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ANIMAL TISSUES
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Molecules
Organelles
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Systems
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TISSUES
Aggregates or groups of cells.
Perform similar function.
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BASIC TISSUE TYPES
Epithelial tissue. Connective tissue.
Muscle tissue.
Nervous tissue.
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The four Basic Tissue Types Epithelial - is characterized by the close apposition of its constituent
cells and its presence at a free surface. Epithelial tissue covers
body surfaces, lines body cavities, and forms glands.
Connective tissue - is characterized on the basis of the extracellularmaterial that is present. Connective tissue underlies or surrounds
and supports the other three basic tissues, both structurally andfunctionally.
Muscle - is characterized on the basis of a functional property, theability of its cells to contract. Muscular tissue is made up of
contractile cells and is responsible for movement of the body and itsparts.
Nervous tissue - consists of nerve cells (neurons) and associatedsupporting cells of several types. Nervous tissue function to gather,
transmit, and integrate information from outside and inside the bodyto control the activities of the body and its parts.
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EPITHELIUM
Characteristics
Covers body surfaces.
Lining of cavities.
Glands. Types (Distinguishing features).
Adhesive structures.
Surface specializations. Gland types.
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Epithelium
Lines, covers, and protects othertissues and organs.
Characterized by:
Cells tightly junked together The presence of a cell secretion called the
basement membrane.
Named by: Cell shape
Other characteristics of the cells.
Squamous, Cuboidal, and Columnar
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Structural Characteristicsof Epithelia
Cell junctions
Polarity
Basementmembrane (BM)
Avascular
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Classification of Epithelial Tissues Number of Cells:
Simple epithelia - have only one cell layer.
Stratified epithelia - have two or more cell layers.
Pseudostratified epithelia - have all their cells resting on
the basal lamina, but not all the cells extend to the surface.The nuclei lie at different levels, giving the appearance ofmultiple cell layers.
Shape of surface cells:
Squamous - flat and irregularly shaped.
Cuboidal - width, depth, and height are approximatelyequal.
Columnar - cells whose height exceeds its width.
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Squamous Epithelium Cells very thin, much wider than they are thick.
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Air sacs of respiratory system
Lining of blood vessels, heart and lymphatictubes
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Skin
Vagina
Esophagus
Mouth
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Specific Epithelial Types
Simple Squamous - functionsas a semipermeable barrierbetween compartments.Lines blood vessels, body
cavities, and forms theparietal layer of the renalcorpuscles.
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Examples of Simple SquamousEpithelium
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Stratified Squamous Epithelium
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Specific Epithelial Types
Simple Cuboidal - forms thewalls of ducts that carrysecretory and excretoryproducts, and regulates ionand water concentrations in
certain specialized ducts. Itmay act as a protectivebarrier in some locations.
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Cuboidal Epithelium
Cells cube shaped-
secretion and absorption.
Kidney tubules
Duct and small glands
Surface of ovary
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Specific Epithelial Types
Simple Columnar - itsapical surface may becovered with cilia ormicrovilli. It functions insecretion, absorption, and,when ciliated, propulsionof mucus. Often acts as aprotective barrier.
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Columnar Epithelium
Elongated cells, much longer than theyare wide.
Simple Columnar Epithelium A single layer of cells that line the digestive tract,
gallbladder and excretory ducts of some glands.Has microvilli at surface for absorption.
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Lines the bronchi, trachea, uterine tubes and someof the uterus. Propels mucus or reproductive cells
by ciliary action.
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Simple Columnar epithelium
P d ifi d Cili d
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Pseudostratified CiliatedColumnar Epithelium
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Specific Epithelial Types
Pseudostratified Columnar- cells reaching thelumenal surface are oftenciliated. It forms aprotective barrier and,
when ciliated, movessurface mucus andtrapped debris.
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Specific Epithelial Types Stratified Squamous
Keratinized - multilayered sheetof cells. The superficial cellsare squamous, dead, and filledwith the sceloprotein keratin.The deepest layer has cuboidal
cells, which are proliferativeand lie on the basal lamina.Form a barrier against friction,abrasion, infection, and waterloss.
Nonkeratinized - lacks thekeratinized, dead superficialcells. Rather has living,nucleated squamous cells.Forms a protective barrier thatis less resistant to water loss.
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Specific Epithelial Types
Stratified Cuboidal - usually2 layers of cuboidal cells. Arare epithelium that lines theducts of some glands(sweat, salivary).
Stratified Columnar -superficial layer of cells are
columnar and may beciliated. Also rare, it linesthe larger ducts (pancreas)of some large glands, andforms the conjunctiva of the
eye.
Gl d l E ith li
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Glandular Epithelia
Types of Glandular Secretions:
Exocrine
Glands have ducts Secretion to the
outside of the body
serous, mucous,mixed
Endocrine
Glands have no ducts
hormones
M d f S ti
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Modes of Secretion
Merocrine Most commonApocrine
Holocrine
A i S ti
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Apocrine Secretion
Location: mammary gland and underarm sweat gland
H l i S ti
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Holocrine Secretion
Location: Sebaceous glands of hair follicles
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Goblet cells: Unicellular exocrine glands
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CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Underlies or surrounds other tissues
Supportive
Includes various types: connectivetissue proper, cartilage, bone...
Connective Tissue
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Connective Tissue
Characterized by the cells widely
separated from each other in a matrixthat is produced by the cells.
Tissue protects and supports.
Cell Matrix composed of two regions
Ground
Liquid (sol), Gel, Gum or solid
Fibers Non-elastic (= white or Collagen)
Elastic (= yellow fibers)
Types of Connective tissue
T f C ti Ti
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Types of Connective Tissue
Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue Dense Connective Tissue
Adipose
Cartilage
Bone
Blood
L C ti Ti
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Loose Connective Tissue(Areolar)
Gel like ground with both elastic and non-elastic fibers running though the ground inmany directions. Wraps and cushions organs
Under the skin
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Dense Regular Connective Tissue
Nuclei and fibers arranged in parallel rows.
Tendons and ligaments
Fibers mostly non-elastic
Adipose (Fat)
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Adipose (Fat) Function as storage cells for adipose (lipids).
Adipose cells contain a large vacuole which in thelive cell contains lipids.
Cell nucleus and cytoplasm are pushed out to edgeof cell membrane.
C til
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Cartilage
Ground of matrix is gum like. Cells are found in Lacunae within the matrix.
Fibers may be elastic or non-elastic, or aform of non-elastic called reticular(where thenon-elastic fibers of very thin)
Hyaline Cartilage-example on the ends of bones
Elastic Cartilage- example ear cartilage
Non-elastic Cartilage- example nose cartilage.
H li til
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Hyaline cartilage
El ti C til
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Elastic Cartilage
Bone
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Bone Ground of matrix is Solid (Calcium carbonate).
Has blood supply and nerves running throughthe Haversian canal systems.
Vascular Tissue (Blood)
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Vascular Tissue (Blood)
Liquid matrix = plasma
90% water 10%Plasma proteins, electrolytes, hormones,
oxygen, glucose etc.
Formed elements Erythrocytes - 48 billion(female) to 54 billion
(male) cell / ml of blood in humans. Mammalsare enucleated while rest of the vertebrates theyhave nuclei
Leukocytes - about 7.5 million / ml of blood
Platelets - blood clotting
Blood
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Blood
MUSCULAR TISSUE
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MUSCULAR TISSUE
Contractile cells
Responsible for movement of body and its parts
Muscle Tissue
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Muscle Tissue
Tissue with cells having fibers specialized
for contraction. Skeletal Muscle(Striated, voluntary)
Parallel elongated cells (fibers)
multinucleated and each cell is the length of the
muscle. Light meat, Dark meatSlow twitch, fast twitch
muscle
Smooth Muscle(Visceral, involuntary) Cells are long and tapered.
Organized into sheets of muscle.
Cardiac Muscle Intercalated disc
Myogenic
branched
Skeletal Muscle
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Skeletal Muscle
Smooth Muscle
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Smooth Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
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Cardiac Muscle
NERVOUS TISSUE
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NERVOUS TISSUE
Receive, process and transmit information
Controls activity of body and its parts
Nervous Tissue
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Nervous Tissue
Cells specialized to polarize and depolarize.
Cell is a neuron.
Neural Tissue
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Neural Tissue
Important questions
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Important questions
1. The following 4 main types of tissues exist in animals:a)b)c)d)
2. The bottom membrane of an epithelial tissue called the membrane.
3. Cells of the pseudo-stratified epithelia have all their cells the basal
lamina, but not all the cells .. to the surface.
4. The nuclei in the cells of the pseudostratified epithelia lie at .. levels,
giving the appearance of . layers.
5. The air sacs of the respiratory system consists mainly of.
epithelium tissue.
6. The skin consists mainly of...epithelium tissue.
7. The digestive tract of the animals are lined with .. epithelium tissue.
8. Merocrine secretion is characteristic by ..
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9. Apocrine secretion is the separation of . and usually occur in
.. and
10. Holocrine secretion is characterized by . and exists in
. of hair follicles.
11. The main function of goblet cells is the secretion of
12. Blood is a type of tissues.
13. Cartilages are one of the types of .. tissues.
14. Adipose (fat) is a . tissue.
15. The heart consists mainly of tissue.
16. The . tissue is responsible for communications and thinking.
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