Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Access to energy, human promotion and sustainable developmentProf. Emanuela Colombo,
Rector’s Delegate to “Cooperation and Development” - Politecnico di Milano
UNESCO Chair in Energy for Sustainable Development
Department of Energy
Engineering Without Border
Emanuela Colombo - POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
2
Linked to Development
?
Is Energy somehow
Emanuela Colombo - POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
3
Energy and Socio-Economic Development
Energy and DevelopmentWorld Bank, IEA, UNDP 2009
Energy is linked to Development and vice-versa
Quantitative interdependency between Energy and Development
Emanuela Colombo - POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
4
The Human Development Index
• Life expectancy at birth (LEI),• Mean years + Expected years of schooling (EI),• A decent standard of living, (GNIindex),
The Energy Development index
• commercial energy consumption (Ec):• electricity in residential sector (EEc):• modern fuels in residential sector (ME%)• population with access to electricity (EE%).
3indexGNIEILEIHDI %EE41%ME41EEc41Ec41EDI
IEA, UNDP 2011
Energy and Social Development
Energy and Development
R² = 0,78
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0
Hum
an D
evel
opm
ent I
ndex
Energy Development Index
Emanuela Colombo - POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
5
Linked to Development
Energy is
Access to Energy should be a “right” for ALL
.. But it is not...
Emanuela Colombo - POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
6
mandatory to overcome “development divide”
1.3 billions do not have access to electricity
2.7 billions rely on biomass
for cooking and lighting
80% in LIE
99% in rural area
90% in informal suburbs
5-15% annual outages
1-2 millions deaths /y
10% of fuel carbon to HC
15% efficiency
Access to Energy
1 further billion do not have
reliable access to electric energy
Access to Energy
Emanuela Colombo - POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
7
Access to Energy has two faces
Access to
Electric Energy
Access to Modern fuels
Emanuela Colombo - POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
8
Access to electric energy Share of people without it for DCs, 2008
Data From UNDP 2010
Access to Energy
Comparisons Rural vs Urban
DCs : 41 % vs 10%
SSA : 89% vs 46%
Emanuela Colombo - POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
9
modern fuels include gas, kerosene, electricity
Data From UNDP 2010
Access to Energy
Comparisons Rural vs Urban
DCs : 81 % vs 30%
SSA : 95% vs 58%
Access to modern fuelsShare of people without it for DCs, 2008
Emanuela Colombo - POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
10
UNs say that without at least
Other 400 millions people With access to electric energy
1 billions peopleWith access to modern fuels
No chance to achieve MDG 1 on poverty
Emanuela Colombo - POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
- Access to electric energy:
- Access to modern fuel :
$ 760 billions to 2030 (2.3% of New Policy Scenario investments)
$ 40 billions / year
$ 60 billions
$ 700 billions
Universal Access to Energy to 2030
5-600 $ per capita
40 $ per capita
OECD electric energy
9300 TWh per year
If we increased the price
0.5 c$/kWh
We could make
$ 49 billions / year
Access to Energy and Investments
11
Emanuela Colombo - POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
12
We as responsible people
could (should)afford it
Emanuela Colombo - POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
13
HealthEquity
• Accessibility• Affordability• Disparities
• Accident fatalities• Local Pollution
Access to energySocial Dimension
Which Strategies for Access to Energy ?
The Technical dimension is not the only one.
Universal Access to Energy to 2030
Access to Energy
Emanuela Colombo - POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
14
Possible options according to the IEA forecast :
1. Improve access to the national electric grid:
• increase generating capacity via traditional power plants based on fossils • extend the electric transmission and distribution systems • improve the reliability of the service while reaching the LAST mile
2. Foster Distributed Generation [DG]:
• exploitation of local energy resources → reduce energy dependence• coupling of small-scale fossil-based and renewable-based energy technologies
Access to electric energy
Technologies for access to energy
WEO 2011
a) Stand alone /single Component: Energy home Systems (EHSs)b) Integrated Systems/multi-vectors: Integrated Renew. Energy Syst. (IRES)c) Integrated System/electricity only: Mini-Grid (MG)
50-250 kWh per year per capita
Emanuela Colombo - POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
15
Distributed Generation: Energy Home System [EHS]
ARE 2011
Depending on [1] the dispersion of the households and [2] the types of load required → longer distribution lines entail higher connection costs. Stand-alone systems can be a better solution:Power are up to 100-200W
Solar home systems [SHS] Pico-hydro systems [PHS] Wind home systems [WHS]
• power generation is close to load • no transmission and distribution costs• Total cost of energy tends to be higher, no economies of scale• to keep prices affordable, components capacities are low (100-200W)
• Due to small generation capacities Energy Home Systems do not support income generating activities, which enable a village to create productive services and jobs.
Access to electric energy
Technologies for access to energy
Emanuela Colombo - POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
16
Systems supplying a variety of energy vectors to a variety of loads harnessing two or more renewable energy sources. Power are up to 100 kW
match local renewable resources with local needs maximize efficiency and minimize cost integrate benefits at the user end Energization Vs Electrification
fits in the country's infrastructure, compatible with the local capacity can be properly maintained, affordable, to be accessible to virtually all, not destructive to the environment suitable to be applied on a small scale,
Due to small generation capacities Energy Home Systems do not support income generating activities, which enable a village to create productive services and jobs.
Distributed Generation: Integrated Renewables Energy System (IRES)
Access to electric energy
Technologies for access to energy
Emanuela Colombo - POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
17
Electricity Mini-Grids provide centralized electricity generation. MG can power households and local Small and Medium Enterprises [SMEs] Power is up to few MW :
grid extension is highly costly and not feasible → isolated remote areas grid extension is unlikely to be accomplished within the medium term
• Renewable Energy Systems → [1] high investment [2] “fuel free” [3] not subject to fuel price volatility [4] non-dispatchable [5] relay on batteries [6] to avoid blackouts batteries are required
• Diesel generator [1] low capital investment [2] high O&M [3] dispatchable [4] noising and polluting
• Hybrid → [1] rely on renewable energy to generate 75-99% of supply [2] almost independent [3] less related to the cost of fossil fuel [4] diesel genset used as a backup [5] battery size can be lower
• Hybrid systems often are the least-cost long-term energy solution to power economic development
• More complicated and gebnerally more costly than previous solutions ARE 2011
Distributed Generation: Mini grid (MG)
Access to electric energy
Technologies for access to energy
Emanuela Colombo - POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
18
WEO 2011
Access to modern fuels
Possible options according to the IEA forecast :
1. Improve access to the liquefied Petroleum Gas [LPG]
2. Foster distribution of Improved Cooked Stoves [ICS]:
3. Promote small scale Biogas Systems [BG]:
Technologies for access to energy
1.5-3 kWh per year per capita
Emanuela Colombo - POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
Three Stones - traditional cooking systems • Strong impact on land degradation• Strong impact on local health
Cooking Alternatives
1. Promoting Improved Cooked Stoves (ICS) using non commercial biomass>>> shorter term
2. Shift to Modern Energies (gas, electricity, kerosene or II gen biomass) >>> longer term
Access to modern fuels: ICS
Technologies for access to energy19
Emanuela Colombo - POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
Stoves can be classified on the basis of biomass used as feeding fuel
Traditional wood
stoves
Rocket wood
stoves
Charcoal stoves Gasifiers Gas stoves Liquid
stoves
Improved Cook Stoves Modern Energies StovesTraditional cook stoves
Technologies for access to energy
Access to modern fuels: ICS
20
Emanuela Colombo - POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
Rocket wood stoves Many commercial solutions
G3300 WOOD COOKSTOVE Environfit
Wood gasifier stoves
Rare commercial solutions
Technologies for access to energy21
Access to modern fuels: ICS
Biolite camp stove with Thermoelectricmodule
Emanuela Colombo - POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
Household Biogas Systems The installed low cost biogas plant, floating dome, consists of a digestor of transparent double film tubular polyethylene.
22
Diogestor line
Line to kitchen
Technologies for access to energy
Access to modern fuels: BS
The diameter is 80 cm. The reservoir sack is transparent of 2 m3 volume. For a biogas production of 1 m3/day/plant the expected energy output is 6 kWh/day/plant, since the resulting gas is a mixture of methane (averagely 56%), carbon dioxide and others
Emanuela Colombo - POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
23
Community Biogas Systems According to the design of the fixed dome; (Nepalese design is preferred because of its robustness, ease of operation, opportunity to accommodate high shares of local materials, correct sizing and low cost) the digester sizes of 4 6 8 and 10 m3 are included to entertain users’ demand for cooking energy and lighting
Technologies for access to energy
Access to modern fuels: BS
Emanuela Colombo - POLIMI – UNESCO Chair
When the goal is … development
Which Strategies are Win Win ?
