2AU017G-進化特區ubuntu10封面底完稿-ol.ai 2010/6/30 8:48:25 AM · Linux進化特區：Ubuntu 10.04 從入門到精通 6 第3章系統操作與設定 ..... 111

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2AU017G-進化特區ubuntu10封面底完稿-ol.ai 2010/6/30 8:48:25 AM

Linux進化特區：Ubuntu 10.04 從入門到精通

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第1章 Linux與Ubuntu簡介 ..................................................... 18

1-1 Linux 的歷史 ...................................................................................... 19UNIX .......................................................................................................................................................19Linux的誕生 ..........................................................................................................................................19Linux核心版本 .....................................................................................................................................20吉祥物 ...................................................................................................................................................20Linux的唸法 ..........................................................................................................................................21Linux可支援的處理器平台 .............................................................................................................21

1-2 GNU、FSF與Open So urce ...............................................................22GNU計劃與自由軟體基金會 ......................................................................................................22GPL ..........................................................................................................................................................23開放原始碼精神 ...............................................................................................................................24

1-3 GNU/Linux V.S. Linux .......................................................................25

1-4 發行版本（Distributions） ...............................................................26什麼是發行版本 ...............................................................................................................................26如何選擇發行版本 ..........................................................................................................................27

1-5 Ubuntu的歷史與特色 ........................................................................29Ubuntu的前身–Debian ......................................................................................................................29Ubuntu的誕生 ......................................................................................................................................30Ubuntu 10.04的特色 .........................................................................................................................34

1-6 Ubuntu能做的事 ................................................................................39網路伺服器 .........................................................................................................................................39軟體開發 ..............................................................................................................................................39資料庫 ...................................................................................................................................................39產品開發 ..............................................................................................................................................40多媒體平台 .........................................................................................................................................40遊戲休閒 ..............................................................................................................................................40

第2章安裝Ubuntu .................................................................. 41

2-1 事前準備 ............................................................................................42硬體需求 ..............................................................................................................................................42取得Ubuntu ...........................................................................................................................................43

Part 1 基礎篇 17

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2-2 基本知識 ............................................................................................45磁碟分割 ..............................................................................................................................................45磁碟代號 ..............................................................................................................................................45樹狀目錄管理 ....................................................................................................................................47絕對路徑與相對路徑 .....................................................................................................................48檔案系統 ..............................................................................................................................................49系統管理員 .........................................................................................................................................51

2-3 硬碟規劃 ............................................................................................52磁碟分割技巧 ....................................................................................................................................52SWAP分割區 .......................................................................................................................................53

2-4 開機與安裝 ........................................................................................54基本開機選項 ....................................................................................................................................54進階開機選項 ....................................................................................................................................55安裝Ubuntu ...........................................................................................................................................57救援模式 ............................................................................................................................................. 64

2-5 多重作業系統共存 ............................................................................ 67多重開機 ..............................................................................................................................................68

2-6 以USB隨身碟進行安裝 ..................................................................... 71

2-7 安裝至USB隨身碟 .............................................................................73

2-8 利用Wubi在Windows安裝Ubuntu .................................................. 76安裝Wubi ............................................................................................................................................. 77移除Wubi ..............................................................................................................................................78

2-9 Ubuntu版本升級 ................................................................................79升級系統 ..............................................................................................................................................79檢查升級結果 ....................................................................................................................................82以終端機進行升級 ..........................................................................................................................82

2-10 以虛擬主機安裝Ubuntu .................................................................85VMWare ................................................................................................................................................85VirtualBox ...............................................................................................................................................98

2-11 移除Ubuntu ....................................................................................106移除Ubuntu分割區 .........................................................................................................................106移除grub開機管理程式 ...............................................................................................................109

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第3章系統操作與設定 ........................................................ 111

3-1 登入與登出 ...................................................................................... 112登入畫面 ............................................................................................................................................112關機選項與切換使用者...............................................................................................................113使用者狀態 .......................................................................................................................................114

3-2 桌面選單操作 .................................................................................. 115桌面基本外觀 ..................................................................................................................................115面板 ......................................................................................................................................................117存取光碟機與隨身碟 ...................................................................................................................118應用程式選單 ..................................................................................................................................119位置選單 ........................................................................................................................................... 120偏好設定 ............................................................................................................................................121系統管理 ........................................................................................................................................... 122線上輔助 ........................................................................................................................................... 122語言支援 ........................................................................................................................................... 124

3-3 桌面收納管理 ..................................................................................125新增程式或檔案至桌面.............................................................................................................. 125新增程式至面板 ............................................................................................................................ 128

3-4 檔案管理 ..........................................................................................130檔案瀏覽器 ...................................................................................................................................... 130回收筒 ................................................................................................................................................ 132

3-5 在面板監視系統資源 ......................................................................133

3-6 網路設定 ..........................................................................................135IP設定 .................................................................................................................................................. 135無線網路 ........................................................................................................................................... 1393G行動上網 ..................................................................................................................................... 140ADSL上網（PPPoE） ...................................................................................................................... 143

3-7 螢幕設定 ..........................................................................................144安裝驅動程式 .................................................................................................................................144解析度調整 ...................................................................................................................................... 145螢幕保護程式 ................................................................................................................................. 146外觀設定 ........................................................................................................................................... 147

3-8 桌面特效 ..........................................................................................149啟用特效 ........................................................................................................................................... 149

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特效管理程式 ................................................................................................................................. 150

3-9 中文輸入法 ......................................................................................153IBus輸入程式.................................................................................................................................... 153使用嘸蝦米輸入法 ....................................................................................................................... 156

3-10 修改選單 ........................................................................................160

3-11 權限管理 ........................................................................................ 161取得管理者權限 .............................................................................................................................161認證 ..................................................................................................................................................... 162su、sudo ............................................................................................................................................. 162gksu、gksudo ....................................................................................................................................164

第4章系統管理 ....................................................................165

4-1 使用者與群組 ..................................................................................166加入與刪除使用者 ....................................................................................................................... 166加入系統管理者 ............................................................................................................................ 168變更帳號資料 ................................................................................................................................. 169管理群組 ........................................................................................................................................... 170使用者進階設定值 ....................................................................................................................... 171

4-2 印表機設定 ......................................................................................172安裝本地印表機 ............................................................................................................................ 172安裝網路印表機 ............................................................................................................................ 179

4-3 時間與日期 ......................................................................................180

4-4 登入畫面 ..........................................................................................182

4-5 磁碟公用程式 ..................................................................................183磁碟控制器資訊 ............................................................................................................................ 183磁碟測試與維護 ............................................................................................................................ 184

4-6 系統測試與監控 ..............................................................................185系統測試 ........................................................................................................................................... 185系統監控 ........................................................................................................................................... 186

4-7 檢視記錄檔 ......................................................................................190

4-8 網路工具 .......................................................................................... 191

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4-9 電腦垃圾清道夫 ..............................................................................195

第5章套件管理 ....................................................................197

5-1 Ubuntu軟體中心 ..............................................................................198新增應用程式 ................................................................................................................................. 198移除應用程式 .................................................................................................................................200

5-2 Synaptic套件管理程式 ...................................................................201新增套件 ........................................................................................................................................... 201更新套件 ...........................................................................................................................................204搜尋套件 ...........................................................................................................................................204套件屬性 ...........................................................................................................................................205移除套件 ...........................................................................................................................................206

5-3 APT....................................................................................................208apt-get ..................................................................................................................................................208apt-cache .............................................................................................................................................214sources.list .............................................................................................................................................218

5-4 系統更新 .......................................................................................... 219

5-5 手動安裝套件 ..................................................................................221透過dpkg指令安裝套件 .............................................................................................................. 221以圖形介面安裝deb套件 ...........................................................................................................222查詢已安裝套件的狀態..............................................................................................................223移除套件 ...........................................................................................................................................223

5-6 新增套件來源 ..................................................................................224

第6章圖形操作介面 ............................................................227

6-1 檔案管理 ..........................................................................................228開啟檔案瀏覽器 ............................................................................................................................228新增資料夾 ......................................................................................................................................229複製檔案或資料夾 .......................................................................................................................230刪除檔案或資料夾 ....................................................................................................................... 231更改資料夾或檔案名稱..............................................................................................................233搬移檔案或資料夾 .......................................................................................................................234搜尋檔案或資料夾 .......................................................................................................................235對檔案或資料夾進行壓縮 .........................................................................................................236

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與iPhone/iPod Touch連結 .............................................................................................................238

6-2 PCman File Manager ......................................................................239

6-3 搜尋檔案 ..........................................................................................244

6-4 權限管理 ..........................................................................................247設定檔案或資料夾的權限 .........................................................................................................247

6-5 以藍芽技術進行傳輸檔案 ..............................................................250新增藍芽裝置 .................................................................................................................................250傳送檔案 ...........................................................................................................................................252接收檔案 ...........................................................................................................................................254

6-6 Ubuntu One雲端儲存服務 .............................................................255設定帳號 ...........................................................................................................................................255Ubuntu One偏好設定 ....................................................................................................................260同步檔案 ...........................................................................................................................................262同步書籤 ...........................................................................................................................................262

第7章指令介紹 ....................................................................263

7-1 基本指令 ..........................................................................................264線上說明 ...........................................................................................................................................264清除螢幕(clear) ...............................................................................................................................268

7-2 檔案與磁碟管理 ..............................................................................269列出檔案(ls) ......................................................................................................................................269切換目錄(cd) ....................................................................................................................................270顯示目前目錄(pwd) ......................................................................................................................270建立目錄(mkdir) ...............................................................................................................................271刪除目錄(rmdir) ...............................................................................................................................271刪除檔案(rm) ....................................................................................................................................272複製檔案(cp) ....................................................................................................................................273移動檔案(mv) ...................................................................................................................................273顯示檔案內容(cat) ......................................................................................................................... 274截取字串(grep) ................................................................................................................................ 274尋找檔案(find、which、whereis) ...............................................................................................275分頁顯示(more、less) .................................................................................................................... 276顯示檔頭、檔尾(head、tail) ......................................................................................................277更新檔案時間(touch) .....................................................................................................................277建立連結(ln) .....................................................................................................................................278

目錄


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檔案佔用大小(du) ..........................................................................................................................279檔案系統使用量(df) ......................................................................................................................279

7-3 權限管理 ..........................................................................................280檔案的存取權限 ............................................................................................................................280更改讀取權限(chmod) .................................................................................................................. 281更改擁有者(chown) .......................................................................................................................282更改群組(chgrp) ..............................................................................................................................282

7-4 系統管理 ..........................................................................................283工作監控(top) ..................................................................................................................................283顯示行程(ps) ....................................................................................................................................284查詢負載(uptime) ............................................................................................................................285刪除行程(kill) ....................................................................................................................................285調整優先權(nice) ............................................................................................................................286開機訊息(dmesg) ............................................................................................................................286查詢線上使用者(who) ..................................................................................................................287我是誰(whoami) ...............................................................................................................................287最後登入時間(last) ........................................................................................................................288切換使用者(su) ................................................................................................................................288取得管理權限(sudo) ......................................................................................................................289掛載磁碟(mount) .............................................................................................................................289卸載磁碟(umount) ........................................................................................................................... 291製作檔案系統(mkfs) ....................................................................................................................... 291檢查檔案系統(fsck) ........................................................................................................................292寫入快取(sync) ................................................................................................................................292關機(shutdown) .................................................................................................................................293新增群組(addgroup) ......................................................................................................................294刪除群組(delgroup) ........................................................................................................................294新增使用者(adduser) ....................................................................................................................295刪除使用者(deluser) ......................................................................................................................295修改密碼(passwd) ..........................................................................................................................296預約執行(at) .....................................................................................................................................296定期執行(crontab) ..........................................................................................................................297背景執行(bg) ...................................................................................................................................299前景執行(fg) .....................................................................................................................................300離線執行(nohup) .............................................................................................................................300服務管理(service)............................................................................................................................ 301

7-5 壓縮程式 ..........................................................................................302tar ..........................................................................................................................................................302gzip.......................................................................................................................................................303

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bzip2 ....................................................................................................................................................303zip .........................................................................................................................................................304rar ..........................................................................................................................................................304

7-6 日期與時間 ......................................................................................305設定時間(date) ................................................................................................................................305萬年曆(cal) ........................................................................................................................................306

7-7 網路指令 ..........................................................................................307ifconfig .................................................................................................................................................307route ......................................................................................................................................................308ping .......................................................................................................................................................308traceroute ............................................................................................................................................309netstat ...................................................................................................................................................309hostname ..............................................................................................................................................310wget .......................................................................................................................................................310ftp ...........................................................................................................................................................311ncftp .......................................................................................................................................................311

7-8 驗證工具 .......................................................................................... 312MD5 ......................................................................................................................................................313SHA-1 ...................................................................................................................................................313SHA-2 ...................................................................................................................................................314

7-9 別名(Alias) ....................................................................................... 314

7-10 SHELL簡介 ...................................................................................... 315bash .......................................................................................................................................................315環境變數 ............................................................................................................................................316提示字元 ............................................................................................................................................317啟動腳本(RC F iles) ...........................................................................................................................319Shell Script ..........................................................................................................................................320

PART2 應用篇 ............................................................................ 1

第8章多媒體應用 ................................................................322

8-1 音樂播放程式－Rhythmbox...........................................................323安裝MP3解碼程式 ........................................................................................................................323Rhythmbox的基本操作 ..................................................................................................................324

目錄

Part 2 應用篇 321


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透過Ubuntu One購買音樂 ..........................................................................................................326與iPhone/iPod連結 .........................................................................................................................328

8-2 影片播放程式－Totem ....................................................................330

8-3 使用Realplayer播放RM檔 ..............................................................334

8-4 使用QuickTime播放MOV檔 ...........................................................337

8-5 安裝播放器軟體所需要的解碼程式 ..............................................339安裝GStreamer .................................................................................................................................339安裝Lazybuntu...................................................................................................................................340

8-6 Pitivi影片編輯器 ..............................................................................342

第9章玩遍Ubuntu的應用軟體 ............................................345

9-1 網路應用軟體 ..................................................................................346Firefox ...................................................................................................................................................346Thunderbird .........................................................................................................................................356PCManX ..............................................................................................................................................363Empathy ...............................................................................................................................................365Skype ...................................................................................................................................................368

9-2 檔案下載軟體 ..................................................................................370aMule ..................................................................................................................................................370Deluge .................................................................................................................................................373FileZilla ..................................................................................................................................................374Gwget .................................................................................................................................................. 376

9-3 影像處理軟體 ..................................................................................380GIMP ...................................................................................................................................................380F-Spot ...................................................................................................................................................382Geeqie ................................................................................................................................................386KSnapshot ...........................................................................................................................................388

9-4 文書處理軟體 ..................................................................................389OpenOffice.org .................................................................................................................................389GEdit ....................................................................................................................................................393Bless .....................................................................................................................................................396Adobe Reader ...................................................................................................................................398JOE .......................................................................................................................................................399

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9-5 工具軟體 ..........................................................................................404K3b .......................................................................................................................................................404EasyTag ...............................................................................................................................................406

PART3 網路篇 ............................................................................ 1

第10章架設Samba伺服器 ..................................................408

10-1 安裝Samba套件 ............................................................................409安裝與啟動Samba伺服器 .......................................................................................................409設定共享資料夾 ......................................................................................................................... 410使用檔案瀏覽器瀏覽分享目錄 .............................................................................................413使用Windows連接分享目錄 ...................................................................................................414

10-2 設定Samba伺服器 ........................................................................ 416

10-3 以設定檔設定Samba伺服器 ........................................................ 418設定檔內容檢測 ..........................................................................................................................418個人目錄分享 ...............................................................................................................................419以Linux登入個人分享目錄 .......................................................................................................422以Windows登入個人分享目錄..............................................................................................424公用目錄分享 ..............................................................................................................................425

Samba的安全性設定 .................................................................................................................427

10-3 分享印表機 ....................................................................................428設定CUPS .......................................................................................................................................429在Samba中加入印表機的支援 .............................................................................................430從Samba伺服器取得印表機驅動程式 .............................................................................. 431使用CUPS提供印表機驅動程式 ..........................................................................................435

第11章架設網頁伺服器 ......................................................437

11-1 MySQL資料庫系統 ........................................................................438安裝MySQL套件 .........................................................................................................................439更改密碼 ........................................................................................................................................ 441MySQL管理程式 ......................................................................................................................... 441

11-2 Apache網頁伺服器 .......................................................................443安裝Apache2套件 .......................................................................................................................443

目錄

Part 3 網路篇 407


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11-3 PHP描述語言 .................................................................................445安裝PHP套件 ................................................................................................................................445以PHP作為伺服器預設網頁 ...................................................................................................448

11-4 實例運用 ........................................................................................450使用瀏覽器管理MySQL伺服器－phpMyAdmin..............................................................450架設Blog－WordPress ................................................................................................................457

11-5 管理網頁伺服器 ............................................................................463網頁伺服器的啟動與關閉......................................................................................................463開放個人網頁 ..............................................................................................................................464

11-6 流量統計 ........................................................................................467Analog ..............................................................................................................................................467AWStats ............................................................................................................................................469Webalizer ........................................................................................................................................471Piwik ..................................................................................................................................................473

第12章架設FTP伺服器 ........................................................479

12-1 P ure-FTPD .......................................................................................480安裝與啟動Pure-FTPd ..................................................................................................................480設定Pure-FTPd ................................................................................................................................482Pure-FTPd的設定檔說明 .............................................................................................................483啟用匿名伺服器功能 ...............................................................................................................490

12-2 虛擬使用者 ....................................................................................492PureAdmin圖形管理介面 ...........................................................................................................494

12-3 個人檔案分享 – gShare ...............................................................496

第13章防火牆設定 ..............................................................497

13-1 Linux的防火牆－iPtables..............................................................498iptables基本介紹 ..........................................................................................................................498iptables的實例演練 .....................................................................................................................502

13-2 圖形化防火牆設定－Firestarter ...................................................509安裝Firestarter ................................................................................................................................509設定Firestarter .................................................................................................................................511使用Firestarter .................................................................................................................................515

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13-3 Ubuntu 防火牆設定介面－ufw .................................................... 518ufw的應用場合 ..............................................................................................................................518ufw的基本原則 ............................................................................................................................. 519ufw的預設政策 .............................................................................................................................520ufw操作說明 .................................................................................................................................520套件整合 ........................................................................................................................................524刪除規則 ........................................................................................................................................526ufw的未來發展 .............................................................................................................................526

13-4 突破防火牆封鎖 ............................................................................527使用GNOME SSH Tunnel Manager建立SSH隧道 ..........................................................527動態建立SSH隧道 ...................................................................................................................... 531

PART4 進階篇 ............................................................................ 1

第14章遠端登入管理 ..........................................................534

14-1 SSH網路通訊協定 .........................................................................535使用SSH .........................................................................................................................................536OpenSSH Ser ver ...........................................................................................................................537SSH命令 .........................................................................................................................................538SFTP命令 .........................................................................................................................................539PuTTY................................................................................................................................................. 541WinSCP ............................................................................................................................................548

14-2 遠端管理 ........................................................................................554遠端桌面 ........................................................................................................................................554VNC Ser ver .....................................................................................................................................556Vinagre..............................................................................................................................................558Xming ................................................................................................................................................. 561

第15章 Ubuntu的進階使用技巧 ..........................................563

15-1 磁碟分割編輯器－GParted ..........................................................564GParted基本操作 ........................................................................................................................565建立新分割區 ..............................................................................................................................565重新分割磁碟大小 ....................................................................................................................567合併分割區 ...................................................................................................................................569其他應用 ........................................................................................................................................570

Part 4 進階篇 533


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15-2 檔案系統備份工具－FSArchiver ..................................................572FSArchiver的執行參數 ................................................................................................................572備份磁碟分割區 .........................................................................................................................573回存磁碟分割區 ......................................................................................................................... 574檢視備存檔資訊 ......................................................................................................................... 574

15-3 使用Clonezilla進行磁碟備份 .......................................................575使用Clonezilla備份硬碟 ........................................................................................................... 576使用Clonezilla復原硬碟 ...........................................................................................................582

15-4 新增硬碟 ........................................................................................583配置硬碟 ........................................................................................................................................583掛載硬碟 ........................................................................................................................................584開機自動掛載新硬碟 ...............................................................................................................585

15-5 開機啟動程式－GRUB ..................................................................586GRUB V.S. GRUB2 ........................................................................................................................586從GRUB升級至GRUB2 ..............................................................................................................588GRUB2的設定檔 ......................................................................................................................... 591開機管理程式 ..............................................................................................................................593加入開機選單背景圖 ...............................................................................................................594

15-6 使用軟體磁碟陣列（Software RAID） .......................................595採用Linux軟體磁碟陣列的技術考量 ...................................................................................596建立磁碟陣列的工具程式－mdadm ...................................................................................598建立磁碟陣列 ..............................................................................................................................599檢視狀態 ........................................................................................................................................602移除與重新加入硬碟 ...............................................................................................................603安裝系統至磁碟陣列 ...............................................................................................................604

附錄........................................................................................605Ubuntu 相關網站 ..........................................................................................................................605Ubuntu常見問題Q&A .................................................................................................................606

Ubuntu 10.04

PART1基礎篇

Linux與Ubuntu簡介Linux自1991年在網路上發表以來，短短幾年的時間便以強調自由、開放的精神引起眾人注意，甚至成為嵌入式系統的作業系統首選，並且被微軟這個全世界最大的軟

體公司列為頭號敵人。究竟Linux有著什麼魔力，可以成為一套眾所囑目的作業系統新星呢？

由於Linux作業系統是以開放原始碼的方式發佈，所以投入者眾且百花齊放，發行版本多不勝數，例如Red Hat、Fedora、SUSE、Debian、Ubuntu等等，其中後起之秀Ubuntu因為最貼近一般使用者的需求，所以近來聲譽鵲起，銳不可當。有鑑於此，本書選定Ubuntu加以深入介紹。

第1章

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2AU017G-進化特區ubuntu10封面底完稿-ol.ai 2010/6/30 8:48:25 AM

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2AU017G-進化特區ubuntu10封面底完稿-ol.ai 2010/6/30 8:48:25 AM · Linux進化特區：Ubuntu 10.04 從入門到精通 6 第3章 系統操作與設定 ..... 111

2AU017G-進化特區ubuntu10封面底完稿-ol.ai 2010/6/30 8:48:25 AM · Linux進化特區：Ubuntu 10.04 從入門到精通 6 第3章系統操作與設定 ..... 111