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Summary and Conclusions Color Terms and Their Histories in Amazonian Languages Authored by: Lauren Burleson and Raanan Robertson Under direc=on of Dr. Pa=ence Epps The University of Texas at Aus=n, Department of Linguis=cs Background Informa5on Berlin and Kay (1960) first proposed a systema=c, universal progression of color term acquisi=on, claiming that all languages acquire basic color terms in a specific sequen=al order. Despite decades of revision since the ini=al hypothesis, some crosslinguis=c paQerns of term accumula=on remain rela=vely robust. 2, 3, 4 : Color Term Distribu5on Theories That all languages share a common framework for color acquisi=on is liQle disputed. There are theore=cal differences, however, rela=ng to manner of development: a) Focal Distribu=on color terms span the en=re visible spectrum, centered on universal “focal” points. purple blue green yellow orange red | | | | | | b) Prototypic Distribu=on Exis=ng color terms originate through reference to prototypic realworld en==es and fall unevenly along the visible spectrum. Color terms adjust their reference gradually as new prototypes emerge. azure dye unripe ripe orange fruit blood | | | | | Research Ques5ons Our study seeks first to inves=gate the history and distribu=on of color terms in Amazonian languages, and second, to compare that data to findings in other parts of the world such as the classic Berlin and Kay model. What color terms reconstruct in our sample families? How many color terms appear to be represented synchronically across those languages? To what extent are color terms in our sample basic or derived (etymologically connected to en==es)? To what extent are our findings consistent with Berlin and Kay’s predic=ons? •Are there any correla=ons between color term distribu=ons and subsistence preferences? Materials and Methods (1) Diachronic study of color terms in 10 language families: Nadahup Yanomami Tukanoan Witoto Arawak Panoan Bora TupiGuarani Guahiban Zaparoan The purpose of our diachronic study was to reconstruct the protoforms of color terms in ten language families to discover which terms were present historically. We focused on language families for which sufficient, reliable color data were available. To date, our study has surveyed only black, white, red, green, yellow, and blue. (2) Survey of color terms synchronically aQested in 93 languages for 24 families Subsistence PaLerns and Color Distribu5on? Most Amazonian groups engage in a range of subsistence prac=ces, but our second study examines whether predominant subsistence preference correlates with color term distribu=ons. Categories are huntergatherer (HG), agricultural (AG), and mixed (MX). Results Future Direc5ons • Include addi=onal languages and language families. • Inves=gate more color terms, as well as possible etymological sources, such as ripe, unripe, blood, charcoal, annato, etc. • Consider routes and paQerns of color term elabora=on in light of crosslinguis=c tendencies, including findings from Australia 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 # Languages that reconstruct Black White Red Yellow Green Blue Acknowledgements and Sources: This study is funded by NSF (HSD0902114), ‘Dynamics of HunterGatherer Language Change’ . 1 Berlin, Brent and Paul Kay. 1969. Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolu;on. London: University of California Press. 2 Heider, Eleanor Rosch. 1972. Universals in color naming and memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology. 93(1). 1020. 3 Levinson, Stephen. 2000. Yélî Dnye and the theory of basic color terms. Journal of Linguis;c Anthropology 10(1). 355. 4 Turton, David. 1980. There’s no such beast: caQle and colour naming among the Mursi. Man. 5(2). 320338. Color Term Reconstruc5ons for Sample Language Families Zaparoan : *nɨ ‘green’ Tukanoan : *~tj’i ‘black,’ *p’o ‘white’ Nadahup : *c’ah ‘black,’ *ho ‘white,’ *heɟ ‘red’ Guahiban : *tse ‘black,’ *nio ‘white,’ *tso[bia] ‘red,’ Panoan : *wiso ‘black,’ *oṧo ‘white,’ *pašini ‘red,’ *pašini ‘yellow’ Yanomam : *uʃi ‘black,’ *auʃi ‘white,’ *wakǝ ‘red,’ *ruwǝ ‘green,’ *frãre ‘yellow’ Arawak : *k h uere ‘black,’ *kat h ‘white,’ *kɨɾa ‘red,’ *šɨpule ‘green,’ *šɨpule ‘blue’ Bora: *kɨβe-ne ‘black,’ *tsítsɨɨ-ne ‘white,’ *tï-ppai-ne ‘red,’ *gíí(-giβa)-ne; *gí(kká)-ne-ḯβí) ‘yellow,’ *aittïβá-ne ‘green’ Witoto : *kɨβe-ne ‘black,’ *tsítsɨɨ-ne ‘white,’ *tï-ppai-ne ‘red,’ *gíí(-giβa)- ne; *gí(kká)-ne-ḯβí) ‘yellow,’ *aittïβá-ne ‘green’ Tupi-Guarani: *pitsun or *un ‘black,’ *tiŋ ‘white,’ *piraŋ or *pɨtaŋ ‘red,’ *juβ ‘yellow,’ *oβɨ ‘green,’ *oβɨ ‘blue’ HunterGatherer (HG) ≤4 color terms >4 color terms Mixed (MX) ≤4 color terms >4 color terms Agrictultural (AG) ≤4 color terms >4 color terms Red= Guahiban Green = Yanomam Orange = Bora Dark Blue = Nadahup Light Blue = Carib Yellow = Tukanoan Purple = Arawak

2Color Terms and Their Histories in Amazonian Languages PLE

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Page 1: 2Color Terms and Their Histories in Amazonian Languages PLE

Summary  and  Conclusions  

Color  Terms  and  Their  Histories  in  Amazonian  Languages  Authored  by:              Lauren  Burleson  and  Raanan  Robertson  

Under  direc=on  of  Dr.  Pa=ence  Epps                  The  University  of  Texas  at  Aus=n,  Department  of  Linguis=cs  

Background  Informa5on  Berlin  and  Kay  (1960)  first  proposed  a  systema=c,  

universal  progression  of  color  term  acquisi=on,  claiming  that  all  languages  acquire  basic  color  terms  in  a  specific  sequen=al  order.  Despite  decades  of  revision  since  the  ini=al  hypothesis,  some  cross-­‐linguis=c  paQerns  of  term  

accumula=on  remain  rela=vely  robust.  2,  3,  4:  

Color  Term  Distribu5on  Theories  That  all  languages  share  a  common  framework  for  color  acquisi=on  is  liQle  disputed.  There  are  theore=cal  differences,  however,  rela=ng  to  manner  of  

development:  

a)  Focal  Distribu=on   color  terms  span  the  en=re  visible  spectrum,  

centered  on  universal  “focal”  points.  purple            blue            green            yellow            orange            red  |                          |                          |                          |                        |                        |  

b)        Prototypic  Distribu=on  Exis=ng  color  terms  originate  through  reference  to  prototypic  real-­‐world  en==es  and  fall  unevenly  along  the  visible  spectrum.  Color  terms  adjust  their  reference  gradually  as  new  

prototypes  emerge.  

azure  dye            unripe    ripe                  orange  fruit                                  blood    |                                          |                  |                                  |                                                                        |  

Research  Ques5ons  Our  study  seeks  first  to  inves=gate  the  history  and  distribu=on  of  color  terms  in  Amazonian  languages,  and  second,  to  compare  that  data  to  findings  in  other  parts  of  the  world  such  as  the  classic  Berlin  and  Kay  

model.  •What  color  terms  reconstruct  in  our  sample  families?  •How  many  color  terms  appear  to  be  represented  synchronically  across  those  languages?  •To  what  extent  are  color  terms  in  our  sample  basic  or  derived  (etymologically  connected  to  en==es)?  •To  what  extent  are  our  findings  consistent  with  Berlin  and  Kay’s  predic=ons?  •Are  there  any  correla=ons  between  color  term  distribu=ons  and  subsistence  preferences?    

Materials  and  Methods  (1)  Diachronic  study  of  color  terms  in  10  language  families:  

Nadahup            Yanomami          Tukanoan            Witoto              Arawak              Panoan              Bora          Tupi-­‐Guarani            Guahiban            Zaparoan  The  purpose  of  our  diachronic  study  was  to  reconstruct  the  proto-­‐forms  of  color  terms  in  ten  language  families  to  discover  which  terms  were  present  historically.  We  focused  on  language  families  for  which  sufficient,  reliable  color  data  were  available.  To  date,  our  study  has  surveyed  only  black,  white,  red,  green,  yellow,  and  blue.  

(2)  Survey  of  color  terms  synchronically  aQested  in  93  languages  for  24  families  Subsistence  PaLerns  and  Color  Distribu5on?    Most  Amazonian  groups  engage  in  a  range  of  subsistence  prac=ces,  but  our  second  study  examines  whether  predominant  subsistence  preference  correlates  with  color  term  distribu=ons.  Categories  are  hunter-­‐gatherer  (HG),  agricultural  (AG),  and  mixed  (MX).  

Results  

Future  Direc5ons  •  Include  addi=onal  languages  and  language  families.  •  Inves=gate  more  color  terms,  as  well  as  possible  etymological  sources,  such  as  ripe,  unripe,  blood,  charcoal,  annato,  etc.  •  Consider  routes  and  paQerns  of  color  term  elabora=on  in  light  of  cross-­‐linguis=c  tendencies,  including  findings  from  Australia  

0  

2  

4  

6  

8  

10  

12  

#  Languages  that  reconstruct  

Black  

White  

Red  

Yellow  

Green  

Blue  

Acknowledgements  and  Sources:  This  study  is  funded  by  NSF  (HSD0902114),  ‘Dynamics  of  Hunter-­‐Gatherer  Language  Change’.  1  Berlin,  Brent  and  Paul  Kay.  1969.  Basic  Color  Terms:  Their  Universality  and  Evolu;on.  London:  University  of  California  Press.  2  

Heider,  Eleanor  Rosch.  1972.  Universals  in  color  naming  and  memory.  Journal  of  Experimental  Psychology.  93(1).  10-­‐20.    3  Levinson,  Stephen.  2000.  Yélî  Dnye  and  the  theory  of  basic  color  terms.  Journal  of  Linguis;c  Anthropology  10(1).  3-­‐55.  4  Turton,  David.  1980.  There’s  no  such  beast:  caQle  and  colour  naming  among  the  Mursi.  Man.  5(2).  320-­‐338.  

Color  Term  Reconstruc5ons  for  Sample  Language  Families  Zaparoan: *nɨ ‘green’ Tukanoan: *~tj’i ‘black,’ *p’o ‘white’ Nadahup: *c’ah ‘black,’ *ho ‘white,’ *heɟ ‘red’ Guahiban: *tse ‘black,’ *nio ‘white,’ *tso[bia] ‘red,’ Panoan: *wiso ‘black,’ *ošo ‘white,’ *pašini ‘red,’ *pašini ‘yellow’ Yanomam: *uʃi ‘black,’ *auʃi ‘white,’ *wakǝ ‘red,’ *ruwǝ ‘green,’ *frãre ‘yellow’ Arawak: *khuere ‘black,’ *kath ‘white,’ *kɨɾa ‘red,’ *šɨpule ‘green,’ *šɨpule ‘blue’ Bora: *kɨβe-ne ‘black,’ *tsítsɨɨ-ne ‘white,’ *tï-ppai-ne ‘red,’ *gíí(-giβa)-ne; *gí(kká)-ne-ï βí) ‘yellow,’ *aittïβá-ne ‘green’ Witoto: *kɨβe-ne ‘black,’ *tsítsɨɨ-ne ‘white,’ *tï-ppai-ne ‘red,’ *gíí(-giβa)-ne; *gí(kká)-ne-ï βí) ‘yellow,’ *aittïβá-ne ‘green’ Tupi-Guarani: *pitsun or *un ‘black,’ *tiŋ ‘white,’ *piraŋ or *pɨtaŋ ‘red,’ *juβ ‘yellow,’ *oβɨ ‘green,’ *oβɨ ‘blue’

Hunter-­‐Gatherer  (HG)  

≤4  color  terms  >4  color  terms  

Mixed  (MX)  

≤4  color  terms  >4  color  terms  

Agrictultural  (AG)  

≤4  color  terms  >4  color  terms  

Red=  Guahiban            Green  =  Yanomam                    Orange  =  Bora              Dark  Blue  =  Nadahup              Light  Blue  =  Carib                      Yellow  =  Tukanoan              Purple  =  Arawak