezdit mnogo turistov4 U nego xorowaq zarplata On pokupaet kvartiru v centre5 U menq est shet v banke Q vkladyva[ kapital v cennye bumagi6 Ona brosaet kurit Ee zdorove luhwe7 Rossijskie gazety nezavisimye Oni publiku[t vs[

informaci[8 Na festivale pokazany rossijskie filmy Zriteli zna[t kak

razvivaetsq kino v Rossii9 U menq est vremq Q edu v kruiz po Volge

Exercise 6

Replace the future tense in the following sentences with the subjunc-tive

Example Esli u menq budet vremq (to) q pojduv kino ndash Esli by u menq bylo vremq (to) q powel by (powla by) v kino

1 Esli konomika zarabotaet to srednij klass obqzatelnouvelihitsq 2 Esli on okonhit universitet u nego budet xorowaqrabota 3 Esli ne budet defolta v tom godu rossijskij rublstanet silnym 4 Esli ne budet provedena reforma obrazovaniquroven obrazovaniq upadet 5 Esli budet vvedena plata zaobrazovanie postrada[t mnogie l[di 6 Esli gosudarstvo xohetpovysit uroven obrazovaniq ono soxranit hastnye wkoly 7 Eslitot vuz budet prestinym v nem budet bolwoj konkurs 8 Esliu studenta est stremlenie uhitsq on zakonhit universitet sotlihiem

Exercise 7

Examine the survey shown on page 208 conducted by RussiarsquosInstitute of Social and Economic Problems and answer the questionsin English

NB otaplivat ndash to heat vyrezka ndash fillet nedoedat ndash not to have enoughfood sladosti ndash sweet things ne moet pozvolit ndash canrsquot afford poxoronyndash funeral

1 How do English and Russian concepts of poverty differ inrespect of food

2 Contrast English and Russian views on leisure and poverty3 How do expectations in regard to purchase of clothing differ

between the Russian and the English4 What household appliances do each consider necessary5 Name two areas of life which Russians refer to but are not

mentioned in the English list at all

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Rossijskaq semq shitaetsebq bednoj esli

bull V seme nedoeda[t

bull Edqt mqso ili rybu reedvux raz v nedel[

bull Ne moet priobretat vneobxodimom kolihestvepredmety gigieny

bull Net deneg dlq obnovleniqi remonta odedy obuvi

bull Net i ne moet priobrestixolodilnik samu[prostu[ mebel daeherno-belyj televizor

bull Net deneg na iznennovanye lekarstva imedicinskie pribory

bull Ne moet obra]atsq kplatnym vraham

bull Ne moet organizovatpoxorony

bull Ne moet pokupatfrukty sladosti detqmdae izredka

bull Ne moet davat detqmdengi na pitanie v wkoleoplahivat detsad i qsli

bull Ne moet pokupat detqmnovu[ odedu i obuv pomere ix rosta

Anglijskaq semq shitaetsebq bednoj esli

bull Ne moet otaplivatile

bull Net v dome tualeta duwa

bull Net krovati dlq kadogo

bull Net dvux par obuvi dlqkadogo sezona

bull Net otdelnoj spalni dlqkadogo rebenka

bull Net kovrov dlq pola

bull Net vozmonostiprazdnihno organizovatRodestvo

bull Net stiralnoj mawiny

bull Ne moet pokupat novu[odedu dlq vsex hlenovsemi

bull Ne moet pokupatvyrezku est mqso ili rybutolko herez den

bull Ne moet pozvolitnedelnyj otdyx vne domakadyj god

bull Ne moet pozvolitrasxody svqzannye sotdyxom ili xobbi

bull Ne moet kupitneobxodimyjsportinventar dlq detej

bull Net sada pered domom

Htoby is followed either by the infinitive or the past tense Htobymay not be followed by any other tense

Htoby + infinitive

This construction is used to translate lsquoin order to so as torsquo

Q pozvonila htoby rasskazat tebe novostiI rang (in order) to tell you the news

lsquoIn orderrsquo is often omitted in English In Russian htoby is sometimesomitted after verbs of motion

Q priwla rasskazat tebe novostiI came to tell you the news

Htoby + past tense

It can be seen from the above example that htoby can only be usedwith the infinitive where both clauses have the same subject Wherethe subject of each verb is different htoby + past tense is used andtranslates lsquoso that in order thatrsquo

Q pozvonila htoby ty rasskazal mne novostiI rang so that you could tell me the news

Htoby + past tense after xotet

Note the difference between the two examples

Q xohu rabotatI want to work

Q xohu htoby ty rabotalI want you to work

In the first example the subject of the two verbs is the same andxotet is followed by the infinitive Where the subject of the verbsis different as in the second example xotet is followed by htoby+ past tense

Other verbs expressing desirability are similarly followed by htoby+ past tense when the subject of the two verbs is different Theseinclude trebovat potrebovat lsquodemandrsquo dat lsquoto wait forrsquopredlagat predloit lsquoto suggestrsquo

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On potreboval htoby my uwliHe demanded that we leave

Note the construction after nastaivat nastoqt lsquoto insistrsquo

On nastoql na tom htoby my uwliHe insisted that we leave

After prikazyvat prikazat lsquoto orderrsquo and sovetovat posovetovat lsquoto advisersquo it is possible to use either htoby + pasttense or dative + infinitive

On prikazal htoby my uwliHe ordered that we leave

On prikazal nam ujtiHe ordered us to leave

Similarly after prosit poprosit lsquoto ask requestrsquo either theconstruction with htoby or accusative + infinitive may be used

On poprosil htoby my uwliHe asked that we leave

On poprosil nas ujtiHe asked us to leave

NB do not confuse prosit poprosit with sprawivat sprosit lsquoto ask a questionrsquo

On sprosil menq zna[ li q PetraHe asked me if I know Peter

Exercise 8

Change the sentences using xotet htoby Make the noun inbrackets the subject of the second verb

Example Q xohu poexat v Rossi[ (moj drug) ndash Q xohuhtoby moj drug poexal v Rossi[

1 Q xohu kupit mawinu (moj mu) 2 On xohet postupit vuniversitet (ego doh) 3 Ona xohet priobresti putevku v domotdyxa (ee roditeli) 4 On xohet prinadleat k srednemuklassu (vse uhitelq) 5 My xotim kupit dahu (naw sosed)6 Oni xotqt vkladyvat dengi v cennye bumagi (rabohie) 7 Onxohet poluhit xorowee obrazovanie (vse deti)

Htoby + past tense after verbs of doubting or fearing andnegative verbs of thinking and believing

When somnevatsq lsquoto doubtrsquo ne verit lsquonot to believersquo ne dumatlsquonot to thinkrsquo ne oidat lsquonot to expectrsquo refer to the past or presentthey are followed by htoby + past tense

Q ne veril htoby on priwelI didnrsquot believe that he would come

For the future use the indicative

Q ne ver[ hto on pridetI donrsquot believe he will come

Boqtsq lsquoto fearrsquo may be followed by either the indicative or htoby+ ne + past tense

Q bo[s hto on pridetIrsquom afraid he will come

Q bo[s htoby on ne prixodilIrsquom afraid he will not come

Q bo[s hto on ne pridetIrsquom afraid he will not come

Exercise 9

Put the following sentences into the subjunctive using htoby + pasttense

1 Q somneva[s hto to pravda 2 Q ne ver[ hto on pridet3 Q ne duma[ hto ona sdast kzamen 4 Q sovetu[ vam podumatob tom 5 On prosil menq pogovorit s nej 6 On prikazal mnepoexat v London

Htoby + past tense after impersonal expressions denotingdesirablity and undesirability

Expressions such as elatelno lsquoit is desirablersquo vano lsquoit isimportantrsquo luhwe lsquoit is betterrsquo nevozmono lsquoit is impossiblersquoneveroqtno lsquoit is inconceivablersquo ne moet byt lsquoit cannot bersquo nado

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

nuno lsquoit is necessaryrsquo glavnoe lsquothe main thing isrsquo are also followedby htoby + past tense

elatelno htoby on ne priwelIt is desirable that he should not come

Neveroqtno htoby on priwelIt is inconceivable that he should come

Glavnoe htoby emu nravilas rabotaThe main thing is that he should like the job

Exercise 10

Complete the sentences using the phrase in brackets with htoby +past tense

1 Ohen vano (uhitel obrazovannyj helovek) 2 Ohen vano(u detej ravnye vozmonosti na obrazovanie) 3 Ohen vano(studentam nravitsq uhitsq) 4 Nado (blagosostoqnie l[dejpovysitsq) 5 Nado (vse l[di ime[t rabotu) 6 Nado (u l[dejsbereeniq) 7 Nado (vse bogatye platqt nalogi) 8 Nevozmono(v Rossii net xorowix dorog) 9 Nevozmono (on opozdaet napoezd 10 Neveroqtno (ona napiwet roman) 11 Neveroqtno (onabrosit kurit) 12 Ne moet byt (u nego ena) 13 Ne moetbyt (u nee net mua)

Whoever whatever etc

Kto hto gde kuda kak kakoj combine with by + ni + pasttense to translate lsquowhoever whatever wherever (place) wherever(motion) however whicheverrsquo

Hto by ty ni skazal q ne soglawusWhatever you said I wouldnrsquot agree

Gde by my ni ili nam vse bolwe nravitsq nawrodnoj gorodWherever we have lived we still like our home town best

Such sentences may also be rendered using the appropriate form ofthe indicative

Hto ty ni skaew q ne soglawusWhatever you say I wonrsquot agree

Exercise 11

Translate the phrases in brackets into Russian

1 (Whatever you say) vse ostaetsq prenim

2 (Wherever they worked) oni vsegda byli shastlivy

3 (Whenever she thinks about him) ona vsegda nahinaet plakat

4 (Wherever my husband goes) on vsegda posylaet mne otkrytki

5 (However difficult it was) my dolny najti ego

6 (Whenever I saw her) ona vsegda byla odeta po poslednej mode

Exercise 12

To which class in your opinion do these people belong Why

NB ottqnus po polnoj programme ndash Irsquoll chill out good and properskupitsq na (+ acc) ndash skimp on ogorod ndash vegetable garden rvanula by khertu na kulihki ndash Irsquod get the hell out of here Berezovskij ndash Russiantycoon

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Stress

Past tense of verbs

Fixed stress ndash the majority of verbs formed from a root verb withtwo or more syllables have stress fixed in the past tense on the samesyllable as the infinitive pisat (pisal pisala pisalo pisali)rabotat (rabotal rabotala rabotalo rabotali)

Some monosyllabic verbs have the stress on the stem throughoutpet (pel pela pelo peli) klast (klal klala klaloklali) det est kryt myt sest stat

Mobile stress on feminine endings ndash some monosyllabic verbs arestressed on the feminine ending but on the stem in all other formspit (pil pila pilo pili) brat (bral brala bralobrali) byt vzqt dat it lit spat

Note also nahat (nahal nahala nahalo nahali)

Stress on the ending ndash verbs ending in -ti and -h are stressedthroughout on the ending vesti (vel vela velo veli) moh(mog mogla moglo mogli) vezti nesti teh

Stressed on the prefix ndash all perfectives with the prefix vy- are stressedon the prefix vypit (vypil vypila vypilo vypili)

Prefixed verbs are otherwise generally stressed in the same way asthe root verb But note these exceptions zabyt (zabyl zabylazabylo zabyli) zadat (zadal zadala zadalo zadali)

Exercise 13

1 Sociologists are still arguing over whether a middle class existsin Russia

2 There is a big difference between the Russian and British middleclasses

3 If the economic situation gets worse in Russia many people willlose their jobs

4 If only people knew how dangerous it is to walk at night5 If only I had money I would travel all over the world

6 The majority of so-called new Russians became rich thanks totheir connections with the Soviet government

7 I want my son to study at Moscow university I want him to studyEnglish

8 He asked me to buy a Russian newspaper for him9 A Russian family considers itself poor if it cannot afford to buy

fruit and sweets for its children

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12 ZDRAVOOXRANENIE

about health care in Russia about a variety of impersonal expressions when to use the buffer vowel -o in prepositions about stress in short form adjectives

The Soviet Union provided universal and free health care for all itscitizens The health service had both its strengths and its weaknessesThere were a very large number of doctors per head of population(43 per 10000) about three times as many as in Britain Howeverdoctors were extremely badly paid This resulted in the professionbeing female-dominated and in the expectation that patients wouldreward doctors with lsquogiftsrsquo There were some centres of excellencebut in general hospitals were poorly equipped and the primary caredelivered by polyclinics was impersonal The collapse of the SovietUnion and subsequent economic crises had a devastating effect onthe health service However it also opened the way to a burgeoningprivate health sector delivering high quality care Inevitably theseprivate clinics are located in major population centres

Text 1111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Zdravooxranenie | 217

Glavnoe ndash zdorove heloveka

Hastnye kliniki stali v Rossii absol[tnoj neobxodimost[Odnoj iz naibolee izvestnyx i pervyx hastnyx klinik v Rossii qvlqetsq C|LT (Centr ndoxirurgii i litotripsii)Ego generalnyj direktor professor Aleksandr SemenovihBronwtejn s momenta sozdaniq Centra staraetsq osu]estvitsvo[ mehtu ndash dostupnost vysokoprofessionalnogo medicin-skogo obsluivaniq dlq vsex rossijskix gradan I shitaethto v nynewnej situacii v zdravooxranenii sredstvom dlqdostieniq toj celi moet byt tolko sozdanie seti hastnyxplatnyx klinik Hto e predstavlqet soboj hastnaq klinika vRossii

V Rossii hastnye bolnicy ndash bolwe hem kommerciq Oni ndashalternativa gosudarstvennoj strukture Pri krizisnomsostoqnii zdravooxraneniq zdes mono razrewit vanye dlqzdorovq problemy mono polzovatsq uslugami vysokokvali-ficirovannyx vrahej Zdes ne tolko ispolzu[t luhwiedostieniq medunarodnoj mediciny no i razrabatyva[tsobstvennye unikalnye texnologii Zdes dela[t operaciikotorye ne dela[tsq bolwe nigde v mire I novejwietexnologii pozvolq[t xirurgam v bolwinstve sluhaevobxoditsq bez noa

Pacienty provodqt v klinike dva-tri dnq Za iskl[heniem osoboslonyx sluhaev diagnostika provoditsq v tehenie odnogo dnqa ne trex nedel kak to byvaet vo mnogix bolnicax No uvycena uslug alternativnoj mediciny vysoka Dae v tomsluhae kogda hastnye kliniki osu]estvlq[t gibku[ cenovu[politiku Vprohem v klinike dela[t vse vozmonoe htobylehenie ostavalos dostupnym dlq vsex ela[]ix Prihem rehidet ne o bogatyx l[dqx Zdes predostavlq[t lgoty veteranamvojny likvidatoram hernobylskoj avarii voinam-afgancammnogodetnym semqm Za odnu nedel[ kliniku pose]a[tprimerno 1200 helovek v god ndash 60 tysqh

Po materialam urnala ltDelovye l[digt 2001

Vocabulary diams

avariq accidentarenda rentvloeniq (pl) investmentsvoin-afganec veteran of the war in Afghanistanvprohem but then againgibkij flexiblealovatsq na (+ acc) to complain aboutal sorryzatraty (pl) expenseszdravooxranenie health service healthcarelehenie treatmentlikvidator avarii relief workermehta dreammnogodetnaq semq large familyobstoqtelstvo circumstanceobxoditsq bez noa to do without the knifeorientirovatsq na (+ acc) to be based onosu]estvlqt osu]estvit to realise implementpolzovatsq uslugami to use the services

Sejhas praktiheski vse alu[tsq na razlihnogo roda problemyNo Aleksandr Semenovih uverqet hto problema tolko odna ndashemu al kadogo heloveka kotoryj prixodit v klinikupotomu hto on dolen platit K soaleni[ bez togonevozmono poskolku zatraty kolossalny Ta e arendapome]eniq stoit ohen dorogo Voob]e pomo] gosudarstvaneobxodima bolnicam v tom hisle i hastnym Konehno uC|LTa est sponsory no sejhas ix finansovye vloeniqsokratilis tak hto klinika soderit sebq sama Segodnq opytkliniki Bronwtejna shitaetsq unikalnym Centru udalosvyit dae v usloviqx ob]ego krizisa v strane I potomumnogie uhredeniq hastnoj mediciny orientiru[tsq imennona opyt C|LTa

218 | The health service

predostavlqt lgoty to provide benefitsprihem moreoverset hastnyx klinik network of private clinicsslonyj sluhaj complicated casesoderat sebq to support itselfsredstvo dlq dostieniq

celi means to achieve a goaluverqt to assureuvy alasxirurg surgeoncenovaq politika pricing policy

NB v tom hisle ndash including

Exercise 1

1 Hto takoe C|LT2 Kto vozglavlqet C|LT3 O hem mehtaet professor Bronwtejn4 Kakie problemy mono rewit s pomo][ hastnyx klinik5 Kakie operacii dela[t xirurgi C|LTa6 Komu predostavlq[tsq lgoty7 Pohemu C|LT ne moet snizit ceny8 Kto orientiruetsq sejhas na opyt C|LTa

Exercise 2

Examine this advertisement for C|LT and answer the questions inEnglish

1 What specialist surgeons are employed by C|LT2 How is it possible for operations to take place without using a

scalpel3 For what conditions do they offer traditional surgery

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Dialogue 1

From an interview with Yurii Leonidovich Shevchenko Minister ofHealth

KORRESPONDENT Zdravooxranenie kotorym Vy rukovoditepereivaet sejhas bolwie trudnosti

WEVHENKO Vse otrasli pereiva[t trudnosti v Rossii Nozdravooxranenie zanimaet osoboe mesto Ot togo vkakom sostoqnii zdorove naroda zavisitpoloenie gosudarstva Bez zdorovq ne nuny nibogatstvo ni vlast Vot pohemu zdravooxranenieqvlqetsq vanejwim prioritetom

CENTR |NDOXIRURGII I

LITOTRIPSII

XIRURGIHESKOE

OTDELENIE

ndoxirurgiheskie operacii bez razrezov (herez 3-4 prokola s pomo][

optiheskoj sistemy i specialnyx instrumentov)

ndoskopiheskie i tradicionnye (otkrytye) operacii pri ostrom i

xroniheskom appendicite

v C|LTe rabota[t take opytnejwie xirurgi

- xirurg ndrokrinolog

(zabolevanie ]itovidnoj elezy)

- xirurg-proktolog

(gemorroj analnye tre]iny polipy)

- nejroxirurg

(opuxli spinnogo mozga gryi pozvonohnyx diskov)

- xirurg-travmotolog

(artroskopiq operativnaq artroskopiq)

KORRESPONDENT Obyhno zdravooxranenie nazyva[t medicinskimobsluivaniem naseleniq

WEVHENKO Da ego otnosqt k sfere obsluivaniq A e]e ksfere obsluivaniq otnosqt parikmaxerskierestorany gostinicy Zdravooxranenie ndash ne sferaobsluivaniq a sfera izneobespeheniq Esli byk zdravooxraneni[ otnosilis kak k sfereizneobespeheniq v nem ne sloilas by takaqsituaciq

KORRESPONDENT Kakova e situaciq v rossijskom zdravooxraneniiWEVHENKO Situaciq ohen trevonaq Ob]aq smertnost v

strane vysokaq Rastet ob]aq zabolevaemost Vnovpoqvilis infekcii kak tuberkulez Vozniklinovye infekcii kak SPID xotq v Rossi[ talthuma 20 vekagt priwla poze hem v drugie strany

KORRESPONDENT Pehalnaq kartina No kak Vy sami obqsnqetetaku[ situaci[

WEVHENKO Mnogoe mono obqsnit tem hto v straneproizowli ogromnye izmeneniq Mnogie ne mogutprisposobitsq k izni v novyx usloviqx Ots[darost zabolevanij svqzannyx so stressom

KORRESPONDENT Mne kaetsq pressa i televidenie otricatelnovliq[t na psixiheskoe sostoqnie ob]estva Onida[t tolko negativnu[ kartinu izni v Rossii

WEVHENKO |to pravda Vse vremq slywiw po televizoruzaqvleniq o vymiranii nacii o kakix-to zlodeqxi prohix uasax A to zastavlqet narod it voidanii katastrofy Sostoqnie stressa ne moetne skazatsq na zdorove

KORRESPONDENT Sejhas vse bolwe raswirqetsq platnaq medicinaosobenno v krupnyx gorodax Kak Vy otnosites ktomu

WEVHENKO Besplatnoj mediciny dolno byt kak monobolwe Platnye medicinskie uslugi dolnyrazvivatsq Pust u heloveka budet vybor no zadopolnitelnye uslugi nado platit Voob]e nadopomnit hto platnaq medicinskaq pomo] nevsegda luhwe besplatnoj

Po materialam ltNezavisimoj gazetygt 2001

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Vocabulary diams

vymiranie dying out extinctionizneobespehenie vital necessityzabolevaemost (f ) incidence of disease

zabolevanie diseasezaqvlenie statementzlodej villainotrasl (f ) branchparikmaxerskaq hairdresserrsquosprisposobitsq k (+ dat) to adjust toskazatsq na (+ acc) to tell on affectsloitsq to be formedsostoqnie stateSPID AIDStrevonyj alarminghuma plague

NB Kak Vy otnosites k tomu ndash What do you think about this Pustu heloveka budet vybor ndash Let people have the choice

Exercise 3

1 Kto takoj rij Leonidovih Wevhenko2 Pohemu zdravooxranenie zanimaet osoboe mesto3 K kakoj sfere otnosit Wevhenko zdravooxranenie4 Kakova situaciq v rossijskom zdravooxranenii5 Kak Wevhenko obqsnqet situaci[6 Kak vliq[t SMI v Rossii na sostoqnie ob]estva7 Hto dumaet Wevhenko o platnoj i besplatnoj medicine

Exercise 4

True or false

1 Hastnye kliniki v Rossii qvlq[tsq (besplatnymi platnymidostupnymi dlq vsex)

2 Lgoty v C|LTe predostavlq[tsq (vsem l[dqm voennymmnogodetnym semqm)

3 Zdravooxranenie nado otnosit k sfere (obsluivaniqizneobespeheniq obrazovaniq)

4 Situaci[ v zdravooxranenii mono obqsnit (negativnymvliqniem SMI raspadom SSSR psixiheskim sostoqniemob]estva)

Impersonal expressions

There are a large number of impersonal constructions in Russianwhich involve the use of the dative and or the infinitive

Expressions of possibility

Monovozmono lsquoit is possiblersquo

Mono (vozmono) polzovatsq uslugamivysokokvalificirovannyx vrahejIt is possible to utilise the services of highly-qualified doctors

Mono (but not vozmono) may also be used in the sense of lsquoit ispermittedrsquo

Mono zdes kuritMay one smoke here

Nelzq nevozmono lsquoit is impossiblersquo

Nelzq + perfective and nevozmono mean lsquoit is impossiblersquo

Nelzq nevozmono razrewit vse vanye dlq zdorovqproblemyIt is impossible to resolve all important health problems

Nelzq + imperfective means lsquoit is forbidden not permittedrsquo

Nelzq povywat cenyIt is forbidden to raise prices

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Exercise 5

Decide whether to use mono or nelzq

1 govorit gromko v biblioteke 2 sozdavat hastnyekliniki 3 vvodit platnoe obrazovanie 4 polzovatsquslugami hastnyx vrahej 5 kurit vo vremq poleta 6 zakazat bilet herez internet 7 ezdit bez bileta

Expressions of necessity

Nadonuno lsquoit is necessaryrsquo

Nam nado nuno uluhwit zdravooxranenieWe need to improve healthcare

Note the use of bylo budet

Nam nado bylo budet uluhwit zdravooxranenieWe had to will have to improve healthcare

In the negative nado and nuno have differentiated meanings

Ne nado otkryvat hastnu[ klinikuOne should not (it is necessary not to) open a private clinic

Ne nuno otkryvat hastnu[ klinikuIt is not necessary to open a private clinic

Prixoditsqprijtis lsquoto be obliged to to have torsquo

The third person singular neuter (ono form) is used impersonally withthe dative

Direktoru prixoditsq zanimatsq finansami klinikiThe director has to deal with the finances of the clinic

Im pridetsq najti platnu[ klinikuThey will have to find a fee-paying clinic

Gosudarstvu priwlos otmenit finansovu[ pomo]hastnym klinikamThe government was obliged to abolish help to private clinics

Sleduet sledovalo lsquoought to should it is fittingrsquo

Similarly the third person singular neuter (ono form) of sledovat(lsquoto followrsquo) is used impersonally with the dative

Vam ne sleduet tak govoritYou should not talk like that

|togo sledovalo oidatIt was to be expected

Mne sledovalo by sdelat to nemedlennoI should have done it straight away

In contrast dolen lsquomustrsquo obqzan lsquoobligedrsquo and vynuden lsquoforcedrsquoare not used impersonally but agree in number and gender with thesubject

Ona dolna (bylabudet) rabotat v gosudarstvennojbolniceShe must (had to will have to) work in a state hospital

Vy dolny byli by nas predupreditYou ought to have warned us

Oni obqzany vam pomohThey are obliged to help you

Vrah byl vynuden operirovatThe doctor was forced to operate

Exercise 6

Replace dolen by using the word in brackets in the right form andtense

1 Q dolen exat v Rossi[ (prixoditsq) 2 Otec dolen bylkupit bilet na samolet (prijtis) 3 Mat dolna budet idtipewkom (prijtis) 4 Ty ne dolna vozvra]atsq pozdno(sledovat) 5 Vy dolny sdat kzamen (obqzan) 6 Professordolen otkryt hastnu[ kliniku (prixoditsq) 7 On nedolen byl soglawatsq so mnoj (sledovat) 8 Vrah dolenokazat pervu[ pomo] (obqzan) 9 Vy ne dolny prixodit s[da(sledovat) 10 Ty ne dolna byla vstrehat ego (sledovat)

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Expressions of success and luck

Certain of these expressions also use the third person of verbs imper-sonally with the dative

Udavatsqudatsq lsquoto be successfulrsquo

Nam udalos najti xorowu[ klinikuWe succeeded in finding a good clinic

Nade[s hto tebe udastsq rewit tu problemuI hope that you will be successful in resolving this problem

Note that udavatsq udatsq can also be used with a third personsubject

|ta procedura ne vsegda udaetsq emuHe does not always have success with this procedure(lit This procedure is not always successful for him)

Vezetpovezlo lsquoin luck luckyrsquo

The third person singular neuter (ono form) of veztipovezti is alsoused with the dative to denote luck

Emu povezloHe was in luck

Tebe vezet v izniYou are lucky in life

Exercise 7

Replace the existing verb moh smoh with the verb udavatsq udatsq in the appropriate form

Example Ona smogla dostat bilet na operu ndash Ejudalos dostat bilet na operu

1 Q smog kupit massu knig 2 Q duma[ hto professorBronwtejn smoet vyit v usloviqx krizisa 3 My moemdobeat do doma 4 On moet sxodit v magazin 5 Vy smoglipozavtrakat 6 Ona nikogda ne mogla pisat bez owibok

Expressions denoting feelings

You are already familiar with the use of short form neuter adjectivesused with the dative to express certain feelings nam veselo (fromveselyj) lsquowe are cheerfulrsquo im xolodno (from xolodnyj) lsquothey arecold mne stydno (from stydnyj) lsquoI am ashamedrsquo studentamskuhno (from skuhnyj) lsquothe students are boredrsquo emu bolno (frombolnoj lsquosorersquo) lsquoit hurts himrsquo

In addition there are a number of other impersonal predicates simi-larly used

alalko lsquosorry forrsquo

Emu al bolnyx devuwkuHe is sorry for the patients the girl

Note the use of the accusative for the person he is sorry for

Mne al smotret na tebqIt grieves me to look at you

Len lsquotoo lazyrsquo

Mne len idtiI am too lazy canrsquot be bothered to go

Pora lsquoit is timersquo

Nam pora idtiIt is time for us to go

Note that any of these expressions can be made past or future byusing bylo budet emu bylo bolno lsquoit hurt himrsquo nam budet allsquowe will be sorryrsquo

There are also impersonal expressions denoting feelings formedfrom the third person singular neuter (ono form) of verbs

Nadoest (perf)

Mne nadoelo rabotatIrsquom sick of working

Ne xvatatxvatit

Nam (or u nas) ne xvataet vremeniWe are short of time

|togo nam e]e ne xvataloThatrsquos all we needed

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Nedostavatnedostat

Emu nedostaet denegHe is short of lacks money

Note the use of the genitive after ne xvatat and nedostavat

In addition several reflexive verbs can be used impersonally with thedative

Mne xotelos spatI wanted to sleep

Nam kaetsq hto vse v porqdkeIt seems to us that every thing is in order

Emu ostalos tolko soglasitsqAll that was left to him was to agree

Ej ispolnilos 50 letShe is fifty

Exercise 8

Use the most appropriate word from those given below to completethe sentences

(ostalos ispolnitsq nadoelo xohetsq len al poraxvataet)

1 Iz-za ary mne bylo rabotat 2 Ue west hasov idti3 Nam tolko otkazatsq ot togo plana 4 Turistam bylo bednyx krestqn 5 Emu ne opyta dlq takoj raboty 6 Vovtornik mne 21 god 7 Mne ohen uvidet tot film8 Emu rabotat tam i delat skuhnu[ rabotu

Exercise 9

Study the advertisement for the Marina Mashenskaya dental clinic

1 Give four reasons for choosing the Marina Mashenskaya clinic2 What is the advantage of taking the whole family along to the

clinic3 What special programmes does the clinic offer

4 Which group in society is it targeting5 What resistance to dental treatment is the advertisement trying

to overcome

Nekogo nehego

These expressions meaning respectively lsquothere is no onersquo and lsquothereis nothingrsquo are used with the infinitive and may also be used with thedative

Nekogo sprositThere is no one to ask

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Nehego delatThere is nothing to do

Emu nekogo sprositHe has no one to ask

Nam nehego delatWe have nothing to do

Nekogo nehego decline like kto and hto and their case depends onthe verb governing them

Ej nekomu pomogatShe has no one to help

Nam nehem zanimatsqWe have nothing to occupy us

When nekogo nehego are used with a preposition it comes betweenne and the rest of the word

Emu ne s kem razgovarivatHe has no one to talk to

Im ne o hem dumatThey have nothing to think about

Note that the form nehto is used with prepositions taking theaccusative otherwise the accusative form is nehego

Nam ne na hto smotretWe have nothing to look at

Nam nehego estWe have nothing to eat

The word nekto means lsquosomeonersquo

Nekto priwelSomeone has arrived

Negde nekuda nekogda

These adverbs meaning respectively lsquothere is nowherersquo (place) lsquothereis nowherersquo (motion) lsquothere is no timersquo are used in the same way asnekogo nehego

Nam negde itWe have nowhere to live

Im nekuda idtiThey have nowhere to go

Nam nekogda otdyxatWe have no time to relax

Note that nekogda also means lsquoonce upon a timersquo

On nekogda il v MoskveHe once lived in Moscow

All the above expressions can be made past or future by using byloor budet

Nam ne s kem budet razgovarivatWe will have no one to talk to

Im nekuda bylo idtiThey had nowhere to go

Exercise 10

Choose an appropriate word from the list and then put the sentencesin the past and future tense

(nekuda nehego negde nekogo nekogda nehem ne o hemne na kogo ne s kem ne k komu)

1 Mne xodit 2 Emu it 3 Ej delat 4 Materi smotret televizor 5 Mne govorit s toboj 6 Emu dae pojti v pivnu[ 7 Mne priglasit v kino 8 Rebenku est sup 9 Mne nadeqtsq 10 Ej zajti po doroge domoj

The buffer vowel -o in prepositions

You will have noticed that the preposition v changes to vo k to koand s to so before some words beginning with more than one conso-nant Sometimes this happens when the beginning of the word repeatsthe same or a similar sound to the preposition

so sredy since Wednesdaybut v sredu on Wednesday

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

vo Francii in Francebut k Francii towards France

so stadiona from the stadiumbut k stadionu towards the stadium

There are some combinations of consonants which result in -o beingadded to all of these prepositions

These include vr- vs- vt- dn- mn- vo vremq ko vremeniso vremeni vo vsex ko vsem so vsemi vo vtorom ko vtoromuso vtorym vo mnogix ko mnogim so mnogix

Exercise 11

Choose the correct form of the prepositions from the brackets tocomplete the sentence

1 On priexal (v vo) vtornik 2 Ona uwla (v vo) sredu 3 (S so)togo vremeni vse izmenilos 4 |to (v vo) mnogom zavisit ot Vas5 Oni zajdut (k ko) mne 6 Ona podowla (k ko) stadionu

Stress

Short form of adjectives

Fixed stress on the stem krasiv krasiva krasivo krasivyinteresen interesna serezen serezna This group includesmost adjectives of four or more syllables

There are three main types of mobile stress

ndash Stress on the ending in the feminine and otherwise on the stemgust gusta gusto gusty dobr dobra krepok krepka glupglupa iv iva cel cela mil mila

ndash Stress on the ending in the feminine neuter and plural xorowxorowa xorowo xorowi bolen bolna legok legka umenumna

ndash Stress on the end in the feminine and plural and otherwise on thestem viden vidna vidno vidny

Exercise 12

1 At present the Russian health system is experiencing many diffi-culties There are not enough doctors and nurses and conditionsin hospitals are appalling

2 The cost of treatment in private clinics is very high but I do notthink we can do without private medicine in the present situa-tion

3 State help is essential for all hospitals both state and private4 I think medical treatment should remain accessible to all people

But I do agree that people should have a choice5 I am so sorry for old age pensioners in Russia they worked hard

all their lives and now they cannot afford even basic medicines6 I think Professor Bronstein succeeded in creating his famous clinic

thanks to his enormous energy and practical experience7 I am so fed up with everything I have nothing to do nowhere

to go nobody to talk to8 I hope the Russian government will succeed in getting out of its

present crisis

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

13 VYBORY V DUMU

about the Russian electoral and party system how to form and to use perfective and imperfective gerunds how to write sentences in the negative

The fall of the Soviet Union also ended the role of the CommunistParty of the Soviet Union (CPSU) as the sole political party Howeverit would be inaccurate to say that Russia has now moved to a properlyfunctioning multi-party system With the exception of the successorto the CPSU the Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF)other political groups are rather ill-defined movements with no realparty structure economic programme or ideological positionAlliances between these groups are constantly changing For exampleprior to the elections to the State Duma (lower house of the Russianparliament) of December 1999 hundreds of small parties formed into 26 alliances The real surprise of the election was that lsquoUnityrsquoan alliance formed only a short while before the election should come second to the communists in the popular vote and because ofother support it could call upon in the Duma become in effect thedominant party

Text 1111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Vybory v Dumu | 235

Neoidannaq pobeda

Parlamentskie vybory 19 dekabrq 1999 goda byli odnim izglavnyx sobytij v Rossii na rubee tretego tysqheletiq Itogivyborov vse e]e obsuda[tsq v presse podvergaqs raznymocenkam i vyzyvaq spory o budu]em rossijskoj demokratiiSamym neoidannym rezultatom vyborov byla pobeda novogopolitiheskogo dvieniq ltEdinstvogt (ltMedvedqgt) Onookazalos na vtorom meste posle kommunistov Nikto nikogdane predpolagal hto ta frakciq s minimalnym rejtingomsobrannaq za nedel[ do registracii moet pobedit Ved vkonce oktqbrq rejting ltEdinstvagt po dannym VCIOM byltolko 4 A htoby uhastvovat v vyborax nado preodolet 5-nyj barer Odnako nahav s takogo nizkogo urovnq rejting

236 | Elections to the Duma

Po materialam ltNezavisimoj gazetygt 1999ndash2001

ltEdinstvagt postepenno povywalsq i za mesqc do golosovaniqpodowel k 9 hto bylo ue dostatohno htoby uhastvovat vizbiratelnyx gonkax K koncu e noqbrq za 8ndash9 dnej dogolosovaniq on ue dostigal 18 Ryvok ltMedvedqgt byl sdelanna samom finiwe izbiratelnoj kampanii i prevzowel vseoidaniq dostignuv 232 golosov podannyx izbiratelqmi Zadvienie ltEdinstvogt progolosovala pohti hetvert izbiratelejpriwedwix na vybory

Konehno KPRF po-prenemu lidirovala v vyborax nabrav277 golosov I nesmotrq na to hto neoidannyj uspexltEdinstvagt serezno izmenil sootnowenie sil pobedakommunistov v celom sostoqlas No sensacionnaq pobedaltEdinstvagt kazalos vyrosla na pustom meste VedltEdinstvogt v otlihie ot KPRF ne imelo nikakoj opre-delennoj programmy nikakoj hetkoj idealogiheskoj poziciiU nego ne bylo ni opytnyx liderov ni organizacionnojstruktury Konehno dlq dostieniq takogo rezultata bylimobilizovany kolossalnye administrativnye materialno-finansovye i informacionnye resursy No to ni v koem sluhaene moet obqsnit rezultat takogo maswtaba za stol korotkoevremq Kakovy e prihiny takogo uspexa

Po mneni[ politologov uspex ltEdinstvagt obqsnqetsq tem htoob]estvo istoskovalos po porqdku i obe]aniq novoj partiinavesti porqdok i pokonhit s korrupciej okazalis sozvuhnynastroeni[ rossiqn A lider dvieniq ltMedvedgt SergejWojgu kotoryj ne imel nikakix politiheskix zaslug no prokotorogo xorowo bylo izvestno hto on helovek dela ne vor ine mafiozi okazalsq takim blizkim bolwinstvu l[dej Nokonehno glavnaq prihina pobedy ltEdinstvagt ndash podderkaPutina Ona okazalas dlq bloka rewa[]ej |to Putin s kranatelevizora sovetoval izbiratelqm golosovat za ltmedvedejgt htoi pozvolilo novomu bloku dognat kommunistov

Vocabulary diams

vor thiefgolos golosovanie vote votingdognat to catch upizbiratel voterizbiratelnaq kampaniq election campaignistoskovatsq po porqdku to pine for miss ordermaswtab scalemedved (m) bearnabrat golosa to pick up win votesnavesti porqdok to bring orderobe]anie promisepodvergatsq ocenkam to subject to assessmentprevzojti oidaniq to exceed expectationspredpolagat to supposepreodolet barer to get through the barrier

over the hurdleprogolosovat to voteryvok spurtsozvuhnyj nastroeni[ in keeping with the moodsootnowenie sil correlation of forceshetkij clear

NB na rubee tysqheletiq ndash on the brink of the millennium ni v koemsluhae ndash on no account v celom ndash on the whole VCIOM ndashVserossijskij centr po izuheni[ ob]estvennogo mneniq

Exercise 1

1 O kakix vyborax idet reh2 Kakov byl neoidannyj rezultat vyborov3 Hto neobxodimo dlq uhastiq v vyborax4 Kakov byl rejting ltEdinstvagt do i posle vyborov5 Skolko izbiratelej progolosovali za ltEdinstvogt6 Skolko golosov nabrala KPRF7 Pohemu vse byli udivleny pobede ltEdinstvagt8 Kakovy prihiny uspexa ltEdinstvagt9 Kto takoj Sergej Wojgu

10 Kakova glavnaq prihina pobedy bloka

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Vybory v Dumu | 237

Exercise 2

Examine the results of the poll for the period 29 October ndash 2November 1999 a month and a half before the election on 19December 1999 and then answer the questions in Russian

1 Kakov byl rejting KPRF soglasno oprosu2 Kakov byl rejting ltEdinstvagt soglasno oprosu3 Skolko golosov nabrala KPRF v vyborax4 Skolko golosov nabralo ltEdinstvogt v vyborax5 Hej rejting povysilsq Hej rejting ponizilsq6 Hq izbiratelnaq kampaniq byla bolee uspewnoj

Dialogue 1

A conversation between a journalist and political commentator

URNALIST Sudq po kolihestvu nabrannyx golosov samaqpopulqrnaq partiq v Rossii ndash partiq kommunistovI samaq krupnaq frakciq v Dume kommunistiheskaq

POLITOLOG K soaleni[ to tak KPRF ndash edinstvennaq partiqkotoru[ mono nazvat partiej U nee est svojlektorat Sredi ee lektorata preoblada[t poilyel[di pensionery veterany vojny bednye sloinaseleniq kotorye s nostalgiej vspomina[tprowloe Oni e]e verqt hto pri kommunistax bylo

Esli by vybory v Gosdumu sostoqlis v bliajweevoskresene za kogo by vy progolosovali

28 KPRF 4 So[z pravyx sil

14 Otehestvo ndash Vsq Rossiq 3 en]iny Rossii

11 Qbloko 2 Naw dom ndash Rossiq

4 Edinstvo 3 Protiv vsex

4 Blok irinovskogo 21 Zatrudnilis otvetit

luhwe KPRF populqrna v rossijskoj provincii gdekonomiheskoe poloenie tqeloe

URNALIST A kakie drugie partii populqrny v Rossii Mogutli oni konkurirovat s KPRF

POLITOLOG Navrqd li k nim podxodit slovo ltpartiqgt |toskoree predvybornye obedineniq dvieniq kotoryme]e nado oformitsq v parti[ Takovy dvienieltEdinstvogt OVR (ltOtehestvo ndash Vsq Rossiqgt) SPS(ltSo[z pravyx silgt) Ix struktura ohen razmytaqOni kak pravilo obedinq[t neskolko frakcijpredstavlqq soboj koalicii

URNALIST Tem ne menee dvienie ltEdinstvogt oderalo pobedunabrav pohti stolko e golosov skolko nabralikommunisty Kak to moglo proizojti

POLITOLOG Dlq menq to takaq e zagadka kak dlq vsex Niktone mog predpoloit hto ta ltpartiqgt moetrasshityvat na pobedu Ved ona ne zaqvila ni odnojkrupnoj idei u nee ne bylo nikakix programmnyxprincipov I vdrug ona okazalas pobeditelem

URNALIST Moet byt vse delo v sredstvax massovojinformacii Televideni[ udalos organizovatinformacionnu[ kampani[ sozdat versi[populqrnosti bloka i podderki Putina A toprivleklo izbiratelej

POLITOLOG Konehno televidenie ndash ogromnaq sila I ono sygralosvo[ rol

URNALIST S drugoj storony ni odna partiq ne smogla oderatnastoq]ej pobedy v vyborax Ni KPRF niltEdinstvogt ne mogut byt pravq]ej partiej Neudivitelno hto oni i]ut so[znikov htobyobedinitsq

POLITOLOG Imenno to i proizowlo Putin zaqvil hto nadoumenwit hislo partij ltEdinstvogt i ltOtehestvogtue obedinilis Obedinivwis v edinu[ parti[oni nade[tsq stat partiej vlasti Q duma[ to pervyj wag na puti k trexpartijnoj sisteme A trexpartijnaq sistema po-moemu idealob]estvennogo ustrojstva

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Vybory v Dumu | 239

Vocabulary diams

zagadka puzzlekonkurirovat s (+ inst) to competenavrqd li hardlyob]estvennoe ustrojstvo social structureobedinenie obedinqt unification union to uniteOtehestvo Fatherlandpravq]aq partiq ruling partypredvybornaq kampaniq election campaignpreobladat to predominate prevailprivleh to attractrazmytyj blurredrasshityvat na pobedu to count on victoryso[znik allysudq po (+ dat) judging by

NB pri kommunistax ndash under the Communists but pod vlast[kommunistov ndash under the power of the Communists

Exercise 3

1 Which is the most popular party in Russia2 Who makes up its electorate3 What alliances are there in Russian politics4 Why was everyone surprised at the victory of lsquoUnityrsquo5 What role did the media play in this victory6 What was the principal reason for the victory7 Is there a ruling party in the Duma8 Why did the lsquoUnityrsquo and lsquoFatherlandrsquo movements decide to join

forces

Exercise 4

True or false

1 V vyborax 1999 goda v Rossii oderali pobedu (KPRFltEdinstvogt ltOtehestvogt)

2 Htoby uhastvovat v vyborax nado preodolet (trex- pqti-desqti-) procentnyj barer

3 ltEdinstvogt i ltOtehestvogt obedinilis potomu hto oni xotqtbyt (pravq]ej edinstvennoj demokratiheskoj) partiej

4 Sredi lektorata KPRF preoblada[t (poilye l[dimolode intelligenciq)

5 Ideal ob]estvennogo ustrojstva (mnogopartijnaqodnopartijnaq trexpartijnaq) sistema

Gerunds

Gerunds are verbal adverbs that can be substituted for adverbialclauses beginning with lsquowhenrsquo lsquowhilersquo lsquosincersquo lsquoafterrsquo etc Like someparticiples they may be used to translate the English -ing form Unlikeparticiples they are indeclinable

Rabotaq v Moskve q zainteresovalas politikojWorking in Moscow I became interested in politics

The gerund rabotaq lsquoworkingrsquo substitutes for the adverbial clausekogda q rabotala lsquowhen I was workingrsquo

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Vybory v Dumu | 241

BCEPOCCИЙCKAЯ ПAPTИЯ

ldquoEДИНCTBO И OTEЧECTBOrdquo

ldquoEДИНCTBOrdquo

EГИOHAПЬHOE ДBИЖ

OTEЧECTBO

BCЯ PОCCИ

The imperfective gerund

You will also find the imperfective gerund referred to as the presentgerund

How to form the imperfective gerund

Take the third person plural (oni form) of the present tense andreplace the last two letters by -q

rabotat ndash rabota[t ndash rabotaq workinggovorit ndash govorqt ndash govorq talking

The imperfective gerund of verbs ending in -avat ends in -avaqdavat ndash da[t ndash davaq lsquogivingrsquo

The imperfective gerund of reflexive verbs ends in -qspolzovatsq ndash polzu[tsq ndash polzuqs lsquousing enjoyingrsquo

As a result of the spelling rule the ending is -a after h w ]derat ndash derat ndash dera lsquoholdingrsquo

The imperfective gerund of byt is buduhiThe imperfective gerund is generally stressed on the same syllable

as the first person singular (q form) duma[ ndash dumaq lsquothinkingrsquoThere are however exceptions siu ndash sidq lsquothinkingrsquo sto[ ndashstoq lsquostandingrsquo leu ndash lea lsquolyingrsquo

A considerable number of common verbs have no imperfectivegerund These include many verbs with monosyllabic infinitivesbit brat (berq exists but is rarely used) est dat petpit and irregular verbs beat exat pisat xotet

Where a verb does not have an imperfective gerund it may be pos-sible to form the gerund from one of its compounds without alteringthe meaning too much (pit) vypivat ndash vypivaq lsquodrinking uprsquo(dat) oidat ndash oidaq lsquowaiting for expectingrsquo

How to use imperfective gerunds

An imperfective gerund is used to express an action performed at thesame time and by the same subject as the main verb of the sentence

Razgovarivaq s russkimi kadyj den on mnogo uznaet o izni v RossiiTalking to Russians every day he learns a lot about life in Russia

The alternative construction using an adverbial clause instead of agerund would read

Tak kak on razgovarivaet s russkimi kadyj den onmnogo uznaet o izni v RossiiSince he talks to Russians every day he learns a lot about life inRussia

It would also be possible to express the same idea using two mainclauses

On razgovarivaet s russkimi kadyj den i mnogo uznaet o izni v RossiiHe talks to Russians every day and learns a lot about life inRussia

Provided the action of the gerund takes place at the same time as theaction of the main verb an imperfective gerund may be used in asentence referring to events in the past and future as well as thepresent

Razgovarivaq s russkimi kadyj den on mnogo uznavalo izni v RossiiTalking to Russians every day he was learning a lot about life in Russia

Razgovarivaq s russkimi kadyj den on mnogo budetuznavat o izni v RossiiTalking to Russians every day he will be learning a lot about lifein Russia

There are some further examples in the text Neoidannaq pobedaof imperfective gerunds

Itogi vyborov obsuda[tsq v presse podvergaqsraznym ocenkam i vyzyvaq sporyThe results of the elections are being discussed in the presssubjected to (subjecting themselves to) varied assessment andgiving rise to arguments

The above example shows that a Russian gerund will not always beneatly translated by the English -ing form

Note the use of the negative gerund to translate lsquowithout ingrsquo

Oni sozdali parti[ ne imeq nikakoj opredelennojprogrammyThey created a party without having any set programme

Ona vywla iz komnaty ne govorq ni slovaShe left the room without saying a word

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Vybory v Dumu | 243

Exercise 5

Form the imperfective gerund from the following verbs

vspominat rasshityvat sozdavat huvstvovat blagodaritidti prixodit nesti vozvra]atsq putewestvovat oka-zyvatsq l[bovatsq stanovitsq golosovat nabirat bytnaxoditsq

Exercise 6

Replace the adverbial clauses with imperfective gerunds

1 Kogda q naxous v Rossii q vsegda putewestvu[ poltZolotomu kolcugt 2 Xotq on il vs[ izn v Amerike onostavalsq russkim pisatelem 3 Kogda oni sozdavali novu[parti[ oni razrabotali novu[ programmu 4 Kogda direktorrazgovarivaet so studentami on vsegda sovetuet mnogo rabotat5 Kogda on vozvra]alsq iz Moskvy on vspomnil hto on zabylpasport 6 Poka ona sluwaet muzyku ona zabyvaet obo vsem7 Tak kak on uhilsq i rabotal za granicej on ne znal rossijskixproblem 8 Tak kak on nenavidel vojnu on otkazalsq uhastvovat v nej 9 Xotq ona l[bit sladkoe ona pet kofe bez saxara

The perfective gerund

You will also find the perfective gerund referred to as the past gerund

How to form the perfective gerund

The perfective gerund is formed by replacing the -l from the mascu-line singular form of the perfective past tense by -v konhit ndashkonhil ndash konhiv lsquohaving finishedrsquo

Reflexive verbs take the ending -vwis podvergnutsq ndashpodvergnulsq ndash podvergnuvwis lsquohaving been subjected torsquo

Verbs ending in -ti including prefixed forms of vesti veztiidti and nesti have a perfective gerund ending in -q Form it inthe same way as the imperfective gerund but using a perfective verbpodojti ndash podojdut ndash podojdq lsquohaving approachedrsquo vyvezti ndashvyvezut ndash vyvezq lsquohaving exportedrsquo

Exercise 7

Form the perfective gerund from the following verbs

sozdat nabrat progolosovat stat skazat pojti prinestiuexat okazatsq vernutsq vvezti sest najti enitsqnazvat

How to use the perfective gerund

A perfective gerund is used to express an action performed by thesame subject as the main verb of the sentence prior to the action ofthe main verb

Vstretivwis s russkimi on mnogo uznal o izni vRossiiHaving met Russians he had learnt a lot about life in Russia

The alternative construction using an adverbial clause would read

Posle togo kak (tak kak) on vstretilsq s russkimi onmnogo uznal o izni v RossiiAfter (because) he had met Russians he knew a lot about life inRussia

Provided the action in the gerund takes place before the action of themain verb a perfective gerund may be used whatever the tense ofthe main verb

Vstretivwis s russkimi on mnogo uznaet o izni vRossiiHaving met Russians he will have learnt a lot about life inRussia

There are some further examples of perfective gerunds in the textNeoidannaq pobeda

Odnako nahav s nizkogo urovnq rejting postepennopovywalsqHowever having started from a low level the ratings weregradually climbing

KPRF lidirovala v vyborax nabrav 277 golosovThe CPRF was leading in the elections having picked up 277of the votes

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Vybory v Dumu | 245

Note that for a gerund to be used it is essential that the subject ofthe gerund be identical to the subject of the main verb It is impos-sible to use a gerund to translate the following sentence into Russian

The CPRF having picked up only 287 of the votes the lsquoUnityrsquomovement came secondTak kak KPRF nabrala tolko 277 golosovltEdinstvogt zanqlo vtoroe mesto

Exercise 8

Replace the adverbial clauses with perfective gerunds

1 Esli vy priedete v Moskvu vy ne uznaete goroda 2 Posle togokak on vernulsq iz poezdki po Rossii xudonik napisalprekrasnye kartiny 3 Tak kak on rodilsq v Rossii on xorowoznal russku[ kulturu 4 Kogda on poznakomilsq s nej on bylporaen ee znaniqmi 5 Posle togo kak ona vywla zamu za negoona brosila svo[ rabotu 6 Tolko kogda vy prohitaete tekst vysmoete otvetit na voprosy 7 Esli ty sdaw kzameny typostupiw v universitet 8 Tak kak oni otkazalis uhastvovatv sorevnovaniqx oni byli vynudeny uexat domoj 9 Tak kakona pohuvstvovala sebq ploxo ona legla na krovat

Exercise 9

Replace the underlined verbs with suitable gerunds (imperfective orperfective)

1 Vybory obsuda[tsq v presse i podverga[tsq raznym ocenkam2 ltEdinstvogt pobedilo i okazalos na vtorom meste 3 RejtingltEdinstvagt povywalsq i podowel za mesqc do golosovaniq k 94 Izbirateli priwli na vybory i progolosovali za novu[ parti[5 ltEdinstvogt ne imeet opredelennoj programmy i ne moet bytpravq]ej partiej 6 Ona provodit vse kanikuly na plqe inihego ne delaet 7 On prohital pismo i zasmeqlsq 8 On neskazal ni slova i vywel iz komnaty 9 Frakcii obedinilisi pobedili na vyborax 10 Partiq oderala pobedu i stalaprovodit novu[ politiku 11 Mnogie dvieniq sejhasobedinq[tsq i nade[tsq sozdat silnu[ parti[ 12 Turistyplyli na teploxode i l[bovalis krasivoj prirodoj 13 Nabokovbyl russkim po rodeni[ i nikogda ne zabyval Rossi[ 14 Onhital knigi o l[bvi i vspominal svo[ molodost

Gerunds as prepositions

Some gerunds are used as prepositions These include sudq po +dative lsquojudging byrsquo (note the different stress on the gerund ndash sudq)blagodarq + dative lsquothanks torsquo (note blagodarq + accusative ndash gerundlsquothankingrsquo) nesmotrq na + accusative lsquodespitersquo iskl[haq +accusative lsquoincludingrsquo ne iskl[haq + genitive lsquoexcludingrsquo neshitaq + genitive lsquonot countingrsquo shitaq s ot + genitive lsquostartingwithrsquo

Sudq po kolihestvu golosov samaq populqrnaq partiq ndashpartiq kommunistovJudging by the number of votes the most popular party is theCommunist Party

Blagodarq podderke Putina ltEdinstvogt pobediloThanks to Putinrsquos support lsquoUnityrsquo won

Exercise 10

Examine the composition of the third State Duma as a result of elec-tions on 19 December 1999 and answer the questions in Russian

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Vybory v Dumu | 247

Дума 1999 года

Независимыекандидаты

KPRF Kommunistiheskaq partiq Rossijskoj FederaciiOVR Otehestvo - Vsq RossiqSPS So[z pravyx sil

Eдинство

ЯБЛОКО KПРФ

Бло

ирин

овск

ого

1 U kogo samoe bolwoe kolihestvo mest v Dume2 Kto zanimaet vtoroe mesto3 Kto zanimaet poslednee mesto4 Skolko mest v Dume u ltEdinstvagt ltOtehestvagt ltSo[za

pravyx silgt5 Skolko mest budet u ltEdinstvagt esli ono obedinitsq s

ltOtehestvomgt

The negative

Examine the following sentence taken from the text Neoidannaqpobeda

Nikto nikogda ne predpolagal hto ta frakciq moetpobeditNo one ever imagined that this faction could win

What the sentence literally says in Russian is

No one never did not imagine

In a Russian negative sentence not only is the verb negated by thepresence of ne but all words such as anyone anything everanywhere any either or are translated as nikto lsquono onersquo nihtolsquonothingrsquo nikogda lsquoneverrsquo nigdenikuda lsquonowherersquo nikakoj lsquono not anyrsquo ni ni lsquoneither norrsquo

Look at these other examples from the same text

ltEdinstvogt ne imeet nikakoj opredelennoj programmylsquoUnityrsquo has no set programme

Note the use of the genitive after the negative verb

U nego net ni opytnyx liderov ni organizacionnojstrukturyIt has neither experienced leaders nor an organisationalstructure

The genitive also follows net meaning lsquothere is notrsquoWhen nikto nihto and nikakoj are used with a preposition

the preposition comes between the first syllable and the rest of theword

Q ni o kom ne duma[I am not thinking about anyone

Exercise 11

Answer these questions in the negative

1 Gde vy byli vhera 2 Ty kuda-nibud xodil veherom 3 Zakogo vy golosovali na vyborax 4 Hto vy delali utrom 5 UltEdinstvagt est kakaq-nibud programma 6 U tebq est bratsestra 7 Vy kogda-nibud hem-nibud ili kem-nibuduvlekalis 8 O hem vy dumaete 9 K kakoj partii vyprinadleite 10 S kem vy xodili v kino 11 Hemu onaudivlqetsq 12 Na kom on enilsq

Exercise 12

1 You cannot have a democratic society under a one-party systemFortunately this system belongs to the past

2 The new movement lsquoUnityrsquo would like to be the ruling party inRussia but it is unlikely to achieve this goal without allies

3 Having won a quarter of the votes in the parliamentary electionthe Communist Party began to work out a new programme ofaction

4 Despite the fact that lsquoUnityrsquo enjoyed enormous success during theelection the Communist Party still came first

5 Unfortunately lsquoUnityrsquo does not have any economic programme6 The success of lsquoUnityrsquo is explained by the fact that President Putin

gave his support to the movement He actually advised the elec-torate to vote for them

7 Being the only party with its own electorate the Communist Partyhopes to widen its influence

8 The mass media played a decisive role in the last electionTelevision succeeded in creating the myth of the popularity of thelsquoUnityrsquo movement and many people believed it

9 Judging by the methods used during the election campaign Russiais still a long way from democracy

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Vybory v Dumu | 249

14 INTERNET

about the internet in Russia some more information on word building verbs with prefixes how to differentiate between certain verbs

The Russian language net popularly called Runet because itsaddresses typically end lsquorursquo underwent massive expansion in 2000Only in the following year did legislation giving protection for intel-lectual property rights and providing the framework for e-commercecatch up with this boom The web also occupies a role in the polit-ical life of Russia Vladimir Putin had a sophisticated campaignwebsite during his presidential campaign Sites were also used in theDuma elections to wage negative campaigns against rivals notablyex-Prime Minister Primakov and Moscow Mayor Luzhkov TheRussian Government has a regularly updated official web page atwwwpravitelstvogovru There are also a number of news sitesincluding stranaru vestiru smiru gazetaru and lentaru

Text 1111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Internet | 251

Rossijskomu Internetu (Runetu) 10 let

V Rossii segodnq bolee 4 mln aktivnyx polzovatelejInterneta to est tex kto ltxoditgt v Set postoqnnoMoskovskie polzovateli sostavlq[t pqtu[ hast (okolo 09milliona) Po dannym Gllapa Internetom v Moskveeemesqhno polzu[tsq 935 tysqh helovek Vsemirnaq Pautinaosobenno populqrna sredi molodei Samoj znahitelnojqvlqetsq auditoriq v vozraste ot 25 do 34 let (25) Rastet ihislo internethikov starwe 55 let za poslednie dva goda onoudvoilos iteli Interneta ndash to peredovaq hast novogosrednego klassa Bolwinstvo osvaivaet novyj obraz izni zashet rabotodatelq bolwe poloviny vsex polzovatelej ltxodqtgtv Internet ne vyxodq iz ofisa Dae esli polzovateltrudogolik u nego vse ravno na rabote okazyvaetsq mnogo pauzkotorye zapolnq[tsq Internetom Za domawnij Internet nadoiz svoego karmana platit a na rabote platit kontora No hislodomawnix polzovatelej toe rastet

Po dannym monitoringru 24 procenta naseleniq Rossiinaxodqtsq v zone vliqniq Interneta Naibolee aktivnopolzu[tsq Internetom te kto rabotaet v sredstvax massovojinformacii reklame biznese i finansovom sektore Samyepopulqrnye razdely ndash sredstva massovoj informacii irazvleheniq V rabohie dni posetitelej virtualnyx gazet inovostnyx lent vsegda bolwe liw v uik-end interes k SMIpadaet a k razvleheniqm naoborot vozrastaet PolzovatelejInterneta osobenno interesuet sveaq politiheskaq isocialnaq informaciq Im bolwe ne nuna gazeta kotoraqsortiruet novosti Oni poluhili dostup k novostnym lentami sami mogut proizvodit otbor Vozmonosti dlq pressy v Setipoistine bezgranihny Eednevnaq pose]aemost nekotoryxInternet-SMI prevywaet tirai ob]enacionalnyx gazetTolko za poslednij mesqc novostnoj sajt wwwlentaru posetili

Po materialam urnala ltNovoe vremqgt 2000

Vocabulary diams

bezgranihnyj limitlessVsemirnaq Pautina world-wide-web wwwdostup accessznahitelnyj significantzona vliqniq sphere of influencekontora officenovostnaq lenta novostnoj

sajt news siteosvaivat to masterperedovoj progressivepoistine indeedpolzovatel Interneta Internet-userpotrebitel consumerproizvodit otbor to make a selectionrazvlekatelnyj sajt entertainment sitesdelka dealSet (f ) Networksopostavimyj comparabletira circulation

bolee 1 milliona helovek |to sopostavimo s eednevnymtiraom bolee 300 tysqh kzemplqrov

Srednij doxod rossijskogo polzovatelq sostavlqet 200 dollarovna hlena semi hetvert ot ob]ego kolihestva potrebitelejinternet-informacii sostavlq[t studenty Oni provodqt v Setidovolno mnogo vremeni ndash 337 minut eenedelno pose]aqglavnym obrazom razvlekatelnye sajty (anekdoty muzykahaty igry)

Setevoj biznes ndash samyj progressiru[]ij v strane On sozdaetvse bolwee kolihestvo rabohix mest Internet-torgovlq rastetRazvivaetsq novyj vid proda ndash herez Internet V Set prixodqtvse novye i novye l[di novye kompanii Mnogomillionnyesdelki i investicii sdelannye herez Internet ue nikogo neudivlq[t

252 | The Internet

trudogolik workaholicudvoitsq to doublekzemplqr copy

NB vse ravno ndash all the same naoborot ndash the other way round po dannym Gllapa ndash according to Gallup agency data

Exercise 1

1 Hto takoe aktivnyj polzovatel Interneta2 Kak ltxodqtgt v Internet bolwinstvo polzovatelej3 Kakie razdely osobenno populqrny v Internete4 Kakovy preimu]estva polzovaniq novostnymi sajtami5 Kakov srednij doxod rossijskogo polzovatelq6 Kakie sajty pose]a[t studenty bolwe vsego

Dialogue 1

URNALIST Vse ha]e v presse poqvlq[tsq soob]eniq ne tolko opolze no i o vrede komp[terov Ne luhwe li namvoob]e otkazatsq ot komp[terov i zabyt proInternet

SOCIOLOG No to nevozmono Komp[ter stal hast[ nawejizni Esli sejhas u vsex polzovatelej otobratkomp[ter to oni ostanutsq ltbez rukgt

URNALIST Nekotorye utverda[t hto l[di rabota[]ie skomp[terom bolwe podvereny stressam hem l[dine rabota[]ie s komp[terom

SOCIOLOG Po-moemu stressam podvereny vse I utverdathto v tom vinovaty komp[tery nelzq L[di vseraznye V konce koncov stress moet vozniknut iiz-za obyhnogo pereutomleniq

URNALIST V poslednee vremq stalo ltmodnymgt novoe zabo-levanie ndash Internet-zavisimost Q ime[ v vidu

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Internet | 253

patologiheskoe vlehenie k prebyvani[ v Seti Nekaetsq li Vam hto to prihinqet u]erb zdorov[kak fiziheskomu tak i psixiheskomu

SOCIOLOG Da internet moet zatqnut v svoi seti |to kaknarkotik hem bolwe upotreblqew tem silneexohetsq

URNALIST I mono li vylehitsq ot takogo ltnarkotikagtSOCIOLOG Konehno I kuda leghe hem ot narkomanii Ot

Internet-zavisimosti mono vylehitsq samomu bezpomo]i vrahej Ved krome Interneta su]estvuetmassa drugix zanqtij l[bimaq rabota l[bimyjhelovek a take teatry kino koncerty Prosto vovsem nado znat meru i vremq ot vremeniperekl[hatsq na drugie ve]i

URNALIST No mne kaetsq hto u nas v strane ue su]estvuetinformacionnaq ugroza I my dolny ogranihitdostup k nekotorym sajtam

SOCIOLOG Zdes q s Vami soglasen Nam nuen zakon nunymery za]ity Nado kontrolirovat socialno opasnyesajty te kotorye propagandiru[t narkotiki nasilieterrorizm

Vocabulary diams

vlehenie attractionvred harmvylehitsq ot (+ gen) to be cured ofzatqnut v set to draw into trap in the netznat meru to know onersquos limitInternet-zavisimost Internet dependencemery za]ity protection measuresnasilie violenceogranihit to restrictotobrat to take awayperekl[hatsq na (+ acc) to switch topereutomlenie exhaustion overworkpodverennyj stressu subject to stresspoistine indeed

254 | The Internet

polza use benefitprebyvanie stayprivlekatelnyj attractiveprihinqt u]erb (+ dat) to cause damagesocialno-opasnyj sajt socially dangerous siteugroza threat

Exercise 2

1 Mono li otkazatsq ot komp[terov2 Pravda li hto komp[ter poo]rqet stress3 Kak voznikaet stress4 Hto takoe Internet-zavisimost5 Kak mono vylehitsq ot Internet-zavisimosti6 K kakim sajtam nado ogranihit dostup

Exercise 3

True or false

1 Samye aktivnye polzovateli Interneta (poilye l[diwkolniki molodye l[di)

2 Bolwinstvo polzovatelej ltxoditgt v Set (u sebq doma narabote v Internet-kafe)

3 Samye populqrnye sajty (razvleheniq SMI hatyantikvariat)

4 Studenty bolwe pose]a[t (novostnye sajty biznes-sajtyrazvlekatelnye sajty)

5 L[di rabota[]ie s komp[terom (nikogda ne bole[t mnogousta[t podvereny stressu)

6 Internet-zavisimost (psixiheskoe zabolevanie bolezn serdcavlehenie k prebyvani[ v Seti)

7 Htoby vylehitsq ot Internet-zavisimosti nado(perekl[hitsq na drugie zanqtiq vl[bitsq uvlehsqteatrom)

8 Samye opasnye sajty ndash te kotorye propagandiru[t (sekskurenie terrorizm)

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Internet | 255

Exercise 4

Study the results of a poll conducted in Russia (shown opposite page)and answer the questions in English

1 What was considered the third most dangerous kind of site2 What was considered next most dangerous after terrorist sites3 Why should some sites dealing with Russian history be controlled4 What kinds of intolerance might be propagated on web sites

according to this list5 How might NATO figure in web sites6 What is the principal indication of Internet dependence7 What was considered a rather more significant indication than a

tendency to stress and depression8 What was the least significant indication of Internet dependence

Word building

In previous units we have looked at common roots which connectwords with similar meanings and at how these roots combine withprefixes to add to or qualify the meaning and suffixes which deter-mine the part of speech Many people learning Russian have difficultyin memorising vocabulary It is often worthwhile breaking down aRussian word into its constituent parts as a way of making it morememorable or helping to decipher its meaning The aim of this sectionis to give you some more tips about the way Russian words are puttogether to help you to continue to build your vocabulary

Alternation of consonants

Sometimes it may be more difficult to recognise a familiar root in aword because the consonant is different There are some commonalternations of consonants in Russian

d d vodit lsquoto leadrsquo voak lsquoleaderrsquo vod lsquoleaderrsquot h dobyt lsquoto obtainrsquo dobyha lsquobooty extractionrsquot ] pitat lsquofeedrsquo pi]a lsquofoodrsquo

256 | The Internet

Gazeta ltMoskovskie novostigt 2001

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Internet | 257

I ltKakie samye informacionno ltopasnyegt web-sajtygt

(1) Propagandiru[]ie narkotiki(2) Propagandiru[]ie nasilie i kstremizm(3) Posvq]ennye texnologii izgotovleniq oruiq(4) Prestupnyx i terroristiheskix organizacij(5) Totalitarnyx sekt(6) Pornografiheskie

II ltKakie sajty v Internete sledovalo bykontrolirovatgt

(1) Reklama antiob]estvennyx sajtov(2) Iskaa[]ie istori[ Rossii(3) Manipuliru[]ie lihnost[ naruwa[]ie ee

nravstvennye osnovy(4) Propagandiru[]ie bombeki stranami NATO

ltnepokornyxgt gosudarstv(5) Sodera]ie dokumentalnye kadry smertej(6) Propagandiru[]ie vradu nenavist nacionalnu[ i

klassovu[ neterpimost

III ltKakovy osnovnye proqvleniq Internet-zavisimostigt

(1) ltOtvykaniegt ot realnoj izni ltuxodgt v virtualnyjmir

(2) Formirovanie potrebnosti ltnarkotiheskogogt xaraktera(3) Poterq radosti ot ivogo ob]eniq(4) Uvelihenie sklonnosti (do boleznennosti) k

komp[ternym igram(5) Povywennaq sklonnost k stressovym i depressivnym

sostoqniqm(6) O]u]enie trudnostej v izloenii myslej na bumage

ili v razgovore

NB iskaat ndash to distort naruwat ndash violate bombeka ndash bombingnepokornyj ndash unruly neterpimost ndash intolerance potrebnost ndash need ivoeob]enie ndash live contact izloenie myslej ndash setting out thoughts sklonnostndash tendency to

s w vysokij lsquohighrsquo vywe lsquohigherrsquoz francuz lsquoFrenchmanrsquo

francuenka lsquoFrenchwomanrsquost ] gustoj lsquothickrsquo gu]e lsquothickerrsquoc h granica lsquoborderrsquo (noun) granihit lsquoborderrsquo (verb)k h reka lsquoriverrsquo (noun) rehnoj lsquoriverrsquo (adjective)x w muxa lsquoflyrsquo (noun) muwinyj lsquoflyrsquo (adjective)g [g lsquosouthrsquo (noun) [nyj lsquosouthrsquo (adjective)

Noun suffixes

The suffixes which identify adjectives and verbs are easily recognis-able There are a whole variety of suffixes which indicate differentkinds of nouns

Profession occupation

-tel -ik -nik -nica (f ) -ak -qk -ar -arwa (f ) -qr-hik -hica (f ) -]ik -]ica (f ) -ec -tor

pisatel pisatelnica writeristorik historianbezdelnik idleruhitelnica woman teacherrybak fishermanmorqk sailorbibliotekar librariansekretarwa secretarystolqr joinerperevodhik perevodhica interpreter translatorgarderob]ik garderob]ica cloakroom attendantprodavec prodav]ica sales assistantredaktor editoravtor author

Nationality religion citizenship

-anin -anka (f ) -qnin -qnka (f ) -ec -ka (f ) -ih -ihka (f )

anglihanin Englishmananglihanka Englishwomanxristianin xristianka Christiankrestqnin krestqnka peasantamerikanec amerikanka Americanmoskvih moskvihka Muscovite

258 | The Internet

Actions

-anie -enie -ba -nq -ka

pisanie writingpovywenie increasexodba walkingbegotnq running

Qualities

-ost -est -ota -stvo

molodost youthsveest freshnesstemnota darknessmuestvo braverybesstydstvo shamelessness

Note that a large range of abstract nouns not just denoting quali-ties end in -stvo

otehestvo fatherlandiskusstvo artmnoestvo multitude

Diminutives

-ik -ok -ek -hik -ka -ohka -uwka

domik little housegorodok small townogonek small lightstakanhik little glassrehka little riverdevohka little girlderevuwka small village

Small animals

-enok -onok

kotenok kittenmedveonok bear cubrebenok child

Note their plurals kotqta medveata deti rebqta (more com-monly used in the sense of lsquolads guysrsquo)

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Internet | 259

Exercise 5

What do you call a man who

Example uhit russkomu qzyku ndash uhitel russkogoqzyka

pokupat televizory prodavat komp[tery perevodit sinostrannogo qzyka rukovodit zavodom polzovatsq komp[-terom it v Moskve redaktirovat gazetu izdavat urnalrabotat na zavode prepodavat anglijskij qzyk

Exercise 6

Choose between the two words (note -ost generally denotes thestate and -enie the action)

Example prestupnost lsquocrime criminalityrsquoprestuplenie lsquocrime criminal offencersquo

1 (prestuplenie ili prestupnost) Kolihestvo rastet skadym godom Kak mono pokonhit s v sovremennomob]estve

2 (zabolevanie ili zabolevaemost) Po mneni[ ministrazdravooxraneniq ob]aq v Rossii po-prenemu vysokaqPoqvilos novoe Internet-zavisimost

3 (pereutomlenie ili pereutomlqemost) Po-moemu u tebqtipihnoe tebe nado otdoxnut Po-mneni[ vrahej sredi detej rastet

4 (pose]enie ili pose]aemost) V poslednee vremq rezkovozrosla Internet SMI teatrov pomoet uluhwitvaw russkij qzyk

5 (razdraenie ili razdraitelnost) Mne ponqtno tvoe ved on opqt opozdal Po-moemu on bolen ego ueprevosxodit vse granicy

Verbs with prefixes

Prefixes are often added to imperfective verbs to make them perfec-tive pisat (imperfective) napisat (perfective) Other prefixes can

260 | The Internet

be added which as well as making verbs perfective modify theirmeaning

v- lsquoinrsquo

vpisat to insert include

The imperfective is formed by inserting -yv-

vpisyvatsq vpisatsq to fit in well

vy- lsquoout ofrsquo

vypisyvat vypisat to copy out extract prescribe

do- lsquofinishrsquo

dopisyvat dopisat to finish (writing)

za- lsquofor beginrsquo

zapisyvat zapisat to note

nad- lsquoover above super-rsquo

nadpisyvat nadpisat to superscribe inscribe

o- lsquoabout aroundrsquo

opisyvat opisat to describe (write about)

pere- lsquore- over acrossrsquo

perepisyvat perepisat to rewriteperepisyvatsq to correspond

pri- near

pripisyvat pripisat to add

pod- lsquounder sub-rsquo

podpisyvat podpisat to sign (write under)podpisyvatsq podpisatsq na to subscribe to (newspapers)

In the verb rabotat the lsquoorsquo changes to an lsquoarsquo when -yv- is inserted

zarabatyvat zarabotat to earnpererabatyvat pererabotat to process rework

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Internet | 261

Second conjugation verbs add -iv- rather than -yv-

do- lsquofinish completersquo

dostraivat dostroit to finish buildingperestraivat perestroit to rebuild

pri- lsquonear adjoiningrsquo

pristraivat pristroit to build onto

u- lsquoimpart a quality awayrsquo

ustraivat ustroit to organise arrange (impartstroj lsquosystem structurersquo)

Exercise 7

See if you can figure out the meaning of these verbs

peredelyvat peredelat nadstraivat nadstroit dopisyvat dopisat osmatrivat osmotret predvidet (perfective only)peredumyvat peredumat vydumyvat vydumat predskazyvatpredskazat nadsmatrivat (imperfective only) dohityvat dohitat

Exercise 8

Examine some Russian web-sites (see some examples shown oppositepage)

Molodenyj portal OMRu

1 What is the site devoted to2 What is the significance of its name3 What are the interactive features of the site4 What additional services does this site provide

Informacionno-spravohnyj centr

1 Give three kinds of information supplied by the site2 Give three advantages of the way the site operates

262 | The Internet

Portal ModaRu amp FashionRu

1 How often is the site updated2 Who can post information on the site3 What level of expertise does it need to access the site4 What additional service does the site provide

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Internet | 263

Some commonly confused verbs

lsquoTo usersquo

ispolzovat (impf only) (+ acc) is a good general verb meaninglsquoto usersquo

Nado ispolzovat vse sredstva v borbe protivterrorizmaIt is necessary to use all means in the struggle against terrorism

Nawa klinika ispolzuet luhwie dostieniqmedicinyOur clinic uses the best medical advances

On vse vremq ispolzuet menq v svoix celqxHe always uses me for his own ends

polzovatsq vospolzovatsq (+ inst) means lsquoto make use ofrsquo aswell as lsquoto enjoyrsquo and lsquotake advantage ofrsquo and is commonly used withthe nouns in the examples below

Q vsegda polzu[s slovaremI always use (make use of ) a dictionary

Q duma[ vam nado vospolzovatsq uslugami agentstvaI think that you should use make use of the services of anagency

On polzuetsq bolwim avtoritetom sredi svoix kollegHe enjoys great authority among his colleagues

Note also polzovatsq uspexom lsquoto enjoy successrsquo

Polzuqs sluhaem q xotel by vyrazit svo[blagodarnostTaking advantage of the occasion I should like to express mygratitude

Note also polzovatsq vozmonost[ lsquoto take advantage of theopportunityrsquo

Upotreblqt upotrebit (+ acc) translates lsquoto usersquo in certainspecific contexts

Mnogie molodye l[di upotreblq[t narkotikiMany young people use drugs

264 | The Internet

Luhwe ne upotreblqt to slovo ono pohti neupotreblqetsq v russkom qzykeIt is better not to use that word it is almost never used inRussian

Primenqt primenit (+ acc) means lsquoto apply employ usersquo

V pervyj raz my primenili tu texnologi[ 10 letnazadWe first employed used this technology 10 years ago

Metod primenennyj inenerami pri stroitelstvemosta vesma ffektivnyjThe method employed used by engineers in the construction ofthe bridge is highly effective

Po-moemu pravitelstvo dolno primenqt sankciiIn my opinion the government should apply sanctions

Exercise 9

Choose the appropriate verb from those in brackets

(polzovalas upotreblqet polzovatsq primenqtupotreblqt vospolzovalis polzu[tsq)

1 Ona hasto tu frazu k soaleni[ hasto ne k mestu 2 Po-moemu my dolny k prestupnikam bolee strogie mery 3 Onne razrewaet ej ego komp[terom u nee est svoj 4 My vozmonost[ i poleteli Aroflotom 5 Bolwinstvo studentov Internetom 6 Vse zna[t hto narkotiki ndash vredno dlqzdorovq 7 V molodosti ona ogromnym uspexom u muhin

lsquoTo stoprsquo

Ostanavlivat ostanovit is the transitive verb lsquoto stop haltrsquo

Iz-za avarii na eleznoj doroge priwlos ostanovitpoezdBecause of an accident on the railway line they had to stop thetrain

Ostanovite ego poalujsta on zabyl svoj pasportStop him please he has forgotten his passport

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Internet | 265

Ostanavlivatsq ostanovitsq is the intransitive partner ofostanavlivat

Taksi ostanovilos u doma s kolonnamiThe taxi stopped by the house with the columns

My ostanovilis v gostiniceWe stopped in a hotel

Perestavat perestat means lsquoto cease stoprsquo doing something andis generally followed by an infinitive

Ona perestala pisat romanyShe stopped writing novels

Perestan razgovarivatStop talking

Dod perestalThe rain has stopped

Prekra]at prekratit means lsquoto terminate stoprsquo

Obe storony rewili prekratit peregovoryBoth sides decided to stop the talks

Oni prekratili svo[ perepisku (perepisyvatsq)They stopped writing to each other

Mewat pomewat is lsquoto stoprsquo in the sense of lsquoto hinderrsquo

Ty mewaew mne spatYou are stopping me from sleeping

Brosat brosit means lsquoto stoprsquo in the sense of lsquoto give uprsquo

On brosil kurit i pitHe gave up smoking and drinking

Exercise 10

Choose the appropriate verb from the brackets

(perestanew ostanovilas prekrati ostanavliva[sperestal ostanovilsq brosil mewaet)

1 Kogda ty vmewivatsq v moi dela 2 poalujsta tigluposti 3 Tramvaj na perekrestke 4 Nakonec-to sneg

266 | The Internet

i my smogli exat dalwe 5 Iz-za bolezni direktora rabota 6 Q vsegda v toj gostinice 7 On mne smotret televizor8 Q tak rada hto on pit

Similar-sounding verbs

Sostavlqt sostavit lsquoto compile draw uprsquo

Celyj god ona sostavlqla bibliografi[ proizvedenijDikkensaAll year long she was compiling a bibliography of works byDickens

Nado sostavit spisok vsex prisutstvu[]ixIt is necessary to draw up a list of all those present

Sostavlqt sostavit also means lsquoto constitute make uprsquo

Hetvert polzovatelej Internetom sostavlq[tstudentyStudents make up a quarter of Internet users

Soglasno demografam naselenie mira skoro sostavit 10milliardov helovekAccording to demographers the population of the world willsoon constitute a billion people

Note also sostavlqt kompani[ komu-nibud lsquoto keep someonecompanyrsquo

Sostoqt iz (+ gen) lsquoto consist of comprisersquo

Film sostoit iz dvux serijThe film consists of two parts

Auditoriq sostoqla v osnovnom iz studentovThe audience consisted basically of students

Sostoqt v (+ prep) lsquoto be to be a member ofrsquo

Problema sostoit v tom hto v Rossii do six por netzakona ob migraciiThe problem is that up till now there was no law on emigrationin Russia

V molodosti on sostoql v KompartiiIn his youth he was a member of the Communist Party

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Internet | 267

Sostoqt v brake lsquoto be marriedrsquo

Tolko 5 studentov sostoqli v brakeOnly 5 of the students were married

Sostoqt (+ instr) or na dolnosti (+ gen) lsquoemployed asrsquo

Pohti 10 let on sostoql na dolnosti direktora(sostoql direktorom) zavodaFor almost 10 years he was a director of the factory

Sostoqtsq means lsquoto take placersquo

Konferenciq sostoqlas v konce martaThe conference took place at the end of March

Premera filma sostoitsq v novom kinoteatreThe premiere of the film will take place in the new cinema

Exercise 11

Decide which verb to use

1 en]iny 53 procenta naseleniq Rossii 2 Problema v tom hto nikto ne xohet prinqt rewenie 3 Slovar kotoryjon 7 let nazad vse e]e populqren 4 Nawa kvartira iz 3komnat 5 Vs[ izn on sekretarem pri rektore universiteta6 V budu]em godu v Moskve teatralnaq Olimpiada

Exercise 12

1 The number of Internet-users is increasing all the time E-commerce is the fastest developing sector of the Russianeconomy

2 Most people in a recent poll felt that there should be controlover socially dangerous sites

3 In Russia even in Moscow use of the Internet lags behind thatof Western countries Nonetheless the problem of Internet addic-tion already exists

4 The Internet is still very expensive for many Russians you haveto pay 50 dollars a month for unlimited access

268 | The Internet

5 A businessman friend of mine uses the Internet daily in his workHe says that he cannot survive without it

6 Working at my computer I often get so carried away that I forgetabout everything even about food

7 There is a lot of varied information on the Net but I am mostlyinterested in the mass media

8 During the next election it will probably be possible to votethrough the Internet

9 I never thought that I would become an Internet addict but Iautomatically switch the computer on as soon as I come home

10 The most popular web-sites with students are entertainment andgames

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Internet | 269

Grammar reference

Masculine

sing pl sing pl sing pl

nom stol stoly tramvaj tramvai roql roqli

acc stol stoly tramvaj tramvai roql roqli

gen stola stolov tramvaq tramvaev roqlq roqlej

dat stolu stolam tramva[ tramvaqm roql[ roqlqm

instr stolom stolami tramvaem tramvaqmi roqlem roqlqmi

prep stole stolax tramvae tramvaqx roqle roqlqx

Feminine

sing pl sing pl sing pl sing pl

nom ryba ryby volq voli partiq partii rol roli

acc rybu ryby vol[ voli parti[ partii rol roli

gen ryby ryb voli vol partii partij roli rolej

dat rybe rybam vole volqm partii partiqm roli rolqm

instr ryboj rybami volej volqmi partiej partiqmi rol[ rolqmi

prep rybe rybax vole volqx partii partiqx roli rolqx

Neuter

nom vino vina more morq zdanie zdaniq imq imena

acc vino vina more morq zdanie zdaniq imq imena

gen vina vin morq morej zdaniq zdanij imeni imen

dat vinu vinam mor[ morqm zdani[ zdaniqm imeni imenam

instr vinom vinami morem morqmi zdaniem zdaniqmi imenem imenami

prep vine vinax more morqx zdanii zdaniqx imeni imenax

1 The accusative singular of masculine animate nouns and theaccusative plural of both masculine and feminine animate nounsis the same as the genitive

2 Some nouns have the fleeting vowel o or e in the nominativewhich disappears when an ending is added rebenok ndash rebenkakonec ndash konca

3 Some nouns ending in -a -o -q have a fill vowel -o- or -e-inserted in the genitive plural studentka ndash studentok okno ndashokon derevnq ndash dereven

4 Spelling rules affect several endings the genitive singular of some feminine nouns kniga ndash knigi the instrumental singular of some masculine and feminine

nouns math ndash mathem gostinica ndash gostinicej the nominative accusative plural of masculine and feminine

nouns qzyk ndash qzyki kniga ndash knigi the genitive plural of some masculine nouns mesqc ndash mesqcev

5 Stressed e becomes e in the instrumental singular of some nouns rubl ndash rublem the genitive plural of some nouns sloj ndash sloev

6 Some masculine nouns take the prepositional ending -u after vand na v sadu

7 Some masculine nouns have an irregular nominative (accusative)plural in -a or -q dom ndash doma uhitel ndash uhitelq

8 Some masculine and neuter nouns have an irregular nominative(accusative) plural in -q stul ndash stulq drug ndash druzq

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Grammar reference | 271

derevo ndash derevq The genitive (accusative) plural of these nounsends in -ej where it is stressed and -ev where unstressedstulev druzej derevev

9 The genitive plural of nouns ending in - -h -w -] ends in-ej moskvih ndash moskvihej

10 The instrumental plural of some nouns ends in -mi deti ndashdetmi l[di ndash l[dmi

In all the following tables where a second alternative form is givenfor the accusative this is for use with animate nouns

Adjectives

masculine feminine neuter plural

nom interesnyj interesnaq interesnoe interesnye

acc interesnyj ogo interesnu[ interesnoe interesnye yx

gen interesnogo interesnoj interesnogo interesnyx

dat interesnomu interesnoj interesnomu interesnym

instr interesnym interesnoj interesnym interesnymi

prep interesnom interesnoj interesnom interesnyx

nom krutoj krutaq krutoe krutye

acc krutoj ogo krutu[ krutoe krutye yx

gen krutogo krutoj krutogo krutyx

dat krutomu krutoj krutomu krutym

instr krutym krutoj krutym krutymi

prep krutom krutoj krutom krutyx

272 | Grammar reference

nom drevnij drevnqq drevnee drevnie

acc drevnij ego drevn[[ drevnee drevnie ix

gen drevnego drevnej drevnego drevnix

dat drevnemu drevnej drevnemu drevnim

instr drevnim drevnej drevnim drevnimi

prep drevnem drevnej drevnem drevnix

nom tretij tretq trete treti

acc tretij ego tret[ trete treti ix

gen tretego tretej tretego tretix

dat tretemu tretej tretemu tretim

instr tretim tretej tretim tretimi

prep tretem tretej tretem tretix

Mixed (affected by the spelling rules)

nom russkij russkaq russkoe russkie

acc russkij ogo russku[ russkoe russkie ix

gen russkogo russkoj russkogo russkix

dat russkomu russkoj russkomu russkim

instr russkim russkoj russkim russkimi

prep russkom russkoj russkom russkix

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nom kakoj kakaq kakoe kakie

acc kakoj ogo kaku[ kakoe kakie ix

gen kakogo kakoj kakogo kakix

dat kakomu kakoj kakomu kakim

instr kakim kakoj kakim kakimi

prep kakom kakoj kakom kakix

nom bolwoj bolwaq bolwoe bolwie

acc bolwoj ogo bolwu[ bolwoe bolwie ix

gen bolwogo bolwoj bolwogo bolwix

dat bolwomu bolwoj bolwomu bolwim

instr bolwim bolwoj bolwim bolwimi

prep bolwom bolwoj bolwom bolwix

nom xorowij xorowaq xorowee xorowie

acc xorowij ego xorowu[ xorowee xorowie ix

gen xorowego xorowej xorowego xorowix

dat xorowemu xorowej xorowemu xorowim

instr xorowim xorowej xorowim xorowimi

prep xorowem xorowej xorowem xorowix

Possessives

nom moj moq moe moi

acc moj moego mo[ moe moi moix

gen moego moej moego moix

da moemu moej moemu moim

instr moim moej moim moimi

prep moem moej moem moix

Note tvoj and svoj also decline like moj

nom naw nawa nawe nawi

acc naw nawego nawu nawe nawi nawix

gen nawego nawej nawego nawix

dat nawemu nawej nawemu nawim

instr nawim nawej nawim nawimi

prep nawem nawej nawem nawix

Note vaw also declines like naw

nom hej hq he hi

acc hej hego h[ he hi hix

gen hego hej hego hix

dat hemu hej hemu him

instr him hej him himi

prep hem hej hem hix

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Demonstratives

nom tot ta to ti

acc tot togo tu to ti tix

gen togo toj togo tix

dat tomu toj tomu tim

instr tim toj tim timi

prep tom toj tom tix

nom tot ta to te

acc tot togo tu to te tex

gen togo toj togo tex

dat tomu toj tomu tem

instr tem toj tem temi

prep tom toj tom tex

nom ves vsq vse vse

acc ves vsego vs[ vse vse vsex

gen vsego vsej vsego vsex

dat vsemu vsej vsemu vsem

instr vsem vsej vsem vsemi

prep vsem vsej vsem vsex

nom sam sama samo sami

acc sam samogo samu samo sami samix

gen samogo samoj samogo samix

dat samomu samoj samomu samim

instr samim samoj samim samimi

prep samom samoj samom samix

Personal pronouns

nom q ty on ono ona my vy oni

acc menq tebq ego ee nas vas ix

gen menq tebq ego ee nas vas ix

dat mne tebe emu ej nam vam im

instr mnoj toboj im ej nami vami imimno[ tobo[ e[

prep mne tebe nem nej nas vas nix

Note Sebq declines like tebq from the accusative onwards

Interrogative pronouns

nom kto hto

acc kogo hto

gen kogo hego

dat komu hemu

instr kem hem

prep kom hem

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Surnames

masculine feminine plural

nom Putin Putina Putiny

acc Putina Putinu Putinyx

gen Putina Putinoj Putinyx

dat Putinu Putinoj Putinym

instr Putinym Putinoj Putinymi

prep Putine Putinoj Putinyx

Note Surnames ending in -ev -in -yn follow this pattern Surnames which have adjectiveendings eg Dostoevskij decline like adjectives

Cardinal numerals

nom odin odna odno odni

acc odin odnogo odnu odno odni odnix

gen odnogo odnoj odnogo odnix

dat odnomu odnoj odnomu odnim

instr odnim odnoj odnim odnimi

prep odnom odnoj odnom odnix

m n f m f n m f n m f n m f n m f n

nom dva dve tri hetyre pqt sorok pqtdesqt

acc dva dve tri hetyre pqt sorok pqtdesqtdvux dvux trex hetyrex

gen dvux trex hetyrex pqti soroka pqtidesqti

dat dvum trem hetyrem pqti soroka pqtidesqti

instr dvumq tremq hetyrmq pqt[ soroka pqt[desqt[

prep dvux trex hetyrex pqti soroka pqtidesqti

1 Numbers from west to desqt dvadcat and tridcatdecline like pqt with the stress on the endings Odinnadcatndash devqtnadcat take the same endings but are stressed on thestem

2 Sto declines like sorok with the stress on the endings anddevqnosto takes the same endings but with the stress on the stem

3 westdesqt ndash vosemdesqt decline like pqtdesqt

m f n m f n m f n m f n

nom dvesti trista hetyresta pqtsot

acc dvesti trista hetyresta pqtsot

gen dvuxsot trexsot hetyrexsot pqtisot

dat dvumstam tremstam hetyremstam pqtistam

instr dvumqstami tremqstami hetyrrmqstami pqtistami

prep dvuxstax trexstax hetyrexstax pqtistax

1 Westsot semsot vosemsot devqtsot decline likepqtsot

2 Tysqha declines like a feminine noun but has an alternativeinstrumental tysqh[

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First conjugation regular verbs

Imperfective Perfective

Infinitive delat lsquoto do makersquo sdelat lsquoto do makersquo

Present q dela[

ty delaew

on ona ono delaet

my delaem

vy delaete

oni dela[t

Future q budu delat q sdela[

ty budew delat ty sdelaew

on ona ono budet delat on ona ono sdelaet

my budem delat my sdelaem

vy budete delat vy sdelaete

oni budut delat oni sdela[t

Past q delal delala q sdelal sdelala

ty delal delala ty sdelal sdelala

on delal on sdelal

ona delala ona sdelala

ono delalo ono sdelalo

my delali my sdelali

vy delali vy sdelali

oni delali oni sdelali

Subjunctive q delal by delala by q sdelal by sdelala by

ty delal by delala by ty sdelal by sdelala by

on delal by on sdelal by

ona delala by ona sdelala by

ono delalo by ono sdelalo by

my delali by my sdelali by

vy delali by vy sdelali by

oni delali by oni sdelali by

Imperative delaj delajte sdelaj sdelajte

Gerund delaq sdelav

Participles

pres act dela[]ij aq ee ie

past act delavwij aq ee ie sdelavwij aq ee ie

pres pass delaemyj aq oe ye

past pass sdelannyj aq oe ye

First conjugation ndash verbs with an irregular stem ending in a vowel

Infinitive myt lsquoto washrsquo vymyt lsquoto washrsquo

(also pomyt)

Present q mo[

ty moew

on ona ono moet

my moem

vy moete

oni mo[t

Future q budu myt q vymo[

ty budew myt ty vymoew

on ona ono budet myt on ona ono vymoet

my budem myt my vymoem

vy budete myt vy vymoete

oni budut myt oni vymo[t

Past myl myla mylo myli vymyl vymyla vymylo

vymyli

Subjunctive myl by myla by mylo by vymyl by vymyla by

myli by vymylo by vymyli by

Imperative moj mojte vymoj vymojte

Gerund vymyv

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Participles

presact mo[]ij aq ee ie

past act myvwij aq ee ie vymyvwij aq ee ie

past pass vymytyj aq oe ye

Note Where the ending is stressed on irregular 1st conjugation verbs of this type -e- will changeto -e See davat below

First conjugation ndash verbs with an irregular stem ending in a consonant

Infinitive pisat lsquoto writersquo napisat lsquoto writersquo

Present q piwu

ty piwew

on ona ono piwet

my piwem

vy piwete

oni piwut

Future q budu pisat q napiwu

ty budew pisat ty napiwew

on ona ono budet pisat on ona ono napiwet

my budem pisat my napiwem

vy budete pisat vy napiwete

oni budut pisat oni napiwut

Past pisal pisala pisalo napisal napisala pisali napisalo napisali

Subjunctive pisal by pisala by napisal by napisala by pisalo by pisali by napisalo by napisali by

Imperative piwi piwite napiwi napiwite

Gerund napisav

Participles

pres act piwu]ij aq ee ie

past act pisavwij aq ee ie napisavwij aq ee ie

past pass napisannyj aq oe yj

Note Where the ending is stressed on irregular 1st conjugation verbs of this type -e- will changeto -e

Second conjugation

Infinitive smotret lsquoto watch posmotret lsquoto watch look atrsquo look atrsquo

Present q smotr[

ty smotriw

on ona ono smotrit

my smotrim

vy smotrite

oni smotrqt

Future q budu smotret q posmotr[

ty budew smotret ty posmotriw

on ona ono budet smotret on ona ono posmotrit

my budem smotret my posmotrim

vy budete smotret vy posmotrite

oni budut smotret oni posmotrqt

Past smotrel smotrela posmotrel posmotrela smotrelo smotreli posmotrelo posmotreli

Subjunctive smotrel by smotrela by posmotrel by posmotrela smotrelo by smotreli by by posmotrelo by

posmotreli by

Imperative smotri smotrite posmotri posmotrite

Gerund smotrq posmotrev

Participles

pres act smotrq]ij aq ee ie

past act smotrevwij aq ee ie posmotrevwij aq ee ie

1 Some second conjugation verbs are also affected by the spellingrules derat ndash deru deriw derat

2 If the stem of a second conjugation verb ends in the consonants-d -t -s -z -st that consonant will change in the first personsingular (q form) only Other forms are regular vodit ndash vouvodiw platit ndash plahu platiw prosit ndash prowu

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prosiw vozit ndash vou voziw svistet lsquoto whistlersquo ndashsvi]u svistiw If the stem ends in -b -v -p -f and -m an-l- is inserted between the stem and ending in the first personsingular only l[bit ndash l[bl[ l[biw stavit ndash stavl[staviw

Reflexive verbs

Imperfective ndash Perfective ndashregular 1st conjugation with irregular stem ending in a consonant

Infinitive odevatsq lsquoto dress oneselfrsquo odetsq lsquoto dress oneselfrsquo

Present q odeva[s

ty odevaewsq

on ona ono odevaetsq

my odevaemsq

vy odevaetes

oni odeva[tsq

Future q budu odevatsq q odenus

ty budew odevatsq ty odenewsq

on ona ono budet on ona ono odenetsqodevatsq

my budem odevatsq my odenemsq

vy budete odevatsq vy odenetes

oni budut odevatsq oni odenutsq

Past odevalsq odevalas odelsq odelas odelos odevalos odevalis odelis

Subjunctive odevalsq by odevalas by odelsq by odelas by odevalos by odevalis by odelos by odelis by

Imperative odevajsq odevajtes odensq odentes

Gerund odevaqs odevwis

Participles

pres act odeva[]ijsq aqsq eesq iesq

past act odevavwijsq aqsq eesq iesq odevwijsq aqsq eesq iesq

Irregular verbs

Imperfective ndash Perfective ndashirregular 1st conjugation with irregularstem ending in a vowel

Infinitive davat lsquoto giversquo dat lsquoto giversquo

Present q da[

ty daew

on ona ono daet

my daem

vy daete

oni da[t

Future q budu davat q dam

ty budew davat ty daw

on ona ono budet davat on ona ono dast

my budem davat my dadim

vy budete davat vy dadite

oni budut davat oni dadut

Past daval davala davalo dal dala dalo dalidavali

Subjunctive daval by davala by dal by dala by dalo by davalo by davali by dali by

Imperative davaj davajte daj dajte

Gerund davaq dav

Participles

pres act da[]ij aq ee ie

past act davavwij aq ee ie davwij aq ee ie

pres pass davaemyj aq oe ye

past pass dannyj aq oe ye

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Infinitive est lsquoto eatrsquo sest lsquoto eatrsquo

Present q em

on ona ono est

my edim

vy edite

oni edqt

Future q budu est q sem

ty budew est ty sew

on ona ono budet est on ona ono sest

my budem est my sedim

vy budete est vy sedite

oni budut est oni sedqt

Past el ela elo eli sel sela selo seli

Subjunctive el by ela by elo by sel by sela by selo eli by by seli by

Imperative ew ewte sew sewte

Gerund sev

Participles

pres act

past act evwij aq ee ie sevwij aq ee ie

past pass sedennyj aq oe ye

Imperfective ndash Imperfective ndash Imperfective ndashperfective (s-) perfective (po-) perfective (za-)

Infinitive moh lsquoto be ablersquo beat lsquoto runrsquo xotet lsquoto wish to wantrsquo

Present q mogu q begu q xohu

ty moew ty beiw ty xohew

on ona ono moet on ona ono beit on ona onoxohet

my moem my beim my xotim

vy moete vy beite vy xotite

oni mogut oni begut oni xotqt

Future q budu moh q budu beat q budu xotet

ty budew moh ty budew beat ty budew xotet

on ona ono budet on ona ono budet on ona onomoh beat budet xotet

my budem moh my budem beat my budem xotet

vy budete moh vy budete beat vy budete xotet

oni budut moh oni budut beat oni budut xotet

Past mog mogla beal beala xotel xotela moglo mogli bealo beali xotelo xoteli

Subjunctive mog by beal by xotel by mogla by beala by xotela by moglo by bealo by xotelo by mogli by beali by xoteli by

Imperative begi begite (xoti ndash colloquial)

Participles

pres act mogu]ij aq ee ie begu]ij aq ee ie

past act mogwij aq ee ie beavwij aq ee ie xotevwij aq ee ie

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Key to exercises

Unit 1

Exercise 1

Pervoe letopisnoe upominanie o Moskve otnositsq k 1147 godu OsnovatelMoskvy byl suzdalskij knqz rij Vladimirovih Dolgorukij |to onvybral mesto dlq stroitelstva goroda Gorod ros bystro i ue v 14-om vekestal centrom russkix zemel Moskva ostavalas stolicej vplot do 1713 godakogda Petr Pervyj perenes stolicu v novyj gorod ndash Peterburg Tolko v 1918godu ue posle Revol[cii Moskva snova stala stolicej snahala SovetskogoSo[za a potom Rossii

Exercise 3

Interesnye moskovskie muzei drevnie russkie kremli strawnye istoriheskiesobytiq slonye konomiheskie problemy nawi znamenitye istoriki

Exercise 4

1 tu molodu[ russku[ en]inu 2 malenku[ primorsku[ derevn[3 sovremennu[ anglijsku[ pesu klassihesku[ russku[ operu 4 vs[ nedel[5 Franci[ mesqc 6 vawu sestru teatr 7 russku[ stolicu Moskvu 8 kogo 9 ego

Exercise 5

Zamehanij perevorota hlenov byvwego Politb[ro novoj demokratii iGorbaheva Gorbaheva zagovora svoix dejstvij Gorbaheva bolwoj politiheskojvlasti podderki naroda sobytij gosudarstvennogo perevorota gazovoj ineftqnoj promywlennosti vnutrennix cen perevorota Elcina i ego

soratnikov aresta organizatorov putha kogo somnenij perevorota prihinraspada Sovetskogo So[za

Exercise 7

Sadovomu kolcu Belomu domu radio televideni[ poslednim soob]eniqmradio soldatam tolpe puthistam demokratam i Elcinu prikazamputhistam Gorbahevu emu vsem demokratam i Elcinu nam zdani[ namnarodu emu i ego soratnikam obedu vsem

Exercise 9

Utrom qsnoj simvolom ego rukovodstvom kommunistiheskoj nomenklaturojglavnoj prihinoj takim obrazom ego xarizmatiheskim avtoritetom i tverdojuverennost[ glavnoj politiheskoj siloj

Exercise 10

1 centre Krasnopresnenskoj naberenoj 2 Krymu beregu 3 zdanii 4 tix sobytiqx vawej strane 5 plo]adi 6 kom liderax nix 7 Belom dome Kremle

Exercise 12

Su]estvuet qvlq[tsq vxodqt nazyvaetsq sostoit piwut interesu[tsqdoverq[t shita[ dumaete moem podderivaem soglawaemsq

Exercise 13

Sluhilsq nahalsq voznikat ponimalo prineslo nahalis vyzval vozniklaprivela podpisali

Unit 2

Exercise 2

1 ostanovite 2 zakaite 3 porekomendujte 4 kupite 5 zakrojte 6 postrojte 7 poezajte 8 oplatite 9 provodite 10 prigotovtes

Exercise 6

1 bolee interesnye 2 bolee nadenym 3 na bolee bystryx v bolee starom4 bolwaq 5 po bolee nizkim 6 vyswee 7 s menwim 8 bolee bogatye 9 boleeudobnym 10 mladwij starwie

111123456781119101234567892011112345678930123456789401421111

Key to exercises | 289

Exercise 7

1 moloe 2 dlinnee 3 medlennee 4 xue 5 leghe 6 hi]e 7 nie 8 ree9 pozdnee (poze) 10 menwe 11 doroe

Exercise 8

1 tqelee sumki 2 staree Peterburga 3 starwe materi 4 moloe brata5 wire Temzy 6 korohe marta 7 dewevle samoleta 8 glube ozera Ness9 hi]e londonskogo metro

Exercise 9

1 Hem medlennee avtobus tem on dewevle 2 Hem staree sobor tem on interesnee3 Hem glube ozero tem ono opasnee 4 Hem starwe helovek tem on umnee 5 Hem dalwe doroga tem trudnee ee stroit 6 Hem hi]e vozdux tem luhwedlq zdorovq 7 Hem pro]e marwrut tem on leghe 8 Hem bystree poezd temkorohe putewestvie 9 Hem mqghe kreslo tem ono udobnee 10 Hem bogahehelovek tem on xue

Exercise 10

1 na ulicu 2 na lekcii 3 na budu]ej nedele 4 na poezde 5 na drugoj den6 na severe 7 na russkom qzyke 8 na roqle 9 na francuzskij qzyk 10 na russkoj11 na vse voprosy 12 na mat na otca 13 na poezd

Exercise 11

1 Vy moete platit za bilet nalihnymi ili kreditnoj kartoj Qpredpohita[ platit nalihnymi 2 Pomogite mne poalujsta najti stoqnkutaksi U menq mnogo bagaa 3 Bilet na poezd v tri raza dewevle bileta nasamolet (hem bilet na samolet) 4 Samoe glavnoe ndash skorost Skorostnye poezdagorazdo (namnogo) bystree teper i vremq v puti korohe 5 |kologiheskieleznodoronyj transport vse e]e hi]e drugix vidov transporta (hem drugievidy transporta) 6 Hem bystree poezda tem luhwe budet dlq vsex passairov(putewestvennikov) 7 Ezdit (putewestvovat) na bolee bystrom i boleeudobnom poezde ndash udovolstvie

Unit 3

Exercise 5

1 xodit 2 idut 3 edet poexala 4 ezdila 5 edew 6 wel

290 | Key to exercises

Exercise 6

Vxod v metro perexod herez ulicu v xode peregovorov doronye rasxodypewexodnaq zona vxodnoj bilet tur na teploxode v vyxodnye dni

Exercise 7

1 prixodqt v MGU 2 vyjti iz doma 3 pojdem na koncert 4 zajti v biblioteku5 ujti ot Vas 6 zaxodit za mnoj q pojdu odna 7 zawel k drugu on ue uwel8 podowel k kasse 9 dowli do lesa 10 prowli mimo 11 perexodit herez reku12 obowel vokrug doma 13 prines mne slovar

Exercise 8

a Vybeal iz komnaty pribeal na ostanovku probegal dobeal douniversiteta zabeal v biblioteku ue ubeal pribeal ko mne perebegatdorogu vbeal v zal b Vyletaet iz Londona i priletaet v Moskvu doleteldo aroporta obletel vokrug sveta ue uletel pereletet herez Atlantiheskijokean

Exercise 9

Otplyl s rehnogo vokzala priplyli v Tver doplyl do berega pereplylGolfstrim proplyl neskolko kilometrov podplyla k beregu uplyl dalekov more

Exercise 10

1 vyjti iz togo krizisa 2 poxodit na svoego otca 3 vvel novyj zakon 4 nanesla Rossii 5 bystro proletelo 6 nado ix zavesti 7 sowla s uma ot gorq8 ohen podxodit 9 naxoditsq na beregu 10 perevel vsego Dikkensa

Exercise 11

1 q toe govor[ 2 a take park 3 toe soglasilis 4 toe ne prixodil 5 a take ohen strannyj

Exercise 13

1 V prowlom godu q (poexala) ezdila v kruiz vokrug sveta (v krugosvetnoeputewestvie) i posetila mnogo interesnyx stran (mnogie interesnye strany)2 Nawa ka[ta naxodilas (razme]alas) na verxnej palube vid bylpotrqsa[]ij 3 Vy dolny prijti (pribyt) na rehnoj vokzal za has dootplytiq teploxoda 4 Po-moemu luhwe vsego putewestvovat po Zolotomukolcu na avtobuse ili na teploxode Vy ne uvidite mnogo esli vy poedete

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na poezde 5 Vse v Rossii interesuet menq no osobenno drevnie istoriheskiegoroda kak Novgorod i Pskov 6 Kak tolko teploxod nahal otplyvat myvse vywli na palubu

Unit 4

Exercise 2

1 Ne kasaetsq li problema migrantov Rossii 2 Ne dumaete li Vy hto onprav 3 Ne ueza[t li l[di po konomiheskim motivam 4 Ne edet li onas Vami 5 Su]estvuet li problema trudoustrojstva beencev 6 Rasskazal lion Vam o svoej poezdke v Rossi[ 7 Vse li studenty edut v Rossi[

Exercise 5

1 nahali 2 otkrylas 3 opravdalsq 4 konhaetsq 5 uluhwil 6 uvelihivaetsq 7 ukrepilas 8 sokratilo 9 povysilsq 10 prodolaetsq 11 sobira[tsq 12 konhil

Exercise 7

1 Segodnq pervoe maq sedmoe noqbrq dvadcat pqtoe dekabrq dvadcat tretefevralq tridcatoe oktqbrq hetvertoe avgusta 2 proizowla v tysqha devqtsotsemnadcatom godu nahalas v tysqha devqtsot vosemdesqt pqtom goduraspalsq v tysqha devqtsot devqnosto pervom godu v dvuxtysqhnom goduprazdnovali sluhitsq v dve tysqhi desqtom godu umer v tysqha devqtsotpqtdesqt tretem godu 3 Velikaq otehestvennaq vojna nahalas dvadcatvtorogo i[nq tysqha devqtsot sorok pervogo goda Devqtnadcatogo avgustatysqha devqtsot devqnosto pervogo goda v Rossii proizowel puth Puwkinrodilsq pervogo i[nq tysqha semsot devqnosto devqtogo goda Pervyj sputnikbyl zapu]en dvenadcatogo aprelq tysqha devqtsot westdesqt pervogo goda

Exercise 9

1 v sredu 2 v noqbre 3 v ploxu[ pogodu 4 v nahale vojny 5 v devqtnadcatomveke 6 v poslednij god vojny 7 v prowlom godu 8 v pervu[ nedel[ marta 9 v den 10 v srednie veka 11 v dvadcatyx godax

Exercise 10

1 na vostok 2 na dvoix 3 v pervyj den poezdki 4 na drugoj den 5 na ulicu6 na 10 dnej 7 na vokzale 8 v q]ik 9 na ostrove Malta

Exercise 11

1 igra[t v volejbol 2 uhastvu[t v sorevnovanii 3 postuhal v dver 4 somneva[s v ee iskrennosti 5 postupil v universitet 6 ne ver[ vkommunizm 7 nudaemsq v dengax 8 obvinili v korrupcii 9 smotrit v zerkalo10 vstupil v parti[

Exercise 12

1 Sovetskij So[z perestal su]estvovat dvadcat pqtogo dekabrq tysqhadevqtsot devqnosto pervogo goda 2 Tysqhi beencev iz byvwix respublikSSSR prodola[t perexodit (herez) rossijskie granicy Mnogie begut otnacionalnyx konfliktov 3 V devqnostyx godax (v devqnostye gody)nelegalnaq immigraciq v Rossi[ osobenno iz Kitaq uvelihilas pohti vdva raza (vdvoe) 4 |migraciq nanosit ogromnyj u]erb rossijskoj konomiketak kak iz strany ueza[t v osnovnom vysokokvalificirovannye specialisty5 Skolko migrantov priexalo v Rossi[ posle raspada SSSR 6 Ne luhwe lizakryt vse rossijskie granicy

Unit 5

Exercise 5

1 kotorye 2 kotorogo 3 kotoryx 4 kotorye 5 na kotoryx 6 v kotoryx 7 skotorymi 8 o kotorom 9 kotoromu

Exercise 6

1 s samoj novoj sportivnoj texnikoj 2 v samom zamehatelnom bassejne 3 samyx sportivnyx l[dej 4 samyj luhwij sposob snqt stress 5 samyjbolwoj kajf

Exercise 7

Odno iz starejwix zdanij odna iz novejwix texnologij odno iz glubohajwixozer odin iz prostejwix voprosov odna iz wirohajwix rek odno izkrasivejwix imen odna iz vanejwix zadah odin iz histejwix vidovtransporta odin iz sereznejwix sluhaev odna iz slonejwix problem odnaiz opasnejwix boleznej odin iz velihajwix pisatelej

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Exercise 9

1 s [ga 2 s velosipedov 3 iz dereva 4 s ulicy 5 ot direktora 6 odna iz vas

7 s desqtogo po dvadcatoe 8 iz Francii 9 s kakoj storony 10 s vokzala

Exercise 10

1 ne verqt gorodskim vlastqm 2 rejs ne podxodit nam 3 ohen idet moemu

otcu 4 sovetuet bolnomu 5 ne razrewaet svoim detqm 6 doverqt takomu

heloveku 7 raduetsq vozmonosti 8 udivlq[s tvoemu vyboru 9 pomogaet materi

10 sohuvstvu[ beencam 11 Rossii ne grozit 12 q zavidu[ sovremennoj

molodei budu]ee prinadleit im 13 vsegda sleduem sovetam instruktora

Exercise 11

1 Moj vrah posovetoval mne zanqtsq sportom i vstupit v sportivnyj klub

On govorit hto to pomoet mne snqt stress 2 Vy moete porekomendovat

mne sportivnye klassy kotorye podxodqt mne (dlq menq) 3 Kogda vy molody

vy gotovy idti na risk (riskovat vsem) Vy ne dumaete ob opasnosti 4 On

stal kaskaderom kogda emu bylo 20 let i dae v vozraste 40 let on vse e]e

vypolnqet opasnejwie tr[ki 5 Vokrug Moskvy net vysokix gor s kotoryx

mono prygat s paraw[tom 6 U gorodskix vlastej mnogo problem s

moskovskimi bajkerami kotorye portqt grunt v gorodskix parkax

Unit 6Exercise 5

1 qvlqetsq rezultatom (predstavlqet rezultat) 2 qvlqetsq unikalnym

qvleniem (predstavlqet unikalnoe qvlenie) 3 qvlqetsq zadahej festivalq

(predstavlqet zadahu festivalq) 4 qvlqetsq otlihitelnoj osobennost[

(predstavlqet otlihitelnu[ osobennost) 5 qvlqetsq cel[ festivalq

(predstavlqet cel festivalq) 6 qvlqetsq blagom dlq Rossii (predstavlqet

blago dlq Rossii) 7 qvlqetsq stilem izni (predstavlqet stil izni)

Exercise 6

Polzu[tsq uspexom prodolat rukovodit Malym teatrom proslavilsq

postanovkoj stala potrqseniem shitaetsq odnoj iz samyx silnyx v Rossii

ertvovat svoej xudoestvennost[ riskovat vsem ostaetsq odnim iz samyx

uspewnyx teatrov

Exercise 7

Oceniva[]ij ponima[]ij igra[]ij proisxodq]ij naxodq]ijsqvedu]ij blestq]ij uhastvu[]ij sozda[]ij polzu[]ijsqprevra]a[]ijsq isheza[]ij voznika[]ij stanovq]ijsq upravlq[]ij

Exercise 8

1 kinofestival proxodq]ij v Moskve 2 mnogo filmov polzu[]ixsquspexom 3 sredi akterov snima[]ixsq v filme 4 v truppe Dodina sostoq]ej iz ego uhenikov 5 predpohita[]ix xudoestvennyj uspex 6 teatryrazme]a[]iesq v malenkix zalax 7 malo l[dej pomnq]ix staru[ Moskvu

Exercise 9

Ponqvwij ocenivwij sozdavwij vyivwij sygravwij provedwijnawedwij proiswedwij stavwij blestevwij postavivwij prevrativwijsqvospolzovavwijsq ishezwij voznikwij ostanovivwijsq

Exercise 10

1 s kritikami ocenivwimi film 2 o filme poluhivwem pervyj priz 3 u aktrisy igravwej rol Anny Kareninoj 4 film wedwij po televizoru 5 teatralnaq olimpiada prowedwaq v Moskve 6 festival nahavwijsq vi[le 7 arxitekturnyj stil ishezwij teper 8 o premere pesy Hexovasostoqvwejsq na prowloj nedele

Exercise 12

1 o syne 2 pro tebq 3 ob igruwku 4 o stol 5 pro l[bov

Exercise 13

1 Pobeditelem Moskovskogo medunarodnogo kinofestivalq byl amerikanskijfilm ltFanatikgt 2 Malyj teatr v Sankt-Peterburge qvlqetsq odnim izsamyx interesnyx teatrov v Rossii stavwim znamenitym (on stal znamenitym)blagodarq xudoestvennomu masterstvu reissera Lva Dodina 3 Bolwinstvohlenov [ri oceniva[]ix filmy byli professionalnye aktery(professionalnymi akterami) 4 Vse gazety pisali o filme poluhivwemvyswij priz na kinofestivale 5 Aktery igravwie (igra[]ie) glavnye roliqvno prinadleali k wkole Stanislavskogo 6 V Rossii mnogo l[dejcenq]ix teatralnoe iskusstvo (iskusstvo teatra) 7 Rossijskie teatrystanovqtsq vse bolee kommerheskimi stavqtsq (oni stavqt) tolko pesygarantiru[]ie polnyj zal 8 Mnogie filmy uhastvu[]ie v konkurseokazalis inostrannymi Sredi nix byl tolko odin rossijskij film

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Unit 7

Exercise 2

1 hto-to hitala 2 pisal komu-nibud 3 kakaq-to devuwka 4 pohitat hto-nibud5 kakoj-to qzyk 6 nauhit ego hemu-nibud 7 kakie-nibud gazety 8 kak-nibudmy rewim 9 gde-to na Severe 10 s kem-to po telefonu 11 pojdem kuda-nibud12 kto-to sprawivaet

Exercise 6

1 drug drugu 2 drug o druge 3 drug s drugom 4 daleko drug ot druga 5 pomo]drug ot druga 6 drug drugom 7 drug druga

Exercise 7

1 govoril o tom hto 2 vidit to hego 3 ver[ v to hto 4 zakonhil rasskaz temhto 5 gordilas tem hto 6 ne vinovat v tom hto 7 beda v tom hto 8 somneva[tsqv tom hto

Exercise 8

A 1 obratilsq k toj kto 2 al togo komu 3 poznakomila s tem kto 4 tot kto govorit 5 otdat knigu tomu komu B 1 my s temi kto 2 kanaldlq tex komu 3 zavisit ot tex kto 4 bolwinstvo tex kto 5 priglawenie temkto 6 sredi tex kto smotrit 7 te kogo interesuet

Exercise 10

1 posle koncerta 2 posle togo kak ona okonhila kurs 3 posle togo kak mypoluhili novosti 4 posle obeda

Exercise 11

A 1 Iz-za tqelogo konomiheskogo poloeniq 2 blagodarqprofessionalnomu masterstvu vedu]ix 3 iz-za nedostatka deneg 4 blagodarqxorowemu nastroeni[ 5 iz-za cenzury 6 iz-za ploxoj pogody B 1 Iz-za togohto v strane tqeloe konomiheskoe poloenie 2 blagodarq tomu hto uvedu]ix professionalnoe masterstvo 3 iz-za togo hto v strane nedostatokdeneg 4 blagodarq tomu hto u nego bylo xorowee nastroenie 5 iz-za togo htona televidenii teper cenzura 6 iz-za togo hto byla ploxaq pogoda

Exercise 13

1 Q ne duma[ hto pressa moet byt polnost[ nezavisimoj politika gazety zavisit ot togo kto vladelec gazety (zavisit ot vladelca gazety) 2 Bolwinstvo l[dej interesu[tsq novostqmi i smotrqt televizor htobyuznat o politiheskoj i konomiheskoj izni strany 3 Mnogie l[disomneva[tsq v tom hto oni poluha[t tohnu[ informaci[ iz gazet4 Moq mat vsegda govorit hto televizor ploxo vliqet na ee nastroenie5 Na rossijskom televidenii mnogo programm no moq l[bimaq programmaltKuklygt satira na rossijskix politikov 6 Nekotorye rossiqne govorqt htooni smotrqt mylnye opery htoby zabyt o realnoj izni v Rossii7 Blagodarq professionalnomu masterstvu vedu]ix kanal ltKulturagt stalohen populqrnym sredi tex kogo interesuet iskusstvo (kto interesuetsqiskusstvom) 8 Britanskoe i rossijskoe televidenie otliha[tsq drug ot drugav tom kak oni predstavlq[t novosti

Unit 8

Exercise 4

1 dlq rossijskogo rynka truda 2 novyj trudovoj kod 3 nado mnogo truditsq4 vse trudq]iesq 5 reputaciq nastoq]ego truenika 6 sredi sotrudnikov 7 dogovor o sotrudnihestve 8 s bolwim trudom 9 mnogo agenstv potrudoustrojstvu 10 pomoga[t trudoustroitsq

Exercise 8

Osnovannyj pokazannyj oplahennyj kuplennyj ocenennyj postavlennyjispolzovannyj predloennyj osu]estvlennyj perevedennyj priglawennyjpodpisannyj prigotovlennyj razvityj prinqtyj priobretennyj najdennyjvvedennyj zaregistrirovannyj razrewennyj otkrytyj udovletvorennyj

Exercise 9

1 firma zanqta 2 bylo otdano 3 byla priglawena 4 budet projden budetpredloena 5 budet podpisan 6 najdeno mesto 7 byli kupleny vse gazety 8 bylo reweno 9 bylo otmeheno 10 byli priobreteny 11 budut pokazany

Exercise 10

1 Universitetom ej (byla) predloena xorowaq rabota 2 Problema (byla)rewena im s bolwim trudom 3 Nakonec direktorom (byl) podpisan kontrakt4 Nami (byli) osvoeny mnogie komp[ternye programmy 5 E[ (byl) pereveden

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roman Tolstogo 6 Specialnyj sajt (byl) otkryt firmoj 7 Ona (byla)rekomendovana sotrudnikami kak otlihnyj specialist 8 Predpriqtiem(bylo) opublikovano obqvlenie v gazete 9 Rez[me (bylo) prislano e[ po faksu10 Film (byl) ocenen kritikami kak slabyj 11 Pravitelstvom (byl) vvedennovyj zakon ob immigracii 12 Samye prestinye prizy (byli) zavoevanykitajskimi sportsmenami

Exercise 11

1 za god 2 za gorodom 3 za knigoj 4 za rabotoj 5 za granicu 6 za posledneevremq 7 god za godom 8 za pomo]

Exercise 12

1 Ustrojstvo ltpo blatugt ndash vse e]e samyj vernyj sposob ustroitsq na rabotuv Rossii 2 K soaleni[ usloviq v Vawej firme ne podxodqt mne (neustraiva[t menq) 3 Ej vsegda nravilos rabotat s l[dmi 4 Vy moetepristupit k rabote herez nedel[ 5 S bolwim trudom ona nawla rabotuperevodhika v malenkoj firme 6 Vy dolny byt ob]itelnym inastojhivym esli Vy xotite byt menederom po prodaam 7 Ee luhweekahestvo ndash umenie rabotat v komande 8 Moq osnovnaq obqzannost na novojrabote ndash perevod s anglijskogo na russkij qzyk

Unit 9

Exercise 3

1 pqtdesqt tri procenta a muhiny sorok sem procentov 2 v tysqha devqtsotdevqnosto vtorom godu otmehalos na soroka hetyrex territoriqx Rossii a vdevqnosto tretem godu ue v westidesqti vosmi iz semidesqti devqtirossijskix regionov 3 v period s tysqha vosemsot devqnosto sedmogo godapo tysqha devqtsot dvadcat hetvertyj god 4 bolee dvadcati dvux millionovhelovek 5 semq s tremq-pqt[ detmi sokratilas 6 by do sta soroka millionovhelovek ue k dvuxtysqhnomu godu 7 snizitsq k dve tysqhi desqtomu godudo sta tridcati trex millionov helovek 8 skorost do dvuxsot kilometrov vhas 9 ot sta devqnosta devqti dollarov 10 ot dvux do pqti

Exercise 4

1 hetvero detej 2 dvoe sutok 3 troe devuwek 4 pqtero soldat 5 semerosportsmenov 6 westero studentov

Exercise 5

1 poexali v Rossi[ vdvoem 2 priexalo vdvoe bolwe beencev 3 dvoesportsmenov 4 troe druzej 5 vse dela[t vtroem 6 zarplata vtroe bolwe hem ego

Exercise 6

1 po mneni[ neskolkix demografov 2 vo mnogix razvityx stranax 3 v tehenieneskolkix dnej 4 neskolkim semqm 5 u mnogix beencev 6 s neskolkiminovymi russkimi 7 so skolkimi studentami 8 izvestno mnogim 9 u nemnogixstudentov

Exercise 7

1 140 millionov helovek 2 mnogo l[dej 3 skolko helovek uhitsq 4 12 helovek5 u nekotoryx l[dej 6 u neskolkix helovek 7 neskolko helovek

Exercise 8

Semdesqt vosem i vosem desqtyx semdesqt west i devqt desqtyxsemdesqt west i pqt desqtyx semdesqt west i hetyre desqtyx semdesqtwest i hetyre desqtyx semdesqt pqt i dve desqtyx semdesqt pqt i odnadesqtaq westdesqt devqt westdesqt pqt i odna desqtaq westdesqt pqt

Exercise 11

1 nuno (bylo budet) vremq 2 nuen (byl budet) slovar 3 nuna (bylabudet) viza 4 nuny (byli budut) urnaly 5 nuno (bylo budet) novoeoborudovanie 6 nuen (byl budet) uhebnik russkogo qzyka 7 nuny (bylibudut) aktery 8 ne nuna (byla budet) gazeta 9 nuna (byla budet)demografiheskaq politika

Exercise 13

1 on enilsq 2 ona vywla zamu 3 oni rewili poenitsq 4 enatyemuhiny 5 u zamunix en]in 6 braki s inostrancami

Exercise 14

1 Demografiheskq situaciq v Rossii ohen sereznaq rodaemostumenwaetsq i prodolitelnost izni padaet 2 Vo mnogix evropejskixstranax hislo en]in vywe hem muhin |to mono obqsnit tem htoprodolitelnost izni sredi en]in na neskolko let vywe hem sredi

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muhin 3 Soglasno perepisi provedennoj v 2001 godu naselenieVelikobritanii sostavlqlo 70 mln helovek 4 Po mneni[ demografov vysokaqrodaemost xarakterna dlq razviva[]ixsq stran V razvityx stranax ndashprotivopolonaq situaciq 5 Htoby ostanovit sokra]enie naseleniq Rossiinuna demografiheskaq politika (Rossiq nudaetsq v demografiheskojpolitike) 6 Kurenie i zloupotreblenie alkogolem ndash glavnye prihiny nizkojprodolitelnosti izni sredi muhin v Rossii (glavnye prihiny togopohemu v Rossii takaq nizkaq prodolitelnost izni sredi muhin) 7 My vse dolny vesti zdorovyj obraz izni Prede vsego my dolnybrosit kurit i pit 8 Q ne ver[ hto enatye muhiny ivut dolwehem razvedennye

Unit 10

Exercise 2

1 BGAV V 2 obleghit

Exercise 3

Poluhaemyj privlekaemyj sozdavaemyj l[bimyj uvaaemyj vnosimyjosu]estvlqemyj oplahivaemyj vvozimyj predlagaemyj provodimyjizuhaemyj finansiruemyj ispolzuemyj

Exercise 4

1 nazyvaemyj perestrojkoj 2 vozglavlqemu[ izvestnym lingvistom 3 l[bimyj l[dmi 4 ispolzuemaq v tom universitete 5 vvozimye v Rossi[6 finansiruemyx gosudarstvom 7 vnosimye roditelqmi 8 poluhaemojstudentami 9 sdavaemyx studentami

Exercise 5

1 peredavalis interesnye novosti 2 russkij qzyk prepodaetsq 3 vydaetsqstipendiq 4 gotovitsq novaq reforma 5 vyswee obrazovanie oplahivaetsqroditelqmi 6 luhwie studenty prinima[tsq v institut 7 mrompriglawa[tsq inostrannye specialisty

Exercise 6

1 izmenilas 2 okonhil 3 uvelihilas 4 budet uluhwatsq 5 prodolaet 6 nahina[tsq 7 sokra]aet 8 umenwaetsq 9 konhilis 10 budet provoditsq

Exercise 10

1 uhatsq besplatno 2 otuhilsq ot butylki 3 plata za obuhenie 4 zarplatyuhitelej 5 uhitsq v prestinom vuze 6 nauhila menq 7 luhwix vyswixuhebnyx zavedenij 8 sovremennogo uhebnogo plana 9 uhit anglijskij qzyk10 uhil detej russkomu qzyku

Exercise 11

1 po moim hasam 2 vniz po reke 3 po poqs v vode 4 po podarku 5 po poluheniipasporta 6 po trete fevralq

Exercise 13

1 Vvedenie edinogo gosudarstvennogo kzamena bespokoit mnogix rossiqn Poix mneni[ uroven obrazovaniq neizbeno snizitsq (upadet) 2 Tolko testudenty kotorye nabrali (tolko studenty nabravwie) naivyswie ballypoluha[t stipendi[ i takim obrazom besplatnoe obrazovanie 3 U roditelejv Rossii teper est vybor v kakie wkoly otpravlqt svoix detej kakimiuhebnikami polzovatsq kakoj uhebnoj programme sledovat 4 Ne vse hastnyewkoly luhwe hem gosudarstvennye (luhwe gosudarstvennyx) No u nix estodno preimu]estvo hislo detej v kadom klasse namnogo (gorazdo) menwe5 Samoe bolwoe izmenenie v sisteme obrazovaniq Rossii v devqnostyx godax(v devqnostye gody) bylo poqvlenie i rost platnyx hastnyx uhebnyx zavedenij6 Inenernoe obrazovanie stanovitsq snova populqrnym Konkurs v nekotoryxtexniheskix universitetax ohen vysokij do dvadcati studentov na mesto 7 Po-moemu obrazovanie dolno byt besplatnym i dostupnym vsem Q protivhastnyx universitetov i hastnyx wkol

Unit 11

Exercise 5

1 Esli leto budet arkoe (to) my budem it na dahe 2 Esli q sdammatematiku q postupl[ v texniheskij universitet 3 Esli rossijskie dorogiuluhwatsq (to) v Rossi[ budet ezdit mnogo turistov 4 Esli u nego budetxorowaq zarplata (to) on kupit kvartiru v centre 5 Esli u menq budet shetv banke (to) q vlou kapital v cennye bumagi 6 Esli ona brosit kurit (to) ee zdorove stanet (budet) luhwe 7 Esli rossijskie gazety budutnezavisimymi (to) oni opubliku[t vs[ informaci[ 8 Esli na festivalebudut pokazany rossijskie filmy (to) zriteli uzna[t kak razvivaetsq kinov Rossii 9 Esli u menq budet vremq (to) q poedu v kruiz po Volge

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Exercise 6

1 Esli by konomika zarabotala (to) srednij klass obqzatelno by uvelihilsq2 Esli by on okonhil universitet (to) u nego byla by xorowaq rabota 3 Esliby ne bylo defolta v tom godu (to) rossijskij rubl stal by silnym 4 Esli by ne byla provedena reforma obrazovaniq (to) uroven obrazovaniqupal by 5 Esli by byla vvedena plata za obrazovanie (to) postradali by mnogiel[di 6 Esli by gosudarstvo xotelo povysit uroven obrazovaniq (to) onosoxranilo by hastnye wkoly 7 Esli by tot vuz byl prestinym to v nembyl by bolwoj konkurs 8 Esli by u studenta bylo stremlenie uhitsq (to)on zakonhil by universitet s otlihiem

Exercise 8

1 htoby moj mu kupil mawinu 2 htoby ego doh postupila v universitet 3 htoby ee roditeli priobreli putevku 4 htoby vse uhitelq prinadleali k srednemu klassu 5 htoby naw sosed kupil dahu 6 htoby rabohie vkladyvali dengi v cennye bumagi 7 htoby vse deti poluhili xoroweeobrazovanie

Exercise 9

1 Q somneva[s htoby to byla pravda 2 Q ne ver[ htoby on priwel 3 Q neduma[ htoby ona sdala kzamen 4 Q sovetu[ htoby Vy podumali ob tom 5 On prosil htoby q pogovoril(a) s nej 6 On prikazal htoby q poexal(a) vLondon

Exercise 10

1 htoby uhitel byl obrazovannyj helovek 2 htoby u detej byli ravnyevozmonosti 3 htoby studentam nravilos uhitsq 4 htoby blagosostoqniel[dej povysilos 5 htoby vse l[di imeli rabotu 6 htoby u l[dej bylisbereeniq 7 htoby vse bogatye platili nalogi 8 htoby v Rossii ne byloxorowix dorog 9 htoby on opozdal na poezd 10 htoby ona napisala roman 11 htoby ona brosila kurit 12 htoby u nego byla ena 13 htoby u nee nebylo mua

Exercise 11

1 hto by ty ni govoril 2 gde by oni ni rabotali 3 kogda by ona ni dumalao nem 4 kuda by moj mu ni ezdil 5 kak by trudno to ni bylo 6 kogda byq ni videl ee

Exercise 13

1 Sociologi vse e]e sporqt o tom su]estvuet li srednij klass v Rossii2 Su]estvuet bolwaq raznica medu rossijskim i britanskim srednimklassom 3 Esli konomiheskaq situaciq v Rossii uxudwitsq (stanet xue)(to) mnogie l[di poterq[t rabotu 4 Esli by tolko l[di znali kak opasnoxodit noh[ 5 Esli by tolko u menq byli dengi(to) q by putewestvovalapo vsemu miru (vokrug sveta) 6 Bolwinstvo tak nazyvaemyx novyx russkixrazbogateli blagodarq svoim svqzqm s sovetskim pravitelstvom 7 Q xohuhtoby moj syn uhilsq v Moskovskom universitete q xohu htoby on izuhalanglijskij qzyk 8 On poprosil menq kupit russku[ gazetu dlq nego(poprosil htoby q kupila russku[ gazetu dlq nego) 9 Rossijskaq semqshitaet sebq bednoj esli ona ne moet pozvolit sebe pokupat frukty isladosti dlq detej

Unit 12Exercise 5

1 nelzq govorit 2 mono sozdavat 3 mono vvodit 4 mono polzovatsq5 nelzq kurit 6 mono zakazat 7 nelzq ezdit bez bileta

Exercise 6

1 Mne prixoditsq exat v Rossi[ 2 Emu priwlos kupit bilet na samolet3 Materi pridetsq idti pewkom 4 Tebe ne sleduet vozvra]atsq pozdno 5 Vyobqzany sdat kzamen 6 Professoru prixoditsq otkryt hastnu[ kliniku 7 Emu ne sledovalo soglawatsq so mnoj 8 Vrah obqzan okazat pervu[ pomo]9 Vam ne sleduet prixodit s[da 10 Tebe ne sledovalo vstrehat ego

Exercise 7

1 mne udalos kupit 2 professoru Bronwtejnu udastsq vyit 3 nam udaetsqdobeat 4 emu udaetsq sxodit v magazin 5 vam udalos pozavtrakat 6 ejnikogda ne udavalos pisat bez owibok

Exercise 8

1 Iz-za ary mne bylo len rabotat 2 Ue west hasov pora idti 3 Namostalos tolko otkazatsq ot togo plana 4 Turistam bylo al bednyxkrestqn 5 Emu ne xvataet opyta dlq takoj raboty 6 Vo vtornik mneispolnitsq 21 god 7 Mne ohen xohetsq uvidet tot film 8 Emu nadoelorabotat tam i delat skuhnu[ rabotu

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Exercise 10

1 Mne nekuda xodit 2 Emu negde it 3 Ej nehego delat 4 Materi nekogdasmotret televizor 5 Mne ne o hem govorit s toboj 6 Emu dae ne s kempojti v pivnu[ 7 Mne nekogo priglasit v kino 8 Rebenku nehem est sup9 Mne ne na kogo nadeqtsq 10 Ej ne k komu zajti po doroge domoj

Exercise 11

1 vo vtornik 2 v sredu 3 s togo vremeni 4 vo mnogom 5 ko mne 6 k stadionu

Exercise 12

1 V nastoq]ee vremq sistema zdravooxraneniq v Rossii pereivaet (ispytyvaet)bolwie trudnosti ne xvataet vrahej i medsester i usloviq v bolnicaxuasnye 2 Stoimost leheniq v hastnyx klinikax ohen vysokaq no q neduma[ hto my moem obojtis bez hastnoj mediciny v nynewnej situacii3 Pomo] gosudarstva nuna (neobxodima) vsem bolnicam kakgosudarstvennym tak i hastnym 4 Q shita[ hto medicinskoe obsluivaniedolno ostavatsq dostupnym dlq vsex l[dej No q soglasen (soglasna) htou l[dej dolen byt vybor 5 Mne tak al staryx pensionerov v Rossiioni mnogo rabotali vs[ svo[ izn a teper ne v sostoqnii priobresti daelekarstva 6 Q duma[ hto professoru Bronwtejnu udalos sozdat svo[znamenitu[ kliniku blagodarq ogromnoj nergii i praktiheskomu opytu 7 Mne vse nadoelo mne nehego delat nekuda idti ne s kem govorit 8 Qnade[s hto rossijskomu pravitelstvu udastsq vyjti iz nastoq]ego krizisa

Unit 13

Exercise 5

Vspominaq rasshityvaq sozdavaq huvstvuq blagodarq idq prixodq nesqvozvra]aqs putewestvuq okazyvaqs l[buqs stanovqs golosuq nabiraqbuduhi naxodqs

Exercise 6

1 naxodqs v Rossii 2 ivq vs[ izn v Amerike 3 sozdavaq novu[ parti[ 4 razgovarivaq so studentami 5 vozvra]aqs iz Moskvy 6 sluwaq muzyku 7 uhas i rabotaq za granicej 8 nenavidq vojnu 9 l[bq sladkoe

Exercise 7

Sozdav nabrav progolosovav stav skazav pojdq prinesq uexav okazavwisvernuvwis vvezq sev najdq enivwis nazvav

Exercise 8

1 priexav v Moskvu 2 vernuvwis iz poezdki 3 rodivwis v Rossii 4 poznakomivwis s nej 5 vyjdq zamu 6 prohitav tekst 7 sdav kzamen 8 otkazavwis uhastvovat 9 pohuvstvovav sebq ploxo

Exercise 9

1 podvergaqs raznym ocenkam 2 okazavwis na vtorom meste 3 podojdq zamesqc do golosovaniq 4 pridq na vybory 5 ne imeq opredelennoj programmy6 nihego ne delaq 7 prohitav pismo 8 obedinivwis 9 frakcii pobedili 10 oderav pobedu 11 nadeqs sozdat silnu[ parti[ 12 plyvq na teploxode13 buduhi russkim po rodeni[ 14 hitaq knigi o l[bvi

Exercise 11

1 Q nigde ne byl(a) vhera 2 Q nikuda ne xodil(a) veherom 3 Q ni za kogone golosoval(a) na vyborax 4 Q nihego ne delal(a) utrom 5 U ltEdinstvagt netnikakoj programmy 6 U menq net ni brata ni sestry 7 Q nikogda nihem inikem ne uvlekalsq (uvlekalas) 8 Q ni o hem ne duma[ 9 Q ne prinadleuni k kakoj partii 10 Q ni s kem ne xodil(a) v kino 11 Ona nihemu neudivlqetsq 12 On ni na kom ne enilsq

Exercise 12

1 Nelzq imet demokratiheskoe ob]estvo pri odnopartijnoj sisteme Kshast[ ta sistema prinadleit prowlomu 2 Novoe dvienie ltEdinstvogtxotelo by byt pravq]ej partiej v Rossii no navrqd li emu udastsqdostignut (dostih) toj celi bez so[znikov 3 Zavoevav hetvert golosov navyborax v Dumu Kommunistiheskaq partiq nahala razrabatyvat novu[programmu dejstvij 4 Nesmotrq na to hto ltEdinstvogt polzovalosogromnym uspexom vo vremq vyborov Kommunistiheskaq partiq vse-taki zanqlapervoe mesto 5 K soaleni[ u ltEdinstvagt net nikakoj konomiheskojprogrammy 6 Uspex ltEdinstvagt obqsnqetsq podderkoj prezidenta Putina(tem hto prezident Putin podderal dvienie okazal podderkudvieni[) On v (na) samom dele sovetoval lektoratu golosovat za nix 7 Buduhi edinstvennoj partiej so svoim lektoratom Kommunistiheskaqpartiq nadeetsq raswirit svoe vliqnie 8 Sredstva massovoj informaciiigrali rewa[]u[ rol na (v) poslednix vyborax Televideni[ udalos sozdat

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mif populqrnosti dvieniq ltEdinstvogt i mnogie poverili v to (tomu) 9 Sudq po metodam ispolzovannym vo vremq izbiratelnoj (predvybornoj)kompanii Rossii e]e daleko ot demokratii

Unit 14

Exercise 5

Pokupatel televizorov prodavec komp[terov perevodhik s inostrannogoqzyka rukovoditel zavoda polzovatel komp[tera itel Moskvy(moskvih) redaktor gazety izdatel urnala rabohij zavoda prepodavatelanglijskogo qzyka

Exercise 6

1 Kolihestvo prestuplenij pokonhit s prestupnost[ 2 Ob]aqzabolevaemost novoe zabolevanie Internet-zavisimost 3 Tipihnoepereutomlenie pereutomlqemost sredi detej 4 Pose]aemost Internet SMIpose]enie teatrov 5 Tvoe razdraenie ego razdraitelnost

Exercise 9

1 Upotreblqet tu frazu 2 primenqt k prestupnikam bolee strogie mery 3 polzovatsq ego komp[terom 4 vospolzovalis vozmonost[ 5 polzuetsqInternetom 6 upotreblqt narkotiki 7 polzovalas ogromnym uspexom

Exercise 10

1 perestanew vmewivatsq v moi dela 2 prekrati poalujsta 3 tramvajostanovilsq 4 sneg perestal 5 rabota ostanovilas 6 ostanavliva[s v tojgostinice 7 mewaet mne smotret televizor 8 on brosil pit

Exercise 11

1 sostavlq[t 53 2 problema sostoit v tom 3 sostavil 7 let nazad 4 sostoitiz 3 komnat 5 sostoql sekretarem 6 sostoitsq teatralnaq Olimpiada

Exercise 12

1 Hislo polzovatelej Interneta vse vremq uvelihivaetsq (rastet) Internet-torgovlq ndash samyj razviva[]ijsq (progressiru[]ij) sektor rossijskojkonomiki 2 Bolwinstvo l[dej v nedavnem oprose duma[t hto sleduetkontrolirovat socialno-opasnye sajty 3 V Rossii dae v Moskvepolzovanie Internetom otstaet ot zapadnyx stran Tem ne menee problema

Internet-zavisimosti ue su]estvuet 4 Internet vse e]e sliwkom dorogojdlq mnogix rossiqn nado platit 50 dollarov v mesqc za bezlimitnyj(bezgranihnyj) dostup v Set 5 Moj drug- biznesmen polzuetsq Internetomeednevno (kadyj den) v svoej rabote On govorit hto on ne vyivet beznego 6 Rabotaq za komp[terom q hasto tak uvleka[s hto zabyva[ obo vsemdae o ede 7 V Seti mnogo raznoj informacii no menq bolwe vsegointeresu[t sredstva massovoj informacii 8 V sledu[]ie vybory veroqtnobudet vozmono golosovat herez Internet 9 Q nikogda ne dumal(a) hto qstanu Internet-addiktom No q avtomatiheski vkl[ha[ komp[ter kak tolkoq prixou domoj 10 Samye populqrnye web-sajty sredi studentov ndashrazvleheniq i igry

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EnglishndashRussian vocabulary

The EnglishndashRussian vocabulary includes the words required for theEnglishndashRussian translations

ability umenie sposobnost (f )access dostupaccessible to dostupnyj (+ dat)according to soglasno (+ dat)action dejstvieactually na samom deleaccurate tohnyjachieve a goal dostigat dostignut celiaddict addikt poklonnikaddiction addikciqadvantage preimu]estvoadvise sovetovat (po-)afford pozvolqt pozvolit sebeafter posle (+ gen)again snovaagainst protiv (+ gen)age at the ~ vozrast v vozraste (+ gen)agree with soglasnyj s (+ inst)air ticket bilet na samoletall vseally so[znikalmost pohtialways vsegdaamong sredi (+ gen)appearance poqvlenieappalling uasnyjappreciate cenitargue sporitarrive pribyvat pribyt prixodit prijtiaround vokrug (+ gen)art iskusstvoartistic xudoestvennyj

ask prosit po- (+ inf) or (+ gen)~ a question sprawivat sprositas soon as kak tolkoauthorities vlasti (pl)automatically avtomatiheski

begin nahinat nahatbasic prostojbecome stanovitsq stat (+ inst)being buduhi (+ inst)believe veritbelong (to) prinadleat (+ dat) k (+ dat)better luhwebest way luhwij sposobbiker bajkerbirth rate rodaemost (f )boat teploxodborder granicabuy pokupat kupit

cabin ka[tacarried away (get) uvlekatsq uvlehsq (+ inst)cash nalihnyecease perestavat perestatcensus perepis (f )change izmeneniechannel kanalcharacteristic xarakternyjcheap ~er dewevyj dewevlechildren detichoice vyborcity gorod gorodskojclass klassclean ~er histyj hi]eclearly qvnoclinic klinikaclose zakryvat zakrytcollapse raspadcome first zanqt pervoe mestocomfortable udobnyjcommercial kommerheskijCommon State Examination edinyj gosudarstvennyj kzamen

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EnglishndashRussian vocabulary | 309

common way vernyj sposobcompetition konkurs sorevnovanie (sport)completely polnost[condition uslovieconduct provodit provesticonnections svqziconsider shitatconsist of sostoqt iz (+ gen)constitute sostavlqt sostavitcontinue prodolat prodolatsqcontrol kontrol (m) kontrolirovatcreate sozdavat sozdatcredit card kreditnaq kartacrisis kriziscross perexodit perejti (herez + acc)cruise kruizcost stoimost (f )country stranacurriculum programma

daily eednevnodamage portit (is-)danger opasnost (f )dangerous opasnyjdeck palubadecisive rewa[]ijdecline umenwatsq umenwitsq umenwenie

sokra]at sokratit sokra]eniedemocracy demokratiqdemographer demografdepart otpravlqtsq otpravitsq

otplyvat otplyt (boat)departure otpravlenie otplytiedepend on zaviset ot (+ gen)despite the fact nesmotrq na to htodeveloped ~ing country razvitaq razviva[]aqsq stranadiffer otlihatsq ot (+ gen)difference raznicadifficult ~y with ~ trudn yj -ost (f ) s trudomdirector reisser (theatre)divorced razvedennyjdo without obxoditsq obojtis bez (+ gen)

310 | EnglishndashRussian vocabulary

doubt somnevatsq v (+ prep)duty obqzannost (f )

each kadyjecologically kologiheskieconomy konomikaeducation obrazovanieeducational institution uhebnoe zavedenieenergy nergiqengineering inenernoe delo

~ education inenernoe obrazovanieenjoy success polzovatsq uspexomenough dostatohno

(not) ~ ne xvatat (+ gen)entertainment razvlehenieelection vybory (pl)election campaign predvybornaq kampaniqelectorate lektoratenormous ogromnyjespecially osobennoessential neobxodimyjethnic conflict tniheskij (nacionalnyj) konfliktEuropean evropejskijeverything vseexist su]estvovatexperience to ~ opyt pereivat pereitexplain obqsnqt obqsnitexpress train skorostnoj poezd

fall padat upastfamily semqfamous znamenityjfast bystryjfed up nadoelo (+ dat)feel huvstvovatfee-paying platnyjfemale en]ina enskijfilm festival kinofestival (m)find naxodit najti

~ a job ustraivatsq ustroitsq na rabotufind out uznavat uznatfirst of all prede vsego

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flee ubegat ubeat ot (+ gen)follow sledovat (+ dat)food edafor dlq (+ gen) za (+ acc)foreign inostrannyjforget zabyvat zabytformer byvwijfortunately k shast[free svobodnyj

~ education besplatnoe obrazovaniefull house polnyj zal

gain marks nabirat nabrat ballygame igraget poluhat poluhitget out vyxodit vyjti iz (+ gen)give up brosat brositgo xodit idti ezdit exatGolden Ring Zolotoe kolcogoal cel (f )government pravitelstvogrant stipendiqgrowth rostguarantee garantirovat

harm do ~ vred nanosit nanesti vred (+ dat)health system zdravooxraneniehealthy zdorovyjhelp pomogat pomoh pomo]higher education vyswee obrazovaniehighest vyswijhighly trained vysokokvalificirovannyjhope nadeqtsq na (+ acc)hospital bolnica

illegal nelegalnyjimportant vanyj glavnyj

the most ~ samoe glavnoeincrease uvelihivatsq uvelihitsqindependent nezavisimyjinevitably neizbenoinfluence vliqt na (+ acc) vliqnie

information informaciqinterest be ~ed interesovat interesovatsq (+ inst)international medunarodnyjInternet-user polzovatel Internetainterpreter perevodhikintroduction vvedenie

join a club stat hlenom kluba vstupit v klubjudge (a film) ocenivat ocenit (film)judging by sudq po (+ dat)jury [ri (n)

kind vid rod

lag behind otstavat otstat ot (+ gen)last poslednijlast year v prowlom godulead a way of life vesti obraz iznileave pokidat pokinut uezat uexat

iz (+ gen)life izn (f )life expectancy prodolitelnost iznilike nravitsq (+ dat)long ~er dolgo dolwelong way dalekolose job terqt (po-) rabotulow nizkijlucky vezet povezlo (+ dat)luggage baga

magnificent zamehatelnyj potrqsa[]ijmain part glavnaq rolmajority bolwinstvoman muhinamarried enatyjmass media sredstva massovoj informaciimedical treatment medicinskoe obsluivaniemedicine medicina lekarstvomember hlenmiddle class srednij klassmigrant migrantmoney dengi (pl)

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monthly eemesqhnomood nastroeniemostly bolwe vsegomountain goramovement dvieniemuch mnogo

(+ comparative) namnogo gorazdomyth mif

need nuen nuna (etc + dat)nudatsq v (+ prep)

Net Set (f )news novosti (pl)night at ~ noh (f ) noh[nonetheless tem ne meneenumber hislonurse medsestra

old staryj drevnijone-party odnopartijnyjonly (the) edinstvennyjopinion in the ~ mnenie po -[opposite protivopolonyjorder (in) htobyown svoj sobstvennyjowner vladelec

parachute jump prygat prygnut s paraw[tomparents roditeliparliamentary election vybory v Dumupast prowloepay for platit (za-) za (+ acc)pensioner pensionerpeople l[diperform stunts vypolnqt tr[kipersistent nastojhivyjpersonal connections ltblatgtplace mestopleasure udovolstviepolicy politikapolitician politikpoll opros

poor bednyjpossible vozmonopractical praktiheskijprefer predpohitat predpohestpresent at ~ nastoq]ij v nastoq]ee vremqpresenter vedu]ijpresent the news predstavlqt novostiprivate hastnyjprobably veroqtnoprofessional professionalnyjpuppet kuklaput on (play) stavit (po-) pesu

quality kahestvoquarter hetvert (f )

rail eleznodoronyjready gotovyjreality realnost (f )reason prihinareceive poluhat poluhitrecent nedavnijrecommend rekomendovat (po-)refugee beenecrelieve stress snimat snqt stressremain ostavatsq ostatsq (+ inst)rich become ~ bogatyj razbogatetrisk riskovat (+ inst)river station rehnoj vokzalround the world vokrug svetaruling party pravq]aq partiqRussian man woman rossiqn in -ka

sales manager meneder po prodaamsatire on satira (+ acc)send otpravlqt otpravit posylat poslatserious sereznyjset sail nahat otplyvatseveral neskolkoshort ~er korotkij korohesite sajtsituation situaciq poloenie

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skill masterstvosmok e ~ing kurit kureniesoap opera mylnaq operasociable ob]itelnyjsocially dangerous socialno-opasnyjsociety ob]estvoso-called tak nazyvaemyjsociologist sociologsoil grunt pohvasorry al (+ dat)speed skorost (f )standard uroven (m)start nahinat nahat

~ work pristupit k rabotestate gosudarstvo gosudarstvennyjstill (vse) e]estop ostanavlivat ostanovit (+ acc)study (at) uhitsq v (+ prep)

~ a subject izuhat (+ acc)stunt tr[kstuntman kaskadersucceed udavatsq udatsq (+ dat)success uspexsuit podxodit podojti (+ dat) dlq (+ gen)support podderivat podderat podderka

give ~ okazyvat okazat podderkusure way vernyj sposobsurvive vyitsweets sladosti (pl)switch on vkl[hat vkl[hit

take part uhastvovattake up sport zanqtsq sportomtaxi rank stoqnka taksiteam komandatelevision televidenietextbook uhebnikthan hemthanks to blagodarq (+ dat)thousand tysqhathus takim obrazomtime vremq (neut)

three ~s tri razatop prize vyswij priztrain ticket bilet na poezdtranslate from into perevodit perevesti s (+ gen) na (+ acc)translation perevodtravel around putewestvovat vokrug (+ gen) po (+ dat)travel time vremq v putitraveller putewestvenniktreatment lehenieturn out okazyvatsq okazatsq (+ inst)twofold v dva raza

under pri (+ prep)unfortunately k soaleni[unlikely navrqd liunlimited bezlimitnyjupper verxnijup to vplot do (+ gen)use ispolzovat (+ acc) polzovatsq (+ inst)use of the Internet polzovanie Internetom

varied raznyjview vidvisit pose]at posetitvote golos golosovat za (+ acc)

way of life obraz izniweb-site web-sajtwiden raswirqt raswiritwin votes zavoevat (nabrat) golosawinner pobeditelwithout bez (+ gen)woman en]inawork at rabotat za (+ inst)work out razrabatyvat razrabotatworld all over the ~ round the ~ mir svet po vsemu miru vokrug svetaworry bespokoit (o-)worsen get worse uxudwatsq uxudwitsq

yesterday vherayet not ~ e]e e]e neyoung molodoj

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RussianndashEnglish vocabulary

The RussianndashEnglish vocabulary includes all the key words found inthe book including those from the texts dialogues and exercises butnot every word from the examples of realia

abiturient applicant (to university)avariq accidentaktualnyj topicalanketa questionnaire formarenda rentattestat ob okonhanii wkoly school-leaving certificateauditoriq audience

ball markbalovatsq to fool aroundbednost (f ) bednyj poverty poorbedstvie disasterbeen ec ~stvo refugee refugee problembezvozvratnyj permanentbezgranihnyj limitlessbezrabot ica ~nyj unemployment unemployedbesplatnyj freebespokoit o- to worryblago good benefitblagosostoqnie wellbeing prosperityblagotvoritelnyj charity charitableblat personal connectionsblestq]ij brilliantblinee zarubee near abroadblizkij nearbogatet raz- to get richbogat stvo ~yj wealth richbolezn (f ) illnessbolet za- (+ inst) to be ill (with)bombeka bombingboqtsq (+ gen) to be afraid

brak marriagebrat vzqt na sebq to take onbronirovat za- to bookbrosat brosit to throw stopbuduhi (+ inst) beingbudu]ee the futurebukvalno literallybyvat to happenbyvwij former

vvedenie introductionvdrug suddenlyvedu]ij leading presenterved you see after allvek centuryvelikij greatverit po- (+ dat) v (+ acc) to believeverno truevernyj sposob sure wayvesma quiteve]anie broadcastingvzamen (+ gen) insteadvid view appearance typevinovatyj v (+ prep) guilty ofvkladyvat vloit vloenie to invest investmentvkl[hat vkl[hit to includevladelec ownervladet (+ inst) to ownvlasti (pl) vlast (f ) authorities powervlehenie attractionvliqnie influencevliqt po- na (+ acc) to influencevmewatelstvo interferencevnewnie dannye vnewnost (f ) appearancevnov againvnosit vnesti to put in bring invnutrennij rejs domestic flightvo-vremq in timevoditelskie prava driving licencevoennyj wartime servicemanvozvra]atsq vernutsq to come back returnvozglavlqt vozglavit to head

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RussianndashEnglish vocabulary | 319

vozdux airvozmonost (f ) possibility opportunityvoznikat vozniknut to arisevozrastat vozrasti to growvojna warvolna wavevolnovat to worryvoob]e on the whole in generalvo-pervyx firstlyvor thiefvoskresnyj Sundayvosprinimat vosprinqt vserez to take seriouslyvostorg delightvostohnyj Easternvpervye for the first timevpolne fully quitevprohem however thoughvred harmvremennyj temporaryvremq (neut) timevsego in allvsemirnyj world widevse ravno all the samevspominat vspomnit to remembervstupitelnyj kzamen entrance examinationvuz (vyswee uhebnoe zavedenie) institution of higher educationvybirat vybrat to choose select electvybor vybory (pl) choice electionvybrasyvat vybrosit to emitvydelqtsq vydelitsq to stand outvyezd departurevyivat vyit to survivevyzyvat vyzvat to provoke causevyigryvat vyigrat to winvylehivat vylehit to curevynudennyj forcedvylet departure by airvyletat vyletet to fly outvymiranie dying out extinctionvypolnqt vypolnit to carry out fulfilvypuskat vypustit to release producevypusknik graduate

320 | RussianndashEnglish vocabulary

vypusknoj kzamen final examinationvyraat vyrazit to expressvyrubat vyrubit to cut downvystuplenie speech performancevyswij vyswee obrazovanie highest higher educationvyxod way out exitvyxodec iz (+ gen) of originvyxodit vyjti zamu za (+ acc) to marry (for a woman)vyxodnye dni weekendvyqvlqt vyqvit to revealvezd entry

gastroli (pl) tourgenij geniusgibkij flexibleglavnoe the main thingglavn yj -ym obrazom main chieflygolos golosovanie voice vote votinggolosovat pro- to votegonki (pl) racegora mountaingorazdo muchgord itsq (+ inst) gordost (f ) to be proud of pridegornolynyj sklon ski slopegostepriimnyj hospitablegosudarstv ennyj ~o stategradan in -ka citizengradanstvo citizenshipgradanskij civilgranica bordergromadnyj hugegrozit (+ dat) to threatengrqznyj dirty

davno long time agodalwe furtherdannye (pl) datadvigatsq dvinutsq to movedvienie movement trafficdvuxmestnyj double two-seaterdejstvovat to operatedejstvu[]ee lico character (in film play)

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detsad kindergartendewevyj dewevle cheap cheaperdobiratsq dobratsq do (+ gen) to get todoverqt doverit (+ dat) to trustdogonqt dognat to catch updolnost (f ) postdolq sharedomawnee zadanie homeworkdomoxozqjka housewifedomoxozqjstvo householddopolnitelnyj additionaldostigat dostignut (+ gen) to achievedostienie achievementdostojnyj worthy respectabledostup accessdostupn ost ~yj accessibility accessibledotqgivat dotqnut do (+ gen) to extend as far asdoxod incomedrevnij ancientdrunyj friendly

evrejskij Jewishedinyj single unifiededinstvo unityedinstvennyj (the) onlyeednevn o ~yj dailyeemesqhn o ~yj monthlyestestvennyj natural

alovatsq po- na (+ acc) to complain ofal sorrydat podo- to waite (emphatic particle) exactlyelat po- to wisheleznaq doroga eleznodoronyj railwayenatyj marriedenitsq na (+ prep) to marry (of man)ertvovat po- (+ inst) to sacrificeestkij vigorousivoj aliveivopisnyj picturesqueivotnoe animal

izneobespehenie vital necessityile accommodation housingitelstvo residence

zabolevaemost (f ) incidence of diseasezabolevanie diseasezabyvat zabyt to forgetzavidovat po- (+ dat) to envyzaviset ot (+ gen) to depend onzavisim ost (f ) ~yj dependence dependentzavoevyvat zavoevat premi[ to win a prizezagadka puzzlezagorat zagoret to sunbathezagorodnyj dom country housezadavat zadat vopros to ask a questionzadaha taskzadnij plan backgroundzakazyvat zakazat to orderzakon lawzakusit to have a bitezamenqt zamenit to replacezametnyj noticeablezamuem zamunqq married (for a woman)zanimatsq zanqtsq(+ inst) to be engaged in studyzanqtie occupation lessonzanqt yj zanqtost (f ) occupied employed employmentzapolnqt zapolnit to fillzarabotok salary earningszaranee in advancezarplata wagezarubenyj foreignzasedat to sit conferzasluga merit servicezasluennyj uspex deserved successzastavlqt zastavit to make somebody do somethingzatraty (pl) expenseszatqgivat zatqnut v (+ acc) to draw trap intozaxvatit to captivateza]ita protectionzaqvlenie ~ na rabotu statement job applicationzaqvlqt zaqvit to declarezdravooxranenie health system

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zemelnyj uhastok plot of landzemlq landzerkalo mirrorzlodej ~ka villainzloupotreblenie abuseznakomitsq po- s (+ inst) to acquaint oneself withznakomyj familiar acquaintanceznamenityj famousznahitelnyj significantznahit to meanzritel (member of) the audience

izbegat izbeat (+ gen) to avoidizbiratel ~naq kampaniq voter election campaignizdavat izdat izdatel to publish publisheriz-za (+ gen) because ofimenno namely actuallyimet v vidu to meanimetsq to be availableinostran ec ~nyj foreigner foreigniskaat iskazit to distortiskat to look foriskl[henie exceptioniskrennost (f ) sincerityiskusstvennyj artificialiskusstvo artispolzova nie ~t use to useispytatelnyj srok probationispytyvat ispytat to experience testistoskovatsq po (+ dat) to pine away missisxodq iz (+ gen) on the basis ofishezat isheznut to disappearitogi (pl) summing up total results

kadr shot (film)kadry (pl) personnelkazax Kazakhkajf kicks highkardinalnyj cardinalkarman pocketkasatsq (+ gen) to concernkaskader stuntman

kahestvennyj high-qualitykahestvo qualityka[ta cabinkitaec Kitaj Chinese man Chinaklassnyj greatkl[h keykover carpetkoleso wheelkolihestvo quantitykonec endkontora officekorohe shorterkomanda teamkonehnyj finalkonkurirovat s (+ inst) to competekonkurs competitionkorzina basketkrepkij strongkreslo armchairkrome (+ gen) except besideskrug circlekruglyj ~ god round all the year roundkrutoj steep coolkukla doll puppetkupatsq is- to bathekurenie kurit smoking to smokekurort spakursirovat to run

lekarstvo medicineletat letet to flylehenie treatmentlehit vy- to treatlihnyj personallico face personlgota benefitlynik skierl[boj anymalopodvinyj sedentarymasterskaq workshopmasterstvo skillmaswtab scale

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medved (m) bearmedunarodnyj internationalmenqtsq po- to changemera po mere (+ gen) measure withmery za]ity protection measuresmerka (po zapadnym merkam) by Western standardsmestnyj localmehta dreammilyj nicemir world peacemirovoj worldmnenie opinionmnogodetnaq semq large familymnogohislennyj numerousmodnyj fashionablemultfilm cartoonmusor rubbishmylnaq opera soap operamqgkij soft

naberenaq embankmentnabirat nabrat bally golosa to collect gain marks win votesnabl[dat to observenavodit navesti porqdok to bring ordernavrqd li unlikelynadeda hopenadenyj reliablenadeqtsq na (+ acc) to hopenalihie presencenalihnye (pl) cashnalog taxnanosit nanesti u]erb (+ dat) to cause damagenaoborot on the contrarynapominat napomnit to remindnapravlenie directionnaselenie populationnasilie violencenastojhivost (f ) persistencenastoq]ee nastoq]ij the present real presentnastroenie moodnauka nauhnyj science scientificnauhno-poznavatelnyj popular science

nedavnij nedavno recent recentlynedostatok shortagenezavisimyj independentneizbenyj inevitablenenavidet to hatenenavist (f ) hatredneobxodim ost (f ) ~yj necessity essential necessaryneoidannyj unexpectednepokornyj unrulynepremenno obviously definitelyneredko oftennesovmestimyj incompatibleneskladnyj (qzyk) disjointed (language)nesomnenno without a doubtneueli really is it possiblenizkij lowno knifenos (teploxoda) bow (of a ship)nosil]ik porternynewnij present

obe]anie obe]at po- promise to promiseoblast (f ) region area fieldobleghat obleghit to make easieroborudovanie equipmentobraz izni way of lifeobrazovatelnaq usluga education serviceobra]atsq obratitsq v (+ acc) to turn toobsluivanie serviceobsluivat obsluit to serveobstoqtelstvo circumstanceobuhenie trainingobxoditsq obojtis bez (+ gen) to do withoutob]ee hislo total numberob]enacionalnyj nationalob]enie communicationob]estvennyj public socialob]estvennoe ustrojstvo social structureob]estvo societyob]ij general commonob]itelnost (f ) sociabilityobedinenie association union

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obedinqtsq obedinitsq to uniteobektivnyj objectiveobqvlenie announcement advertisementobqsnqt obqsnit to explainobyhno obyhnyj usually usual normalobqzannost (f ) duty(ne)obqzatelno (not) necessarilyobqzatelnyj compulsoryogranihivat ogranihit to restrictoderivat oderat pobedu to score a victoryodnako howeveroidanie expectationozero lakeokazyvatsq okazatsq (+ inst) to turn out to beopazdyvat opozdat na (+ acc) to be late foropasn ost (f ) ~yj danger dangerousoplahivat oplatit to pay (for)opravdyvatsq opravdatsq to be justifiedopredelennyj definite certainopredelqt opredelit to defineopros survey pollopublikovyvat opublikovat to publishopyt ~nyj experience experiencedorientirovatsq na (+ acc) to be oriented towardsoruie weaponosvaivat osvoit to learn masterosnovanie foundation reason(v) osnovnom mainlyosobennost (f ) peculiarityosobyj special particularosoznavat osoznat to realiseostavatsq ostatsq (+ inst) to remain stayostalnoj the restosu]estvlqt osu]estvit to implementosu]estvlqtsq osu]estvitsq to come trueotbirat otobrat to take away selectotbor selectionotvetstvenn ost (f ) ~yj responsibility responsibleotdavat otdat to giveotdelenie departmentotehestvennyj Velikaq ~aq vojna domestic national Great patriotic

war (Second World War)

Otehestvo fatherlandotkazyvatsq otkazatsq ot (+ gen) to refuseotlihatsq ot (+ gen) to differotlihatsq otlihitsq (+ inst) to be distinguished byotlihie s ~m difference with distinctionotlihitelnyj distinguishingotnositelnyj relativeotnosit otnesti k (+ dat) to relateotnositsq otnestis k (+ dat) to treat regardotplytie departure (by boat)otpravlqtsq otpravitsq to set off departotraat otrazit to reflectotrasl (f ) branchotricatelnyj negativeotstaivat otstoqt to defendotsutstv ie -ovat absence to be absentothalivat othalit to set sailotezd departureoficiant waiterocenivat ocenit to assess judge (in competition)ocenka assessment mark gradeocen]ik judgeohered (f ) v pervu[ ~ turn in the first instanceoxota huntoxrana guard bodyguardoxranqtsq to be guardedowibatsq owibitsq to be mistakenowibka mistake

padat upast to fallpadenie fallpaluba deckpamqtnik monumentparikmaxerskaq hairdresserrsquospautina webpejza landscapeperevod translationperevodit perevesti na (+ acc) to translate interpret intoperevodhik translator interpreterperegovory (f ) talksperedovoj progressivepereivat pereit to experience

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pereivat za (+ acc) to worry aboutperekl[hatsq perekl[hitsq na to switch over to

(+ acc)peremenit to changepereme]enie movingperepis (f ) censusperesadka change (train)pereutomlenie exhaustion overworkperexod k rynku transition to the marketperexodit perejti to move crosspesnq songpet s- to singpehalnyj sadpewexodnaq kskursiq excursion on footplanirovat to planplatnyj fee-paying privatepobeda victorypobeditel winnerpobedat pobedit to winpoblizosti nearbypovorahivat povernut to turnpovywat(sq) povysit(sq) to increasepovywenie increase risepogibat pogibnut to perishpodbirat podobrat to selectpodvergatsq podvergnutsq (+ dat) to be subjected topodverennyj stressu subjected to stresspodgotovitelnyj preparatorypodderivat podderat to supportpodderka supportpodobnyj (+ dat) similar topodpisyvat podpisat to signpodrostok teenagerpodxodit podojti (+ dat) k (+ dat) to suit approachpodxodq]ij suitablepoezdka trippoaluj perhapspoiloj elderlypozvolqt pozvolit (+ dat) to allowpozdnee poze laterpoisk searchpoistine indeed

poka for a whilepokaz showingpokidat pokinut to leavepokolenie generationpokrovitel patronpolnost[ fullypolovina halfpoloenie situationpoloitelnyj positivepolza use benefitpolzovatel userpolzovatsq vos- (+ inst) to usepome]enie premisespomimo (+ gen) besidesponqtie idea conceptpoo]rqt poo]rit to encouragepo-prenemu as beforeporaat porazit to astonishportit is- to ruinporoj at timesposelok villagepose]enie visitposkolku aspostanovka productionpostepenno graduallypotomu thereforeposobie benefitpostoqnnyj permanentpostupat postupit v (+ acc) to enterpostuplenie entrancepoterq losspotrebitel consumerpotrebnost (f ) demand needpotrqsa[]ij amazing stunningpotrqsenie sensationpoxodit na (+ acc) to look likepoxoij na (+ acc) similar to likepoqvlqtsq poqvitsq to appearpravilo rulepravitelstvo governmentpravo rightpravilno correct

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pravq]aq partiq ruling partyprazdnovat ot- to celebrateprebyvanie staypredpriqtie enterpriseprenij formerprevosxodit prevzojti to exceedprevra]atsq prevratitsq v (+ acc) turn intoprevra]enie transformationprevywat prevysit to exceedpredvybornaq kampaniq election campaignpredlagat predloit to offer suggestpredloenie offer suggestion sentencepredmet subjectpreobladat to predominate prevailpreodolevat preodolet to overcomepredostavlqt predostavit to offerpredpolagat predpoloit to supposepredpohitat predpohest to preferpredpohtenie preferencepredprinimatel entrepreneurpredstavitel representativepredstavlqt predstavit to represent presentpreimu]estvenno chieflypreimu]estvo advantageprekra]at prekratit to stopprestuplenie crimeprestupn ost ~yj rate of crime criminalpretenziq complaintpribliatsq priblizitsq k (+ dat) to approachpribyvat pribyt to arriveprivetlivyj friendlyprivlekatelnyj attractiveprivlekat privleh to attractprivlehenie attractionprivodit privesti k (+ dat) lead topriznavat priznat to acknowledgepriznak indicationpriznanie recognitionprikl[henie adventureprilet arrival (by plane)prilihnyj decentprimer example

primerno approximatelyprinadlenost (f ) belonging membershipprinadleat (+ dat) k (+ dat) to belongprinimat prinqt zakon to pass a lawpriobretat priobresti to acquireprioritet prioritypriroda nature countrysideprirost growthprisvaivat prisvoit to conferprisposobitsq k (+ dat) to adjust topristupat pristupit k rabote to start workpritok surgeprixoditsq prijtis to have toprihalivat prihalit to moorprihem moreoverprihina reasonprihinqt prihinit to causeprovodnik train attendantprodaa saleprodvinutyj advancedprodolat(sq) prodolit(sq) to continueprodolitelnost (f ) izni life spanproezd journeyproitohnyj minimum living wageproizvodit proizvesti to produceproisxodit proizojti to happen take placepromywlennost (f ) industrypropagandirovat to popularisepropiska registrationprotiv (+ gen) againstprotivopolonyj oppositeproxodit projti to go throughprohij otherprowloe the pastpro]e simplerprygat prygnut to jumppugat is- to frightenpuskat pustit to let inpustoj emptypust let so be itputevka holiday voucherputewestvie trip

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putewestvennik travellerputewestvovat to travelput (m) waypytatsq po- to try

rabotodatel employerrabohij workerradius radiusrazvedennyj divorcedrazvivat razvit to developrazvityj developedrazvlekatelnyj razvlehenie entertainmentrazdel sectionrazme]atsq razmestitsq to be accommodatedraznica differenceraznyj differentrazrabatyvat razrabotat to work outrazrez cutrazryv gapraspad collapseraspadatsq raspastsq to collapseraspravlqtsq raspravitsq s (+ inst) to deal withrasprostranennyj spreadrassmatrivat rassmotret to examine consider regard asrasstoqnie distancerasshityvat rasshitat na (+ acc) to count on aim atrasterqnnyj confusedrasti vy- to growrasxody (pl) expenditureraswirenie wideningraswirqtsq raswiritsq to widenrealizovat sebq to realise fulfil oneselfrebqta guysregistrirovat za- to registerredaktor editorredakciq editorial officeredko rarelyreisser producerrezko sharplyrejs flight voyagereklama advertising advertisementreklamnyj sektor advertising sector

rekomendovat po- to recommendrepetirovat to rehearserepetitor coachrepressiq repressionrehnoj vokzal river stationrewat rewit to deciderewatsq rewitsq to make up onersquos mindrewa[]ij decisiverodstvennik relativeroat rodit to give birthrodaemost (f ) birth raterodatsq roditsq to be bornrodenie birthrossiqn in -ka citizen of Russiarost growthrube borderruka armrukovodi tel ~t (+ inst) leader to leadryvok spurtrynok rynohnyj market

samostoqtelnyj independentsbereeniq (pl) savingssveij freshsvet vokrug sveta light world round the worldsvobod a -nyj freedom freesvqzi (pl) connectionssvqzyvat svqzat to connect linksdelka dealsegodnqwnij todayrsquos present-dayselqn in -ka villagerselskoe xozqjstvo agricultureserdce heartseredina middleset Set (f ) networksila forceskazyvatsq skazatsq na (+ acc) to tell on affectsklonnost (f ) dispositionskorost noj ~ (f ) speedskuhnyj boringslavitsq pro- to become famousslagaemoe component

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sledovatelno consequentlysledovat po- (+ dat) to followsledstvie consequencesledu[]ij followingslezat slezt s (+ gen) to get (climb) downslog syllablesloitsq to be formedsloj layersluhaj casesmena changesmertn ost (f ) ~yj mortality rate mortalsmert (f ) deathsmysl sensesniatsq snizitsq to fallsnienie fall reductionsnimat snqt stress to remove stresssobesedovanie interviewsobirat sobrat to gathersobstvennik owner proprietorsobstvennost (f ) propertysobstvennyj ownsobytie eventsoverwat soverwit rejs to fly (of plane) sail (boat)soverwenno absolutelysovremennyj modernsoglasno (+ dat) according tosoglasnyj s (+ inst) agree withsoderat sebq to keep oneselfsoalenie k ~[ regret unfortunatelysozvuhnyj (+ dat) in keeping withsozdavat sozdat to createsozdanie creationsokra]at(sq) sokratit(sq) to reduce be reducedsokra]enie reductionsomnevatsq v (+ prep) to doubt insoob]at soob]it to informsootnowenie sil correlation of forcessopostavimyj s (+ inst) comparablesoprovodat soprovodit to accompanysorevnovanie competition (sport)sortirovat to sortsostavlqt sostavit to constitute

sostoqnie statesostoqt iz (+ gen) to consist ofsostoqt v (+ prep) ~ v brake to be to be marriedsostoqtsq to take placesotrudnik employeesotrudnihat to cooperatesoxranqt soxranit to preservesohuvstvovat (+ dat) to sympathiseso[znik allyspasenie salvationspasatsq spastis to escapeSPID AIDSspisok listspor argumentsposob waysposobnost (f ) abilityspravlqtsq spravitsq s (+ inst) to cope withspros na (+ acc) demand forsravnenie comparisonsredi (+ gen) amongsrednij (v) srednem average (on) ~sredstva massovoj informacii mass mediasredstvo meanssrodni (+ dat) akin tosrok period timesrohnyj urgentstanovitsq stat (+ inst) to becomestaratsq po- to trystatq articlestepen (f ) degreestiralnaq mawina washing machinestil (f ) izni life stylestoimost (f ) coststoletie centurystolihnyj stolica capitalstradat po- to sufferstrawnyj frighteningstroitelstvo buildingstremlenie k (+ dat) striving forstol sostolko so much so manystoqnka rank (taxi) stand

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sumka bagsuwa landsu]estvovat pro- to existsxodstvo affinityshet accountza shet (+ gen) at the expense of by means ofsezd congress

televedu]ij television presentertenevaq konomika shadow economyteploxod boatterqt po- to loosetestirovanie testingtira circulation(v) tehenie (+ gen) during-to emphatic particleto est that istolko hto justtorgovaq marka trade marktohka ~ zreniq point point of viewtrebovanie demandtrevonyj alarmingtret (f ) thirdtrenaer training equipmenttrenirovka trainingtrud s ~om labour with difficultytruditsq to worktrudogolik workaholictrudoustrojstvo placement in worktruppa company (theatre)tr[k stunttuberkulez tubercolosistur tourtusovka get-togethertysqheletie millenniumtqelyj hard

ubedatsq ubeditsq v (+ prep) to be convinced ofuvaitelnaq prihina good reasonuvelihenie increaseuvelihivat(sq) uvelihit(sq) to increaseuverqt uverit to assureuvlekatsq uvlehsq (+ inst) to be carried away with

uvolnenie dismissed resignationuvy alasugroza threatudavatsq udatsq (+ dat) to succeedudvaivat udvoit to doubleudarenie stressudelqt udelit vnimanie (+ dat) to give attention toudivlqt udivit to surpriseudovletvorqt udovletvorit to satisfyudovolstvie pleasureuas uasnyj horror horribleukreplqt(sq) ukrepit(sq) to strengthenuluhwat(sq) uluhwit(sq) to improveumenie ability skillumenwat umenwit to decreaseumirat umeret to dieumstvennyj mentalunihtoat unihtoit to destroyupravlenie managementupravlqt (+ inst) to govern manageurbanizirovannyj urbanisedurbanizaciq urbanisationuroven (m) ~ izni level standard of livingusilivatsq usilitsq to get strongeruskorqt uskorit to speed upuslovie conditionusluga serviceuspevat uspet na (+ acc) to manage be in timeuspex uspewnyj success successfulustanavlivat ustanovit to establishustraivat ustroit to arrange holdustraivatsq ustroitsq na rabotu to get a jobustrojstvo na rabotu finding workutverdat to maintainutehka mozgov brain drainuhastie participationuhastok plotuheba studiesuhebnyj plan curriculumuhityvat uhest to take into considerationuhredenie institutionu]erb damage

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xirurg surgeonxudonik artistxudoestvennyj artistic

cel (f ) aim goalcelyj v ~om whole as a wholecena pricecenit to valuecennye bumagi (pl) securitiescennyj valuablecenovaq politika pricing policycifra numbercifrovaq texnologiq digital technology

hastnoe lico private individualhastnyj privatehast (f ) parthemodan suitcaseherta bednosti poverty linehest (f ) honourhetvert (f ) quarterhetkij clearhislennost (f ) numbershislo number datehistyj cleanhi]e cleanerhlen memberhuvstvovat po- to feelhuma plague

wans chancewawlyk kebabwikarnyj vid smart appearance

kzemplqr copykran screenkskursovod guidelektorat electoratelektrihka electric traint[d sketch

[g south[nyj southern[nowa youth

qvlenie phenomenonqvlqtsq qvitsq (+ inst) to be appearqvnyj obviousqdro nuclearqsli (pl) cregravecheqsnyj clearq]ik box drawer

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Grammar index

accusative case 7ndash10 270ndash9prepositions with 8 53ndash4 87ndash90160ndash1 193

adjectives long 4 9 15 20 24 26short 28ndash9 stress 232comparative 47ndash52 superlative100ndash2

adjectival clauses 99adverbs 29 comparative 53

superlative 100ndash2aspects 33ndash7

cases 2clauses adjectival 99 adverbial

141ndash3 conditional 205ndash6 noun136ndash8

comparative adjectives 47ndash52adverbs 53

conjugation first 29ndash31 second31ndash2

conjunctions 141ndash2conditional 205ndash6

dates 85dative case 17ndash20 270ndash9

impersonal expressions with223ndash5 prepositions with 18192ndash3 verbs with 19 107ndash8

decimals 171

fractions 171future tense imperfective 33

perfective 34

gender of nouns 3 of pronouns 5genitive case partitive 10ndash15

270ndash9 prepositions with 10ndash11107ndash110 verbs with 13

gerunds 241 imperfective 241ndash3281ndash5 perfective 244ndash6 281ndash6

imperative 37 41ndash2 280ndash7 withdavajte 37

imperfective aspect 33ndash7imperfective future 33 280ndash7imperfective gerund 242ndash3281ndash5 imperfective past 34ndash5280ndash7 impersonal expressions223ndash8

indeclinable nouns 4indirect speech 32instrumental case 22ndash4 270ndash9

prepositions with 22 104ndash5160ndash1 verbs with 22 119 with the passive 164 194

interrogative sentences 79ndash80irregular verbs 31ndash2

names 24negatives 229ndash31 248nominative case 2ndash5nouns 3ndash4 8ndash14 19 23 270ndash2

gender 3 indeclinable 4 stress108ndash9 126 143 145 suffixes on258ndash9

numerals cardinal 98 167 278ndash9collective 168 fractions anddecimals 171 indefinite 170ordinal 84

partitive genitive 12participles past active 120ndash2 123

281ndash7 past passive 156ndash9281ndash2 285ndash6 present active120ndash2 123 281ndash7 presentpassive 184ndash5 281 285

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past tense imperfective 34ndash5280ndash7

perfective aspect 33ndash7 perfectivefuture 34 280ndash7 perfectivegerund 244ndash6 281ndash6 perfectivepast 34ndash5 280ndash7

plural adjectives 4 9 15 20 2426 271ndash2 nouns 3ndash4 8 14 1923 272ndash4 pronouns 5 9 1520 24 26ndash7

prefixed verbs 260ndash2 of motion67ndash8

prepositions 7ndash8 10ndash11 18 2225 53ndash6 87ndash90 102 104ndash7160ndash1 192ndash4 buffer vowel in231ndash2

prepositional case 25ndash7 54ndash6270ndash9 prepositions with 2554ndash6 87ndash90 194

present tense 29ndash32pronouns demonstrative 5 9 15

20 24 26ndash7 276 interrogative5 9 15 20 24 27 277personal 5 9 15 20 24 26ndash7277 possessive 5 9 15 20 2426ndash7 reflexive 28 relative 99137ndash8

questions with li 77ndash8

reflexive verbs 81ndash3

short adjectives 28ndash9 stress 232spelling rules 2stress 112ndash13 130 148 150

204ndash5 223ndash4 241ndash2subjunctive mood 37 205ndash6

280ndash7superlative of adjectives 100ndash2 of

adverbs 100ndash2

verbs future tense 33ndash4 280ndash7irregular 31ndash4 285ndash7 of motion67ndash72 passive voice 157ndash9 186past tense 34ndash5 280ndash7 presenttense 29ndash2 280ndash7 prefixes on67ndash8 260ndash2 reflexive 81ndash3 284stress 195ndash6 214 transitive andintransitive 187 to be 118 tostop 265ndash6 to use 264ndash5

word building 67 155ndash6 183185ndash6 200 266 268ndash9

Grammar index | 343

Russian index

brak 178brosat 266byvat 118byt 22 118vvo 87ndash90 231ndash2vezetpovezlo 226ves 5 9 15 20 24 26 276dolen 225al 227drug druga 136en- 178za 160ndash1iz 106ndash7ispolzovat 264kko 231ndash2kotoryj 99kto by nihto by ni 209ndash12len 227kto as a relative pronoun 137ndash8li 77ndash8mert- 178monovozmono 223mu 178mewat (po) 266nado 224nadoest 227ne xvatat 227nedostavat 228nelzq 223nekogonehego 229ndash30nuen 175nuno 224-nibud and -to 130ndash1oobobo 125

ostanavlivat(sq)ostanovit(sq)266

ot 105ndash6perestavatperestat 266po 192ndash4polzovatsqvospolzovatsq 264pora 227predstavlqt (soboj) 118prekra]atprekratit 266primenqtprimenit 265prixoditsq 224pro 125rod 176sso 102ndash5 231ndash2sam 28 277svoj 28 275sebq 28 277sleduet 227sostavlqtsostavit 267sostoqt(sq) 267ndash8take 72ndash3-to and -nibud 130ndash1toe 72ndash3tot 5 9 15 20 24 26 276trud 150ndash1udavatsq 226upotreblqtupotrebit 264ndash5-uh-uk- 191xod 66hej 5 9 15 20 24 26 275hto as a relative pronoun 137ndash8htoby 209ndash12tot 5 9 15 20 24 26 276qvlqtsqqvitsq 118

Book Cover

Half-Title

Copyright

Contents

Acknowledgements

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Grammer Reference

Key to Exercises

English-Russian Vocabulary

Russian-English Vocabulary

Grammar Index

Russian Index

2Colloquial Russian

Contents

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vi | Contents

Acknowledgements

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and aspects

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Rules of spelling

The nominative case

Singular nouns

Plural nouns

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Adjectives

Pronouns

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moj my moq moe moi

ves all vsq vse vse

hej whose hq he hi

Singular Plural

q I my we

ono it (neuter)

kto who

hto what

Exercise 1

Moskva ndash Moscow

Vocabulary diams

Exercise 2

Exercise 3

The accusative case

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The Moscow Kremlin

Singular nouns

Plural nouns

Acc Nom Acc Acc

vozmonost vozmonost

Acc Acc Acc

Exercise 4

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mo[ tvo[

nawu vawu

vs[ h[

Singular Plural

q menq my nas

ty tebq vy vas

on ono ego oni ix

ona ee

kto kogo

hto hto

The genitive case

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contrast

Singular nouns

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Plural

1 Masculine nouns

2 Feminine nouns

3 Neuter nouns

Exercise 5

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moego moej moix

tvoego tvoej tvoix

nawego nawej nawix

vawego vawej vawix

togo toj tix

togo toj tex

vsego vsej vsex

hego hej hix

Vocabulary diams

Exercise 6

important factor

Dative case

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But note

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Masculine Feminine

Neuter

Singular Plural

vinu vinam

zdani[ zdaniqm

vremeni vremenam

Exercise 7

Singular Plural

q mne my nam

ty tebe vy vam

on ono emu oni im

ona ej

kto komu

hto hemu

moemu moej moim

tvoemu tvoej tvoim

nawemu nawej nawim

vawemu vawej vawim

tomu toj tim

tomu toj tem

vsemu vsej vsem

hemu hej him

Vocabulary diams

Exercise 8

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Instrumental case

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Masculine Feminine

Neuter

Singular Plural

vinom vinami

zdaniem zdaniqmi

vremenem vremenami

moim moej moimi

tvoim tvoej tvoimi

nawim nawej nawimi

vawim vawej vawimi

tim toj timi

tem toj temi

vsem vsej vsemi

him hej himi

Singular Plural

q mnoj my nami

ty toboj vy vami

on ono im oni imi

ona ej

kto kem

hto hem

Exercise 9

Vocabulary diams

Prepositional case

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Masculine Feminine

Neuter

Singular Plural

vine vinax

more morqx

zdanii zdaniqx

vremeni vremenax

moem moej moix

tvoem tvoej tvoix

nawem nawej nawix

vawem vawej vawix

tom toj tix

tom toj tex

vsem vsej vsex

hem hej hix

Exercise 10

Vocabulary diams

Exercise 11

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Singular Plural

q mne my nas

ty tebe vy vas

on ono nem oni nix

ona nej

kto kom

hto hem

Reflexive pronouns

Adverbs

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q dela[ my delaem

Second conjugation

Irregular verbs

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Reflexive verbs

Exercise 12

Aspects

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but note

dostigli

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Imperfective aspect

Perfective aspect

Subjunctive

Imperative

Exercise 13

Raspad SSSR

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Vocabulary diams

Exercise 14

2 TRANSPORT

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Dialogue 1

Vocabulary diams

40 | Transport

Exercise 1

Imperatives

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Transport | 41

Exercise 2

Exercise 3

42 | Transport

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Transport | 43

TRANSA|RO

aviakompaniq

v Londone

UN 344 2205 0510 Boing 737ndash700

UN 344 1320 1425 Boing 737ndash700

Text 1

44 | Transport

Vocabulary diams

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Transport | 45

Exercise 4

46 | Transport

Exercise 5

True or false

nosil]ikom)

Comparatives

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Transport | 47

Exercise 6

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Transport | 49

Contrast

Exercise 7

50 | Transport

Exercise 8

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Transport | 51

Vseever er

Exercise 9

52 | Transport

Na + accusative

Open spaces

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Transport | 53

Expressions of time

After verbs

Na + prepositional

54 | Transport

Means of transport

Expressions of time

Note also

After verbs

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Transport | 55

Exercise 10

Exercise 11

56 | Transport

3 TURIZM

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Dialogue 1

58 | Tourism

Vocabulary diams

Exercise 1

Exercise 2

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Turizm | 59

60 | Tourism

vodopad Kivah)

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Turizm | 61

Vocabulary diams

62 | Tourism

Exercise 3

Exercise 4

True or false

kupalis peli pesni)

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Turizm | 63

Verbs of motion

64 | Tourism

Exercise 5

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Turizm | 65

66 | Tourism

Yaroslavl

Exercise 6

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Turizm | 67

Examples

Exercise 7

68 | Tourism

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Turizm | 69

Exercise 8

70 | Tourism

Exercise 9

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Turizm | 71

Exercise 10

ToeTake

72 | Tourism

Exercise 11

Exercise 12

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Turizm | 73

Exercise 13

74 | Tourism

ухи

по д

aнны

серо

ссий

ског

о це

нтра

изу

чени

я об

щес

твен

ного

мне

ния

4 MIGRACIQ

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Dialogue 1

Vocabulary diams

76 | Migration

Exercise 1

Use of li

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Migraciq | 77

Contrast

Exercise 2

Text 1

78 | Migration

Vocabulary diams

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Migraciq | 79

Exercise 3

80 | Migration

Exercise 4

True or false

Reflexive verbs

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Migraciq | 81

82 | Migration

Contrast

Exercise 5

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Migraciq | 83

Exercise 6

Ordinal numerals

84 | Migration

Exercise 7

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Migraciq | 85

2 V kakom godu

Exercise 8

86 | Migration

Preposition corner

The preposition v

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Migraciq | 87

Expressions of time

88 | Migration

Note also

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Migraciq | 89

Note also

Exercise 9

90 | Migration

Exercise 10

Exercise 11

Exercise 12

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Migraciq | 91

5 SPORT

Dialogue 1

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Sport | 93

Vocabulary diams

Exercise 1

Exercise 2

94 | Sport

Text 1

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Sport | 95

96 | Sport

Vocabulary diams

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Sport | 97

Exercise 3

Exercise 4

True or false

98 | Sport

Kotoryj

Exercise 5

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Sport | 99

Superlatives

Exercise 6

100 | Sport

Exercise 7

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Sport | 101

Exercise 8

Preposition corner

S + genitive

102 | Sport

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Sport | 103

104 | Sport

Note also

Ot + genitive

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Sport | 105

Iz + genitive

106 | Sport

Exercise 9

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Sport | 107

Exercise 10

Stress

108 | Sport

Masculine nouns

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Sport | 109

Exercise 11

110 | Sport

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Dialogue 1

Vocabulary diams

Exercise 1

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Exercise 2

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Vocabulary diams

Exercise 3

Exercise 4

True or false

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Exercise 5

Exercise 6

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Participles

Active participles

Exercise 7

Exercise 8

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Exercise 9

Exercise 10

Exercise 11

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Preposition corner

O + prepositional

O + accusative

Pro + accusative

Exercise 12

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Stress

Feminine nouns

Exercise 13

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Dialogue 1

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Vocabulary diams

Exercise 1

-to -nibud

Contrast

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Exercise 2

Exercise 3

True or false

Text 1

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Vocabulary diams

Exercise 4

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Exercise 5

True or false

Drug druga

Exercise 6

To hto

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Exercise 7

Tot ktote kto

Exercise 8

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Exercise 9

Conjunctions

prede hem before

Exercise 10

Causal conjunctions

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Exercise 11

Exercise 12

Stress

Neuter nouns

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Voskresene15 APRELQ

Exercise 13

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8 RYNOK TRUDA

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Rynok truda | 147

V poiskax raboty

Vocabulary diams

Exercise 1

Exercise 2

True or false

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Rynok truda | 149

Exercise 3

6 Логистик

8 рист

Exercise 4

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Rynok truda | 151

Exercise 5

Kandidaty

Exercise 6

Dialogue 1

Interview

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Rynok truda | 153

ANKETA-REZMEFIO ______________________________________________________

ELAEMAQ DOLNOST _____________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Znanie programm ___________________________________________

Vocabulary diams

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Rynok truda | 155

Exercise 7

Participles

Endings in -nnyj

Endings in -tyj

Exercise 8

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Rynok truda | 157

Exercise 9

Note in the text

Contrast

Exercise 10

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Rynok truda | 159

Preposition corner

plata za proezdfare

Note also

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Rynok truda | 161

Exercise 11

Exercise 12

Russian

9 DEMOGRAFIQ

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Text 1

164 | Demography

Vocabulary diams

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Demografiq | 165

Exercise 1

Exercise 2

True or false

166 | Demography

Numerals

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Demografiq | 167

Exercise 3

Collective numerals

168 | Demography

Exercise 4

Quantitative nouns

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Demografiq | 169

Exercise 5

troe vtroem vtroe

Indefinite numerals

Exercise 6

170 | Demography

Exercise 7

Exercise 8

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Demografiq | 171

Dialogue 1

172 | Demography

TABLICA 1

Qponiq 788 759 818

Franciq 769 728 809

SWA 765 730 800

Italiq 764 732 797

Kanada 764 730 798

Rossiq

1989ndash1990gg 690 640 740

1993g 651 589 719

1995 650 580 720

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Demografiq | 173

Vocabulary diams

Exercise 9

174 | Demography

TABLICA 2

Gody 1926 1949 1960 1980 1989 1991 1992 1993

Hislo rodivwixsq

447 33 232 159 146 121 107 94

Hislo umerwix

213 206 74 106 106 104 122 144

234 124 158 53 4 17 ndash15 ndash5

Exercise 10

Exercise 11

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Demografiq | 175

Exercise 12

Word building

176 | Demography

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Demografiq | 177

strany

svobodno vladeete

skolko let

skolko

kvartiry dahi)

xozqjstvo

imu]estva i td

ukazat oba

Polmuskoj

enskij

hislo ispolnivwixsq

BCEPOC

KAЯ ПEPEПИCЬ

ЛEНИЯbull

178 | Demography

Exercise 13

Exercise 14

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Demografiq | 179

10 OBRAZOVANIE

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Obrazovanie | 181

Reforma obrazovaniq

Vocabulary diams

182 | Education

Exercise 1

Exercise 2

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Obrazovanie | 183

Exercise 3

184 | Education

Exercise 4

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Obrazovanie | 185

Passive voice

Exercise 5

186 | Education

Exercise 6

Dialogue 1

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Obrazovanie | 187

Vocabulary diams

188 | Education

Exercise 7

Exercise 8

True or false

srednix studentov)

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Obrazovanie | 189

Exercise 9

190 | Education

im N| BAUMANA

sistemyupravleniq

texnika Specialnoe

texniki

Word building

Exercise 10

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Obrazovanie | 191

Preposition corner

Po + dative

by (means of)

by through

according to in for

192 | Education

Note also

Po + accusative

up to (place)

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Obrazovanie | 193

Po + prepositional

Exercise 11

Exercise 12

194 | Education

Stress

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Obrazovanie | 195

198081

193244

302 334

721914

Note also

Exercise 13

196 | Education

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Obrazovanie | 197

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Srednij klass

Vocabulary diams

Exercise 1

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Dialogue 1

Vocabulary diams

Exercise 2

Exercise 3

True or false

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Exercise 4

Subjunctive

Conditional clauses

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Exercise 5

Exercise 6

Exercise 7

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Htoby + infinitive

Htoby + past tense

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Exercise 8

Exercise 9

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Exercise 10

Exercise 11

Exercise 12

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Stress

Past tense of verbs

Exercise 13

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12 ZDRAVOOXRANENIE

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Vocabulary diams

Exercise 1

Exercise 2

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Dialogue 1

LITOTRIPSII

XIRURGIHESKOE

OTDELENIE

- xirurg-proktolog

- nejroxirurg

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Vocabulary diams

Exercise 3

Exercise 4

True or false

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Exercise 5

Exercise 6

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Exercise 7

Nadoest (perf)

Ne xvatatxvatit

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Nedostavatnedostat

Exercise 8

Exercise 9

to overcome

Nekogo nehego

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Exercise 10

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Exercise 11

Stress

Exercise 12

present crisis

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13 VYBORY V DUMU

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Vybory v Dumu | 235

Neoidannaq pobeda

Vocabulary diams

Exercise 1

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Vybory v Dumu | 237

Exercise 2

Dialogue 1

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Vybory v Dumu | 239

Vocabulary diams

Exercise 3

forces

Exercise 4

True or false

Gerunds

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Vybory v Dumu | 241

OTEЧECTBO

BCЯ PОCCИ

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Vybory v Dumu | 243

Exercise 5

Exercise 6

Exercise 7

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Vybory v Dumu | 245

Exercise 8

Exercise 9

Exercise 10

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Vybory v Dumu | 247

Eдинство

Бло

ирин

овск

ого

ltOtehestvomgt

The negative

Exercise 11

Exercise 12

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Vybory v Dumu | 249

14 INTERNET

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Internet | 251

Vocabulary diams

252 | The Internet

Exercise 1

Dialogue 1

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Internet | 253

Vocabulary diams

254 | The Internet

Exercise 2

Exercise 3

True or false

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Internet | 255

Exercise 4

Word building

256 | The Internet

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Internet | 257

ili v razgovore

Noun suffixes

258 | The Internet

Actions

Qualities

Diminutives

Small animals

-enok -onok

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Internet | 259

Exercise 5

Exercise 6

Verbs with prefixes

260 | The Internet

v- lsquoinrsquo

pri- near

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Internet | 261

Exercise 7

Exercise 8

262 | The Internet

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Internet | 263

lsquoTo usersquo

264 | The Internet

Exercise 9

lsquoTo stoprsquo

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Internet | 265

Exercise 10

266 | The Internet

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Internet | 267

Exercise 11

Exercise 12

268 | The Internet

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Internet | 269

Grammar reference

Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

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Adjectives

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Possessives

nom moj moq moe moi

nom hej hq he hi

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Demonstratives

nom tot ta to ti

nom tot ta to te

nom ves vsq vse vse

Personal pronouns

nom kto hto

acc kogo hto

gen kogo hego

dat komu hemu

instr kem hem

prep kom hem

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Surnames

Cardinal numerals

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Present q dela[

ty delaew

on ona ono delaet

my delaem

vy delaete

oni dela[t

on delal on sdelal

Gerund delaq sdelav

Participles

(also pomyt)

Present q mo[

ty moew

on ona ono moet

my moem

vy moete

oni mo[t

vymyli

Gerund vymyv

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Participles

Present q piwu

ty piwew

on ona ono piwet

my piwem

vy piwete

oni piwut

Gerund napisav

Participles

Second conjugation

Present q smotr[

ty smotriw

on ona ono smotrit

my smotrim

vy smotrite

oni smotrqt

posmotreli by

Participles

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Reflexive verbs

Present q odeva[s

ty odevaewsq

my odevaemsq

vy odevaetes

oni odeva[tsq

Participles

Irregular verbs

Present q da[

ty daew

on ona ono daet

my daem

vy daete

oni da[t

Gerund davaq dav

Participles

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Present q em

on ona ono est

my edim

vy edite

oni edqt

ty budew est ty sew

Gerund sev

Participles

pres act

Participles

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Key to exercises

Unit 1

Exercise 1

Exercise 3

Exercise 4

Exercise 5

Exercise 7

Exercise 9

Exercise 10

Exercise 12

Exercise 13

Unit 2

Exercise 2

Exercise 6

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Exercise 7

Exercise 8

Exercise 9

Exercise 10

Exercise 11

Unit 3

Exercise 5

Exercise 6

Exercise 7

Exercise 8

Exercise 9

Exercise 10

Exercise 11

Exercise 13

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Unit 4

Exercise 2

Exercise 5

Exercise 7

Exercise 9

Exercise 10

Exercise 11

Exercise 12

Unit 5

Exercise 5

Exercise 6

Exercise 7

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Exercise 9

Exercise 10

Exercise 11

Unit 6Exercise 5

Exercise 6

uspewnyx teatrov

Exercise 7

Exercise 8

Exercise 9

Exercise 10

Exercise 12

Exercise 13

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Unit 7

Exercise 2

Exercise 6

Exercise 7

Exercise 8

Exercise 10

Exercise 11

Exercise 13

Unit 8

Exercise 4

Exercise 8

Exercise 9

Exercise 10

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Exercise 11

Exercise 12

Unit 9

Exercise 3

Exercise 4

Exercise 5

Exercise 6

Exercise 7

Exercise 8

Exercise 11

Exercise 13

Exercise 14

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Unit 10

Exercise 2

1 BGAV V 2 obleghit

Exercise 3

Exercise 4

Exercise 5

Exercise 6

Exercise 10

Exercise 11

Exercise 13

Unit 11

Exercise 5

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Exercise 6

Exercise 8

Exercise 9

Exercise 10

Exercise 11

Exercise 13

Unit 12Exercise 5

Exercise 6

Exercise 7

Exercise 8

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Exercise 10

Exercise 11

Exercise 12

Unit 13

Exercise 5

Exercise 6

Exercise 7

Exercise 8

Exercise 9

Exercise 11

Exercise 12

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Unit 14

Exercise 5

Exercise 6

Exercise 9

Exercise 10

Exercise 11

Exercise 12

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kind vid rod

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Grammar index

decimals 171

perfective 34

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adverbs 100ndash2

Grammar index | 343

Russian index

Book Cover

Half-Title

Copyright

Contents

Acknowledgements

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Grammer Reference

Key to Exercises

Grammar Index

Russian Index

2Colloquial Russian

Contents

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vi | Contents

Acknowledgements

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and aspects

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Rules of spelling

The nominative case

Singular nouns

Plural nouns

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Adjectives

Pronouns

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moj my moq moe moi

ves all vsq vse vse

hej whose hq he hi

Singular Plural

q I my we

ono it (neuter)

kto who

hto what

Exercise 1

Moskva ndash Moscow

Vocabulary diams

Exercise 2

Exercise 3

The accusative case

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The Moscow Kremlin

Singular nouns

Plural nouns

Acc Nom Acc Acc

vozmonost vozmonost

Acc Acc Acc

Exercise 4

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mo[ tvo[

nawu vawu

vs[ h[

Singular Plural

q menq my nas

ty tebq vy vas

on ono ego oni ix

ona ee

kto kogo

hto hto

The genitive case

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contrast

Singular nouns

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Plural

1 Masculine nouns

2 Feminine nouns

3 Neuter nouns

Exercise 5

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moego moej moix

tvoego tvoej tvoix

nawego nawej nawix

vawego vawej vawix

togo toj tix

togo toj tex

vsego vsej vsex

hego hej hix

Vocabulary diams

Exercise 6

important factor

Dative case

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But note

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Masculine Feminine

Neuter

Singular Plural

vinu vinam

zdani[ zdaniqm

vremeni vremenam

Exercise 7

Singular Plural

q mne my nam

ty tebe vy vam

on ono emu oni im

ona ej

kto komu

hto hemu

moemu moej moim

tvoemu tvoej tvoim

nawemu nawej nawim

vawemu vawej vawim

tomu toj tim

tomu toj tem

vsemu vsej vsem

hemu hej him

Vocabulary diams

Exercise 8

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Instrumental case

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Masculine Feminine

Neuter

Singular Plural

vinom vinami

zdaniem zdaniqmi

vremenem vremenami

moim moej moimi

tvoim tvoej tvoimi

nawim nawej nawimi

vawim vawej vawimi

tim toj timi

tem toj temi

vsem vsej vsemi

him hej himi

Singular Plural

q mnoj my nami

ty toboj vy vami

on ono im oni imi

ona ej

kto kem

hto hem

Exercise 9

Vocabulary diams

Prepositional case

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Masculine Feminine

Neuter

Singular Plural

vine vinax

more morqx

zdanii zdaniqx

vremeni vremenax

moem moej moix

tvoem tvoej tvoix

nawem nawej nawix

vawem vawej vawix

tom toj tix

tom toj tex

vsem vsej vsex

hem hej hix

Exercise 10

Vocabulary diams

Exercise 11

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Singular Plural

q mne my nas

ty tebe vy vas

on ono nem oni nix

ona nej

kto kom

hto hem

Reflexive pronouns

Adverbs

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q dela[ my delaem

Second conjugation

Irregular verbs

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Reflexive verbs

Exercise 12

Aspects

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but note

dostigli

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Imperfective aspect

Perfective aspect

Subjunctive

Imperative

Exercise 13

Raspad SSSR

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Vocabulary diams

Exercise 14

2 TRANSPORT

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Dialogue 1

Vocabulary diams

40 | Transport

Exercise 1

Imperatives

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Transport | 41

Exercise 2

Exercise 3

42 | Transport

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Transport | 43

TRANSA|RO

aviakompaniq

v Londone

UN 344 2205 0510 Boing 737ndash700

UN 344 1320 1425 Boing 737ndash700

Text 1

44 | Transport

Vocabulary diams

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Transport | 45

Exercise 4

46 | Transport

Exercise 5

True or false

nosil]ikom)

Comparatives

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Transport | 47

Exercise 6

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Transport | 49

Contrast

Exercise 7

50 | Transport

Exercise 8

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Transport | 51

Vseever er

Exercise 9

52 | Transport

Na + accusative

Open spaces

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Transport | 53

Expressions of time

After verbs

Na + prepositional

54 | Transport

Means of transport

Expressions of time

Note also

After verbs

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Transport | 55

Exercise 10

Exercise 11

56 | Transport

3 TURIZM

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Dialogue 1

58 | Tourism

Vocabulary diams

Exercise 1

Exercise 2

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Turizm | 59

60 | Tourism

vodopad Kivah)

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Turizm | 61

Vocabulary diams

62 | Tourism

Exercise 3

Exercise 4

True or false

kupalis peli pesni)

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Turizm | 63

Verbs of motion

64 | Tourism

Exercise 5

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Turizm | 65

66 | Tourism

Yaroslavl

Exercise 6

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Turizm | 67

Examples

Exercise 7

68 | Tourism

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Turizm | 69

Exercise 8

70 | Tourism

Exercise 9

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Turizm | 71

Exercise 10

ToeTake

72 | Tourism

Exercise 11

Exercise 12

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Turizm | 73

Exercise 13

74 | Tourism

ухи

по д

aнны

серо

ссий

ског

о це

нтра

изу

чени

я об

щес

твен

ного

мне

ния

4 MIGRACIQ

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Dialogue 1

Vocabulary diams

76 | Migration

Exercise 1

Use of li

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Migraciq | 77

Contrast

Exercise 2

Text 1

78 | Migration

Vocabulary diams

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Migraciq | 79

Exercise 3

80 | Migration

Exercise 4

True or false

Reflexive verbs

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Migraciq | 81

82 | Migration

Contrast

Exercise 5

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Migraciq | 83

Exercise 6

Ordinal numerals

84 | Migration

Exercise 7

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Migraciq | 85

2 V kakom godu

Exercise 8

86 | Migration

Preposition corner

The preposition v

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Migraciq | 87

Expressions of time

88 | Migration

Note also

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Migraciq | 89

Note also

Exercise 9

90 | Migration

Exercise 10

Exercise 11

Exercise 12

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Migraciq | 91

5 SPORT

Dialogue 1

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Sport | 93

Vocabulary diams

Exercise 1

Exercise 2

94 | Sport

Text 1

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Sport | 95

96 | Sport

Vocabulary diams

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Sport | 97

Exercise 3

Exercise 4

True or false

98 | Sport

Kotoryj

Exercise 5

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Sport | 99

Superlatives

Exercise 6

100 | Sport

Exercise 7

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Sport | 101

Exercise 8

Preposition corner

S + genitive

102 | Sport

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Sport | 103

104 | Sport

Note also

Ot + genitive

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Sport | 105

Iz + genitive

106 | Sport

Exercise 9

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Sport | 107

Exercise 10

Stress

108 | Sport

Masculine nouns

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Sport | 109

Exercise 11

110 | Sport

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Dialogue 1

Vocabulary diams

Exercise 1

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Exercise 2

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Vocabulary diams

Exercise 3

Exercise 4

True or false

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Exercise 5

Exercise 6

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Participles

Active participles

Exercise 7

Exercise 8

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Exercise 9

Exercise 10

Exercise 11

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Preposition corner

O + prepositional

O + accusative

Pro + accusative

Exercise 12

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Stress

Feminine nouns

Exercise 13

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Dialogue 1

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Vocabulary diams

Exercise 1

-to -nibud

Contrast

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Exercise 2

Exercise 3

True or false

Text 1

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Vocabulary diams

Exercise 4

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Exercise 5

True or false

Drug druga

Exercise 6

To hto

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Exercise 7

Tot ktote kto

Exercise 8

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Exercise 9

Conjunctions

prede hem before

Exercise 10

Causal conjunctions

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Exercise 11

Exercise 12

Stress

Neuter nouns

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Voskresene15 APRELQ

Exercise 13

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8 RYNOK TRUDA

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Rynok truda | 147

V poiskax raboty

Vocabulary diams

Exercise 1

Exercise 2

True or false

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Rynok truda | 149

Exercise 3

6 Логистик

8 рист

Exercise 4

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Rynok truda | 151

Exercise 5

Kandidaty

Exercise 6

Dialogue 1

Interview

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Rynok truda | 153

ANKETA-REZMEFIO ______________________________________________________

ELAEMAQ DOLNOST _____________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Znanie programm ___________________________________________

Vocabulary diams

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Rynok truda | 155

Exercise 7

Participles

Endings in -nnyj

Endings in -tyj

Exercise 8

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Rynok truda | 157

Exercise 9

Note in the text

Contrast

Exercise 10

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Rynok truda | 159

Preposition corner

plata za proezdfare

Note also

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Rynok truda | 161

Exercise 11

Exercise 12

Russian

9 DEMOGRAFIQ

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Text 1

164 | Demography

Vocabulary diams

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Demografiq | 165

Exercise 1

Exercise 2

True or false

166 | Demography

Numerals

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Demografiq | 167

Exercise 3

Collective numerals

168 | Demography

Exercise 4

Quantitative nouns

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Demografiq | 169

Exercise 5

troe vtroem vtroe

Indefinite numerals

Exercise 6

170 | Demography

Exercise 7

Exercise 8

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Demografiq | 171

Dialogue 1

172 | Demography

TABLICA 1

Qponiq 788 759 818

Franciq 769 728 809

SWA 765 730 800

Italiq 764 732 797

Kanada 764 730 798

Rossiq

1989ndash1990gg 690 640 740

1993g 651 589 719

1995 650 580 720

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Demografiq | 173

Vocabulary diams

Exercise 9

174 | Demography

TABLICA 2

Gody 1926 1949 1960 1980 1989 1991 1992 1993

Hislo rodivwixsq

447 33 232 159 146 121 107 94

Hislo umerwix

213 206 74 106 106 104 122 144

234 124 158 53 4 17 ndash15 ndash5

Exercise 10

Exercise 11

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Demografiq | 175

Exercise 12

Word building

176 | Demography

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Demografiq | 177

strany

svobodno vladeete

skolko let

skolko

kvartiry dahi)

xozqjstvo

imu]estva i td

ukazat oba

Polmuskoj

enskij

hislo ispolnivwixsq

BCEPOC

KAЯ ПEPEПИCЬ

ЛEНИЯbull

178 | Demography

Exercise 13

Exercise 14

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Demografiq | 179

10 OBRAZOVANIE

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Obrazovanie | 181

Reforma obrazovaniq

Vocabulary diams

182 | Education

Exercise 1

Exercise 2

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Obrazovanie | 183

Exercise 3

184 | Education

Exercise 4

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Obrazovanie | 185

Passive voice

Exercise 5

186 | Education

Exercise 6

Dialogue 1

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Obrazovanie | 187

Vocabulary diams

188 | Education

Exercise 7

Exercise 8

True or false

srednix studentov)

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Obrazovanie | 189

Exercise 9

190 | Education

im N| BAUMANA

sistemyupravleniq

texnika Specialnoe

texniki

Word building

Exercise 10

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Obrazovanie | 191

Preposition corner

Po + dative

by (means of)

by through

according to in for

192 | Education

Note also

Po + accusative

up to (place)

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Obrazovanie | 193

Po + prepositional

Exercise 11

Exercise 12

194 | Education

Stress

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Obrazovanie | 195

198081

193244

302 334

721914

Note also

Exercise 13

196 | Education

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Obrazovanie | 197

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Srednij klass

Vocabulary diams

Exercise 1

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Dialogue 1

Vocabulary diams

Exercise 2

Exercise 3

True or false

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Exercise 4

Subjunctive

Conditional clauses

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Exercise 5

Exercise 6

Exercise 7

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Htoby + infinitive

Htoby + past tense

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Exercise 8

Exercise 9

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Exercise 10

Exercise 11

Exercise 12

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Stress

Past tense of verbs

Exercise 13

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12 ZDRAVOOXRANENIE

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Vocabulary diams

Exercise 1

Exercise 2

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Dialogue 1

LITOTRIPSII

XIRURGIHESKOE

OTDELENIE

- xirurg-proktolog

- nejroxirurg

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Vocabulary diams

Exercise 3

Exercise 4

True or false

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Exercise 5

Exercise 6

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Exercise 7

Nadoest (perf)

Ne xvatatxvatit

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Nedostavatnedostat

Exercise 8

Exercise 9

to overcome

Nekogo nehego

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Exercise 10

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Exercise 11

Stress

Exercise 12

present crisis

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13 VYBORY V DUMU

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Vybory v Dumu | 235

Neoidannaq pobeda

Vocabulary diams

Exercise 1

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Vybory v Dumu | 237

Exercise 2

Dialogue 1

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Vybory v Dumu | 239

Vocabulary diams

Exercise 3

forces

Exercise 4

True or false

Gerunds

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Vybory v Dumu | 241

OTEЧECTBO

BCЯ PОCCИ

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Vybory v Dumu | 243

Exercise 5

Exercise 6

Exercise 7

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Vybory v Dumu | 245

Exercise 8

Exercise 9

Exercise 10

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Vybory v Dumu | 247

Eдинство

Бло

ирин

овск

ого

ltOtehestvomgt

The negative

Exercise 11

Exercise 12

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Vybory v Dumu | 249

14 INTERNET

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Internet | 251

Vocabulary diams

252 | The Internet

Exercise 1

Dialogue 1

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Internet | 253

Vocabulary diams

254 | The Internet

Exercise 2

Exercise 3

True or false

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Internet | 255

Exercise 4

Word building

256 | The Internet

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Internet | 257

ili v razgovore

Noun suffixes

258 | The Internet

Actions

Qualities

Diminutives

Small animals

-enok -onok

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Internet | 259

Exercise 5

Exercise 6

Verbs with prefixes

260 | The Internet

v- lsquoinrsquo

pri- near

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Internet | 261

Exercise 7

Exercise 8

262 | The Internet

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Internet | 263

lsquoTo usersquo

264 | The Internet

Exercise 9

lsquoTo stoprsquo

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Internet | 265

Exercise 10

266 | The Internet

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Internet | 267

Exercise 11

Exercise 12

268 | The Internet

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Internet | 269

Grammar reference

Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

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Adjectives

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Possessives

nom moj moq moe moi

nom hej hq he hi

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Demonstratives

nom tot ta to ti

nom tot ta to te

nom ves vsq vse vse

Personal pronouns

nom kto hto

acc kogo hto

gen kogo hego

dat komu hemu

instr kem hem

prep kom hem

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Surnames

Cardinal numerals

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Present q dela[

ty delaew

on ona ono delaet

my delaem

vy delaete

oni dela[t

on delal on sdelal

Gerund delaq sdelav

Participles

(also pomyt)

Present q mo[

ty moew

on ona ono moet

my moem

vy moete

oni mo[t

vymyli

Gerund vymyv

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Participles

Present q piwu

ty piwew

on ona ono piwet

my piwem

vy piwete

oni piwut

Gerund napisav

Participles

Second conjugation

Present q smotr[

ty smotriw

on ona ono smotrit

my smotrim

vy smotrite

oni smotrqt

posmotreli by

Participles

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Reflexive verbs

Present q odeva[s

ty odevaewsq

my odevaemsq

vy odevaetes

oni odeva[tsq

Participles

Irregular verbs

Present q da[

ty daew

on ona ono daet

my daem

vy daete

oni da[t

Gerund davaq dav

Participles

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Present q em

on ona ono est

my edim

vy edite

oni edqt

ty budew est ty sew

Gerund sev

Participles

pres act

Participles

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Key to exercises

Unit 1

Exercise 1

Exercise 3

Exercise 4

Exercise 5

Exercise 7

Exercise 9

Exercise 10

Exercise 12

Exercise 13

Unit 2

Exercise 2

Exercise 6

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Exercise 7

Exercise 8

Exercise 9

Exercise 10

Exercise 11

Unit 3

Exercise 5

Exercise 6

Exercise 7

Exercise 8

Exercise 9

Exercise 10

Exercise 11

Exercise 13

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Unit 4

Exercise 2

Exercise 5

Exercise 7

Exercise 9

Exercise 10

Exercise 11

Exercise 12

Unit 5

Exercise 5

Exercise 6

Exercise 7

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Exercise 9

Exercise 10

Exercise 11

Unit 6Exercise 5

Exercise 6

uspewnyx teatrov

Exercise 7

Exercise 8

Exercise 9

Exercise 10

Exercise 12

Exercise 13

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Unit 7

Exercise 2

Exercise 6

Exercise 7

Exercise 8

Exercise 10

Exercise 11

Exercise 13

Unit 8

Exercise 4

Exercise 8

Exercise 9

Exercise 10

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Exercise 11

Exercise 12

Unit 9

Exercise 3

Exercise 4

Exercise 5

Exercise 6

Exercise 7

Exercise 8

Exercise 11

Exercise 13

Exercise 14

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Unit 10

Exercise 2

1 BGAV V 2 obleghit

Exercise 3

Exercise 4

Exercise 5

Exercise 6

Exercise 10

Exercise 11

Exercise 13

Unit 11

Exercise 5

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Exercise 6

Exercise 8

Exercise 9

Exercise 10

Exercise 11

Exercise 13

Unit 12Exercise 5

Exercise 6

Exercise 7

Exercise 8

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Exercise 10

Exercise 11

Exercise 12

Unit 13

Exercise 5

Exercise 6

Exercise 7

Exercise 8

Exercise 9

Exercise 11

Exercise 12

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Unit 14

Exercise 5

Exercise 6

Exercise 9

Exercise 10

Exercise 11

Exercise 12

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kind vid rod

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Grammar index

decimals 171

perfective 34

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adverbs 100ndash2

Grammar index | 343

Russian index

Book Cover

Half-Title

Copyright

Contents

Acknowledgements

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Grammer Reference

Key to Exercises

Grammar Index

Russian Index

2Colloquial Russian

Contents

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vi | Contents

Acknowledgements

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and aspects

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Rules of spelling

The nominative case

Singular nouns

Plural nouns

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Adjectives

Pronouns

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moj my moq moe moi

ves all vsq vse vse

hej whose hq he hi

Singular Plural

q I my we

ono it (neuter)

kto who

hto what

Exercise 1

Moskva ndash Moscow

Vocabulary diams

Exercise 2

Exercise 3

The accusative case

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The Moscow Kremlin

Singular nouns

Plural nouns

Acc Nom Acc Acc

vozmonost vozmonost

Acc Acc Acc

Exercise 4

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mo[ tvo[

nawu vawu

vs[ h[

Singular Plural

q menq my nas

ty tebq vy vas

on ono ego oni ix

ona ee

kto kogo

hto hto

The genitive case

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contrast

Singular nouns

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Plural

1 Masculine nouns

2 Feminine nouns

3 Neuter nouns

Exercise 5

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moego moej moix

tvoego tvoej tvoix

nawego nawej nawix

vawego vawej vawix

togo toj tix

togo toj tex

vsego vsej vsex

hego hej hix

Vocabulary diams

Exercise 6

important factor

Dative case

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But note

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Masculine Feminine

Neuter

Singular Plural

vinu vinam

zdani[ zdaniqm

vremeni vremenam

Exercise 7

Singular Plural

q mne my nam

ty tebe vy vam

on ono emu oni im

ona ej

kto komu

hto hemu

moemu moej moim

tvoemu tvoej tvoim

nawemu nawej nawim

vawemu vawej vawim

tomu toj tim

tomu toj tem

vsemu vsej vsem

hemu hej him

Vocabulary diams

Exercise 8

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Instrumental case

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Masculine Feminine

Neuter

Singular Plural

vinom vinami

zdaniem zdaniqmi

vremenem vremenami

moim moej moimi

tvoim tvoej tvoimi

nawim nawej nawimi

vawim vawej vawimi

tim toj timi

tem toj temi

vsem vsej vsemi

him hej himi

Singular Plural

q mnoj my nami

ty toboj vy vami

on ono im oni imi

ona ej

kto kem

hto hem

Exercise 9

Vocabulary diams

Prepositional case

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Masculine Feminine

Neuter

Singular Plural

vine vinax

more morqx

zdanii zdaniqx

vremeni vremenax

moem moej moix

tvoem tvoej tvoix

nawem nawej nawix

vawem vawej vawix

tom toj tix

tom toj tex

vsem vsej vsex

hem hej hix

Exercise 10

Vocabulary diams

Exercise 11

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Singular Plural

q mne my nas

ty tebe vy vas

on ono nem oni nix

ona nej

kto kom

hto hem

Reflexive pronouns

Adverbs

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q dela[ my delaem

Second conjugation

Irregular verbs

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Reflexive verbs

Exercise 12

Aspects

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but note

dostigli

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Imperfective aspect

Perfective aspect

Subjunctive

Imperative

Exercise 13

Raspad SSSR

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Vocabulary diams

Exercise 14

2 TRANSPORT

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Dialogue 1

Vocabulary diams

40 | Transport

Exercise 1

Imperatives

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Transport | 41

Exercise 2

Exercise 3

42 | Transport

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Transport | 43

TRANSA|RO

aviakompaniq

v Londone

UN 344 2205 0510 Boing 737ndash700

UN 344 1320 1425 Boing 737ndash700

Text 1

44 | Transport

Vocabulary diams

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Transport | 45

Exercise 4

46 | Transport

Exercise 5

True or false

nosil]ikom)

Comparatives

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Transport | 47

Exercise 6

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Transport | 49

Contrast

Exercise 7

50 | Transport

Exercise 8

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Transport | 51

Vseever er

Exercise 9

52 | Transport

Na + accusative

Open spaces

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Transport | 53

Expressions of time

After verbs

Na + prepositional

54 | Transport

Means of transport

Expressions of time

Note also

After verbs

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Transport | 55

Exercise 10

Exercise 11

56 | Transport

3 TURIZM

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Dialogue 1

58 | Tourism

Vocabulary diams

Exercise 1

Exercise 2

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Turizm | 59

60 | Tourism

vodopad Kivah)

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Turizm | 61

Vocabulary diams

62 | Tourism

Exercise 3

Exercise 4

True or false

kupalis peli pesni)

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Turizm | 63

Verbs of motion

64 | Tourism

Exercise 5

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Turizm | 65

66 | Tourism

Yaroslavl

Exercise 6

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Turizm | 67

Examples

Exercise 7

68 | Tourism

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Turizm | 69

Exercise 8

70 | Tourism

Exercise 9

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Turizm | 71

Exercise 10

ToeTake

72 | Tourism

Exercise 11

Exercise 12

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Turizm | 73

Exercise 13

74 | Tourism

ухи

по д

aнны

серо

ссий

ског

о це

нтра

изу

чени

я об

щес

твен

ного

мне

ния

4 MIGRACIQ

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Dialogue 1

Vocabulary diams

76 | Migration

Exercise 1

Use of li

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Migraciq | 77

Contrast

Exercise 2

Text 1

78 | Migration

Vocabulary diams

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Migraciq | 79

Exercise 3

80 | Migration

Exercise 4

True or false

Reflexive verbs

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Migraciq | 81

82 | Migration

Contrast

Exercise 5

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Migraciq | 83

Exercise 6

Ordinal numerals

84 | Migration

Exercise 7

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Migraciq | 85

2 V kakom godu

Exercise 8

86 | Migration

Preposition corner

The preposition v

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Migraciq | 87

Expressions of time

88 | Migration

Note also

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Migraciq | 89

Note also

Exercise 9

90 | Migration

Exercise 10

Exercise 11

Exercise 12

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Migraciq | 91

5 SPORT

Dialogue 1

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Sport | 93

Vocabulary diams

Exercise 1

Exercise 2

94 | Sport

Text 1

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Sport | 95

96 | Sport

Vocabulary diams

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Sport | 97

Exercise 3

Exercise 4

True or false

98 | Sport

Kotoryj

Exercise 5

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Sport | 99

Superlatives

Exercise 6

100 | Sport

Exercise 7

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Sport | 101

Exercise 8

Preposition corner

S + genitive

102 | Sport

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Sport | 103

104 | Sport

Note also

Ot + genitive

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Sport | 105

Iz + genitive

106 | Sport

Exercise 9

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Sport | 107

Exercise 10

Stress

108 | Sport

Masculine nouns

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Sport | 109

Exercise 11

110 | Sport

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Dialogue 1

Vocabulary diams

Exercise 1

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Exercise 2

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Vocabulary diams

Exercise 3

Exercise 4

True or false

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Exercise 5

Exercise 6

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Participles

Active participles

Exercise 7

Exercise 8

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Exercise 9

Exercise 10

Exercise 11

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Preposition corner

O + prepositional

O + accusative

Pro + accusative

Exercise 12

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Stress

Feminine nouns

Exercise 13

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Dialogue 1

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Vocabulary diams

Exercise 1

-to -nibud

Contrast

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Exercise 2

Exercise 3

True or false

Text 1

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Vocabulary diams

Exercise 4

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Exercise 5

True or false

Drug druga

Exercise 6

To hto

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Exercise 7

Tot ktote kto

Exercise 8

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Exercise 9

Conjunctions

prede hem before

Exercise 10

Causal conjunctions

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Exercise 11

Exercise 12

Stress

Neuter nouns

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Voskresene15 APRELQ

Exercise 13

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8 RYNOK TRUDA

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Rynok truda | 147

V poiskax raboty

Vocabulary diams

Exercise 1

Exercise 2

True or false

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Rynok truda | 149

Exercise 3

6 Логистик

8 рист

Exercise 4

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Rynok truda | 151

Exercise 5

Kandidaty

Exercise 6

Dialogue 1

Interview

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Rynok truda | 153

ANKETA-REZMEFIO ______________________________________________________

ELAEMAQ DOLNOST _____________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Znanie programm ___________________________________________

Vocabulary diams

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Rynok truda | 155

Exercise 7

Participles

Endings in -nnyj

Endings in -tyj

Exercise 8

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Rynok truda | 157

Exercise 9

Note in the text

Contrast

Exercise 10

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Rynok truda | 159

Preposition corner

plata za proezdfare

Note also

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Rynok truda | 161

Exercise 11

Exercise 12

Russian

9 DEMOGRAFIQ

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Text 1

164 | Demography

Vocabulary diams

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Demografiq | 165

Exercise 1

Exercise 2

True or false

166 | Demography

Numerals

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Demografiq | 167

Exercise 3

Collective numerals

168 | Demography

Exercise 4

Quantitative nouns

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Demografiq | 169

Exercise 5

troe vtroem vtroe

Indefinite numerals

Exercise 6

170 | Demography

Exercise 7

Exercise 8

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Demografiq | 171

Dialogue 1

172 | Demography

TABLICA 1

Qponiq 788 759 818

Franciq 769 728 809

SWA 765 730 800

Italiq 764 732 797

Kanada 764 730 798

Rossiq

1989ndash1990gg 690 640 740

1993g 651 589 719

1995 650 580 720

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Demografiq | 173

Vocabulary diams

Exercise 9

174 | Demography

TABLICA 2

Gody 1926 1949 1960 1980 1989 1991 1992 1993

Hislo rodivwixsq

447 33 232 159 146 121 107 94

Hislo umerwix

213 206 74 106 106 104 122 144

234 124 158 53 4 17 ndash15 ndash5

Exercise 10

Exercise 11

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Demografiq | 175

Exercise 12

Word building

176 | Demography

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Demografiq | 177

strany

svobodno vladeete

skolko let

skolko

kvartiry dahi)

xozqjstvo

imu]estva i td

ukazat oba

Polmuskoj

enskij

hislo ispolnivwixsq

BCEPOC

KAЯ ПEPEПИCЬ

ЛEНИЯbull

178 | Demography

Exercise 13

Exercise 14

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Demografiq | 179

10 OBRAZOVANIE

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Obrazovanie | 181

Reforma obrazovaniq

Vocabulary diams

182 | Education

Exercise 1

Exercise 2

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Obrazovanie | 183

Exercise 3

184 | Education

Exercise 4

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Obrazovanie | 185

Passive voice

Exercise 5

186 | Education

Exercise 6

Dialogue 1

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Obrazovanie | 187

Vocabulary diams

188 | Education

Exercise 7

Exercise 8

True or false

srednix studentov)

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Obrazovanie | 189

Exercise 9

190 | Education

im N| BAUMANA

sistemyupravleniq

texnika Specialnoe

texniki

Word building

Exercise 10

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Obrazovanie | 191

Preposition corner

Po + dative

by (means of)

by through

according to in for

192 | Education

Note also

Po + accusative

up to (place)

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Obrazovanie | 193

Po + prepositional

Exercise 11

Exercise 12

194 | Education

Stress

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Obrazovanie | 195

198081

193244

302 334

721914

Note also

Exercise 13

196 | Education

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Obrazovanie | 197

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Srednij klass

Vocabulary diams

Exercise 1

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Dialogue 1

Vocabulary diams

Exercise 2

Exercise 3

True or false

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Exercise 4

Subjunctive

Conditional clauses

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Exercise 5

Exercise 6

Exercise 7

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Htoby + infinitive

Htoby + past tense

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Exercise 8

Exercise 9

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Exercise 10

Exercise 11

Exercise 12

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Stress

Past tense of verbs

Exercise 13

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12 ZDRAVOOXRANENIE

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Vocabulary diams

Exercise 1

Exercise 2

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Dialogue 1

LITOTRIPSII

XIRURGIHESKOE

OTDELENIE

- xirurg-proktolog

- nejroxirurg

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Vocabulary diams

Exercise 3

Exercise 4

True or false

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Exercise 5

Exercise 6

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Exercise 7

Nadoest (perf)

Ne xvatatxvatit

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Nedostavatnedostat

Exercise 8

Exercise 9

to overcome

Nekogo nehego

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Exercise 10

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Exercise 11

Stress

Exercise 12

present crisis

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13 VYBORY V DUMU

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Vybory v Dumu | 235

Neoidannaq pobeda

Vocabulary diams

Exercise 1

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Vybory v Dumu | 237

Exercise 2

Dialogue 1

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Vybory v Dumu | 239

Vocabulary diams

Exercise 3

forces

Exercise 4

True or false

Gerunds

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Vybory v Dumu | 241

OTEЧECTBO

BCЯ PОCCИ

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Vybory v Dumu | 243

Exercise 5

Exercise 6

Exercise 7

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Vybory v Dumu | 245

Exercise 8

Exercise 9

Exercise 10

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Vybory v Dumu | 247

Eдинство

Бло

ирин

овск

ого

ltOtehestvomgt

The negative

Exercise 11

Exercise 12

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Vybory v Dumu | 249

14 INTERNET

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Internet | 251

Vocabulary diams

252 | The Internet

Exercise 1

Dialogue 1

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Internet | 253

Vocabulary diams

254 | The Internet

Exercise 2

Exercise 3

True or false

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Internet | 255

Exercise 4

Word building

256 | The Internet

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Internet | 257

ili v razgovore

Noun suffixes

258 | The Internet

Actions

Qualities

Diminutives

Small animals

-enok -onok

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Internet | 259

Exercise 5

Exercise 6

Verbs with prefixes

260 | The Internet

v- lsquoinrsquo

pri- near

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Internet | 261

Exercise 7

Exercise 8

262 | The Internet

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Internet | 263

lsquoTo usersquo

264 | The Internet

Exercise 9

lsquoTo stoprsquo

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Internet | 265

Exercise 10

266 | The Internet

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Internet | 267

Exercise 11

Exercise 12

268 | The Internet

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Internet | 269

Grammar reference

Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

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Adjectives

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Possessives

nom moj moq moe moi

nom hej hq he hi

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Demonstratives

nom tot ta to ti

nom tot ta to te

nom ves vsq vse vse

Personal pronouns

nom kto hto

acc kogo hto

gen kogo hego

dat komu hemu

instr kem hem

prep kom hem

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Surnames

Cardinal numerals

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Present q dela[

ty delaew

on ona ono delaet

my delaem

vy delaete

oni dela[t

on delal on sdelal

Gerund delaq sdelav

Participles

(also pomyt)

Present q mo[

ty moew

on ona ono moet

my moem

vy moete

oni mo[t

vymyli

Gerund vymyv

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Participles

Present q piwu

ty piwew

on ona ono piwet

my piwem

vy piwete

oni piwut

Gerund napisav

Participles

Second conjugation

Present q smotr[

ty smotriw

on ona ono smotrit

my smotrim

vy smotrite

oni smotrqt

posmotreli by

Participles

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Reflexive verbs

Present q odeva[s

ty odevaewsq

my odevaemsq

vy odevaetes

oni odeva[tsq

Participles

Irregular verbs

Present q da[

ty daew

on ona ono daet

my daem

vy daete

oni da[t

Gerund davaq dav

Participles

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Present q em

on ona ono est

my edim

vy edite

oni edqt

ty budew est ty sew

Gerund sev

Participles

pres act

Participles

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Key to exercises

Unit 1

Exercise 1

Exercise 3

Exercise 4

Exercise 5

Exercise 7

Exercise 9

Exercise 10

Exercise 12

Exercise 13

Unit 2

Exercise 2

Exercise 6

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Exercise 7

Exercise 8

Exercise 9

Exercise 10

Exercise 11

Unit 3

Exercise 5

Exercise 6

Exercise 7

Exercise 8

Exercise 9

Exercise 10

Exercise 11

Exercise 13

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Unit 4

Exercise 2

Exercise 5

Exercise 7

Exercise 9

Exercise 10

Exercise 11

Exercise 12

Unit 5

Exercise 5

Exercise 6

Exercise 7

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Exercise 9

Exercise 10

Exercise 11

Unit 6Exercise 5

Exercise 6

uspewnyx teatrov

Exercise 7

Exercise 8

Exercise 9

Exercise 10

Exercise 12

Exercise 13

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Unit 7

Exercise 2

Exercise 6

Exercise 7

Exercise 8

Exercise 10

Exercise 11

Exercise 13

Unit 8

Exercise 4

Exercise 8

Exercise 9

Exercise 10

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Exercise 11

Exercise 12

Unit 9

Exercise 3

Exercise 4

Exercise 5

Exercise 6

Exercise 7

Exercise 8

Exercise 11

Exercise 13

Exercise 14

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Unit 10

Exercise 2

1 BGAV V 2 obleghit

Exercise 3

Exercise 4

Exercise 5

Exercise 6

Exercise 10

Exercise 11

Exercise 13

Unit 11

Exercise 5

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Exercise 6

Exercise 8

Exercise 9

Exercise 10

Exercise 11

Exercise 13

Unit 12Exercise 5

Exercise 6

Exercise 7

Exercise 8

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Exercise 10

Exercise 11

Exercise 12

Unit 13

Exercise 5

Exercise 6

Exercise 7

Exercise 8

Exercise 9

Exercise 11

Exercise 12

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Unit 14

Exercise 5

Exercise 6

Exercise 9

Exercise 10

Exercise 11

Exercise 12

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kind vid rod

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Grammar index

decimals 171

perfective 34

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adverbs 100ndash2

Grammar index | 343

Russian index

Book Cover

Half-Title

Copyright

Contents

Acknowledgements

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Grammer Reference

Key to Exercises

Grammar Index

Russian Index

Contents

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vi | Contents

Acknowledgements

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and aspects

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Rules of spelling

The nominative case

Singular nouns

Plural nouns

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Adjectives

Pronouns

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moj my moq moe moi

ves all vsq vse vse

hej whose hq he hi

Singular Plural

q I my we

ono it (neuter)

kto who

hto what

Exercise 1

Moskva ndash Moscow

Vocabulary diams

Exercise 2

Exercise 3

The accusative case

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The Moscow Kremlin

Singular nouns

Plural nouns

Acc Nom Acc Acc

vozmonost vozmonost

Acc Acc Acc

Exercise 4

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mo[ tvo[

nawu vawu

vs[ h[

Singular Plural

q menq my nas

ty tebq vy vas

on ono ego oni ix

ona ee

kto kogo

hto hto

The genitive case

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contrast

Singular nouns

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Plural

1 Masculine nouns

2 Feminine nouns

3 Neuter nouns

Exercise 5

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moego moej moix

tvoego tvoej tvoix

nawego nawej nawix

vawego vawej vawix

togo toj tix

togo toj tex

vsego vsej vsex

hego hej hix

Vocabulary diams

Exercise 6

important factor

Dative case

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But note

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Masculine Feminine

Neuter

Singular Plural

vinu vinam

zdani[ zdaniqm

vremeni vremenam

Exercise 7

Singular Plural

q mne my nam

ty tebe vy vam

on ono emu oni im

ona ej

kto komu

hto hemu

moemu moej moim

tvoemu tvoej tvoim

nawemu nawej nawim

vawemu vawej vawim

tomu toj tim

tomu toj tem

vsemu vsej vsem

hemu hej him

Vocabulary diams

Exercise 8

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Instrumental case

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Masculine Feminine

Neuter

Singular Plural

vinom vinami

zdaniem zdaniqmi

vremenem vremenami

moim moej moimi

tvoim tvoej tvoimi

nawim nawej nawimi

vawim vawej vawimi

tim toj timi

tem toj temi

vsem vsej vsemi

him hej himi

Singular Plural

q mnoj my nami

ty toboj vy vami

on ono im oni imi

ona ej

kto kem

hto hem

Exercise 9

Vocabulary diams

Prepositional case

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Masculine Feminine

Neuter

Singular Plural

vine vinax

more morqx

zdanii zdaniqx

vremeni vremenax

moem moej moix

tvoem tvoej tvoix

nawem nawej nawix

vawem vawej vawix

tom toj tix

tom toj tex

vsem vsej vsex

hem hej hix

Exercise 10

Vocabulary diams

Exercise 11

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Singular Plural

q mne my nas

ty tebe vy vas

on ono nem oni nix

ona nej

kto kom

hto hem

Reflexive pronouns

Adverbs

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q dela[ my delaem

Second conjugation

Irregular verbs

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Reflexive verbs

Exercise 12

Aspects

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but note

dostigli

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Imperfective aspect

Perfective aspect

Subjunctive

Imperative

Exercise 13

Raspad SSSR

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Vocabulary diams

Exercise 14

2 TRANSPORT

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Dialogue 1

Vocabulary diams

40 | Transport

Exercise 1

Imperatives

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Transport | 41

Exercise 2

Exercise 3

42 | Transport

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Transport | 43

TRANSA|RO

aviakompaniq

v Londone

UN 344 2205 0510 Boing 737ndash700

UN 344 1320 1425 Boing 737ndash700

Text 1

44 | Transport

Vocabulary diams

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Transport | 45

Exercise 4

46 | Transport

Exercise 5

True or false

nosil]ikom)

Comparatives

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Transport | 47

Exercise 6

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Transport | 49

Contrast

Exercise 7

50 | Transport

Exercise 8

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Transport | 51

Vseever er

Exercise 9

52 | Transport

Na + accusative

Open spaces

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Transport | 53

Expressions of time

After verbs

Na + prepositional

54 | Transport

Means of transport

Expressions of time

Note also

After verbs

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Transport | 55

Exercise 10

Exercise 11

56 | Transport

3 TURIZM

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Dialogue 1

58 | Tourism

Vocabulary diams

Exercise 1

Exercise 2

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Turizm | 59

60 | Tourism

vodopad Kivah)

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Turizm | 61

Vocabulary diams

62 | Tourism

Exercise 3

Exercise 4

True or false

kupalis peli pesni)

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Turizm | 63

Verbs of motion

64 | Tourism

Exercise 5

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Turizm | 65

66 | Tourism

Yaroslavl

Exercise 6

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Turizm | 67

Examples

Exercise 7

68 | Tourism

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Turizm | 69

Exercise 8

70 | Tourism

Exercise 9

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Turizm | 71

Exercise 10

ToeTake

72 | Tourism

Exercise 11

Exercise 12

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Turizm | 73

Exercise 13

74 | Tourism

ухи

по д

aнны

серо

ссий

ског

о це

нтра

изу

чени

я об

щес

твен

ного

мне

ния

4 MIGRACIQ

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Dialogue 1

Vocabulary diams

76 | Migration

Exercise 1

Use of li

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Migraciq | 77

Contrast

Exercise 2

Text 1

78 | Migration

Vocabulary diams

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Migraciq | 79

Exercise 3

80 | Migration

Exercise 4

True or false

Reflexive verbs

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Migraciq | 81

82 | Migration

Contrast

Exercise 5

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Migraciq | 83

Exercise 6

Ordinal numerals

84 | Migration

Exercise 7

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Migraciq | 85

2 V kakom godu

Exercise 8

86 | Migration

Preposition corner

The preposition v

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Migraciq | 87

Expressions of time

88 | Migration

Note also

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Migraciq | 89

Note also

Exercise 9

90 | Migration

Exercise 10

Exercise 11

Exercise 12

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Migraciq | 91

5 SPORT

Dialogue 1

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Sport | 93

Vocabulary diams

Exercise 1

Exercise 2

94 | Sport

Text 1

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Sport | 95

96 | Sport

Vocabulary diams

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Sport | 97

Exercise 3

Exercise 4

True or false

98 | Sport

Kotoryj

Exercise 5

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Sport | 99

Superlatives

Exercise 6

100 | Sport

Exercise 7

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Sport | 101

Exercise 8

Preposition corner

S + genitive

102 | Sport

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Sport | 103

104 | Sport

Note also

Ot + genitive

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Sport | 105

Iz + genitive

106 | Sport

Exercise 9

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Sport | 107

Exercise 10

Stress

108 | Sport

Masculine nouns

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Sport | 109

Exercise 11

110 | Sport

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Dialogue 1

Vocabulary diams

Exercise 1

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Exercise 2

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Vocabulary diams

Exercise 3

Exercise 4

True or false

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Exercise 5

Exercise 6

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Participles

Active participles

Exercise 7

Exercise 8

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Exercise 9

Exercise 10

Exercise 11

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Preposition corner

O + prepositional

O + accusative

Pro + accusative

Exercise 12

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Stress

Feminine nouns

Exercise 13

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Dialogue 1

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Vocabulary diams

Exercise 1

-to -nibud

Contrast

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Exercise 2

Exercise 3

True or false

Text 1

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Vocabulary diams

Exercise 4

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Exercise 5

True or false

Drug druga

Exercise 6

To hto

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Exercise 7

Tot ktote kto

Exercise 8

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Exercise 9

Conjunctions

prede hem before

Exercise 10

Causal conjunctions

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Exercise 11

Exercise 12

Stress

Neuter nouns

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Voskresene15 APRELQ

Exercise 13

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8 RYNOK TRUDA

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Rynok truda | 147

V poiskax raboty

Vocabulary diams

Exercise 1

Exercise 2

True or false

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Rynok truda | 149

Exercise 3

6 Логистик

8 рист

Exercise 4

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Rynok truda | 151

Exercise 5

Kandidaty

Exercise 6

Dialogue 1

Interview

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Rynok truda | 153

ANKETA-REZMEFIO ______________________________________________________

ELAEMAQ DOLNOST _____________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Znanie programm ___________________________________________

Vocabulary diams

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Rynok truda | 155

Exercise 7

Participles

Endings in -nnyj

Endings in -tyj

Exercise 8

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Rynok truda | 157

Exercise 9

Note in the text

Contrast

Exercise 10

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Rynok truda | 159

Preposition corner

plata za proezdfare

Note also

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Rynok truda | 161

Exercise 11

Exercise 12

Russian

9 DEMOGRAFIQ

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Text 1

164 | Demography

Vocabulary diams

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Demografiq | 165

Exercise 1

Exercise 2

True or false

166 | Demography

Numerals

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Demografiq | 167

Exercise 3

Collective numerals

168 | Demography

Exercise 4

Quantitative nouns

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Demografiq | 169

Exercise 5

troe vtroem vtroe

Indefinite numerals

Exercise 6

170 | Demography

Exercise 7

Exercise 8

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Demografiq | 171

Dialogue 1

172 | Demography

TABLICA 1

Qponiq 788 759 818

Franciq 769 728 809

SWA 765 730 800

Italiq 764 732 797

Kanada 764 730 798

Rossiq

1989ndash1990gg 690 640 740

1993g 651 589 719

1995 650 580 720

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Demografiq | 173

Vocabulary diams

Exercise 9

174 | Demography

TABLICA 2

Gody 1926 1949 1960 1980 1989 1991 1992 1993

Hislo rodivwixsq

447 33 232 159 146 121 107 94

Hislo umerwix

213 206 74 106 106 104 122 144

234 124 158 53 4 17 ndash15 ndash5

Exercise 10

Exercise 11

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Demografiq | 175

Exercise 12

Word building

176 | Demography

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Demografiq | 177

strany

svobodno vladeete

skolko let

skolko

kvartiry dahi)

xozqjstvo

imu]estva i td

ukazat oba

Polmuskoj

enskij

hislo ispolnivwixsq

BCEPOC

KAЯ ПEPEПИCЬ

ЛEНИЯbull

178 | Demography

Exercise 13

Exercise 14

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Demografiq | 179

10 OBRAZOVANIE

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Obrazovanie | 181

Reforma obrazovaniq

Vocabulary diams

182 | Education

Exercise 1

Exercise 2

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Obrazovanie | 183

Exercise 3

184 | Education

Exercise 4

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Obrazovanie | 185

Passive voice

Exercise 5

186 | Education

Exercise 6

Dialogue 1

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Obrazovanie | 187

Vocabulary diams

188 | Education

Exercise 7

Exercise 8

True or false

srednix studentov)

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Obrazovanie | 189

Exercise 9

190 | Education

im N| BAUMANA

sistemyupravleniq

texnika Specialnoe

texniki

Word building

Exercise 10

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Obrazovanie | 191

Preposition corner

Po + dative

by (means of)

by through

according to in for

192 | Education

Note also

Po + accusative

up to (place)

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Obrazovanie | 193

Po + prepositional

Exercise 11

Exercise 12

194 | Education

Stress

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Obrazovanie | 195

198081

193244

302 334

721914

Note also

Exercise 13

196 | Education

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Obrazovanie | 197

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Srednij klass

Vocabulary diams

Exercise 1

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Dialogue 1

Vocabulary diams

Exercise 2

Exercise 3

True or false

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Exercise 4

Subjunctive

Conditional clauses

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Exercise 5

Exercise 6

Exercise 7

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Htoby + infinitive

Htoby + past tense

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Exercise 8

Exercise 9

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Exercise 10

Exercise 11

Exercise 12

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Stress

Past tense of verbs

Exercise 13

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12 ZDRAVOOXRANENIE

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Vocabulary diams

Exercise 1

Exercise 2

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Dialogue 1

LITOTRIPSII

XIRURGIHESKOE

OTDELENIE

- xirurg-proktolog

- nejroxirurg

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Vocabulary diams

Exercise 3

Exercise 4

True or false

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Exercise 5

Exercise 6

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Exercise 7

Nadoest (perf)

Ne xvatatxvatit

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Nedostavatnedostat

Exercise 8

Exercise 9

to overcome

Nekogo nehego

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Exercise 10

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Exercise 11

Stress

Exercise 12

present crisis

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13 VYBORY V DUMU

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Vybory v Dumu | 235

Neoidannaq pobeda

Vocabulary diams

Exercise 1

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Vybory v Dumu | 237

Exercise 2

Dialogue 1

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Vybory v Dumu | 239

Vocabulary diams

Exercise 3

forces

Exercise 4

True or false

Gerunds

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Vybory v Dumu | 241

OTEЧECTBO

BCЯ PОCCИ

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Vybory v Dumu | 243

Exercise 5

Exercise 6

Exercise 7

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Vybory v Dumu | 245

Exercise 8

Exercise 9

Exercise 10

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Vybory v Dumu | 247

Eдинство

Бло

ирин

овск

ого

ltOtehestvomgt

The negative

Exercise 11

Exercise 12

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Vybory v Dumu | 249

14 INTERNET

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Internet | 251

Vocabulary diams

252 | The Internet

Exercise 1

Dialogue 1

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Internet | 253

Vocabulary diams

254 | The Internet

Exercise 2

Exercise 3

True or false

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Internet | 255

Exercise 4

Word building

256 | The Internet

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Internet | 257

ili v razgovore

Noun suffixes

258 | The Internet

Actions

Qualities

Diminutives

Small animals

-enok -onok

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Internet | 259

Exercise 5

Exercise 6

Verbs with prefixes

260 | The Internet

v- lsquoinrsquo

pri- near

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Internet | 261

Exercise 7

Exercise 8

262 | The Internet

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Internet | 263

lsquoTo usersquo

264 | The Internet

Exercise 9

lsquoTo stoprsquo

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Internet | 265

Exercise 10

266 | The Internet

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Internet | 267

Exercise 11

Exercise 12

268 | The Internet

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Internet | 269

Grammar reference

Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

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Adjectives

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Possessives

nom moj moq moe moi

nom hej hq he hi

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Demonstratives

nom tot ta to ti

nom tot ta to te

nom ves vsq vse vse

Personal pronouns

nom kto hto

acc kogo hto

gen kogo hego

dat komu hemu

instr kem hem

prep kom hem

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Surnames

Cardinal numerals

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Present q dela[

ty delaew

on ona ono delaet

my delaem

vy delaete

oni dela[t

on delal on sdelal

Gerund delaq sdelav

Participles

(also pomyt)

Present q mo[

ty moew

on ona ono moet

my moem

vy moete

oni mo[t

vymyli

Gerund vymyv

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Participles

Present q piwu

ty piwew

on ona ono piwet

my piwem

vy piwete

oni piwut

Gerund napisav

Participles

Second conjugation

Present q smotr[

ty smotriw

on ona ono smotrit

my smotrim

vy smotrite

oni smotrqt

posmotreli by

Participles

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Reflexive verbs

Present q odeva[s

ty odevaewsq

my odevaemsq

vy odevaetes

oni odeva[tsq

Participles

Irregular verbs

Present q da[

ty daew

on ona ono daet

my daem

vy daete

oni da[t

Gerund davaq dav

Participles

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Present q em

on ona ono est

my edim

vy edite

oni edqt

ty budew est ty sew

Gerund sev

Participles

pres act

Participles

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Key to exercises

Unit 1

Exercise 1

Exercise 3

Exercise 4

Exercise 5

Exercise 7

Exercise 9

Exercise 10

Exercise 12

Exercise 13

Unit 2

Exercise 2

Exercise 6

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Exercise 7

Exercise 8

Exercise 9

Exercise 10

Exercise 11

Unit 3

Exercise 5

Exercise 6

Exercise 7

Exercise 8

Exercise 9

Exercise 10

Exercise 11

Exercise 13

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Unit 4

Exercise 2

Exercise 5

Exercise 7

Exercise 9

Exercise 10

Exercise 11

Exercise 12

Unit 5

Exercise 5

Exercise 6

Exercise 7

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Exercise 9

Exercise 10

Exercise 11

Unit 6Exercise 5

Exercise 6

uspewnyx teatrov

Exercise 7

Exercise 8

Exercise 9

Exercise 10

Exercise 12

Exercise 13

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Unit 7

Exercise 2

Exercise 6

Exercise 7

Exercise 8

Exercise 10

Exercise 11

Exercise 13

Unit 8

Exercise 4

Exercise 8

Exercise 9

Exercise 10

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Exercise 11

Exercise 12

Unit 9

Exercise 3

Exercise 4

Exercise 5

Exercise 6

Exercise 7

Exercise 8

Exercise 11

Exercise 13

Exercise 14

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Unit 10

Exercise 2

1 BGAV V 2 obleghit

Exercise 3

Exercise 4

Exercise 5

Exercise 6

Exercise 10

Exercise 11

Exercise 13

Unit 11

Exercise 5

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Exercise 6

Exercise 8

Exercise 9

Exercise 10

Exercise 11

Exercise 13

Unit 12Exercise 5

Exercise 6

Exercise 7

Exercise 8

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Exercise 10

Exercise 11

Exercise 12

Unit 13

Exercise 5

Exercise 6

Exercise 7

Exercise 8

Exercise 9

Exercise 11

Exercise 12

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Unit 14

Exercise 5

Exercise 6

Exercise 9

Exercise 10

Exercise 11

Exercise 12

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kind vid rod

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Grammar index

decimals 171

perfective 34

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adverbs 100ndash2

Grammar index | 343

Russian index

Book Cover

Half-Title

Copyright

Contents

Acknowledgements

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Grammer Reference

Key to Exercises

Grammar Index

Russian Index

Documents

23.Colloquial Russian 2.pdf