24 Sheets 24 Questions 24 Answers You have 5 minutes to learn them all B1: You and your Genes: Revision

24 Sheets24 Sheets24 Questions24 Questions24 Answers24 Answers

You have You have 5 minutes5 minutes to learn them all to learn them all

B1: You and your Genes: RevisionB1: You and your Genes: Revision

B1: B1: You and your genesYou and your genes

What makes every person in the world What makes every person in the world uniqueunique??


What effect does the environment have on your features ?


What are stem cells and what is stem cell research?


Which animals use asexual reproduction?


What factors separate genetically identical twins?


What ‘s the chance of being male or female?


What is gene therapy?

Twenty Four QuestionsTwenty Four QuestionsShortShort or or one wordone word answers on paper. answers on paper.

30 seconds30 seconds for short answers / for short answers / 60 seconds60 seconds for for longer ones.longer ones.

How will you score?How will you score?

22 / 24 = A* 20/24 = A 16/24 = B22 / 24 = A* 20/24 = A 16/24 = B

12/24 = C 8/ 24 = D12/24 = C 8/ 24 = D

Predict Your Score Predict Your Score

Now!Now!What What markmark & & gradegrade do you think you will get?do you think you will get?

22 / 24 = A* 20/24 = A 16/24 = B22 / 24 = A* 20/24 = A 16/24 = B

12/24 = C 8/ 24 = D12/24 = C 8/ 24 = D

1.1. What is environmental variation?What is environmental variation?

2.2. Name two types of sex cell.Name two types of sex cell.

3.3. What are genetically identical organisms called?What are genetically identical organisms called?

4.4. Write these cell parts in order starting with the Write these cell parts in order starting with the smallest: chromosome, gene, cell, nucleussmallest: chromosome, gene, cell, nucleus

5.5. What can an embryonic stem cell become?What can an embryonic stem cell become?

6.6. How many chromosomes are there in:How many chromosomes are there in:a) an ‘ordinary’ human cell b) a human sex cell a) an ‘ordinary’ human cell b) a human sex cell (gamete)?(gamete)?

7. Where do you find a human embryo ?

8. What scientific ‘f’ word immediately precedes the formation of a zygote ?

9. Name one life-threatening illness which is inherited.

10. What is variation?

11. Males have two XX chromosomes. True or False?

12. What is an allele?

13.13. Explain briefly what is meant by ‘an ethical Explain briefly what is meant by ‘an ethical question.’question.’

14.14. A genetic test for cystic fibrosis turns out to be a A genetic test for cystic fibrosis turns out to be a ‘false negative.’ What does this mean ?‘false negative.’ What does this mean ?

15.15. What is the method for choosing a healthy What is the method for choosing a healthy embryo called? embryo called?

16. Is the allele for cystic fibrosis dominant or recessive?

17.17. Define asexual reproduction.Define asexual reproduction.

18.18. Write down one viewpoint in support of embryo Write down one viewpoint in support of embryo selection.selection.

19.19. Write down one viewpoint that does Write down one viewpoint that does not not support support embryo selection.embryo selection.

20.20. How does gene therapy work?How does gene therapy work?

21. What is genetic modification?

21.21. What is Huntingdon’s Disorder?What is Huntingdon’s Disorder?

23.23. What are chromosomes?What are chromosomes?

24.24. What is cystic fibrosis?What is cystic fibrosis?

1.1. What is environmental variation?What is environmental variation?

2.2. Name two types of sex cell.Name two types of sex cell.

3.3. What are genetically identical organisms called?What are genetically identical organisms called?

Variation that occurs in the features of a living Variation that occurs in the features of a living organism as a result of factors in the environment. organism as a result of factors in the environment. Darker skin from more sun; a scar from an injury, Darker skin from more sun; a scar from an injury, hair style, tattoos……hair style, tattoos……

sperm cell sperm cell andand egg cell egg cell

clonesclones

4.4. Write these cell parts in order starting with the Write these cell parts in order starting with the smallest: chromosome, gene, cell, nucleussmallest: chromosome, gene, cell, nucleus

5.5. What can an embryonic stem cell become?What can an embryonic stem cell become?

6.6. How many chromosomes are there?How many chromosomes are there?a) ‘ordinary’ human cell b) a human sex cell a) ‘ordinary’ human cell b) a human sex cell

GeneGene is found on theis found on the chromosomechromosome which is found in thewhich is found in thenucleusnucleus of theof theCell. Cell.

Any type of cell. Any type of cell. It’s unspecialisedIt’s unspecialised

‘‘ordinary’ - 46 / sex cell 23 ordinary’ - 46 / sex cell 23

1. What is environmental variation?1. What is environmental variation?

Environmental variation in skin. Discuss.

Maori face tattoo

‘embedded’

tattoos

Mouth tattoo

1. What is environmental variation?1. What is environmental variation?

Environmental variation in legs. Discuss.

model

cross-countr

yrunner

bodybuilder

sprinter

3. Clones are 3. Clones are genetically identical genetically identical organismsorganisms

Plants: natural cloning by asexual reproduction

Advantages of asexual reproduction to the plant:

- many new plants very quickly. - no need to produce flowers or gametes saving

energy. - no risk of failure to pollinate or fertilise.


Animals: natural cloning by asexual reproduction

Simple animals like hydra have unspecialised cells

- These cells can become any type of cell. - These cells can also grow a whole new hydra - Like plants; hydra keep these unspecialised cells

for life


Identical twins: have the same genes but…

…they come from both parents.

- They are clones of each other but… - …not of either parent - These are clones from sexual reproduction

A ___________ egg cell divides many times to produce an _________ . Sometimes the early ball of cells can split into two separate groups.

Both of these groups of cells develop into a new person. They are ___________ twins because they both come from the same fertilised egg cell, so they have exactly the same ________ .

The fertilized egg cell had a __________ of their parents’ genes, so the twins are not genetically identical to either parent.

embryo identical genes fertilised mixture

Identical Twins

fertilisedembryo

identical

genes

mixture

7. Where do you find a human embryo ?

8. What scientific ‘f’ word immediately precedes the formation of an embryo ?

9. Name one life-threatening illness which is inherited.

In theIn the uterus uterus

fertilisation fertilisation

Huntingdon’s disorder, cystic fibrosis Huntingdon’s disorder, cystic fibrosis

10. What is variation?

11. Males have two XX chromosomes. True or False?


False. False. Male sex chromosomes are X and Y. Male sex chromosomes are X and Y.

They are different versions of the same gene.They are different versions of the same gene. They are the code for inherited features. There They are the code for inherited features. There could be two could be two dominantdominant, two , two recessiverecessive or one of or one of each.each.

Differences between living organisms. This could Differences between living organisms. This could be differences between species but there are also be differences between species but there are also differences between members of a population from differences between members of a population from the same species (as in humans)the same species (as in humans)

B1: VariationB1: Variation

Human beings are all very __________. We share Human beings are all very __________. We share many of the same __________. But each person is many of the same __________. But each person is ___________. ___________.

There are differences in our features. We call these There are differences in our features. We call these differences __________.differences __________.

Differences between us are caused by ________ and Differences between us are caused by ________ and the ___________ or a mixture of both.the ___________ or a mixture of both.

Genes are found in the __________ of cells and are Genes are found in the __________ of cells and are instructions for making __________ .instructions for making __________ .

genes proteins alike variation nuclei environment unique features

alikefeatures unique

variation

genesenvironment

nucleiproteins

Men wear Y-fronts.

&

There’s a ‘Y’ in boY.

Males are XYMales are XY

Learn the XX / XY fact any way you like and then remember it because it’s easy marks!

Females are XXFemales are XX

Girls are useless

Boys know why,Girls aren’t the bosses.Boys X and YGirls krissy-krosses.

XX

Yes the poems are rubbish, so find your own way to remember XX / XY because it’s easy marks

Males are XYMales are XY

Females are XXFemales are XX

Boys are useless

Boys must cry,Girls are the bosses.Boys X and YGirls two big crosses.

XX

During fertilisation the ______ chromosomes in the sperm combine with the ______ chromosomes in the egg to form 23 ________ of chromosomes.

Each chromosome in a pair has come from a __________ parent.

This means there may be different versions of the genes – called __________ .

Because children get their alleles from both parents they tend to ________ both parents but never look ___________ the same as either one.

different pairs resemble alleles exactly 23


2323

pairs

different

alleles

resembleexactly

Genetic Cross

Diagram >>>>>>>>

A capital letter codes for the dominant allele (B)

A small case letter codes for the recessive allele (b)

In this example both the mother and the father are Bb

They both have brown eyes

The allele for blue eyes is b and is recessive

What’s the possibility of them having a blue-eyed child?

B

b

B b

bbbbBbBbBbBbBBBB


B is the gene for brown eyes b is the gene for blue eyes

Parents

BB bbBody cell in father with a pair of genes for brown eyes

Body cell in mother with a pair of genes for blue eyes

Gametes

Beach sperm has a gene for brown eyes

b b each ovum has a gene for blue eyes

B

At fertilization

There are 4 possible ways of joining a sperm to an ovum

B

B

b b

BbBbBbBbBbBbBbBb

What’s the possibility of them having a blue-eyed child?

Parentsfather with

brown eyes

mother with

brown eyes

Gametes

At fertilization

B is the gene for brown eyes b is the gene for blue eyes

Bb Bb

B b B b

B

b

B b

bbbbBbBbBbBbBBBB

A child who inherits the genes BB will have brown eyes

A child who inherits the genes Bb will have brown eyes

A child who inherits the genes bb will have blue eyes

13.13. Explain briefly what is meant by ‘an ethical Explain briefly what is meant by ‘an ethical question.’question.’

14.14. A genetic test for cystic fibrosis turns out to be a A genetic test for cystic fibrosis turns out to be a ‘false negative.’ What does this mean ?‘false negative.’ What does this mean ?

15.15. What is the method for choosing a healthy What is the method for choosing a healthy embryo called?embryo called?

One for which there is no One for which there is no definitivedefinitive rightright or or wrongwrong. A . A

difficult choice.difficult choice.

The test result said the embryo was clear of cystic fibrosis The test result said the embryo was clear of cystic fibrosis and therefore ‘negative.’ But the result was wrong and the and therefore ‘negative.’ But the result was wrong and the child was born with cystic fibrosis. child was born with cystic fibrosis. Genetic tests are not Genetic tests are not

completely reliable.completely reliable.

embryo selection embryo selection (pre-implantation genetic diagnosis)(pre-implantation genetic diagnosis)

16. Is the allele for cystic fibrosis dominant or recessive?

17.17. Define asexual reproduction.Define asexual reproduction.

18.18. Write down one viewpoint in support of embryo Write down one viewpoint in support of embryo selection.selection.

Recessive.Recessive. Cystic fibrosis can only be passed on when two Cystic fibrosis can only be passed on when two

recessive alleles are present.recessive alleles are present.

When an organism has offspring without a mate. The When an organism has offspring without a mate. The

offspring have just one parent.offspring have just one parent.

Parents can choose between embryo’s. (If an embryo is Parents can choose between embryo’s. (If an embryo is identified as having Huntingdon’s or cystic fibrosis they can identified as having Huntingdon’s or cystic fibrosis they can

choose a different one).choose a different one).

14. A genetic test for cystic fibrosis turns out to be a ‘false 14. A genetic test for cystic fibrosis turns out to be a ‘false negative.’ negative.’ What does this meanWhat does this mean ? ?

This question is a genetic testing one:

Fetus Fetus hashas the the disorderdisorder

Fetus does not have Fetus does not have the disorderthe disorder

Fetus Fetus does notdoes not have have the disorderthe disorder

Fetus has the Fetus has the disorderdisorder





RealityRealityTest resultTest result

False negativeFalse negative

False positiveFalse positive

True negativeTrue negative

True positiveTrue positive

OutcomeOutcome

Genetic testing is approximately 90% accurate

19.19. Write down one viewpoint that does Write down one viewpoint that does notnot support support embryo selection.embryo selection.


21.21. What is genetic modification?What is genetic modification?

It is the process of replacing It is the process of replacing faulty allelesfaulty alleles with with healthy healthy ones.ones.

Altering the characteristics of an organism by introducing the Altering the characteristics of an organism by introducing the genes of another organism into it’s DNA.genes of another organism into it’s DNA.

a. It’s wrong to create one person to help another orb. It’s a step towards ‘designer babies.’ Nature should

be allowed to take it’s natural course orc. They could might think about producing babies as

organ donors.



22.22. What is Huntingdon’s Disorder?What is Huntingdon’s Disorder?

23.23. What are chromosomes?What are chromosomes?

24.24. What is cystic fibrosis?What is cystic fibrosis?

An An inherited diseaseinherited disease of the nervous system. of the nervous system.

Threads of genes found in the nucleus of a cell.Threads of genes found in the nucleus of a cell.

A A genetic inheritedgenetic inherited disease caused by disease caused by recessiverecessive alleles alleles that affects many organs particularly the lungs and digestive that affects many organs particularly the lungs and digestive

system.system.

What did you score?What did you score?

Task:Task: You have You have 2 minutes2 minutes to identify and list your to identify and list your 3 weakest areas3 weakest areas from the next page in your planner.from the next page in your planner.

22 / 24 = A* 20/24 = A 16/24 = B22 / 24 = A* 20/24 = A 16/24 = B

12/24 = C 8/ 24 = D12/24 = C 8/ 24 = D

Inheritance / VariationInheritance / VariationGenesGenesChromosomesChromosomesHuntingdon’s disorderHuntingdon’s disorderCystic fibrosisCystic fibrosisMale or female?Male or female?Dominant allelesDominant allelesRecessive allelesRecessive allelesEthics – making decisionsEthics – making decisionsGenetic testingGenetic testingEmbryo selectionEmbryo selectionGene TherapyGene TherapyCloningCloningAsexual reproductionAsexual reproductionSexual reproductionSexual reproductionTherapeutic cloningTherapeutic cloning

What makes us all different?What makes us all different?

..and chromosomes

Numbers in ‘normal’ cells and sex cells

Inherited condition / symptoms

Inherited condition / carriers

XY / XX - sperm and egg cells

Alleles that create your features

Alleles you carry – not as features

…about what’s ‘right’ and what’s ‘wrong’

Used to look for faulty alleles

H: Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis

Replacing faulty alleles with healthy ones

Ethics of laboratory cloning. Dolly.

Natural cloning

Creating offspring from two adults

Use of stem cells to create new cells

Lesson: Your B1 Revision: Lesson: Your B1 Revision: 3 Choices3 Choices

Pair up with another student. Work as a team.Pair up with another student. Work as a team.Support each other. Help each other out.Support each other. Help each other out.

Choice 1:Choice 1: Make up 5 questions (with answers) for each Make up 5 questions (with answers) for each weak area. 15 questions in all. Test each other.weak area. 15 questions in all. Test each other.

Choice 2: DrawChoice 2: Draw a memory diagram of your weakest area. a memory diagram of your weakest area. (I’ll show you an example of how to do this).(I’ll show you an example of how to do this).

Choice 3: Choice 3: Plan a Plan a B1 revision lessonB1 revision lesson to teach your partner to teach your partner (and yourself) about one of your weak areas. It must (and yourself) about one of your weak areas. It must include an introduction, some annotated diagrams and include an introduction, some annotated diagrams and some questions to ask the ‘class.’ some questions to ask the ‘class.’

Higher Students – Your Higher Students – Your A*A* awaits – Part 1 awaits – Part 1

Understand:Understand:

• genes are instructions for a cell that describe how to make proteins, genes are instructions for a cell that describe how to make proteins, which may be structural or enzymes;which may be structural or enzymes;

• that sex of a human embryo is determined by a gene on the Y that sex of a human embryo is determined by a gene on the Y chromosome;chromosome;

• link between this gene and the development of sex organs into link between this gene and the development of sex organs into either ovaries or testes.either ovaries or testes.

• implications of testing embryos for embryo selection; pre-implications of testing embryos for embryo selection; pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD);implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD);

• the implications of the use of genetic testing by others, (eg. for the implications of the use of genetic testing by others, (eg. for genetic screening programmes, by employers / insurance genetic screening programmes, by employers / insurance companies).companies).

Abbreviate these to your plannerAbbreviate these to your planner

Higher Students – Your Higher Students – Your A*A* awaits – Part 2 awaits – Part 2

---in the context of use of genetic testing by others you can:---in the context of use of genetic testing by others you can:

• • distinguish what can be done (technical feasibility), from what should be distinguish what can be done (technical feasibility), from what should be done (values);done (values);

• • explain why different courses of action may be taken in different social explain why different courses of action may be taken in different social and environmental contexts.and environmental contexts.

---understand how clones of animals occur:---understand how clones of animals occur:

• • naturallynaturally, , when cells of an embryo separatewhen cells of an embryo separate (identical twins); (identical twins);

• • artificiallyartificially, , when the nucleus from an adult body cell is transferred to when the nucleus from an adult body cell is transferred to an empty unfertilised egg cellan empty unfertilised egg cell..

Abbrevaite these to your plannerAbbrevaite these to your planner

Revision HomeworkRevision Homework

Create a Powerpoint presentation on your weakest areasCreate a Powerpoint presentation on your weakest areas

Use the 15 questions you worked out as your starting Use the 15 questions you worked out as your starting point.point.

Explain ‘difficult’ science parts as simply as you can.Explain ‘difficult’ science parts as simply as you can.

Use relevant diagrams & photographs from the internet.Use relevant diagrams & photographs from the internet.

Next week : ‘trade’ your Powerpoint with other students.Next week : ‘trade’ your Powerpoint with other students.

Some Extra B1 StuffSome Extra B1 Stuff

InheritanceInheritance

Children inherit their __________ from their mother Children inherit their __________ from their mother and their __________ . So children may look a bit like and their __________ . So children may look a bit like their parents. their parents.

Each child gets a mix of their parents genes so Each child gets a mix of their parents genes so brothers and sisters may look ___________ but they brothers and sisters may look ___________ but they will all be __________ because they get a different will all be __________ because they get a different ___________ of their parents genes.___________ of their parents genes.

Your ____________ containing your genes are in Your ____________ containing your genes are in pairs. pairs.

alike genes chromosomes father unique mixture

genesfather

alikeunique mixture

chromosomes

The 23rd pair of chromosomes in humans decides if you are male or female. They are called the ______ chromosomes.

There are two types, the ____ chromosome which can be found in eggs or sperm, and the _____ chromosome, which is found in _____ cells but never in _____ cells.

Somebody with the chromosomes _____ would be male, whereas someone with the chromosomes _____ would be female.

XX sex XY sperm Y egg X

Male or female?

sex

XY

spermegg

XYXX

Male or female? Male or female?

Human beings have _____ pairs of chromosomes in a Human beings have _____ pairs of chromosomes in a normal body cell. One pair is called the _____ normal body cell. One pair is called the _____ chromosomes. This pair controls whether the person chromosomes. This pair controls whether the person is male or female.is male or female.

In a man the chromosomes in this pair are different In a man the chromosomes in this pair are different sizes. There is one _____ and one _____ sizes. There is one _____ and one _____ chromosome.chromosome.

In a woman the chromosomes in this pair are the In a woman the chromosomes in this pair are the same size. There are two _____ chromosomes. The same size. There are two _____ chromosomes. The pair is called _____ . pair is called _____ .

XX X 23 X sex XY Y

23sex

X Y

XXX

Documents

24 Sheets 24 Questions 24 Answers You have 5 minutes to learn them all B1: You and your Genes: Revision