26th, 27th & 28th April, 2018 : MDC on SHE, Bhubaneswar, Odisha

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Shri G. D. Rath, Secretary Multi Disciplinary Centre on Safety, Health and Environment, Bhubaneswar

Shri S. K. Bhuyan, Principal Multi Disciplinary Centre on Safety, Health and Environment, Bhubaneswar

National Conference on

Importance of EHS in Emerging Economics

26th, 27th & 28th April, 2018 MDC on SHE, Bhubaneswar, Odisha

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MULTI DISCIPLINARY CENTRE ON SAFETY, HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT [A Government of Odisha Sponsored Autonomous Institute]

IDCO Plot No: 04, Chandaka Industrial Estate, Infocity Road, Patia, Bhubaneswar-751024, odisha, India

Ph:0674-2741651 / 2743768, Fax: 0674-2741651, Mob: +91 9437288411 Email: mdcshe@gmail.com, Website: mdconshe.org

�e Multi Disciplinary Centre on Safety, Health and Environment do not take any responsibility on the opinion expressed by the authors on the technical papers published in this book

Silver Jubilee Celebration & Conference Inaugural Function

Dr.M.K.Purkait,IAS(Retd) Founder President lighting the Lamp. [L-R: S/Shri M. P. Sinha, RED, NTPC, ER-II, Dr. A. K. Tripathy, President, MDC on SHE, G. D. Rath, Founder Sery., MDC on SHE, Arun Kumar Mishra, VP, TATA Steel, Gopalpur, Dr. M. K. Pirkait & G. S.

Khuntia, Founder VIce President, MDC on SHe]

Shr. G. S. Khuntia, VP Welcoming the Invitee and Participant. Shri G.D.Rath, Founder Secretary presenting a ‘Report’ on MDC on SHE.

Shri Arun Kumar Mishra, VP, TATA STEEL, Gopalpur delivering ‘Keynote Address’

Shri Murari Prasad Sinha, RED, NTPC ER-II addressing as Guest of Honour

Dr. Ajit Kumar Tripathy, President releasing the ‘Success Story of MDC on SHE’

Dr. M. K. Purkait, IAS(Retd), Founder President releasing ‘Souvenir ‘ of the Conference.

Felicitation to Founder Members and Distinguished Presidents of MDC on SHE

Dr. Ajit Kumar Tripathy falicitating to Dr. M. K.Purkait, IAS(Retd), Founder President, MDC on SHE.

Dr. M. K. Purkait, IAS(Retd), Founder President, MDC on SHE felicitating to Dr. Ajit Kumar Tripathy, distinguished President, MDC on SHE.

Dr. Ajit Kumar Tripathy falicitating to Shri G. S. Khuntia, Founder VP, MDC on SHE

Dr. Ajit Kumar Tripathy, falicitating to Dr. C. R. Mohapatra, IFS(Retd), Founder VP, MDC on SHE

Dr. Ajit Kumar Tripathy, falicitating to Shri P. K. Mishra, Founder Member, MDC on SHE

Participant

Dr. Ajit Kumar Tripathy, falicitating to Shri G. D. Rath, Founder Secretary, MDC on SHE

�e Participant with the Founder Members and distinguished Members of MDC on SHE

Prof.(Dr) T. Venkatesh delivering ‘Keynote Address’

Shri H. Srinivasiah, Ex-Director of F&B, Karnataka Presenting a Passion “Recent Trends to ensure a Safe Tomorroiw”

Dr. Nabin Kumar Pattnaik, presenting a paper on “Ocular Hazard in Industry- How to take care”

Shri N.V.Subha Rao, CEO, Cholamandalam MS Risk, Chennai addressing on “Safety and Economy.

Shri P. C. Das, Ex-Dir. of F&B, Odisha, Chairperson delivering Concluding Remarks

Shri Amit Kumar,Sr.Director,TERI delivering ‘Keynote Address’

Shri Ramesh Kumar Behera, Dy. Director of F& B,Cuttack presenting ‘Case Study’

Prof.(Dr) S. Pruthivish addressing on “Occupational Health Services- �e Road Ahead”

Dr.Malay Kumar Pradhan, Dy.Director of F&B, Odisha, presenting a Paper on “Safety Issues and Challenges”

Participant

Shri G.S.KLhuntia, Chairperson giving ‘Concluding Remarks”

Shri G. Upadhyaya, Ex-CMD, NALCO, delivering Concluding Remark as the Chairperson of the session

Dr. T. Pachal, AGM(OHS), Bokaro Steel Plant presenting a Paper on “Ergonomics consideration for E�eciency Optimization of Older Workers”

Dr.D.K.Behera, Sr, Environmental Scientist, L-1, SPCB, Odisha, Addressing on “ Environmental Legislation”

Technical Session

Valedictory Session

Shri Subrat Tripathy, CEO, DPCL,Dhamra addressing as Guest of Honour.

Shri S. C. Panda, IAS(Retd), Ex-Spl. Secretary, Ministry of Home A�airs,G.O.I. addressing as the Chief Guest.

Shri S. K. Patnaik, Dean, Presenting of Conference Proceeding

Dr.Ajit Kumar Tripathy, President falicitating to Shri S,C.Panda, IAS(Retd.), Ex-Spl, Secy., Ministry of Home A�airs and distinguished past member of MDC on SHE.

Dr. A. K. Mohanty Jt. Secy-Cum-Treasure, MDC on SHE presenting Vote of �anks.

Shri S.C.Panda,IAS(Retd) distributing the Certi�cate to the Participants.

Front View of Programme Venue - MDC on SHE

Dr. Ajit Kumar Tripathy, IAS(Retd)Formerly Chief Secretary &

Ex-State Election Commissioner, Odisha

Environment is the most important component in Safety. �e environment inside the workshop or shop �oor should be neat and clean and the set up so well arranged that every thing that is required for the worker or engineer for operation and safety is available at hand or with the press of a button and he does not have to frantically search for it. �ere has to be no half hazardness in the way things and store are arranged. If this is not done, these will not be available at the most critical time. �e lighting, the noise level, the air pollution level and temperature have all to be kept within the recommended level and not exceed the danger mark at any cost.

�e environment outside the shop �oor and inside the factory has also to be guarded and maintained properly. �e environment of the surrounding areas of the industry has also to be taken care of so that it creates the right climate for safety. Too much of �lth and garbage around and slums around the factory are dangerous forerunners for hazardous situations. �e township surrounding or nearby should have proper sanitation and health facilities. �ere has to be adequate land available for the industry for industrial waste disposal and garbage management , so that no health hazards are caused which will a�ect the health of the workers.

Next to environment is the factor of occupational health. Occupation speci�c ailments have to be prevented. Regular health surveys are required to be done to detect starting of such ailments and all preventive and curative measures have to be regularly taken. It is important to take care of mental health of the workers and the management personnel so that from “no accident” goal we move to “no harm ” goal. A mentally disturbed employee can be cause of any accident in an industry. Psychosomatic diseases which are caused by life styles and habits have to be always guarded and taken care of.

First Aid is an important component of accident and disaster management

Environment, Health and Safety- the Critical Needs.

in any industry and this requires regular training. Managing a Certi�cate does not help in actual �rst aid treatment. �erefore, management should not only pay serious attention to the proper basic training but take care of refresher trainings at regular intervals.

Awareness of Safety is as important as the technical equipments and gadgets. Industrial gloves, head-gears , dark glasses , shoes etc are of no use unless they are used. Such awareness creation can not be a one-time business but should be a continuous process. �ere has to be Safety Audit of the industrial establishments at least once in every alternate years to ensure that no laxity sets in and all the safety mechanisms are in working conditions, particularly attention has to be given to the early warning systems and their maintenance. Mock Safety drills have to be regularly conducted.

Another important area is construction safety. Some types of construction activities goes on in all industries from their inception. Technologies for construction safety have developed and they have to be adopted to prevent accidents. Construction is the area where most of the workers are contract workers and not much attention is paid to their safety training and safety practices. Construction accidents not only delay the starting of the industry but cause heavy �nancial losses.

On the occasion of Silver Jubilee function of MDC on SHE we take pride in announcing that we can be entrusted with safety audit work by the industries. �e organization has been certi�ed as a competent organization to conduct “First Aid Training” under the Factory Act, 1948 and Mines Act, 1952 and issue certi�cates on successful completion of the course. Industries and Mines can avail of our training at very low cost at their sites. MDC on SHE runs “Post Diploma in Industrial Safety” a�liated to SCTE&VT,Odisha for Engineering Degree and Diploma holders as well as Science Graduates. Industry will do well to recruit these bright skilled personnel as their safety o�cers.�ose who have been trained in di�erent batches and absorbed in industries have all got excellent reports.

Various industries have success stories in prevention and management of industrial accidents and hazards and these can be shared with MDC on SHE for use as training material. A set of safety equipments can be provided for the MDC on SHE’s “Safety Museum”. Various instructions and guidelines on safety received in industries from di�erent quarters can be passed on to the MDC on SHE for Library so that the contents of the training materials would be enriched with practices followed in di�erent industries. �ere should be a good networking of information on safety, health and environment for the bene�t of all.

Safety is more than a concept or a technology. It is a philosophy and a way of life for all , which any country, particularly a developing economy can ill a�ord to ignore.

C O N T E N T SSL. NO. PAPER RESOURCE PERSON PAGES

01 Ergonomics Consideration for Dr. Trinath Pachal 01-04 E�ciency Optimisation of older worker in Indian Industry

02 Lead Toxicity & Climate Change Taylor, O’Brien, Smith 05-08 & Venkatesh �uppil

03 Action Plan for Renewable Energy Shri Amit Kumar 09-10 Target in INDC (Intended Nationally Determined Contribution)

04 Environmental Regulatory Dr. D. K. Behera 11-22 Framework in India

05 Safety issues and challenges Dr. Malay Kumar Pradhan 23-27 emerging in Odisha Industries- Roadmap for Prevention and Control

06 Role of EHS in port Economy Shri Subrat Tripathy 28-29

07 Occupational Health Services Prof. (Dr) Sreekantaiah Pruthvish 30-32 �e road ahead in the unorganized sector

08 Ocular Hazard in Industry- Dr. Nabin Kumar Pattnaik 33-34 How to take care

09 Tomorrow’s Safety of Industrial Shri H Srinivasaiah 35-37 Workers –Recent Trends

10 Safety and Economy Shri N. V. Subha Rao 38-44 Leaders in Risk Engineering and EHS Solutions an ISO 9001:2008 Certi�ed Consulting Organisation

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�e physical work environment is important for any worker in industry, but perhaps more for older workers of manufacturing industries where a mixture of older sets of workplace and upgraded modern work system exist co-laterally like most of Indian industries. WHO, in one its report mentioned that ‘normal and pathological changes a�ect the bones and muscles of older workers, thereby reducing their maximum physical performance. �e consequences are particularly damaging for those workers whose jobs require sustained, concentrated and intense e�orts. Noise and vibrations also may not be well tolerated by older workers, and the combined e�ects of such poor physical conditions can be experienced in a multiplicative, rather than additive manner by these workers’. In addition, age-related factors which a�ect an individual’s ability to work safely include wear and tear and degenerative changes to the body and also ill health. Individual variation, level of �tness, state of health and type of work, as well as the e�ect of non-age related factors, also make a di�erence.. �ere

ERGONOMICS CONSIDERATION FOR EFFICIENCY OPTIMISATION OF OLDER

WORKER IN INDIAN INDUSTRYDR. TRINATH PACHAL

P.hd, Asst.General Manager( Med. & Health Services),SAIL, Bokaro Steel Plant

ABSTRACTPhysical Fitness in industrial work environment is important for any worker, but perhaps more for older group of workers where a mixture of older sets of workplace and upgraded modern work system exist co-laterally like most of our Indian industries. In last decade, WHO mentioned that normal and pathological changes a�ect the bones and muscles of older workers, which reduce their maximum physical performances. �e consequences are particularly damaging for those workers whose jobs require sustained, concentrated and intense e�orts. ILO in 2008 statistically estimated that by 2016 there will be more than 40 million older workers over age of 55 and in 2020 25% of our global labour force will be above 55. Several reports clearly indicate that a large number of skilled manpower exists in our industries whose capacities and capabilities are in questioned where productivity is concern. Moreover losing the expertise of older workers could have a drastic and negative impact in our company’s operations. To combat with such serious productivity issues, we immediately need to change/relax the physical requirements of the job for older workers or improve their physical work capacity by modifying the work place or work space through Ergonomics consideration. Considering the issue of the aging workforce, a comprehensive workplace ergonomics programs with education & training is becoming more and more necessary in India. Present paper will highlight some simple ergonomic proactive e�orts to adjust older workers in Bokaro Steel plant which result in bringing con�dence amongst a large group of older employees during twenty �ve years which in turn creates a safer, healthier, more productive and more competitive business tomorrow.

Keywords: Older worker, Ergonomics, Productivity

are also di�erent types of long-term physical conditions associated with older age groups, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and arthritis or osteoporosis, which may impact on a person’s ability to work safely. Moreover, reduced elasticity in body tissues lead to decrease the range of movements. It severely a�ects production system as people try to work at extremes of posture which in turn leads to several musculo-skeletal disorders. ILO in 2008 estimated that by 2016 there will be more than 40 million older workers over age of 55 and in 2020 25% of our global labour force will be above 55. Some of our Indian industries are already exceeding the prediction where employees over 55 are more than 40% in 2017. It means that a large number of skilled manpower now exists in our industries whose capacities and capabilities are in questioned where productivity is concern. Moreover losing the expertise of older workers could have a drastic and negative impact in our company’s operations as well as on national economy as a whole. To combat with such serious productivity issues, we

1. INTRODUCTION

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immediately need to change/relax the physical requirements of the job for older workers or improve their physical work capacity by modifying the work place or work space through Ergonomics consideration. In ILO Recommendation No. 162, especially 13(a) in paragraph 13 re�ects: “remedy those conditions of work and of the working environment that are likely to hasten the ageing process”. Considering the issue of the aging workforce, a comprehensive workplace ergonomics programs with education & training is becoming more and more necessary in our Industries, especially in heavy manufacturing industries. Few ergonomics applications on older employees in Bokaro Steel Plant (BSL) for last twenty-�ve years and its impact on productivity will give an overview to understand the scenario.2. MUSCULO-SKELETAL DISORDERS (MSD) AMONGST OLDER WELDERSIn late nineties, Structural Shop of BSL experienced higher rate of MSD amongst the welders. Ergonomics report said that out of 48 older welders (mean age 48.38±0.13) 43.75% su�ered with Cr. Back Pain, 29.16% su�ered with Neck problems and 27.09% su�ered with other form of Musculo-skeletal disorder. It was a challenge to Ergonomics Unit for combating the diseases which de�nitely hindered

3. REPETITIVE STRESS INJURY FOR OLDER OPERATORSNearly �ve years back Sri X Mahto of 51 years of age, working as machine operator at Machine shop, used to take pain killer tablets/ injectables regularly before starting his job. His complaint of Chronic ‘Back Pain’ had already been investigated by physicians and nothing abnormal was detected in his back. Gradually he became a habitual absentee. Upon investigation it was noticed that due to short Stature (156 Centimetres), Mr. X had to operate a machine with upward extension of his body and balancing it on toe. A�er each operation he returned to original position with a jerk. Repeated upward extension of trunk and jerk on spine were causing RSI (repeated stress injuries) on Vertebral column which led to severe spinal strain followed by physical abnormalities at this age. It was a classical example of violating basic principles of biomechanics for extension of body parts at work in ��ies. Only advanced medical diagnostics (e.g MRI) can con�rm the RSI on Spine. A simple 25 inches high wooden platform has changed the whole scenario including the chronic back pain of the older employee who was under severe professional stress for more than one years in his department due to his physical disorders. One can easily estimate the value of such simple workplace modi�cations which can directly help in production. Such modi�cations need only basic knowledge on Biomechanics.

4. OLDER CRANE OPERATORS & SPINE STRESSSlabbing Mill of BSL was experienced a huge loss due to its defective production which has a close relation with mishandling of steel slab by some over head cranes. Ergonomics survey indicated that severe physical and mental stress amongst the older crane operators (mean age 48.32 ±0.41) were the primary cause for such deteriorating work scenario in soaking pit of Slabbing Mill. Report showed that amongst 45 Soaker Crane operators, 48.9% su�ered from Cr. Back / Neck Pain, 42.2% - Eye Strain, 31.1% - Mental Exhaustion and 15.6% su�ered from Physical fatigue. Reasons for such high prevalence of physical and mental stress were adverse head postures ( Figure-2), excessive head rotations, frequent neck movements, acute vibration

Figure-1 : Biomechanical stress of older welders during sitting operation

productivity including huge medical expenses. Upon investigation, three major �ndings were identi�ed: a) Prolonged Isometric welding operations were causing MSD , b) Age (mean 48.38±0.13) was a contributing factor for such strain, c) BMI <19 and >25 was other contributing factor for MSD in Structural Shop. A�er analyzing free body diagram for standing welding operation, the bio-mechanical stress at spine was calculated as 12.55 KgM2. It was also seen that minor change in spine elevation could reduce nearly half the spine stress. Important information was received from some welders that use of a small stool relieved back pain

during welding operation. Biomechanical analysis of sitting welding operation with a small stool opened the new vistas in the area of welding ergonomics where spine load with and without stool during welding were recorded 6.07 and 10.49 KgM2 respectively ( Figure – 1). �at is why a simple low cost small stool can make welding operation stress less, speci�cally at low back for older welder in BSL. For further prevention of such disorders, the following recommendations were given: a) Ergonomics Training for correct welding postures, b) Performing back- extension exercise a�er job, c) Regular medical check-up for aged workers, and d) Low height and �exible sitting arrangements for older welders.

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exposure, improper Illumination, inappropriate seat design, dirt & scratches on the glass panes, wrong & unsafe work practices and poor communication at soaking pit area. ]

Figure -2: Adverse Head and Neck movement at Soaker Crane

A�er detailed analysis with Photo Imaging Ergography (PIE), a multidimensional ergonomic and biomechanical solution was recommended including use of Flexible Crane Chair, correction of operating postures, advanced Communication System, Regular Cleaning or use of Heat Resistant Wiper System for all glass Panes, Redesign of Pit Operators’ Cabin and provision of Re�ecting Mirrors in and outside of the crane to see the position of red hot steel slab. It is interesting to note that within six month of recommendation, �ve out of seven tasks were implemented and average comfort rating of crane operators increased to 7.5 from less than 2 in ten point rating scale.

5. SAND SHOVELLING IN FOUNDRY & BIOMECHANICS: Epidemiological �ndings con�rmed that older sand shovellers of Steel Foundry experienced more lumbo-sacral sprain than any other shovellers including coke sorting at Coke Ovens which seems to be one of the strenuous manual operation in Steel plant. A biomechanical model ( Figure – 3) was developed to identify the net reaction forces and the moment load at lumbo-sacral joint which was the main

contributing factor for chronic back-pain of sand shovellers. �e model was tested on two major task:a) Sand Pouring in Foundry– ΣM = 17.722 KgM and R =

16.81 Kgb) Coke Sorting in Coke Oven – ΣM = 9.106 KgM and R

= 10.177 Kg (Where ΣM is Net moment and R is Net reaction force)

�ree noticeable facts were identi�ed through the model:i) Sand shoveling is much more strenuous than coke

sorting as both the moment and reaction force at lumbo-sacral joint is more in sand shovellers.

ii) Nature of material to be shoveled is the major contributing factor for spine stress.

iii) Postural adjustment for all older workers are necessary during sand shoveling as maximum reaction force is experienced at the front foot.

Postural training for older sand shovellers at Steel foundry along with spinal exercise caused mild improvement of the situation. Recommendation for redesign of shovel in Foundry was given to Design department for further improvements.

5. COMPUTERISATION & BIOMECHANICAL STRESS�e introduction of computers in all Pharmacy counters of Bokaro General Hospital had created a fundamental change in the nature of pharmacy work, both cognitively and physically. Due to these changes in the nature of work, a need for detailed man-machine study was felt for better co-ordination in pharmacy activities because VDT work was causing mismatch between the task and the user, resulting in increased biomechanical stress leading to several discomforts, fatigue and job dissatisfaction to the users whose mean age were above 49years. �e major physical discomforts were noticed in the area of neck pain (30.76%), eye strain (23.00%) and hand strain (15.38%). �e height of the key board was not acceptable to 38.46% and their angulations were not acceptable to 46.15% pharmacists. 84.61% of them felt that height of VDT was high and that was the main source of discomfort. No foot rest and document stands were provided. 69.23% felt discomfort due to re�ection of light at VDT. Biomechanical observations indicated that excessive neck movements during numbering and data feedings of dispensary slips were the main causes for neck strain. Ergonomic error was identi�ed in Design of dispensary slip. As the neck movement was the key ergonomic problem, a low height dispensary slip stand was recommended and some common designs were shown to them. A surprising change was noticed amongst the mindset of the pharmacists regarding acceptance of computerization of the counters. On the very next day of the discussion, one of the senior pharmacists of counter no. 4 prepared his own document stand, using simple packaging material ( Figure-4). He counselled other pharmacists to prepare their own stands as it reduced neck pain by half in a single day. �at was a classic example of participatory ergonomics for older employees

Figure- 3: Biomechanical model for shoveling showing reaction force and moment load

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where users need to know only the bio-mechanical principles of related work and work places. �at is why HRD of BSL has started two day formal Ergonomics training since 2010 for educating it’s employee on various bio-mechanical and Ergonomics principles during steel making operations. BSL is the pioneering industry in India, where regular formal ergonomics training is imparted to its employees with excellent post training feedback.

Figure- 4. Self-made document stand for dispensary slips by one older Pharmacist

6. CONCLUSIONTo design a safe and productive work environment for older employees, industries need to understand the limitation of the trained and dedicated work force in three essential human factors: Physical, Physiological and Psychological. �e combined e�ects of all the three factors are causing poor work practice at work, poor �tness as well as poor health of the older employees which was experienced by the author for the last twenty �ve years. In addition if the work needs repetition, postural abnormalities or excessive forces, then several musculo-skeletal disorders are been experienced by the older employees which ultimately a�ecting productivity. Practise of ergonomics with low cost solutions can change this scenario through improving safety, health, e�ciency and well-beings of older employees as it re�ects in Bokaro Steel plant. Attitudes towards ageing and work need to change immediately in Indian industries. Employers should regard older workers as a valuable asset. However, some time people do now appreciate the value of older workers, only a few workplaces actually implement measures, to support and increase their retention of older workers. Age is not an independent risk factor for work related MSDs. Older workers are more susceptible to work-related MSDs than younger workers because of decreased functional capacity. �e propensity for injury is related more to the di�erence between the demands of work and the worker’s physical work capacity (or work ability) than to age. An older workforce has implications for the health and safety responsibilities of employers. �ese include providing additional support for worker requirements, changing the workplace attitudes towards ageing, providing a positive knowledge base, adjusting the workplace design and accommodations and improving worker/employer relationships (co-operation). Few basic work principles will signi�cantly reduce ergonomic risk factors that contribute to musculoskeletal

injuries and disorders (MSDs). But to remove all risk factors that contribute to several injuries, we need to take a comprehensive approach to combat the scenario.

REFERENCES1. Alexopoulos, E.C., Tanagra, D., Konstantinou, E. and

Burdorf, A. Musculoskeletal disorders in shipyard industry: Prevalence, health care use and absenteeism BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders,7:88 doi:10.1186/1471-2474-7-88, (2006).

2. Arndt, V., et al., Construction work and risk of occupational disability: A ten-year follow-up of 14, 474 male workers Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 62, 559-566, (2005).

3. Holmstrom, E. and Engholm, G., Musculoskeletal disorders in relation to age and occupation in Swedish construction workers American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 44, (4), 377-384 (2003).

4. Ilmarinen, J., �e ageing workforce – Challenges for occupational health Occupational Medicine, 56, 6, 362-364,(2006)

5. Jose Manuel Salazar-Xirinachs, ED,ILO, Promoting Longer Life And Ensuring Work Ability , Speech at UNECE Ministerial Conference on Ageing, 19 September, Vienna, Austria (2012).

6. Moyers, P. and Coleman, S.D., Adaptation of the older worker to occupational challenges Work, 22, 2, 71-78.(2004).

7. Pachal,T, Managing back pain through computer aided Ergography in metal works, Advances in Ergonomics, Occupational health and safety’, Ed. Majumdar,D & Selvamurthy.W, New age international(p) ltd, p51-56 (2000).

8. Pachal, T., Ergonomics Evaluation on Man-Machine Module of EOT Cranes in HRCF. Proceedings: National Seminar on Safety and Health in the Steel Industry, NSSHR-13, JCSSI, 72 -76 (2013).

9. Pachal,T., Pathak,R.K. and Sastri,B.S., Ergonomics intervention in soaking pit during OHAS: 18001 certi�cation at slabbing mill of Bokaro Steel Plant, Proceedings, HWWE 2005, 707-713 (2006).

10. Pachal, T., ‘Mitigating Hindrance in Popularizing Practice of Ergonomics in Indian Industries’ ,Proceedings HWWE, Allied publishers pvt. ltd, New Delhi ,(2009).

11. Peek-Asa, C., McArthur, D.L.and Kraus, J.F. Incidence of acute low-back injury among older workers in a cohort of material handlers Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 1, (8), 551-557, (2004)

12. Savinainen, M., Nygard, C. and Ilmarinen, J., Workload and physical capacity among ageing municipal employees – A 16-year follow-up study, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 34, 519-533,(2004).

13. Silverstein, M., Meeting the challenges of an aging workforce. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 51, 269-280, (2008).

14. Wisner, A., ‘Indian contribution to the development of anthropotechnology’, Advances in Ergonomics, Occupational health and safety, ed. Majumdar,D & Selvamurthy.W, New age international(p) ltd, p13-26 (2000)

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LEAD TOXICITY & CLIMATE CHANGE

TAYLOR, O’BRIEN, SMITH (GLASS, AUSTRALIA) & VENKATESH THUPPIL (NRCLPI, INDIA)

LEAD TOXICITY & CLIMATE CHANGE: LEAD HEALTH IMPACTS• Lead replaces minerals (notably iron and

calcium) within the body. Prevents haemoglobin formation in red blood cells producing anaemia

• 10µg/dLdecreaseskidsIQby7.4ptscomparedto1µg/dL so this is aptly called “�e Age of Stupid”

• 2µg/dLofleadinthebloodincreasesriskofearlydeath

• WHOconsiders<2µg/dLanadequategoal;researcherscalling on WHO to halve that level

• TheLEADGroupsaysreducegoalto<2µg/dL

• >50%ofpeoplealivetodayhaveprobablyhadaBloodleadabove10µg/dL

• Wewouldallbesmarterandlivelongerwereitnotforlead

LEAD TOXICITY & CLIMATE CHANGE: LEAD IS IN EVERYTHING AND EVERYONE• 2.5bnhavenoregulationofleadinhouse-paint

• Leadpetrolnotyetbannedin14countries

• SavingsfollowingUSban:$110-319bn

• Karachi(2002)80.5%ofkids>10µg/dL

• 5Indiancities(2005)kidshave.12.1µg/dL

• >33%kidsinChina>10µg/dL(2004)

• Leadisinunleadedpetrol,diesel,coal,biomass,dung,computers, solar panels...

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[GW&CV LosseLoss Lead (Pb) mgt – Quadrant 4 of the GRID]

• China, India and USA have rejected recommendedtargets

• Realized temperature rise (0.6ºC) one quarter of realrise(2.4ºC)

• Remainder negated by pollution (notably SO2) orstored in oceans

• 2ºCrealizedby2050ifallemissionsreducedby70%

• Coal fired power, sea transport & agriculture notincluded in cuts

• Realcutsrequired:44-65%by2020,>78%by2050for3°C rise

[GW&CV LosseLoss Lead (Pb) mgt – Quadrant 4 of the GRID]

• Increasingly Intense Precipitation: N America, Europe, N Asia, SE Asia, Australia, Oceania, E Africa, W India, central western South America

• Arid Lowlands with Rivers Fed from Warming Rain Soaked Mountains : Central Asia

• Increasingly Arid : southern USA, Central America, Mediterranean, W Asia, southern Africa, south and western Australia, Chile

• Arid with Intense Precipitation: southern and western Australia, the south-western USA, and the northern Mediterranean

[GW&CV LosseLoss Lead (Pb) mgt – Quadrant 4 of the GRID]

• 50%ofchildren’sseasonalbloodleadvariationsaredueto warmer weather

• Soil serves as sink for lead from gasoline (tetraethyllead)

• 50%fineparticulatepollutioninsoilwhenconditionsarid

• Halfofhouseholddustfromexternalsources• Cavitydustmajorsourceofsignificantlead

LEAD TOXICITY & CLIMATE CHANGE: REAL CUTS REQUIRED

LEAD TOXICITY & CLIMATE CHANGE: PRECIPITATION PREDICTIONS BY REGION

LEAD TOXICITY & CLIMATE CHANGE: DUST & ARIDITY

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[GW&CV Losse Pb mgt Loss– Quadrant 4 of the GRID]

• Coalfiredpowercanprovide>12-14%ofleademissions• Over17mtonsofleaddepositedinflyashinUS2000-

2006• Coal emissions 41% of CO2 (2005) but 77% of SO2

(2000)• Overall impact onwarming neutral or negative, little

black carbon• NaturalgasworsensGWmorethancoal,butcontains

less lead than other fossil fuels• OilworsensbothGW&Pbemissions• Biomasscombustionproducesblackcarbon&Pb

LEAD TOXICITY & CLIMATE CHANGE: OTHER POWER[Pb mgt Loss e GW & CV Gain – Quadrant 3 of the GRID]

• Nuclearreactors:ProducelittleGHG,noleademissions• Lead disbursal or deposition during an accident

potentially massive• Hydroelectricity&Geothermalhave lowleadimpacts

but hydro can produce more GHG (methane) than oil-�red power

• Wind, solar and other intermittent renewables: littleGHG impact but intermittent renewables require electricity storage at local level

LEAD TOXICITY & CLIMATE CHANGE: STATIC POWER STORAGE[Pb mgt Loss e GW&CV Neutral– Center of the GRID]

• 15% of new lead acid batteries (1100 tons of lead)deployed statically

• In Africa and Asia car batteries are used to storeelectrical power

• Eachcomputerindevelopingworldcauses0.9-1.6Kgof lead waste

• US batteries 99.8% recycled: Uganda (2000) 10%recycled.

LEAD TOXICITY & CLIMATE CHANGE : RURAL IMPACTS & POWER TRANSFORMATION[GW&CV LosseLoss Pb mgt – Quadrant 4 of the GRID]

• 18 % of GHG emissions from burning forest for farmland

• Biomasscombustion(farmordomestic)producesleademissions

• Europe c10% renewable obtains 55.1% of electricityfrom carbon

• Lead emissions eliminated by switch from coal tonuclear

• Nuclearpowerplanttakes7-15yearstobuild:toolatefor 2020

LEAD TOXICITY & CLIMATE CHANGE: TRANSPORT[GW&CV LosseLoss Pb mgt – Quadrant 4 of the GRID]

• 14%ofGHGemissionsarefromtransport:76%ofthisfrom Vehicles

• Roadtransport:5-8%ofEuropeanleademissions• Sea transport short term greenhouse inhibitor due to

SO2• Air travel has 2-4 times the GW impact of it’s GHG

emissions and leaded Avgas (propeller aircra� fuel) produces 29% of all US air lead emissions

LEAD TOXICITY & CLIMATE CHANGE: CARBON COMBUSTION POWER

LEAD TOXICITY & CLIMATE CHANGE:

8

GREENHOUSE MANAGEMENT[GW&CV GaineGain Pb mgt – Quadrant 1 of the GRID]

• Taxation of hydrocarbons used in transportation;abandon biofuels

• Tougher diesel standards to restrict black carbonemissions

• Reducing biomass combustion for farming/domesticpurposes

• Adding insulation to houses while removing ceilingdust

• PriceincentivestoindustriestoreduceGHGemissions• Funding for biosequestration programs rather than

geosequestration• Lower priority: Reducing carbon combustion for

electricity

LEAD MANAGEMENT[GW&CV GaineGain Pb mgt – Quadrant 1 of the GRID]

• Biosequestrationorchemicalstabilizationofleadwaste• Taxonleadminingattheminetoencouragerecycling• Taxnewvehicles&reducenumbersofvehiclesbeing

made, by providing public transport, bikeways, walkways & incentives to reduce vehicle kilometres travelled (VKT)

• Enhance lead recycling,batterydepositor repurchaseand convert small-scale lead battery works into collection points, and ensure all batteries are recycled at large-scale facilities covered by OH&S and Environmental Controls

• BanleadedAvGas(aviationgasoline)globally

A SMARTER WORLD[GW&CV GaineGain Pb mgt – Quadrant 1 of the GRID]

• Lawstopreventleaddiversionfromleadacidbatteriesto unregulated uses

• Regulationofcombustionofmaterialsthatmaycontainlead & vacuuming of leaded ceiling dusts for recycling

• Education&nutritionalsupplements,veganism

• Decreaseall fuelburningby localisingallproduction,encouraging urban gardens, decreasing manufacturing & ending the era of consumerism & long-haul transport

• Preventionofleadpoisoningineverywaywecan,willpromote the Age of Reason necessary to mitigate and adjust to climate change

Co-author Elizabeth O’Brien (le�) asks each person who reads this presentation to convince their organisation & their country to join up to reduce their carbon emissions by 10% by 2010 to make 2010 the peaking year. Join up at www.1010global.org

See the slide show at www.lead.org.au/bblp/Climate_Change/index.htm & the speech at www.lead.org.au/bblp/Climate_Change/textspeech.htm For all references & graphics permissions see the paper at www.lead.org.au/bblp/Climate_Change/Conf_Paper.pdf

9

NDC�e Paris Agreement requests each country to outline and communicate their post-2020 climate actions, known as their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).

Nationally determined contributions (NDCs)

• At the heart of the Paris Agreement

ACTION PLAN FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY TARGET IN INDC (INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED

CONTRIBUTION)SHRI AMIT KUMAR

Sr. Director, TERI, New Delhi

• NDCs denote e�orts by each country to reduce national emissions and adapt to the impacts of climate change

India’s NDCs

• Reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by 33 - 35% by 2030 from 2005 level.

• 40% cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel based energy resources by 2030

10

….India’s NDCs

•Indiarunningoneofthelargestrenewablecapacityexpansionprogramsinworld

• The175GWtargetby2022willresultinabatementof326milliontonsofCO2equivalent/year

• Moreprogressafter2022

• Toincludewindpower,solar,hydropower,biomass,wastetoenergyandnuclearpower.

Installed capacity in MW (as on 28.2.2018)

Ongoing schemes:

• SolarParks

• 20 GW combined installed capacity of solar parksplanned, under construction or constructed 34 solar parks in 21 states/Uts

• UltraMegaSolarPowerProjectshavingcapacityof500MW or above

• Land has so far been identified in Gujarat, MadhyaPradesh, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Uttar

Renewable electricity status (as on 31.1.2018)

193821.5  

24897.46  

837.63  6780  

44963.42  

62846.9   Coal  

Gas  

Diesel  

Nuclear  

Hydro  

Renewables  

….India’s NDCs

Pradesh, Meghalaya, J&K (Leh and Kargil), Punjab and Rajasthan

• Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan(KUSUM)

• Dcentralised solar power production of up to 28,250MW to help farmers over 10 years

• 1.75millionoff-gridagriculturalsolarpumps

• Solarisingexisitingpumpsof7,250MWandgovernmenttube wells of 8,250 MW capacity

• Settingup10,000MWsolarplantsonbarrenlands

• Canaltopsolarprojects

• Green Energy Corridor projects being rolled out toensure evacuation from renewable energy plants

Conclusion

• Various elements of increasing the share of RE as perNDCs are already at various stages of implementation.

• Detailedroadmaptoreach`40%electricpowerinstalledcapacity from non-fossil fuel based energy resources by 2030’ is likely to be ready by end-2018.

• Focusonsector-specificpolicies

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ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATORY FRAMEWORK IN INDIA

DR. D. K. BEHERASr. Environmental Scientist, L-1, SPCB, Odisha

In 1972, a National Council of Environment Planning and Co-ordination was set-up in the Department of Science and Technology. A committee was constituted in 1980 for reviewing the existing legislations and administrative mechanism for environmental protection. In 1980, a separate Department for Environment was set-up which was upgraded to a full-�edged Ministry of Environment and Forests in 1985. Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) of Government of India is the apex administrative body in the country for regulating and ensuring environmental protection and lays down the legal and regulatory framework.

An attempt has been made in this paper to brie�y discuss on salient features of major environmental acts and rules, noti�ed by Ministry of environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), Govt. of India. �e acts and rules are applicable to whole of India

�e Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974�e �rst important environmental law enacted by Parliament is the Water (Prevention and Control) of Pollution Act, 1974. Water is a State subject. It de�nes pollution as ‘such contamination of water or such alteration of the physical, chemical or biological properties of water of such discharge of any sewage or trade e�uent or of any other liquid, gaseous or solid substance into water (whether directly or indirectly) as may, or it is likely to create a nuisance or render such water harmful or injurious to public health or safety, or to domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural or other legitimate uses, or to the life and health of animals or of aquatic organisms’.

�e Water (Prevention and Control) of Pollution Act, 1974 has been enacted to provide for the prevention and control of

Protection and conservation of environment and sustainable use of natural resources is re�ected in the constitutional framework of India. �e Constitution under Part IVA (Art 51A-Fundamental Duties) refers a duty on every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures. Further, the Constitution of India under Part IV (Art 48A-Directive Principles of State Policies) stipulates that the State shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country. A well-developed environmental framework in India came only a�er the UN Conference on the Human Environment at Stockholm in 1972.

water pollution and to maintain or restore wholesomeness of water in the country.

�is Act enables constitution of Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) at the federal level and State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) at State level.

�e Central Pollution Control Board major functions area) Lay down, modify or annul the standards for a stream

or well, in consultation with the State Government concerned,

b) Plan and cause to execute a nationwide programme for the prevention, control and abatement of water pollution

c) Collect, compile and publish technical and statistical data relating to water pollution and the measures devised for its e�ective prevention and control and prepare manuals, codes or guides relating to treatment and disposal of sewage and trade e�uents and disseminate information.

d) advise the Central Government on any matter concerning the prevention and control of water pollution

e) Coordinate the activities of the SPCBs and provide technical assistance and guidance.

f) Carry out and sponsor investigation and research relating to problems of water pollution and prevention, control or abatement of water pollution.

�e SPCBs have similar functions within their areas. �e Act

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gives powers to the SPCBs to take samples of e�uents from any source and lays down the procedure to be followed. It gives power of entry and inspection into the premises of the polluters. It prohibits any poisonous, noxious or polluting matter to enter into any stream, or well or sewer or land. Consent of the Board is required to ‘establish or take any steps to establish any industry, operation or process or any treatment and disposal system or any extension or addition thereto, which is likely to discharge sewage or trade e�uent intoastreamorwellorseweroronland;orbringintouseany new or altered outlet for the discharge of sewage or begin to make any new discharge of sewage.

�e SPCBs have the powers to carry out certain works stipulated in the consent order if the person fails to meet the conditions and to make application to courts for restraining apprehended pollution of water in streams or wells. In the event of accident or other unforeseen act or event, resulting in the discharge or likely discharge of polluting matter into a stream or well or sewer or land, the person in charge of such a place is required to intimate the occurrence of such an accident, act or event to the SPCB. Both Central Government and State Governments are given the powers to make rules in consultation with their respective Boards.

�e penalties for non-compliance are imprisonment from 18 months to 6 years with a �ne for the �rst contravention and additional �ne upto Rs.5000 per day till the failure continues. �e Boards are expected to depend largely on Government grants for their operations.

In order to provide �nancial support to CPCB and SPCBs, the Water Cess (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1977 was enacted. �is Act provides levy of cess on water consumption by persons operating and carrying on certain types of industrial activities. �is cess is collected with a view to augment the resources of the Central Board and the State Boards for the prevention and control of water pollution. �e Act became redundant a�er introduction of GST.

�e Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981

�e CPCB and the SPCBs created under the Water Act 1974 are entrusted with the implementation of the provisions the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981

�e responsibilities of CPCB are• Advise the Central Government on any matter

concerning the improvement of the quality of air and prevention,controlorabatementofairpollution;

• Plan and cause to be executed a nationwideprogramme for the prevention, control or abatement ofairpollution;

• CoordinatetheActivitiesoftheSPCBs;• Provide technical assistance and guidance to the

SPCBs;• Collect,compileandpublishtechnicalandstatistical

data relating to air pollution and the measures devised for its e�ective prevention, control or abatement and prepare manuals, codes or guides relating to prevention, control or abatement of air pollution;and

• Laydownstandardsforthequalityofair.

�e functions of the SPCBs include inspection of any control equipment, industrial plant or manufacturing process and to give, by order, such directions to such persons as it may consider necessary to take steps for the prevention, control or abatement of air pollution. �e polluting industries shall obtain consents before their establishment or/and continuing their operations. �e SPCBs, in consultation with the State Governments, wherever necessary, can exercise the following powers:• Declare any area or areas within the State as air

pollution control area; prohibit the use of certainfuelsorappliancesinthiscontrolarea;prohibitthebanning of any material (not being fuel) which may cause air pollution

• Restrictuseofcertainindustrialplants• Disallowdischargeoftheemissionofanyairpollutant

in excess of the standards laid down• Make applications to court for restraining persons

fromcausingairpollution;• Powerof entryand inspection into thepremisesof

thepolluters;• Obtaininformationfromthepollutingunitsandtake

samplesofairoremission;and• Direct the closure, prohibitionor regulationof any

industry, operation or process; or the stoppage orregulation of supply of electricity, water or any other service.

• SPCBsarealsoexpectedtotesttheairinairpollutioncontrol areas, inspect pollution control equipment, and manufacturing processes.

For failures to comply with the restriction on use of certain industrial plants, discharging emission of air pollutants in excess of the standards laid down by the SPCBs, and non-compliance with directions relating to closure, prohibition or regulation of any industry, operation or process or the stoppage of utility services, the penalties are imprisonment foratermbetween18monthsand6yearsandwithfine;andin case the failure continues, with and additional �ne which may extend to Rs.5000 for every day during which such failure continues a�er conviction for the �rst such failure.

�e Environment (Protection) Act 1986�is Act was enacted in the a�ermath of the Bhopal gas tragedy in 1984 claiming more than 3000 lives. �is Act gives the following powers to the Central Government:

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• CoordinationofactionsoftheStateGovernments,

• Planningandexecutionofanation-wideprogrammeforthe prevention, control and abatement of environmental pollution

• Laying down standards for emission or discharge ofenvironmental pollutants from various sources

• Restrictionofareasinwhichanyindustry,operationsorprocesses or class of industries, operations or processes shall not be carried out subject to certain safeguards.

• Laying down procedures and safeguards for theprevention of accidents which may cause environmental pollutionandremedialmeasuresforsuchaccidents;

• Examinationofsuchmanufacturingprocesses,materialsand substances as are likely to cause environmental pollution;

• Carryingoutandsponsoringinvestigationsandresearchrelatingtoproblemsofenvironmentalpollution;

• Inspectionofanypremises,plant,equipment,machinery,manufacturing or other processes, materials or substances and giving, by order, of such directions to such authorities, o�ers or persons as it may consider to take steps for the prevention, control and abatement of environmentalpollution;

• Establishment or recognition of environmentallaboratoriesandinstitutions;

• Collectionanddisseminationof information in respectofmattersrelatingtoenvironmentalpollution;and

• Preparationofmanuals, codesorguides relating to theprevention, control and abatement of environmental pollution.

�e Central Government may constitute an authority or authorities for the purpose of exercising such of the powers and functions under this Act. �e Central Government may make Rules under EP Act, 1986 to address various environmental issues not covered under Air and water Acts. An indicative list of such Rules and Noti�cations noti�ed is given below

• The Manufacture, Storage and Import of HazardousChemicals Rules, 1989 (amended in 2000).

• TheHazardousandOtherWaste (Management&Tansboundary Movement) Rules, 2016

• The Manufacture, Use, Import of Hazardous MicroOrganisms, Genetically Engineered Organism/ Cell, 1989.

• Notification of Standards for Industrial Emission,E�uent, Noise, Vehicular Emission etc.

• EnvironmentalImpactAssessmentNotification,2006

• CoastalRegulationZonenotification,1991.

• EnvironmentalAuditStatementnotification,1992.

• Compulsory use of beneficiated coal in non-pitheadpower plants and urban and critically polluted areas noti�cation, 1997.

• The Biomedical Waste (Management) Rules, 2016,amended in 2018

• TheSolidWaste(Management)Rules,2016

• TheNoisePollutionandRegulationRules,2000

• ThePlasticWaste(Management)Rule,2016

• The Ozone Depleting Substances (Regulation andControl) Rules,2000

• TheBatteries(ManagementandHandling)Rules,2001

• The Chemical Accident (Emergency planning,Preparedness and Response) Rules, 1998

• Vehicularemissionstandards,1990.

• Flyashutilisationnotification,1999,2009,2016

• Brickkilnnotification,1996,2000,2001.

• E-Waste(Management)Rules,2016

• ConstructionandDemolitionWasteManagementRules,2016

• Someof themajorRulesandnotificationarediscussedsubsequently in this paper

�e Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991PLI Act, 1991 has he major objective to provide immediate relieve to the victims of chemical accident. �e Act stipulate that the Hazard Installation dealing with speci�c hazardous chemicals above a regulatory quantity have to take up an insurance policy. Such insurance apart from safeguarding the interests of the victims would also provide cover and enable the industry to discharge its liability to settle large claims arising out of major accidents. �e objective is to provide immediate relieve and on the basis of “no fault”.

As per this Act the owner shall be liable to pay relief as speci�ed in the Schedule:

• ReimbursementofmedicalclaimuptoRs.12,500ineachcase;

• Relief of Rs. 25,000 per person for fatal accident inaddition to the reimbursement of medical expenses upto Rs.12,500;

• For permanent total or permanent partial disabilityor other injury or sickness, the relief will be (a) reimbursement of medical expenses incurred upto a maximum of Rs. 12,500 in each case and (b) cash relief on the basis of percentage of disablement as certi�ed by an authorised physician. �e relief for total permanent disabilitywillbeRs.25,000;

14

• Compensation for loss of wages due to temporarydisability will be Rs.1000 per month for a maximum of 3 months;and

• FordamagetopropertyuptoRs.6000dependingonthedamage.

�e claimant shall not be required to plead that the accident was due to any wrongful Act. �e owner is also liable to pay other compensation, if any. �is Act stipulates that every owner shall take out before he starts handling any hazardous substance, one or more insurance policies and renew it or them from time to time before the expiry of validity. �e Collector shall have the power of Civil Court and the case should be disposed o� within 3 months.

�e National Green Tribunal Act, 2010�e National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 (NGT Act) has been enacted with the objectives for establishment of a National Green Tribunal (NGT) for the e�ective and expeditious disposal of cases relating to environment protection and conservation of forests and other natural resources. �e Tribunal also deal with relief and compensation for damages to persons and property and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.

As per direction from Apex Court, it is felt that there is need of Environmental Court with civil and criminal jurisdiction. Some of the salient features are as follows

• Wide power to settle environmental dispute andproviding relief, compensation

• Fulltime Chairperson (Supreme Court judge or ChiefJustice of High Court), Judicial members and Scienti�c expert members (10-20 members)- inclusion of scienti�c experts.

• AnypersonaggrievedbyorderordecisionmadeunderAir Act, water Act, Cess Act, PLI Act, Biological diversity Act 2002, FCA, 1980 can approach NGT

• Chairperson,judicialmembersandexpertmemberswillnot hold any post during the tenure

�e Biomedical Waste Management Rules, 2016

�e objective of the Rules is to implement the provisions for more e�ectively and to improve the collection, segregation, processing, treatment and disposal of the bio-medical wastes in an environmentally sound management thereby, reducing the bio- medical waste generation and its impact on the environment.

�ese rules shall apply to all persons who generate, collect, receive, store, transport, treat, dispose, or handle bio medical waste in any form including hospitals, nursing homes, clinics, dispensaries, veterinary institutions, animal houses, pathological laboratories, blood banks, ayush hospitals, clinical establishments, research or educational institutions, health camps, medical or surgical camps, vaccination camps, blood donation camps, �rst aid rooms of schools, forensic laboratories and research labs.

➢ �e prescribed authority for implementation of the provisions of BMW Rules shall be the State Pollution Control Boards in respect of States and Pollution Control Committees in respect of Union territories.

➢ �e prescribed authority for enforcement of the provisions of the Rules in respect of all health care establishments including hospitals, nursing homes, clinics, dispensaries, veterinary institutions, animal houses, pathological laboratories and blood banks of the Armed Forces under the Ministry of Defence shall be the Director General, Armed Forces Medical Services.

Segregation of Biomedical Waste�ere is a change of colour coding for segregation of Biomedical waste in 2016 Rules. �e following colour coding is prescribed under Biomedical Waste Management Rules, 2016.

Colour Coding-Yellow Colour Coding-Yellow

15

Labels for Biomedical Waste Container / Bags�e labels for containers as well as polythene bags as per colour coding shall have the following bio-hazards and cytotoxic hazard symbol as per the requirement.

16

Labels for Biomedical Waste Container / Bags�e labels for containers as well as polythene bags as per colour coding shall have the following bio-hazards and cytotoxic hazard symbol as per the requirement.

�e Biomedical waste generated from Health Care Establishments located in an area should be treated and disposed o� in a Common Facility. �e Common Bio-Medical Waste Treatment and Disposal Facility shall have to ensure that the bio-medical waste collected is transported, handled, stored, treated and disposed of, without any adverse effecttothehumanhealthandtheenvironment;

Every occupier or operator handling bio-medical waste, irrespective of the quantity shall have to obtain Authorisation from the Prescribed Authority and the validity of such authorisation for bedded health care facility and operator of a common facility shall be synchronized with the validity of the consents.

➢ �e authorisation shall be one time for non-bedded occupiers.

➢ In case of refusal of renewal, cancellation or suspension of the authorisation by the prescribed authority, the reasons shall be recorded in writing:

➢ �e Prescribed Authority shall give an opportunity of being heard to the applicant before such refusal of the authorisation.

�e E-Waste Management Rules, 2016Considering the environmental consequences, Ministry

Bio-Medical Waste

1. Infectious waste (Human and animal anatomical waste, soiled waste, discarded linen & beddings)

2. Waste Medicine and Lab. Waste

3. Contaminated Recyclable Waste (Plastic)

4. Waste Sharps including metals

5. Glassware and Metallic Body Implants

Colour Coding

Yellow bin with non-chlorinated plastic bag ≥50 Micron thickness

Yellow bin with non-chlorinated plastic bag ≥50 Micron thickness

Red bin with non-chlorinated plastic bag ≥50 Micron thickness

White translucent puncture proof / leak proof / temper proof container

Puncture proof and leak proof boxes or containers with blue colored marking

Treatment & Disposal

• Incineration/plasmapyrolysisofCommonBiomedical Waste Facility

• DeepBurialforanatomicalwaste/bodypartwhere CBMWF is not available

Return back to Manufacturers (Waste Medium) / Incineration in CBMWF or Hazardous Waste Incinerator

Autoclave / Microwave / Hydroclave, followed by shredding – Treated waste to authorized re recycler / Energy Recovery / Plastic to fuel

Autoclaving, Dry heat stabilization followed by shredding or mutilation & encapsulation. Final disposal in iron foundry / waste sharp pit / sanitary land�ll

Disinfection by sodium hypochlorite, autoclaving and microwaving or hydroclaving and sent for recycling

of Env., Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC), Govt. of India has noti�ed the E-Waste Management Rules, 2016 on 23rd, March, 2016 in supersession of the E-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011 vide G.S.R. 338(E) dated 23.03.2016. �e Rules are e�ective from 1st, October, 2016.

�e objective of the E-Waste Rules, 2016 are➢ Minimize illegal recycling / recovery operations

➢ Environmentally Safe & Sound Recycling by channelizing E-waste to authosired E-Waste Recyclers / Dismantlers

➢ Extended Responsibilities to producers to manage a system of E-waste collection/take back and channelizing to an authorised dismantler/recycler.

➢ To create an E-waste collection channelization system

➢ Reduce Hazardous substances in Electrical and Electronic equipments

�e Rules shall apply to every manufacturer, producer, consumer, bulk consumer, collection centers, dealers, e-retailer, refurbisher, dismantler and recycler involved in manufacture, sale, transfer, purchase, collection, storage and processing of e-waste or electrical and electronic equipment listed in Schedule I, including their components,

17

consumable, parts and spares which make the product operational

E-waste means electrical and electronic equipment, whole or in part discarded as waste by the consumer or bulk consumer as well as rejects from manufacturing, refurbishment and repairprocesses;

Extended Producer ResponsibilityMeans responsibility of any producer of electrical or electronic equipment, for channelisation of e-waste to ensure environmentally sound management of such waste. Extended Producer Responsibility may comprise of implementing take back system or setting up of collection centres or both and having agreed arrangements with authorised dismantler or recycler either individually or

collectively through a Producer Responsibility Organisation recognised by producer or producers in their Extended ProducerResponsibility-Authorisation;

Bulk Consumers ‘Bulk consumer’ means bulk users of electrical and electronic equipment such as Central Government or State Government Departments, public sector undertakings, banks, educational institutions, multinational organisations, international agencies, partnership and public or private companies that are registered under the Factories Act, 1948 (63 of 1948) and the Companies Act, 2013 (18 of 2013) and health care facilities which have turnover of more than one croreorhavemorethantwentyemployees;

Categories of E-Waste (Schedule-1)

SCHEDULE I

Categories of electrical and electronic equipment including their components, consumable, parts and spares covered under the rules

Sl. No. Categories of electrical and electronic equipment Electrical and electronic Equipment code

i. Information technology and telecommunication equipment : Centralised data processing: Mainframes, Minicomputers ITEW1 Personal Computing: Personal Computers (Central Processing Unit with ITEW2

input and output devices) Personal Computing: Laptop Computers(Central Processing Unit with input and output devices) ITEW3 Personal Computing: Notebook Computers ITEW4 Personal Computing: Notepad Computers ITEW5 Printers including cartridges ITEW6 Copying equipment ITEW7 Electrical and electronic typewriters ITEW8 User terminals and systems ITEW9 Facsimile ITEW10 Telex ITEW11 Telephones ITEW12 Pay telephones ITEW13 Cordless telephones ITEW14 Cellular telephones ITEW15 Answering systems ITEW16ii. Consumer electrical and electronics: Television sets (including sets based on (Liquid Crystal Display and CEEW1

Light Emitting Diode technology) Refrigerator CEEW2 Washing Machine CEEW3 Air-conditioners excluding centralised air conditioning plants CEEW4 Fluorescent and other Mercury containing lamps CEEW5

18

�e Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016�e objective of this rules is to establish procedures and standards to protect public health and the environment by ensuring the safe, proper, and sustainable management of solid waste.

�e said Solid Waste Management Rules are now applicable beyond municipal areas and extends to urban agglomerations, census towns, noti�ed industrial townships, areas under the control of Indian Railways, airports, air base, port and harbour, defence establishments, special economic zones, State and Central government organizations in their ambit and places of pilgrims, religious & historical importance.

Every household, event or gathering organizers, street Vendors, Resident Welfare & Market Associations, Gated Community having more than area 5000 sq.m. and Hotels& restaurants, etc. have been classi�ed as waste generators.

Duties of Waste Generators have been elaborated and it has been mandated for the source segregation of waste in order to channelise the waste to wealth by recovery, reuse and recycle. Waste generators need to segregate waste into three streams- Bio-degradables, Dry (Plastic, Paper, metal, Wood, etc.) and Domestic Hazardous waste (diapers, napkins, mosquito repellants, cleaning agents etc.) before handing it over to the waste collector.

Institutional generators, market associations, event organisers and hotels and restaurants have been directly made responsible for segregation and sorting the waste and manage in partnership with local bodies. In case of an event, or gathering of more than 100 persons at any licensed/ unlicensed place, the organiser will have to ensure segregation of waste at source and handing over of segregated waste to waste collector or agency, as speci�ed by the local authority.

All hotels and restaurants will also be required to segregate biodegradable waste and set up a system of collection to ensure that such food waste is utilised for composting / biomethanation. �e rules mandate that all resident welfare and market associations and gated communities with an area of above 5,000 sq m will have to segregate waste at source into material like plastic, tin, glass, paper and others and hand over recyclable material either to authorised waste-pickers and recyclers or to the urban local body.

�e issue of collection and disposal of sanitary waste like diapers, sanitary pads, and other disposable items have been addressed. �e manufacturers or brand owners of sanitary napkins are responsible for awareness for proper disposal of such waste by the generator and shall provide a pouch or wrapper for disposal of each napkin or diapers along with the packet of their sanitary products.

�e bio‐degradable waste shall be processed, treated and disposed o� through composting or bio‐methanation within the premises as far as possible. �e residual waste shall be given to the waste collectors or agency as directed by the local authority. Construction and demolition waste should be stored, separately disposed o�, as per the Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules, 2016.

�e new rules have given power to the local bodies across India to decide the user fees. Municipal authorities will levy user fees for collection, disposal and processing from bulk generators. As per the rules, the generator will have to pay “User Fee” to the waste collector and a “Spot Fine” for littering and non-segregation, the quantum of which will be decided by the local bodies.

Also, the new rules have mentioned about the integration of rag pickers, waste pickers and kabadiwalas from the informal sector to the formal sector by the state government.

Therulesalsostipulatezerotoleranceforthrowing;burning,or burying the solid waste generated on streets, open public spaces outside the generator’s premises, or in the drain, or water bodies.

�is will improve the waste segregation and utilization, less waste or only inert to land�ll. Further this will also improve other waste utilisation and management namely organic waste for composting, high calori�c waste to energy recovery etc.

�e Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016�e Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016 is noti�ed on 18th March, 2016 under Environment Protection Act, 1986 in supersession of the Plastic Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011.

�e objective of the Rules is to give thrust on plastic waste minimization, source segregation, recycling, involving waste pickers, recyclers and waste processors in collection of plastic waste fraction either from households or any other source of its generation or intermediate material recovery facility and adopt polluter’s pay principle for the sustainability of the waste management system.

�ese rules shall apply to every waste generator, local body, Gram Panchayat, manufacturer, Importers and producer. �e rule shall not apply to the export oriented units or units in special economic zones, noti�ed by the Central Government, manufacturing their products against an order for export: Provide this exemption shall not apply to units engaged in packaging of gutkha, tobacco and pan masala and also to any surplus or rejects, le� over products and the like.

• Rural areas have been brought in ambit of theseRules in addition to urban areas. Responsibility for

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implementation of the Rules in rural areas is given to Gram Panchayat.

• First time, responsibility of waste generators is beingintroduced. Individual and bulk generators like o�ces, commercial establishments, industries are to segregate the plastic waste at source, handover segregated waste, pay user fee as per bye-laws of the local bodies.

• Plasticwastegeneratedfromthepublicevents(marriagefunctions, religious gatherings, public meetings etc.) has been included in the Rules. Persons organising such events have been made responsible for management of waste generated from these events. �ey need to pay user fees for plastic waste management.

• Use of plastic sheet for packaging, wrapping thecommodity except those plastic sheet’s thickness, which will impair the functionality of the product are brought under the ambit of these rules. A large number of commodities are being packed/wrapped in to plastic sheets and therea�er such sheets are le� for littered. Provisions have been introduced to ensure their collection and channelization to authorised recycling facilities.

• Extended Producer Responsibility: Earlier, EPR wasle� to the discretion of the local bodies. �e Producers (i.e. persons engaged in manufacture, or import of carry bags, multi-layered packaging and sheets or like and the persons using these for packaging or wrapping their products) and Brand owners have been made responsible for collecting waste generated from their products. �ey have to approach local bodies for formulation of plan/system for the plastic waste management within the prescribed timeframe.

• SPCBswillnotgrant/renewregistrationofplasticbags,or multi-layered packaging manufacturing units unless the producer proposes the Action Plan endorsed by the concerned State Urban Development Department.

• Producersaretokeeparecordoftheirvendorstowhomthey have supplied raw material for manufacturing carry bags, plastic sheets, and multi-layered packaging. �is is to curb manufacturing of these products in unorganised sector.

• The entry points of plastic bags/plastic sheets/multi-layered packaging in to commodity supply chain are primarily the retailers and street vendors. �ey have been assigned the responsibility of not to provide the commodities in plastic bags/plastic sheets/multi-layered packaging which do not conform to these rules. Otherwise, they will have to pay the �ne.

• Plasticcarrybagwillbeavailableonlywithshopkeepers/sheet vendors pre-registered with local bodies on

payment of certain registration fee (Minimum Rs.48,000/- per annum). �e amount collected as registration fee by local bodies is to be used for waste management.

• CPCBhas beenmandated to formulate the guidelinesfor thermoset plastic (plastic di�cult to recycle). In the earlier Rules, there was no speci�c provision for such type of plastic.

• Manufacturinganduseofnon-recyclablemulti-layeredplastic to be phased in two years.

• Carrybagmadeofvirginor recycledplasticorplasticsheet, shallnotbe less thanfiftymicrons in thickness;Natural shade or pigments as per IS Codeshall only be used.

• Carrybagsmadeofrecycledplasticorproductsmadeofrecycled plastic shall not be used for storing, carrying, dispensing or packaging ready to eat or drink food stu�

• Sachets using plastic material shall not be used forstoring, packing or selling gutkha, tobacco and pan masala.

• Waste Generators including institutional generators,event organisers shall not litter the plastic waste, segregate waste and handover to authorized agency, pay user fee as prescribed by ULB and spot �ne in case of violation.

• Producer,BrandOwnerneedtoworkoutmodalitiesforwaste collection system for collecting back the plastic waste within a period of six months in consultation with local authority / State Urban Development Department and implement with two years therea�er. �is plan shall be submitted to the SPCB while applying for Consent to Establish or Operate or Renewal.

• No person shall manufacture carry bags or recycleplastic bags or multilayered packaging unless the person has obtained a registration from the State Pollution Control Board or the Pollution Control Committee of the Union Territory concerned, as the case may be, prior to the commencement of production

• Nopersonshallmanufacturecarrybagsorrecycleplasticbags or multilayered packaging without registration from SPCB/PCC.

• SPCB shall submit annual report on the use andmanagement of plastic waste to the CPCB before the 31st, July. CPCB shall prepare a consolidated annual report on the use and management of plastic waste and forward it to the Central Government along with its recommendations before the 31st August of every year.

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�e Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules, 2016�e MoEFCC (Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change) in March 2016 noti�ed the Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules, 2016. Some of the salient features of the dra� rules include:

• “construction and demolition waste” means wastecomprising of building materials, debris and rubble resulting from construction, re-modelling, repair and demolition of any civil structure

• The rules shall apply to every waste resulting fromconstruction, re-modelling, repair and demolition of any civil structure of individual or organization or authority who generates construction and demolition waste such as building materials, debris, rubble

• Segregationof construction anddemolitionwaste anddepositing it to the collection centres for processing

• Barringpeople fromdumpingwasteon roadsides andmandatory recycling

• Permission for construction works would be grantedonly a�er submission of a complete waste management plan to local authorities

• The local bodies will have to utilize 10-20% materialfrom construction and demolition waste in municipal and government contracts

• Permission for construction will be given only whenthe complete construction and demolition waste management plan is presented

• The Bureau of Indian Standards and Indian RoadsCongress shall be responsible for preparation of code of practices and standards for use of recycled materials and products.

Stone Crusher Noti�cation • SuspendedParticulateMatter(SPM)measuredbetween

6 to 10 mts. from any process equipment shall not exceed 600 µg/m3 and shall implement all pollutioncontrol measures as noti�ed under the said act by the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Govt. of India from time to time.

• Shall be allowed to operate within 500 mtrs fromthe established authorized habitation, educational institution, hospitals, courts and public o�ces. �e stone crusher will not be considered to be violating the siting criteria if new habitation comes up within the restricted of 500 mtrs a�er consent to establish is granted by the State Pollution Control Board.

• Nostonecrushershallbeestablished/operatedwithin

200 mtrs from the State Highway (SH) & National Highway (NH).

• No stone crusher shall be allowed to operatewithin 1Km from the Municipality / NAC area as noti�ed by Govt. of Odisha.

• Permission for temporary stone crusher exclusivelyfor construction of NH/SH may be allowed for the construction period.

• Agreenbeltoftalllongfoliagetreeshallbecreatedalongthe boundary of the crusher unit.

• TheDistrictCollectorshallensurethatnostonecrushercontinue to operate in violation of these directions beyond 3 months of issue of this noti�cation. �ey shall ensure physical closure / demolition of said stone crusher units which do not comply with the directions as above.

Fly Ash Noti�cation, 14th September, 1999 (Amendments 2003, 2009 &2016)�e objective of the Fly Ash Noti�cation is to promote utilisation of �y ash in building construction materials, mine void �lling, land reclamation and other sectors and to protect the environment, conserve top soil. It is also aimed toreduce land requirement for ash disposal. �e noti�cation is applicable to all construction agencies of Central or State or Local Government and Private or Public sector.

Responsibilities of �ermal Power Plants are as follows• Takeactionfor100%FlyAshutilisationbyDecember,

2017

• DisplayofFlyAshStockinwebsite

• Construct dedicated Dry Ash Silo and provide freeaccess for smooth supply.

• Free Transport up to 300 km for PMGSY & Assetcreation Programme of Govt.

• Free transport up to 100 km for road constructionprojects, manufacture of ash based products and use as soil conditioner in agriculture activity. Beyond 100 to 300 km, transport cost is to be shared equally

• Promote, adopt, set up own ash based productmanufacturing facility

• Promote,Support&Assistinsetupofashbasedproductunits in vicinity

• AnnualImplementationReportby30th,April

Responsibilities of users (Works Department, Rural Development, H & UD Department, NHAI & CPWD) are as follows

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• Use only fly ash based product for construction ofbuilding such as cement, �y ash bricks, blocks or tiles within a radius of 300 km of �ermal Power Plants.

• Use of fly ash included in design and construction ofroad or �y over embankments within a radius of 300 km of �ermal Power Plants.

• Voidscreatedatsoilborrowareatobefilledwithflyash

• Reclamationandcompactionoflowlyingareawithflyash

• Prescribe use of ash and ash based product in tenderdocuments, schedules of speci�cation and schedule of rate.

• Amendbuildingbylawofthecitieshavingpopulationof 1 million or more to ensure mandatory use of �y ash brick.

• Ensure mandatory use of ash based brick or productin all Govt. scheme like MNREGA, Swachha Bharat Abhiyan, Urban or Rural Housing scheme.

s Submission of Annual Return on use of �y ash based product.

EIA Noti�cation 2006 EIA is an important tool for ensuring that the likely e�ects of new development on the environment are taken into account before the development is allowed to go ahead. Broad criteria for categorization of projects EIA Noti�cation, 2006 issued on 14.09.2006 are based on Scale of Impact, Severity of Impact, Nature of location etc. Environmental Clearance is considered prior to construction of the project. Ithascategorized theprojects into twocategoriesnamely;Category ‘A’ and Category ‘B’ based on their impact potential.

(Category ‘A’ projects is appraised at the Central level (Govt. of India) while Category ‘B’ project at the State level. State level Environment Impact Assessment Authorities and Committees (SEIAAs and SEACs) have been constituted for the purpose of appraisal of Category ‘B’ projects. Salient features of the noti�cation are as follows

• EnvironmentalClearance(EC)isrequiredfortheprojectslisted in the schedule to noti�cation (as Category A and B projects) , expansion and modernization of existing projects or activities listed in the Schedule and/ or Any change in product - mix in an existing manufacturing unit included in Schedule

• Environment Clearance Process include Stage1: Screening • Stage 2: Scoping • Stage 3: PublicConsultation • Stage 4:Appraisal. Time limit for eachstage has been prescribed.

• The public consultation process has been made more

structured. It has two components i.e. comments through correspondence and by public hearing at site. Provision to videograph of the proceedings of the public hearing has been made.

• CTE fromSPCB is not a pre-requisite for consideringapplication for environmental clearance.

• ThevalidityofECistenyearsinthecaseofRiverValleyprojects , thirty years for mining projects ,�ve years in the case of all other projects and

• It ismandatory for theprojectmanagement to submithalf-yearly compliance reports in respect of the stipulated conditions given in environmental clearance.

• EIA Report should cover Land Use, Air PollutionControl,AirQualityprediction,WaterPollutionControl,Ecology and Biodiversity, Noise and Vibration, Socio Economic, Hydrology and Hydrogeology, Geology, Soil Conservation , Risk and Hazards, Solid and Hazardous Wastes

• Consultant for EIA Report should be registered withMoEF

• MonitoringdataofEIAisvalidforthreeyearsonly.

• The Environmental Clearance with conditions will bepublished in two news paper for public information

• TheECistobepermanentlydisplayedonthecompanyweb site

• MoEF/SEIAAwillalsodisplayEContheirwebsite.

• Copy of the EC is to be provided to local bodies,Panchayats, Municipality.

�e Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management & Trans boundary Movement) Rules, 2016 • TheambitoftheRuleshasbeenexpandedbyincluding

‘Other Waste’.

• 36 listed processes with waste streams and five conc.based (TCLP) categorization has been speci�ed in the Rules,

• Unitshandlingspecifiedhazardouswasteneedtoobtainauthorization before handling Hazardous Waste. Apply for renewal before expiry of speci�ed time

• The unit has to maintain record of hazardous wastegeneration at site and inform the same annually to SPCB/CPCB

• In case of an accident occurred while handlingHazardous Waste, the same is to be reported to State Pollution Control Board

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• The unit has to ensure compliance of TransportEmergency Card (TREM Card), Labelling and Manifest requirement during sale/transport of hazardous waste.

• On-line data on hazardous waste is to be displayedoutside the main factory gate

• Hazardous waste is to be supplied to recycling unitsregistered with State Pollution control board. Hazardous waste shall not be sold to traders.

• WasteCoprocessingandCommonTSDF

• WasteManagementhierarchyinthesequenceofpriorityof prevention, minimization, reuse, recycling, recovery, co-processing and safe disposal has been incorporated..

• Co-processingaspreferentialmechanismoverdisposalfor use of waste as supplementary raw materials or for recovery of energy has been provided.

• The approval process for co-processing of hazardouswaste to recover energy has been streamlined.

• Theprocessofimport/exportofwasteundertheRuleshas been streamlined by simplifying the document-based procedure and by revising the list of waste regulated for import/export.

• The import of metal scrap, paper waste and variouscategories of electrical and electronic equipments for re-use purpose have been exempted from the need of obtaining Ministry’s permission.

• Theworkers involved in recycling, pre-processing andother utilization activities are to be registered.

• Thefollowingitemshavebeenprohibitedforimport:

• Wasteediblefatsandoilofanimals,orvegetableorigin;

• Householdwaste

• CriticalCareMedicalequipment

• Tyresfordirectre-usepurpose

• SolidPlasticwastesincludingPetbottles

• Wasteelectricalandelectronicassembliesscrap

• Otherchemicalwastesespeciallyinsolventform.

• StatePollutionControlBoard (SPCB) is toprepareanannualinventoryofthewastegenerated;wasterecycled,recovered, utilised including co-processed; waste re-exported and waste disposed and submit to the Central Pollution Control Board by the 30th day of September every year.

Batteries (Management & Handling) Rules, 2001 deal with the proper and e�ective management and handling of lead acid batteries waste. �e Act requires all manufacturers, assemblers, re-conditioners, importers, dealers, auctioneers, bulk consumers, consumers, involved in manufacture, processing, sale, purchase and use of batteries or components thereof, to comply with the provisions of Batteries (Management & Handling) Rules, 2001.

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1.0 INTRODUCTIONIndustrialization has brought within its wake several problems. One such is industrial accidents. With rapid advances in Industrial processes, new types of dangers to life, limb and health are being increasingly introduced. Several lakhs of employees are injured in factories due to accidents every year. To overcome such problem, safety should be considered a habit, a kind of behaviour. A habit is acquired;oneisnotbornwithit.Itistheresultofrepetition-doing something over and over again until it becomes part of someone. �us if one consistently follows good safety practices, he unconsciously builds within himself a safety awareness that usually keeps him from making foolish mistakes. It is therefore well said that what is easy to see is also easy to miss. Rapid advancement in technologies call for updating the job knowledge and training to do the work e�ciently with optimal utilization of the precious resources like men, machines and materials. 2.0 ACTION PLANManagements should aim at elimination / reduction of unnecessary interaction between man and vehicle. Separate entry gates for man and material with speci�ed route of movement of vehicles need be provided. Speed of vehicles need to be regulated inside factory premises through

 

SAFETY ISSUES AND CHALLENGES EMERGING IN ODISHA INDUSTRIES-

ROADMAP FOR PREVENTION AND CONTROL

DR. MALAY KUMAR PRADHANDy. Director of Factory & Boilers, Odisha

ABSTRACTSafety is all about a mindset; it is something which the individual must cultivate @ 24x7. Real commitment to Safety can’t be ‘turned on’ at the factory entrance gate at the start of the day and ‘le� behind’ on the way home from workplace. In today’s fast moving world, Safety Management is increasingly being recognized as an operational tool to successfully manage the complexity demands of production and protection.�e earlier concept of ‘Incident Reporting’ has now been replaced by ‘Safety Management’ that identi�es hazards and mitigates them proactively which in turn ensures zero incident. Publishing policies, developing processes and investing infrastructure are just the foundation blocks that not only ensures high performance in safety but also makes the system sustainable. Conversely, passive leadership, unmanaged competence, weak capability, reactive culture and weak assurance functions are words that resonate with many investigation reports and clearly spell bad news for any safety management performance.When Government of Odisha is progressively going ahead with rapid Industrialization; side by side, is equally committed in creating a Safe Working Environment so that employees can go home in the same health in which they arrived. Safety Culture starts at the apex and �lters down. We have to let our workforce realize that safety policies are instilled, because we truly care about their health and well-being.

e�ective tra�c management. Provision of tra�c posts and security posts at di�erent junctions inside the factory premises shall enforce safety. Separate lanes with ear-marked parking place for heavy vehicles, light vehicles, motor cycles / cyclists and pedestrians ensure road safety. Trained and experienced persons free from diseases like hyper-tension, epilepsy, poor eyesight’s etc. shall only be allowed to work at height. Management should carryout height work under close supervision and refrain from such work preferably a�er sunset. Adherence to SOP/SMP should be the Bible of the organization.3.0 ENFORCEMENT OF THE STATUTEDirectorate is responsible to enforce the safety legislations for securing safety and occupational health of the people at work. With the advent of new technology, innovation and modernization, the work of this Directorate has increased multi-fold over the last decade. Further, several iron & steel, power plants, cement & chemical factories have come up in the State handling hazardous and toxic substances which has been a challenge for the enforcement mechanism to handle such complex matters in enforcement of Industrial Safety and Health. �e Directorate is consistently putting its untiring e�ort to safeguard life and property of industrial workforce.

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Year Regd. Factories2008-09 31792009-10 32852010-11 33692011-12 35122012-13 36112013-14 37422014-15 38562015-16 40762016-17 41362017-18 4215  

4.2 Fatal AccidentsYear No. of fatalities2008-09 812009-10 1212010-11 902011-12 662012-13 702013-14 622014-15 492015-16 502016-17 412017-18 59  

4.1 Registered Factories

4.3 Accident Analysis Sl. No. Year Total No. Fall from Hit by Pressed Burn Road Electrocution Others of Fatality height object by object injury accident1 2008-09 81 14 12 17 13 10 05 10 17.28% 14.81% 20.98% 16.04% 12.34% 6.17% 12.34%2 2009-10 121 24 22 15 18 25 14 03 19.83% 18.18% 12.39% 14.87% 20.66% 11.57% 2.47%3 2010-11 90 23 07 11 20 19 09 01 25.55% 7.77% 12.22% 22.22% 21.11% 10% 1.11%4 2011-12 56 11 12 10 06 09 06 02 19.64% 21.42% 17.85% 10.71% 16.07% 10.71% 3.57%5 2012-13 72 16 12 04 10 15 13 02 22.22% 16.66% 5.55% 13.88% 20.83% 18.05% 2.77%6 2013-14 62 21 11 06 05 09 07 03 33.87% 17.74% 9.67% 8.06% 14.51% 11.29% 4.83%7 2014-15 48 12 13 06 07 04 04 02 25% 27.08% 12.05% 14.58% 8.33% 8.33% 4.16%8 2015-16 50 09 08 06 05 10 08 04 18% 16% 12% 10% 20% 16% 8%9 2016-17 41 08 09 03 07 06 04 04 19.51% 21.95% 7.31% 17.07% 14.63% 9.75% 9.75%10 2017-18 59 13 05 14 11 07 04 05 22.03% 8.47% 23.72% 18.64% 11.86% 6.77% 8.47%

4.0 Statistics of the State of Odisha

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5.0 Action Initiated by the Directorate5.1 Training for Industrial WorkersYear No. training No. of persons programmes bene�ted conducted 2008-09 1485 48,9122009-10 1993 82,0372010-11 2273 92,7392011-12 2564 1,01,9812012-13 2791 1,19,3672013-14 2825 1,28,3452014-15 3281 1,39,8062015-16 3999 1,79,5252016-17 3880 1,86,6392017-18 3978 1,91,312  

5.2 Health Check-up of Industrial WorkersYear No. of workers undergone health Check-up2008-09 79,8132009-10 1,02,2492010-11 1,55,5042011-12 1,63,2392012-13 1,98,9812013-14 2,11,9472014-15 2,08,5462015-16 2,35,5532016-17 2,47,2282017-18 2,57,124  

5.3 Assessment of Safety O�cersYear No. of Safety O�cers assessed008-09 052009-10 112010-11 252011-12 332012-13 772013-14 1102014-15 772015-16 402016-17 1462017-18 69  

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5.4 Review of Safety, Health & Environment (SHE) system of FactoriesYear No. of SHE system reviewed2008-09 042009-10 092010-11 202011-12 292012-13 292013-14 332014-15 522015-16 432016-17 272017-18 26  

5.5 Assessment on Workability of On-Site Emergency PlansYear No. of On Site Emergency Plans reviewed2008-09 072009-10 112010-11 202011-12 212012-13 312013-14 332014-15 422015-16 512016-17 522017-18 41  

5.6 Work Environment MonitoringYear No. of Work Environment Monitored / Assessed2008-09 172009-10 242010-11 452011-12 652012-13 722013-14 462014-15 1112015-16 882016-17 342017-18 11  

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6.0 Action initiated by the Directorate• Identified accident-prone factories and paid special

attention in improvement of safety management system in such factories.

• Reviewed periodically safety management systems ofhazardous factories by a team of o�cers.

• Served“Prohibitionorders”and“ImprovementNotices”on detection of imminent danger to human life and ensured immediate compliance.

• Reviewed all fatal accidents in presence of seniortechnical o�cers of the management, formulated “Action Plan” to avert similar accidents and ensured compliance.

• AssessedworkabilityofOn-siteEmergencyPlans.

• AssessedOn-SiteEmergencyMockDrillsinpresenceofDistrict Crisis Group members and compliances to the de�ciencies so noticed.

• Ensured conduct of District Crisis Group meetings atregular interval.

• AssessedperformanceofSafetyOfficers.

• Assessed performance of Competent Persons /Competent Supervisors.

• Carried out special inspection accident-prone factoriesby a team of senior o�cers and ensured compliance.

7.0 Major achievement of the Directorate over the years• Markedreductioninaccidentrate(lessthan50%)

• Prepared the Departmental Disaster ManagementPlan, got it approved by Government and uploaded the Departmental Website.

• Prevented disastrous situation during ‘Phailin’ byensuring preventive measures in factories located at Ganjam and Paradeep belts and other areas in the State.

• Awarded the factorieshavingoutstanding contribution

towards safety and occupational health during State Safety Award function.

8.0 Further Action Proposed • ReleasetwoCompendia;onewithSuccessStoriesandone

with Lessons learnt from failures which will disseminate awareness on safety.

• SafetyCalendarwithdetailsofyearlongsafetyactivitiesthroughout the state.

• Recognition of major factories as safety buddies toprovide technical expertise and minimum possible infrastructural support to raise basic safety standards.

• Formulationof“Aaina”whichshallbeasmallpocketofafactory having well maintained and safe workplace. �is place shall be a showcase and others shall be inspired to replicate it in the entire place.

• Compilation of a booklet titled “Prerana” which willinclude the success stories of the safety workers.

9.0 ConclusionWhen Government of Odisha is progressively going ahead forrapidIndustrialization;sidebyside,isequallycommittedin creating a Safe Working Environment so that employees can go home in the same health in which they arrived. �e objective of accident prevention can be achieved only if the top management takes up the responsibility for safety. It is believed that Safety Culture starts at the apex and �lters down. We have to let our workforce realize that safety policies are instilled, because we truly care about their health and well-being. Sustained e�orts are required to ensure that the accident prevention program works successfully.

References:1. Industrial Accident Prevention, A Safety Management

Approach by H W Heinrich, Dan Petersen & Nester Roos. McGraw-Hill Book Company.

2. Activity Report of Directorate of Factories & Boilers.

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Occupational health and safety addresses all the risk factors of working environments namely physical, chemical, biological, psychological and ergonomical risks. Enormous �nancial and human costs are associated with unhealthy Port organizations. Hence, Port organizations have started turning their attitude toward occupational health and safety at Ports considering the role of Port accidents in disruption of global supply chain as well as on Port & community. While linking between productivity with OHS systems, the following four core reasons are the main outcomes: • The need to findmore innovative ways to reduce the

high rates of workplace injury and illness.• Thepressuretoreducethesocialandeconomiccostsof

injury and illness • Theneedtoimprovelabourproductivitywhichdoesnot

result in employees working longer hours and taking on more work.

• Theneedtoprovidegoodworkingconditionsasawayofrecruiting and retaining skilled workers.

ROLE OF EHS IN PORT ECONOMY

SHRI SUBRAT TRIPATHYChief Executive O�cer, �e Dhamra Port Company Ltd.

Post globalization scenarios put Ports in a dominant position in international / intercontinental trade and transport that resulted with transportation of billions ton of diverse cargoes. In a �erce business environment, Ports require to be extremely competitive and e�cient to meet the business demand. Less e�cient Ports with higher service costs lose their market shares and customers to their competitors and eventually fade out from business. Port authorities do their best to cut costs and increase availability, �exibility and marketability of Port services for their customers consequently. Such objectives accomplished through optimizing operational performance indicators in Ports such as increasing equipment utilization factors and decreasing waiting time, idle time and service time. But the main question is to improve such indicators to control and even reduce the service costs by adopting the latest technologies and operational methodologies, using modern equipment, increasing public private partnership and last but not the least, creating Port community systems integrated with information technologies. In addition, considering the impact of occupational, Health and Environment in society, International Labour Organization (ILO) has tried to prevent and reduce accidents and ill health in Ports since the 1920s, when the �rst Convention on accident prevention in Ports was adopted. In recent decades attention toward individuals who work in Ports has changed from simple dock workers to human capitals. Presently, variety of occupational health and safety management systems are in place. Similarly, the attention towards the environment has been drawn by developed countries for a sustainable eco-system. �ese systems also focused on protection of people, properties and environment on optimizing Ports’ operational performance indicators and explain their �nal impacts on creating competitive advantages that should be met by world class Ports.

To be a cost e�cient Port, it must be technically e�cient. Further, given the same resources and thus the same resource costs, the average cost per unit of throughput will decline with the Port becoming technically e�cient. A decrease in Port accidents leads to fewer workplace disruptions and ultimately improves the production e�ciency of Ports

One of the basic principles of health and safety management, extending back to Heinrich, is that all accidents are preventable and also the vast majority of accidents (and this would clearly include diseases as well) are attributable to the conditions of work, not the performance of work. Which means even highly dangerous conditions might be regarded as “safe” if work were always performed with exacting attention and precision. But the goal of OSH management is to make the job appropriate to the capacities of the workforce, not to �nd ways to exclude most workers from most jobs. Hence it is customary to view the decisions of the employer concerning what production methods to use, how to implement them, and how to incorporate safety

29

and health concerns as the decisive focus of OSH policy. From this perspective, the reason that we are interested in the economic costs of poor working conditions is that they provide the material incentives for improving those conditions.

From an economic standpoint, the total cost to an economy of occupational morbidity and mortality is the sum of all private economic costs that are also social costs, plus the social costs that are external to all private parties. Suppose, for instance, that an injury to a worker results in lost output. If the worker is paid during the period of non-production, this mitigates the private cost to the worker but increases the cost to the employer. A loss of production may lead to a loss of pro�ts, which would then be a social as well as private cost, but the �rm might have the ability to raise prices, maintain pro�ts, and shi� the cost to consumers. It is clear that there are numbers of considerations to take into account at the level of a speci�c episode of injury or disease,

While outlining the explosion in Tianjin Port in China that occurred on 12th August 2015, a series of explosions occurred in the Container Terminals where at about 800 ton of Ammonium Nitrate was stored. One month a�er the explosion, the hundreds of casualty occurred with many more non-fatal injuries and huge loss of properties inside the port as well as peripheral areas. �e total loss as estimated was$250millionapproximately.ThisledtohugesetbackofPort economy in China and it gave a clear cut message about the importance of safety in Port business.Hence, every responsible employer should take all required steps for better performance in the �eld of occupational health and safety and established a bench mark for better economy & growth of the organization. It always pays to promote a “Culture of Prevention” as far as ESH is concerned. Fewnotedstepsaregivenbelow;• PromotingFelt Leadership by ensuring and enshrining

and that it would therefore be impractical to try to extend to the level of the nation the same techniques employed at the level of the enterprise.

Accidents cause losses and su�ering not only to the injured person, but also to the company and the society at large. Cost of accidents is di�cult to compute. However, they can be computed approximately. In almost all cases, the cost of an accident is far higher than the cost of preventing it.Accident cost can be classi�ed broadly as – •DirectCost•IndirectCost

According to Heinrich, the direct cost of accidents is just one-��h of the total cost of an accident. Other researchers have come out with even higher ratio of the indirect cost. �e only way to eliminate the cost of accidents is to prevent accidents of all types. Direct costs are also said as Tangible costs and Indirect costs are called Intangible costs.

Direct Cost• Productandmaterialdamage

• Overtimeandtemporarylabour

• Fines

• Medicalexpenses(forinjuredemployees)

• Compensationtoemployees

• Continuedsalaryofinjuredemployees

• Publicliability

• Legalcostsetc.

Indirect Cost• Supervisor’stime• AccidentInvestigationtime• Administrationtime• Lostproductiontime• Overtimeandtemporarylabour• Lossofexpertise/experience• Lossofmorale(thusaffectingefficiency)• Badpublicity• Lossofgoodwill/reputation• Inabilitytomeetdeadlines(duetoaccident)• Lossoforders/potentialcustomers• MentalstressoftheIPandfamilymembers• Timelossoffamilymembersaswellasfriends/co-workersduring

medical treatment etc.

the EHS Policy that re�ects the top Management commitment towards Occupational Health & Safety.

• PropagatingtheSafetyasavaluenotthepriority.• Makingarrangementsforinforming,educating,training

and retraining employees at di�erent levels on OH&S (occupational health and safety)

• InvolvingemployeesintheOH&Smanagement• TakingintoaccounttheOH&Sperformanceofemployees

at all levels while considering their career advancement• IntegratingOH&Sinalldecisionsandactivities• Taking care of OH&S needs of contractors and sub-

contractors• ImplementingOH&Ssuggestionschemeetc.“Prevention is not only better, but cheaper than cure… Pro�ts and safety are not in competition. On the contrary, safety at work is good business.”

30

1. Situational Analysis :In size, India is one of the most important developing countries in the world. According to 2001 census 2001, about 40 million people belong to the working population. As per Director General of Factory Advisory Services & Labour Institutes [DGFASLI] there are 300,000 registered industrial factories and more than 36500 hazardous factories employing 2046092. Approximately 10 million persons were employed in various factories. �e current burden of accumulated occupational diseases in India is estimated to be at around 18 million cases.

�e statistics for the overall incidence/prevalence of occupational disease and injuries for the country is not adequately compiled in an easily accessible format. Leigh et al. have estimated an annual incidence of occupational disease between 924,700 and 1,902,300 and 121,000 occupational disease caused deaths in India. Based on the survey of injury incidence in agriculture, a study by Mohan and Patel (1992) in Northern India, an annual incidence of 17 million injuries per year, (2 million moderate to serious) and 53,000 deaths per year in agriculture sector alone was estimated. A report by National Institute of Occupational Health[1999], records more than 3 million people working in various type of mines, ceramics, potteries, foundries, metal grinding, stone crushing, agate grinding, slate pencil industry etc. �ese workers are occupationally exposed to free silica dust and are at potential risk of developing silicosis

Let us list occupational health problems in organized sector: Accidents; Pneumoconiosis; Musculoskeletal injuries;Chronic Obstructive lung diseases, etc

Let us list occupational health problems of unorganized sector:

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SERVICES- THE ROAD AHEAD IN THE UNORGANIZED SECTOR

At least half of the world’s population cannot obtain essential health services, according to a new report from the World Bank and WHO. And each year, large numbers of households are being pushed into poverty because they must pay for health care out of their own pockets. Currently, 800 million people spend at least 10 percent of their household budgets on health expenses for themselves, a sick child or other family member. (WHO 2017).

Sample surveys by certain institutions provide information about the nature of hazards and type of accidents. �ey are due to: I) Agriculture hand-tools and implements such as pickaxe, spade, sickle, etc. ii) farm machinery such as tractors, threshers, fodder chopping, machines, etc. iii) chemical agents such as pesticides, fertilizers, strong weed killers, etc. iv) climatic agents such as high temperature, heavy rain, humidity, high velocity wind/storm, lightening, etc., v) electricity, vi) animal/snake bites, vii) other agents such as dust, solar radiation, etc. and viii) psychological stress due to socio-economic problems. �e Insecticides Act, 1968 and �e Dangerous Machines (Regulation) Act, 1983 and we analyze status of Occupational Health Services in our Country in 1979 and now, we see little di�erence. As of date, only 13 percent of working population comes under organized sector and they have provisions of Indian Factories Act, Employees State Insurance Act, and Dock Laborers Act. Miners Act – while remaining 87 percent who come under unorganized sector have to depend on Primary Health Care Services.(2,3)

Certain Facts:58 percent of population engaged in Agriculture :Indoor air pollution adds to occupational health of women who will exposure atworkplace and that of air pollution at home;Agriculture, Construction sector, Shops and establishments, BeediandCigarmaking;Eatingplaces;:Wastemanagement:home work constitute various unorganized sector occupations:

2 lakh people die of occupational diseases and 1200 get injured and 50 percent of these occur in developing countries.

It is estimated that India has a working population of approximately 500 million.

PROF.(DR) SREEKANTAIAH PRUTHVISH MD,DNB,PGDHHM, Professor and Head of Community Medicine and Chairperson,

Health Care Waste Management Cell, M.S.Ramaiah Medical College, Bangalore

31

Currently, there is no government agency or department which deals exclusively with occupational safety and health matters. �e director general of the Factory Advisory Services and Labor Institutes deals with the safety and health of workers employed in factories and ports, whereas, the director general of Mines Safety deals with the safety and health of miners. While there are other departments under the Ministry of Labour, which deal with OSH issues in di�erent sectors, e.g. the construction sector, no agency covers safety and health for workers in unorganized sectors. (1,2,3)

Major challenges in unorganized sector :Huge workforce ; availability of cheap labour dueto high unemployment; meager public spending onhealth;inadequate implementation of existing legislation; large amount of unrecognized unreported occupationalillness; relative shortage of skilled and trained OSHprofessionals; multiplicity of statutory controls; Apathyof stake holders; infrastructure problems; delay inimplementation of national policy on OSH (3).

Towards Solutions 11. Basic Occupational Health Services:

Do we have Basic occupational Health Services?

In principle, it has to be part of Primary Health Care services. �e BOHS concept envisages coverage of all workers, and has a strong focus on prevention. �ere has to be a strong primary health care approach, which needs strong coordination between health and labor ministries, in our country. �e BOHS aim at:

•Protectionofhealthatwork,

•Promotionofhealth,wellbeing,workabilityand

•Preventionofoccupationaldiseasesandaccidents.

Activities under BOHS encompass not only health surveillance, emergency preparedness and �rst aid services but also include surveillance of work environment, risk assessment and preventive and control measures. Health education and health promotion are also an integral part of BOHS. Improved conditions of work will lead to a healthier work force and, in turn, improved productivity.

If we look at it, there are many gaps:

We are de�cient in identifying occupational problems in unorganized sector. We do not have adequate health insurance schemes. We do not provide adequate training for basic doctors in Occupational Health. While these are weaknesses, there are a few strengths – we have Primary Health Care services across the country delivered through

PHCs, CHCs and District Hospitals. Challenges are: how to integrate occupational health services in primary health care;howtostimulateconceptofhealthinsurance;howtohave occupational health and safety experts trained, how to educate and create awareness among unorganized sector regarding occupational health problems and methods of prevention.

Recently, the national occupational health and safety policy has been �nalized (2009) by the government and let us hope that it will take the country one step closer towards BOHS for all (personal communication).

Towards Solutions 2:Another important solution can be creation of health insurance schemes, awareness of communities to use them and facilitate use of private sector health services. Increase the current coverage of less than 20 percent.

Towards solutions 3:Expand legislations to cover unorganized sector also which seems to require very high degree of political commitment.

Awareness among all stake holders about occupational Health services.

Creation of occupational Health service infrastructure and Occupational Health service professionals.

Towards solutions 4:One solution is making Universal Health Coverage include unorganized sector.

Universal health coverage (UHC) means that all people and communities can use the promotive, preventive, curative, rehabilitative and palliative health services they need, of su�cient quality to be e�ective, while also ensuring that the use of these services does not expose the user to �nancial hardship.

�is de�nition of UHC embodies three related objectives:• Equityinaccesstohealthservices-everyonewhoneeds

services should get them, not only those who can pay for them;

• Thequalityofhealthservicesshouldbegoodenoughtoimprovethehealthofthosereceivingservices;and

• People should be protected against financial-risk,ensuring that the cost of using services does not put people at risk of �nancial harm.

UHC is �rmly based on the WHO constitution of 1948 declaring health a fundamental human right and on the Health for All agenda set by the Alma Ata declaration in

32

1978. UHC cuts across all of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and brings hope of better health and protection for the world’s poorest (4).

Excerpts from Recommendations for 12th Five year plan with speci�c reference to unorganised sector from thr Report of Occupational Health and Safety (2011) of Government of India (2).

UNORGANIZED SECTOR

1) For the unorganized sector workers various segment-speci�c occupational, safety and health guidelines need to be developed by multi-disciplinary group of experts taking into account the uniqueness of the socio-cultural context, general characteristics, etc. of the concerned geographical region.

2) Directorate General of Factory Advice Service & Labour Institutes (DGFASLI) and National Safety Council (NSC) in collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture will review the OSH components of the existing course contents of the Ministry of Agriculture for the training of agricultural workers in the unorganized sector.

3) DGFASLI & NSC will conduct trainers’ training programme for agricultural workers in collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture.

4) NGOs, Institutes, Departments working in the �eld of unorganized sector need to be identi�ed for creating OSH awareness among the workers.

5) In four or �ve regions in India, model projects need to be undertaken in collaboration with the NGOs/Institutes wherein the registered unorganized sector workers will undergo regular medical check-up for developing

national level Occupational Safety & Health database as a pilot project.

6) To coordinate the pilot project, a special cell with executive power attached to a government department in the Ministry needs to be formed.

Conclusion :

�ere is need to look at di�erent solutions to improve occupational health safety in unorganised sector. �ese include development of Basic Occupational Health Services, Development of Health Insurance Mechanisms, auguring the implementation of National Health and Safety Polcy, Implementation of recommendations of Report of recommendations of Occupational Health and Safety for the period of the 12th Plan.

Needless to say, Universal Health Coverage should be the focus.

Acknowledgements :

Dr MV Sreenivasan, Chief Medical O�cer , Health Services, Bharath Electronics Ltd, Bangalore

References and Bibliography :

1.Government of India Report of the National Commission on Labour

2.Government of India (2011) Report of Occupational Safety and Health for the 12th Plan period.

3.Shyam Pingle Occupational Safety and Health in India, Industrial Health 2012 50 167 to 171

4. WHO Sources (2018) Universal Health Coverage

33

Traditionally, work related eye injuries have predominately a�ected individuals working outdoors or in the construction, manufacturing and service industries. Male workers 25-44 years have the highest risk of work related eye injuries.�e increasing use of computers amongst o�ce workers has also lead to an increasing burden of eye disorders amongst workers who spend long periods each day looking at computer screens.

Work related eye conditions1. Chemical eye burnsBoth highly acidic (pH <4) and highly alkaline (pH >10) substances are toxic to the eye and cause chemical eye burns if they come into contact with the surface of the eye. Alkaline substances present the greatest risk. Such substances are most commonly found in the workplace, for example in laboratory chemicals or industrial cleaning products.

2. Invasion of foreign bodies�e eye/s may sometimes be invaded by small foreign particles (e.g. dust from manufacturing activities) which can cause irritation and in�ammation. While foreign particles rarely cause lasting damage to the eyes, prompt removal of irritating particles is necessary to avoid permanent eye damage or scarring.

3. Blunt trauma injuriesBlunt trauma injuries (i.e. injuries which do not penetrate the skin and do not result in external bleeding) to the eye occur as a result of being struck by a heavy object. �ey can cause the eye to bleed internally.

4. Allergic conjunctivitisAllergic conjunctivitis is common amongst workers in the food handling and agricultural sectors who are regularly

 

OCULAR HAZARD IN INDUSTRY- HOW TO TAKE CARE

Introduction

�ere are a range of agents found in workplaces that can cause eye diseases, disorders or injuries. While many of these agents are o�en also found in everyday living environments, exposure at dangerous levels is most likely to occur in the workplace. For this reason, these conditions are commonly referred to as work related eye injuries or diseases.

exposed to particular spices, fruits and vegetables. Excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation (such as sunlight) is associated with working in an outdoor industry and also increases the risk of allergic conjunctivitis.

5. Eye diseases associated with ultraviolet radiation exposureOutdoor workers are o�en exposed to ultraviolet radiation (in the form of sunlight) in excessive quantities. �ere are numerous eye diseases and disorders associated with the eyes’ exposure to ultraviolet radiation, including squamous cell carcinoma of the eye, cataract and pterigium. Outdoor workers therefore have an increased risk of developing these conditions.Arti�cial sources of ultraviolet radiation are also found in a range of workplaces and can damage the eyes. �ese include welding arcs, germicidal lamps and lasers. �us the above mentioned diseases can also occur as a result of occupational exposure to arti�cial sources of ultraviolet radiation.

6. Computer use disordersUsing a computer for extended periods of time is associated with a range of temporary eye disorders including pain and altered vision. �e normal blinking reduces as we keep staring at the screens which causes dryness of eyes and irritation.

Protecting the eyes from work related eye injuriesNational Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) 1991 too has recorded high prevalence (35/1000 in rural areas, and 32/1000 in urban areas) of injury-related visual impairment.. �ere are a range of measures an individual can take to protect their eyes from work-related injuries and illnesses. In India, all employees are required to provide their employees with an adequate standard of protective equipment. Protective

DR. NABIN KUMAR PATTNAIKDCH, MD Ophth. AIIMS, Vitreo-Retina & Lasik Specialist CHAIRMAN- Dr Pattnaik’s Laser Eye Institute, New Delhi

34

 

measures which can be taken to prevent work related eye injuries include:

1. Providing protective eye wear�e type of eye wear required depends on the job being conducted. Safety goggles with full face protection are particularly important for welders, who may be exposed to high levels of UV radiation, as well as foreign substances which can invade the eye. In other industrial settings, the use of eye goggles is also required and these should have side shields to protect against the invasion of foreign particles and liquids. It should be noted that such eye wear may not protect against dust, particles and vapours which can cause eye damage.Individuals who spend time working outdoors or driving should be provided with sunglasses and hats to protect their eyes from harmful UV radiation.

2. Keeping eyewash accessible in the workplace

Initial treatment of many work related eye injuries can prevent serious and long-term eye damage. �e single most common approach to treatment is irrigation of the eye with a saline eye wash (i.e. washing the eye out with a saline eye wash), to remove the foreign substance causing eye injury. In workplaces where workers are at risk of exposure to chemicals or small particles, eyewash solutions should be easily accessible so that eyes which have been invaded by foreign substances can be promptly irrigated and the likelihood of permanent eye damage reduced.

3. Prevention of Computer related ProblemsOne should sit in a proper posture while working on computer. �e angle between screen and oneself should be between 45 to 60 degrees. To avoid dryness of eyes, follow the 20-20 rule i.e, every 20 minutes of working take a break of 20 seconds to keep eyes o� the screen and blink repeatedly. If the symptoms still persist, you should see the eye doctor.

 

 

He is specialized in Ophthalmology from the most prestigious Dr RP Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi. He has presented at various international and national meetings and has written chapters in various textbooks. He has been Honoured Bharat Jyoti Award in 2003 for outstanding work in �eld of Ophthalmology, Rashtriya Gaurav Award in 2003, Dr RN Sabharwal Gold Medal in 2004, HUF Excellence Award 2014 for contribution in the �eld of Health Care.

He has received his MBBS degree from VSS Medical College, Orissa. He was trained at Christian medical college, Vellore. He has obtained his MD Ophthalmology from Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi in 1978.

He is specialized in Ophthalmology from Aravind Eye

Hospital and Post Graduate Institute of Ophthalmology,

Madurai, followed by residency training at Dr RP Centre

for Ophthalmic Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi. He did

a short-term fellowship in Medical Retina at Sankara

Nethralaya, Chennai. Following this he took training in

LASIK & Refractive Surgery from Germany. His expertise

in �eld of ophthalmology is immense. He has presented at

various international and national meetings and has written

chapters in various textbooks. His clinical

She received her basic postgraduation training in Ophthalmology from the prestigious Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai. She is a well- trained Anterior Segment Ophthalmic Surgeon and has specialized in Phacoemulsi�cation and Refractive surgery. She then did short term training in squint at Dr RP Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi under the expert guidance of Dr. Pradeep Sharma, followed by fellowship at LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad. She has presented at various international and national meetings and has publications in national and international journals, written chapters in textbooks. Her areas of specialization include strabismus (squint), Paediatric ophthalmology, and neuro-ophthalmological disorders.

DR. NABIN KUMAR PATTNAIK

DCH, MD Ophth. AIIMS, Vitreo-Retina & Lasik Specialist CHAIRMAN- Dr Pattnaik’s Laser Eye Institute, New Delhi

DR. RASHEENA BANSAL PATTNAIK DNB, MNAMS, FICO Post Graduation- Aravind Eye Hospital & Postgraduate Institute of Ophthalmology, MaduraiFellowship (LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad) Specialist in Cataract, Paediatric Eye Diseases, Squint & Neuro-ophthalmology

DR. ABHIYAN KUMAR PATTNAIKDOMS, FMRF (Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai)Specialist in Medical Retina, Lasers, LASIK & Refractive SurgeryDIRECTOR - Dr Pattnaik’s Laser Eye Institute, New Delhi

35

When we speak of Digital World, Robotics, Internet of �ings, Genomics, Driverless Cars, Arti�cial Intelligence, Drones, Crypto Currency, Real virtual, 3D Printing, Wearables, so on so forth, it is evident that the working condition at workplace also under go swi� changes, in such case, proper identi�cation of hazards in particular the dormant ones may not appear fast. Adopting to change in technology without knowing risk factors may castbig shadow on the preventive analogies and the emerging tangible results leading to derailment of all planning, process, execution, vision, mission and set goals in the �eld of OSH.But there appears to be some scepticism in the minds of the stake holders, they feel even this phase will also pass. �ey may be right, but at what cost? Is yet to be answered. �e developed and the developing countries themselves are yet to over come some of these issues in the area of OSH in the present industrial workplace. One of the WHO report points out, that these countries are loosing almost 4%of annual global GDP as nearly 160 million of workers su�er from occupational diseases, more than 270 million su�er from occupational injuries and about 2 million workers die prematurely every year from occupational illnesses such as respiratory, mus¬culoskeletal, noise induced hearing loss (NIHL), occupational poisonings, skin infections, silicosis, cancers and injuries. It also states that, world¬wide more than 80 % of occupational diseases/ injuries occur in developing countries. �erefore, it is pertinent to address both present and the future for better understanding of OSH issues in making tomorrow’s workplace safer. �e emerging areas mentioned at para two above are more complex as it is visualised that they may have an adverse e�ect on the socio-economic scenario, demographic pattern, psychological aspects, as well these factors are hugely in�uencing the people to rethink and rework their strategy on OSH issues.

TOMORROW’S SAFETY OF INDUSTRIAL WORKERS –RECENT TRENDS

Abstract

What is changing? �e science, technology, process, industrial workplace/workforce, the attitude, public perception, in fact all of them are under tremendous transformation and likely to be more aggressive and rapid in the days to come. �ese components depend on each othersince they are links of the same chain, hence they need to match each other in all areas for sustainable growth and continual improvement, also they need to adapt themselves to this rapidly changing era, the breakage of one link could spell severe consequences resulting in disastrous situations.

The established principle of Zero accident/ Illness in thearea of OSH re�ects the business core value, however this can’t be static, the organisation with true commitment for OSH always need to think beyond the requirement of the legislation more so they need to think di�erently for e�ective, innovative, more dynamic and systemic OSH management both in present and future industries to make tomorrows workplace safer. �is article tries to address these issueswithbroadclassification infiveparts;1)Whatshouldchange? 2)Dependency and Trust! 3)Challenges before us? 4)Leading the way! 5)Path ahead?

1) What should change? �e present day technologies seem to have reached saturation, new developments arrive more quickly and innovations make the leap from consumer applications to business (and vice versa). It’s essential that we constantly look for those hazardous to our own business or establishments. A Greek philosopher Heraclitus said, “the only one constant in life is change”. �is has proved to be true in areas related to or based on technology. �e speed of technological innovation is such that even the most fairy tale fantasies could easily become a reality, the examples are IoT, Genomics, Driverless Cars, Arti�cial Intelligence, Drones, so on so forth. �e present industrial scenario also has undergone remarkable change and continue to do so, but unfortunately the pace of change in the �eld of OSH is very inadequate compared to the technological change. �e most important is �rstly, the waysomeone look and think at safety as an, individual, employee, employer, society and government. �is apart there is also a need to change from reactive to proactive. It is deeplyfelt that, the aspect of prediction is mostly absent in all actions of planning for OSH. �e

SHRI H SRINIVASAIAH, B.Sc, B.E Former Director of Factories, Boilers, Industrial Safety and Health

Government of Karnataka Bengaluru Karnataka

36

second aspect is the industry must embed the culture of safety as business core value to ensure that it reaches all the stakeholders and make it widely known by involving everyone irrespective of their position in the organisation and not to forget the society, government, media and the like. �is approach would certainly provide right solutions in less time. A simple example could be some time even the silly or stupid idea would identify the weak link and help in preventing disastrous consequences.�e third important issue is, many a times we fail not only to own the organisation, even our responsibilities. �e aggressive engagement of stakeholders in designing right strategy for OSH certainly make them more committed and emotionally attached leading to increased productivity, quality and reducing or eliminating occupational injuries and health e�ects. �erefore, when plan to put OSH strategy in place think di�erently from the routine.

2) Dependency and Trust! It is an established norm that OSH is not one man’s job. It is also well known that the trust de�cit contributes to an exponential increase in risk and severity. Workplace safety cannot exist on best practice, guidelines and policies alone as OSH is a multidisciplinary �eld concerned with safety, health, and welfare of people at work, so a culture of safety (involving people from multidisciplinary departments) needs to be ruthlessly embedded in to the system lead by a true trustworthy leader. �e desired tangible results will start pouring in once such leader assumes his/her position and that could be the beginning to lay a strong foundation for the sustainable growth of that organisation.�e leader shows the path forward and carry with him every single stake holder to reach the goals. A well structured and e�ective integration of vertical and horizontal structures with its vision, mission, objectives and the embedded business culture makes it easy for an organisation to achieve its targets either in osh or productivity or quality or competiveness. �e trust builds better co-existence and homogeneity, this reduces dependency giving way for OSH system to work without break and business interruptions.

3) Challenges before us?Today’s workplace is continuously changing to meet the demands of the present day needs. In this dynamic time, OSH strategy need to continually focus on how they can adapt their programs to perform e�ciently in the face of this constant change. A review of the present and future industrial OSH issues particularly in the �eld of process and manufacturing sector, the challenges are many, the hazards are multiplying day a�er day, the demographic shi� due to large scale migration on account of various reasons and liberalisation of labour laws in the guise of ease of doing business has opened �ood gates for employment of illiterate / untrained, contractual employees, this could be due to low wages, less control or less responsibility. On the backdrop of this, the occupational injuries and illness are likely to be

more prevalent than ever before, consequently the challenges are no less. �e OSH issues that are likely to emerge in all new areas like IoT, Robotics, Genomics, Big Data clouding, Wearable’s,Artificial Intelligenceetc; are stillunknownbutthese technologies are already in place and employs millions of persons across the globe. In this continuously changing time,fewchallengeswhichmayencounterusare;i. Raising of workplace awareness coupled with public

awareness ii. Designing and practicing of awell structured strategy

for delivery of OSH issues iii. Creating adequate infrastructure at all levels for

e�ective implementation and adoption of OSH issues iv. Emphasis on employee’s wellness at workplace v Identifying and employment of right person for right

job and put in place the motivational strategy vi Ensuring of corruption free and unbiased

implementation of relevant laws, guidelines, codes, practices, polices, programs and advises

vii. Embeddingthe Culture of Safety in Organization’s strategy as business core value

viii. Instilling of con�dence to think di�erently, auditing beyond commonalities and to always consider the worst case scenario’s of extremities

ix. Establishing experiential workplaces, laboratories and training centers with virtual and visuals

x. Timely alterations in laws immediately followed by guidelines, codes, practices, polices, programs and advises,

xi. Lack of ability to communicate hazards, xii. Lack of skill to bring in multidisciplinary departmental

people to co-exist and understand each other, xiii. Absence of teaching of so� skills in all our training

programs and communication lines, xiv. Absence of regular emergency mock drills with all its

seriousnessand �nally willpower not to make safety only a “priority”, but to speak all the time whenever there is an opportunity or to create opportunity to drive the OSH issues.

4) Leading the Way:�e strongest point of discussion for many decades was who should lead OSH? And who should be made responsible and accountable? �e outcome of this debate and discussion is that a) On realising the importance and the seriousness, many countries opted to make the top level management of the organisation directly responsible and accountable b) Some countries are still debating the issue c) some countries are still holding on to the delegated power. In India, a�er Bhopal gas tragedy the matter is well settled, when the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India upheld the amended provision of law with regard to appointment of Occupier (Director / Partner / Proprietor) for the purpose of the Act and the allied Rules.

37

�e bigger question is whether all the top level management do function as good leaders? Perhaps the answer is well known. One of the leadership management expert Ken Blanchard says the “True leadership starts inside with a servant heart and moves outward to serve others”. He further describes few critical characteristics and values in common, they are1) his paramount aim is the best interest of those he lead 2) he gains personal satisfaction from watching the growth and development of those he leads 3) he wants to be held accountable for all the omissions and commissions 4) he will himself ask, “has my performance met the needs of those I serve?” 5) he will be willing to listen 6) he loves to have feedback and advice – any information that will help to serve better 7) he will control his EGO.8) he is the one who always do the “right things” for the betterment of those he lead 9) he also expects that those he follow him to do “things right”. Another expert Jack Welch describes how yesterday’s leaders bred complacency with their mindset of accepting compromise, keeping things tidy and he goes on to state that how the tomorrow’s leaders should do and says, they must raise issues, debate, and resolve, must rally around a vision of what a business can become. �e example of these two and the analogy adopted by them undoubtedly applies to OSH issues as well.From the experience and various analogies, it is imperative that the top level management plays a very signi�cant role in an organisation and have direct in�uence on their business inclusive of OSH issues. �e stronger the business core value which embeds OSH, the total outcome stands excellent.

5. Path Ahead�e future before us is highly challenging, obviously complex, still appears to be very interesting considering the futuristic technologies, the pace of advancement in science, upcoming industrial complexes / processes, the attitude of new employers, adaptation to socio-psychology of migrant / contractual employees, the acceptance by ever demanding consumers and the society. �e intuitive and holistic approach may throw some light on the path ahead in the area of OSH. �ere appears to be a wrong notion that safer workplace is only for employees but the forgotten myth is, one the biggest bene�ciary is the employer in terms of pro�t and quality of products making him king in the global market, two realizations that the adherence to OSH and practicing them protects environment and the community alike. �erefore, building an integrated business core value and bringing them in the business strategy is vital, this would lay a strong foundation in designing a robust strategy for implementation of OSH concerns. Considering the inevitable change in the present and futuristic workplace a few central issues that could be discussed are 1. Usage of digital and big data to identify the root cause 2. Adopting of corporate wellness programs 3. Continuous e�ort to look for latest safer technologies and green chemistry options and to integrate them in design, business and process4. Building adequate capacity and competency 5.

Opting for quality assurance certi�cation and accreditation on OSH 6. Periodical audits beyond what is prescribed under the law and commonalities, assessing them for their integrity and suitability 7. Factual hazard identi�cation prescribing periodicity (as and when there is even small ornoticeable change is involved) 8.ConductingHAZAN,HAZOP, recording, communicating and implementingthem 9. Undertaking of comprehensive industrial hygiene survey and initiating immediate corrective actions 10. Following the right method of identi�cation of fugitive emissions, their measurement, assessment and e�ectiveness of communicating 11. Imbibing of human approach in identifying right solutions.

ConclusionConclusion is also as complex as that of the future. �ere are many ways to improve workplace safety, the foremost being the, hazard identi�cation, communication, commitment, top to bottom approach, the dedication, decision making, to think beyond legislative frame work, to think di�erently, to change the way of thinking. �e best way is to follow the traditional approach by integrating new technics using big data with paradigm shi� in behavioral attitude. �e safety is not one man’s job, all need to participate and co-exist to build tomorrow’s better society and pleasant world.

References1. �e Servant leader - by Ken Blanchard and Phil Hodges2. �e future of Health and Safety –An article published by

EY building a better working world3. Environment-International Labour Organization,

Global Trends on Occupational Safety and Health a Management Sytems Approach by Dr. J. Takala InFocus Programme on Safety and Health at Work

4. UNUM Limited UK- �e article published by “ �e Future Workplace”

5. Occupational Safety and Health in Developing Countries-Review of strategies, case studies and a bibliography by ChristerHogstedt and Bodhi PierisofAbertslivsinstitutet( National Institute of Working Life)

6. Occupational Health: Meeting the Challenges of the Next 20 Years By John Harrison and Leonie Dawson - National School of Occupational Health, Health Education England, North West London, UK and College of Business, Arts and Social Science, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK

7. Management- Nine ways to improve your safety culture byMoragnWilsonDirector Juice Learning; an awardwinning training company.

8. AnArticlepublishedatCarrier–FAQsofAustralia.9. Report of �e Working Group On Occupational Safety

and Health for the Twel�h Five Year Plan (2012 To 2017)- Government Of India Ministry Of Labour And Employment.

38

SAFETY AND ECONOMY LEADERS IN RISK ENGINEERING AND EHS SOLUTIONS

AN ISO 9001:2008 CERTIFIED CONSULTING ORGANISATION

Safety Paradox• Safetyisan

expensive item• OtherFellow

concept(Accidents always happen to others

• PriceforProgress• KarmaTheory

Why EHS is important?

SHRI N. V. SUBHA RAO, CE Cholamandalam MS Risk, Chennai

Government Regulations

Changing customer

perception

E�ciency and

productivity issues

Depletion of natural

resources/Risk Management

Global warming /

ClimateChange

Movement to make

environment safe – Societal

forces

EHSWhy should

we be concerned?

What are the bene�ts of investing in Safety?

Qualitative bene�ts Quantitative bene�ts

Corporate Responsibility» Image, reputation and brand Risk Reduction

» Prevents human injury» Avoids signi�cant losses and

environmental damageBusiness Flexibility» License to operate» Increased business options Sustained Value

» Helps to boost productivity» Helps produce high quality

products, on time, and at lower cost» Contributes to shareholder value

All four bene�ts combine to support the pro�tability, safety performance, quality, and environmental responsibility of the business

100 largest losses in Hydrocarbon Industry – Marsh Report

100 largest losses (1974-2015) in Hydrocarbon industry in terms of property damage value – Marsh reportSource: https://www.marsh.com/us/insights/research/the-100-largest-losses-in-the-hyrdocarbon-industry-1974-2015.html

39

Which of these are common additional costs

Iceberg E�ect

Production losses

Legal fee & �nes

Paying for overtime

Sickness absenteeism

Insurance and pension costs

Subcontractor work

Individual productivity losses

Hiring replacement

Stake holder concerns replacement

Today’s EHS Landscape• Complianceisoldschool–Leadersstrivingforexcellence• Risk-based approach to safety but how do you know

where your risks are?• EmbeddingH&Sindesign,managementandoperational

systems• Increased pressure for transparency and accountability

especially in the supply chain

• Reputationmatters–externallytostakeholdersandinafast-paced social media world

• Regulatory compliance and new standards (ISO 45001)call for data

• ChangingroleofEHSManagers–demonstrateareturn,demonstrate operational excellence

Where we are and Where we want to go – a Constant Dilemma for Corporate?

Increasi

ngly infro

med

Increasi

ng Trust and Acco

untabilit

y

GENERATIVEHSE is how we do business round here

PROACTIVE Safety Values and Values drive continuou

simprovement

CALCULATIVEWe have systems in place to manage all hazards

REACTIVESafety is important, we do a lot every time

we have an accident

PATHOLOGICALWho cares as long as we’re not caught

40

Safety as a component in Business Operations> Safety has grown as a culture in many organizations• seenasanintegralpartofthebusinessoperations• ensuringbusinesscontinuity• improvingoperatingdiscipline

Case StudiesCase Study 1- Chemical Manufacturing

Challenge Way forward Results

•Usage of flammables and toxicwhich could lead to catastrophic accidents particularly explosions, �res and toxic releases

•Initiated to develop PSM andachieve excellence

•Thecompetencyoftheemployeeshas improved

Methodology

PSM Gap Analysis as per

OSHA PSM

PSM promotion - Newsletters and

PSMMascot

Development of PSM Manual and PSM standards in

line with OSHA PSM / CCPS RBPS

On-�eld implementation and

Review

Identi�cation of PSM Implementation Team

- PSM Chairman, Apex Committee and Element

wise Sub Committee

Element-wise Training

modules, including case studies using

CSB videos

De�ning PSM Policy and Objectives

PSM Sensitization

andHandholding

De�ning Process

Safety KPIs

Conducting PSM Workshops at various levels

of the organization

> Safety is no longer with manufacturing sector alone• Banks, Telecom Operators, Retail chains, Hospitals,

Warehouses,Malls and Commercial Establishments are investing big on safety, including dedicated HSE Professionals

41

Key Findings> Structured process of identifying hazards through

Process Hazard Analysis.> Updated Process documents and Safe Operating

procedures, which are easily accessible to employees.> Review of hazards before implementing any change

through Management of Change process.> Asset integrity program to assure management on plant

integrity, availability and performance.> Review of Safety before facility startup through Pre-

Startup Safety Reviews> Training and Competency Assurance of Workforc> Structured process of contractor selection, training and

evaluation> Reporting and investigation of Process Safety Incidents

to prevent recurrence and improved learning.> Improved Emergency Preparedness and structured

rehearsals> E�ective measurement and feedback of Process Safety

Performance> Enhances Process Safety Culture across the functions

> Considerable reduction in accidents and NIL fatalities in the depots covered as part of the depot safety management program.

> �e client management also took decision to close certain depots that were found unsafe based on our assessment and moved into alternate locations.

> �e depot scores have improved from initial assessment through monthly follow-up. �e target score of 70 by end of the follow-up period was achieved in most of the depots.

Case Study 2- Ware House

Case Study 3- Automobile Industry Case Study 4- Commercial Real Estate Developers

Key Findings

Challenge Way forward Results

• Accidentsin Depots impacting Supply Chain Management

• Developmentof depot Safety Management Program

• Developeda�roughput calculator, Warehouse capacity calculator and vehicle parking calculator

3035

2520151050

Initial Assessment

2012

Follow-up Sep’12

Follow-up Oct’12

Follow-up Nov’12

Follow-up and

closure in Dec’12

Score <50 31 31 30 23 10Score 50 to 69 28 28 25 30 15 Score >70 to 100 2 2 5 7 30Depots shi�ed / closed 1 6

Challenge Way forward Results

• Suppliermetwith a �re accident

• Theproductiondelayed for more than 20 days

• Decidedtoconduct third party audits for all the supplier and vendors

• Strengthenedthe safety in more than 900 industries

Challenge Way forward Results

• MNCclientsrequirement to have world class safety systems

• Decidedtoconduct third party �re and electrical audits for all the buildings

• Scoresandtrends were developed for all the occupants

• Adedicatedsafety management systems were put in place

42

Key Findings

Key Findings

43

Case Study 5- Natural Gas Terminal

Case Study 5- Transportation

Key Findings

Key Findings

Challenge

Challenge

Way forward

Way forward

Results

Results

• Whenitwasstarted,relevantstandard benchmarked safety practices were not available

• RoadaccidentsinvolvingtheFGmovement vehicles resulting in multiple fatalities across the country.

• Bringingvarioustransportation

• InitiatedamonthlySafetyIndexassessment study for self evaluation of the existing Health and Safety Management system

• EstablishedandoperatingDriverManagement Centres (DMC) at multiple locations in the country

•Minimumstandardsdefinedforvehicle condition, Monitoring of driver performance

• TheSafetyManagementSystemswereestablished

• Theindexassessmentscoreisassociated to the KPIs of all the employees

• Contractorsanddriversareonacommon platform on Road Safety

44

Key Findings

Can Safety change your Fortune?Background:➢ On January 5th 2018, Electrosteel steels limited

announced bankruptcy proceedings a�er defaulting on more than Rs 13,000 crores of loan, ➢�e bids were opened late in the evening,

➢ Four multi national companies entered into the bidding.➢ On February 7th 2018 Renaissance one of the four

bidders for the bankrupt Electrosteel steels, questioned TATA Steel and Vedanta the other two major bidders are not eligible for bidding under section 29 (d) of the Insolvency and the Bankruptcy Code(IBC).

Reason behind the Statement:• As per the rule the companieswhich are found guilty

under the criminal laws are Prohibited for BiddingTATA Steel:➢ �ey stated that the maintenance electrician got

crushed by a crane at the subsidiary �rm of TATA Steels in UK named “Scunthorpe Steel works”

➢ �e allegation was that TATA steels UK did not have Su�cient safety procedures in place and they have been facing prosecution for breaching statutory provisions of Health & Safety at works act 1974.

➢ �e punishment awarded is unlimited �ne and minimum Imprisonment for 2 years.

➢ So they concluded by saying that TATA steels should be out of the bid for improper safety measures in workplace.

ZERO.Fatalitiesinvolving the trucks associated with the DMCs.

Signi�cant reduction in driving violations.

Continuous monitoring of driving violations. on-road behavior of drivers

Successful inculcation of positive behavior among the drivers

Identi�cation of transporters / drivers operating in critical routes, and special initiatives for them

Seamless integration of DMC Operations with the plant transportation safety system

Reason behind the Statement:Vedanta Resources:➢ In this case the subsidiary �rm of Vedanta Resources,

called “Konkola Copper mines” prosecuted by the GovernmentofZambia forpolluting theEnvironmenton 2010.

➢ �e allegation was that KCM did not have Su�cient pollution control equipments in place and they have been facing prosecution for breaching statutory provisions of Environmental Protection & Control of Pollution Act 1990.

➢ �e punishment awarded is 60,000 penalty units �ne or Imprisonment not more than 3 years.

➢ So they concluded by saying that Vedanta Resources, should be out of the bid for improper Work practices & Discharge methods.

➢ So Safety plays an Important role in Economy of a company and for the whole Economical Status of the Nation.

Outcomes of Implementing PSM➢ A study conducted by CCPS shows that companies

implemented Process Safety Management program reported signi�cant direct cost bene�ts of up to:• 5%increasesinproductivity• 3%reductioninproductioncosts• 5%reductioninmaintenancecosts• 1%reductionincapitalbudget8 20% reduction in Insurance costs

Conclusion- Shi�ing of Paradigms

Government Regulation Corporate Responsibility

Failure oriented Achievement oriented

Fault �nding Fact �nding

Reactive Proactive

Quickfix Continuousimprovement

Priority Value

Ope

n So

urce

Sol

utio

ns 9

5566

5566

4