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G.R. No. L-56487 October 21, 1991 REYNALDA GATCHALIAN, petitioner, vs. ARSENIO DELIM and the HON. COURT OF APPEALS, respondents . Pedro G. Peralta for petitioner. Florentino G. Libatique for private respondent. FELICIANO, J.:p At noon time on 11 July 1973, petitioner Reynalda Gatchalian boarded, as a paying passenger, respondent's "Thames" mini bus at a point in San Eugenio, Aringay, La Union, bound for Bauang, of the same province. On the way, while the bus was running along the highway in Barrio Payocpoc, Bauang, Union, "a snapping sound" was suddenly heard at one part of the bus and, shortly thereafter, the vehicle bumped a cement flower pot on the side of the road, went off the road, turned turtle and fell into a ditch. Several passengers, including petitioner Gatchalian, were injured. They were promptly taken to Bethany Hospital at San Fernando, La Union, for medical treatment. Upon medical examination, petitioner was found to have sustained physical injuries on the leg, arm and forehead, specifically described as follows: lacerated wound, forehead; abrasion, elbow, left; abrasion, knee, left; abrasion, lateral surface, leg, left. 1 On 14 July 1973, while injured. passengers were confined in the hospital, Mrs. Adela Delim, wife of respondent, visited them and later paid for their hospitalization and medical expenses. She also gave petitioner P12.00 with which to pay her transportation expense in going home from the hospital. However, before Mrs. Delim left, she had the injured passengers, including petitioner, sign an already prepared Joint Affidavit which stated, among other things: That we were passengers of Thames with Plate No. 52-222 PUJ Phil. 73 and victims after the said Thames met an accident at

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G.R. No. L-56487 October 21, 1991

REYNALDA GATCHALIAN, petitioner, vs.ARSENIO DELIM and the HON. COURT OF APPEALS, respondents.

Pedro G. Peralta for petitioner.

Florentino G. Libatique for private respondent.

FELICIANO, J.:p

At noon time on 11 July 1973, petitioner Reynalda Gatchalian boarded, as a paying passenger, respondent's "Thames" mini bus at a point in San Eugenio, Aringay, La Union, bound for Bauang, of the same province. On the way, while the bus was running along the highway in Barrio Payocpoc, Bauang, Union, "a snapping sound" was suddenly heard at one part of the bus and, shortly thereafter, the vehicle bumped a cement flower pot on the side of the road, went off the road, turned turtle and fell into a ditch. Several passengers, including petitioner Gatchalian,   were   injured.   They   were   promptly   taken   to Bethany   Hospital   at   San   Fernando,   La   Union,   for   medical treatment.  Upon medical  examination, petitioner was found to   have   sustained   physical   injuries   on   the   leg,   arm   and forehead, specifically described as follows:  lacerated wound, forehead; abrasion, elbow, left; abrasion, knee, left; abrasion, lateral surface, leg, left. 1

On 14 July 1973, while injured. passengers were confined in the   hospital,   Mrs.   Adela   Delim,   wife   of   respondent,   visited them   and   later   paid   for   their   hospitalization   and   medical expenses. She also gave petitioner P12.00 with which to pay her transportation expense in going home from the hospital. However,   before   Mrs.   Delim   left,   she   had   the   injured passengers,   including   petitioner,   sign   an   already   prepared Joint Affidavit which stated, among other things:

That we were passengers of Thames with Plate No. 52-222 PUJ Phil.  73 and victims after the said   Thames   met   an   accident   at   Barrio Payocpoc   Norte,   Bauang,   La   Union   while passing through the National Highway No. 3;

That   after   a   thorough   investigation   the   said Thames   met   the   accident   due   to   mechanical defect and went off the road and turned turtle to   the   east   canal   of   the   road   into   a   creek causing physical injuries to us;

xxx xxx xxx

That we are no longer interested to file a complaint, criminal or civil against the said driver and owner of the said Thames, because it was an accident and the said driver and owner of the said Thames have gone to the extent of helping us to be treated upon our injuries.

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(Emphasis supplied)

Notwithstanding   this   document,   petitioner   Gathalian   filed with   the   then   Court   of   First   Instance   of   La   Union   an action extra contractu to   recover   compensatory   and   moral damages.   She   alleged   in   the   complaint   that   her   injuries sustained   from   the   vehicular   mishap   had   left   her   with   a conspicuous   white   scar   measuring   1   by   1/2   inches   on   the forehead,   generating   mental   suffering   and   an   inferiority complex on her part; and that as a result, she had to retire in seclusion and stay away from her friends. She also alleged that the   scar   diminished   her   facial   beauty   and   deprived   her   of opportunities for employment.  She prayed for an award of: P10,000.00 for loss of employment and other opportunities; P10,000.00 for the cost of plastic surgery for removal of the scar   on   her   forehead;   P30,000.00   for   moral   damages;   and P1,000.00 as attorney's fees.

In defense, respondent averred that the vehicular mishap was due to force majeure,  and that  petitioner had already been paid   and   moreover   had   waived   any   right   to   institute   any action against him (private respondent) and his driver, when petitioner   Gatchalian   signed   the   Joint   Affidavit   on   14   July 1973.

After trial,  the trial  court dismissed the complaint upon the ground   that   when   petitioner   Gatchalian   signed   the   Joint Affidavit,   she   relinquished   any   right   of   action   (whether criminal or civil)  that she may have had against respondent and the driver of the mini-bus.

On appeal  by petitioner,  the Court  of  Appeals  reversed the trial court's conclusion that there had been a valid waiver, but affirmed   the   dismissal   of   the   case   by   denying   petitioner's claim for damages:

We   are   not   in   accord,   therefore,   of   (sic)   the ground   of   the   trial   court's   dismissal   of   the complaint,   although   we   conform   to   the   trial court's disposition of the case — its dismissal.

IN   VIEW   OF   THE   FOREGOING   considerations, there being no error committed by the  lower court   in   dismissing   the   plaintiff-appellant's complaint, the judgment of dismissal is hereby affirmed.

Without special pronouncement as to costs.

SO ORDERED. 3

In   the   present   Petition   for   Review   filed   in forma pauperis, petitioner   assails   the   decision   of   the   Court   of Appeals   and   ask   this   Court   to   award   her   actual   or compensatory damages as well as moral damages.

We agree with the majority of the Court of Appeals who held that no valid waiver of her cause of action had been made by petitioner. The relevant language of the Joint Affidavit may be quoted again:

That we are no longer interested to file a complaint, criminal or civil against the said

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driver and ownerof the said Thames, because it was an accident and the said driver and owner of the said Thames have gone to the extent of helping   us   to   be   treated   upon   our   injuries. (Emphasis supplied)

A waiver,  to be valid and effective,  must  in the first place be couched in clear and unequivocal terms which leave no doubt as to the intention of a person to give up a right or benefit which legally pertains to him. 4 A waiver   may   not   casually   be   attributed   to   a   person when the terms thereof do not explicitly  and clearly evidence an intent to abandon a right vested in such person.

The degree of  explicitness  which  this  Court  has  required  in purported waivers is illustrated in Yepes and Susaya v. Samar Express Transit   (supra),   where   the   Court   in   reading   and rejecting a purported waiver said:

. . . It appears that before their transfer to the Leyte Provincial Hospital, appellees were asked to sign as,   in   fact,   they signed the document Exhibit   I   wherein   they   stated   that   "in consideration   of   the   expenses   which   said operator has incurred in properly giving us the proper medical treatment, we hereby manifest our desire to waive any and all  claims against the operator of the Samar Express Transit."

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Even  a  cursory  examination  of   the  document mentioned   above   will   readily   show that appellees did not actually waive their right to claim damages from appellant for the latter's failure   to   comply   with   their   contract   of carriage.   All   that   said   document   proves   is that they expressed a "desire" to make the waiver — which obviously is not the same as making an actual waiver of their right. A waiver of the kind invoked by appellant must be clear and unequivocal (Decision   of   the   Supreme Court of Spain of July 8, 1887) — which is not the case of the one relied upon in this appeal. (Emphasis supplied)

If we apply the standard used in Yepes and Susaya, we would  have  to  conclude  that   the   terms of   the   Joint Affidavit  in the instant case cannot be regarded as a waiver   cast   in   "clear   and   unequivocal"   terms. Moreover,   the   circumstances   under   which   the   Joint Affidavit was signed by petitioner Gatchalian need to be   considered.   Petitioner   testified   that   she   was   still reeling   from   the   effects   of   the   vehicular   accident, having been in the hospital for only three days, when the purported waiver in the form of the Joint Affidavit was presented to her for signing;  that  while  reading the same, she experienced dizziness  but that,  seeing the  other  passengers  who  had  also  suffered   injuries sign the document, she too signed without bothering to read the Joint Affidavit  in  its entirety. Considering these circumstances  there  appears  substantial  doubt 

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whether petitioner understood fully the import of the Joint   Affidavit   (prepared   by   or   at   the   instance   of private   respondent)   she   signed   and   whether   she actually intended thereby to waive any right of action against private respondent.

Finally,   because   what   is   involved   here   is   the   liability   of   a common carrier for injuries sustained by passengers in respect of   whose   safety   a   common   carrier   must exercise extraordinary diligence,  we must  construe   any  such purported waiver  most  strictly  against   the  common carrier. For a waiver to be valid and effective, it must not be contrary to   law,   morals,   public   policy   or   good customs. 5 To uphold a supposed waiver of any right to claim damages  by an  injured passenger,  under circumstances   like those exhibited in this case, would be to dilute and weaken the  standard  of   extraordinary   diligence   exacted  by   the   law from   common   carriers   and   hence   to   render   that   standard unenforceable. 6 We   believe   such   a   purported   waiver   is offensive to public policy.

Petitioner Gatchalian also argues that the Court of Appeals, having by majority vote held that there was no enforceable waiver of her right of action, should have awarded her actual or compensatory and moral damages as a matter of course.

We have already noted that a duty to exercise extraordinary diligence in protecting the safety of its passengers is imposed upon   a   common   carrier. 7 In   case   of   death   or   injuries   to passengers, a statutory presumption arises that the common carrier was at fault or had acted negligently "unless it proves that it [had] observed extraordinary diligence as prescribed in 

Articles  1733 and 1755." 8 In   fact,  because of  this  statutory presumption,   it  has   been   held   that  a   court  need   not   even make an express finding of fault or negligence on the part of the common carrier in order to hold it liable. 9 To overcome this presumption, the common carrier must slow to the court that  it  had exercised extraordinary diligence to prevent the injuries. 10 The  standard  of  extraordinary  diligence   imposed upon common carriers is considerably more demanding than the   standard   of   ordinary   diligence,i.e.,   the   diligence   of   a good paterfamilias established   in   respect   of   the   ordinary relations between members of society.  A common carrier  is bound to carry its passengers safely" as far as human care and foresight can provide,   using   the utmost diligence of a very cautious person, with due regard to all the circumstances". 11

Thus, the question which must be addressed is whether or not private   respondent   has   successfully   proved   that   he   had exercised   extraordinary   diligence   to   prevent   the   mishap involving his mini-bus. The records before the Court are bereft of any evidence showing that respondent had exercised the extraordinary diligence required by law. Curiously, respondent did not even attempt, during the trial before the court a quo, to   prove   that   he   had   indeed   exercised   the   requisite extraordinary   diligence.   Respondent   did   try   to   exculpate himself   from   liability   by   alleging   that   the   mishap   was   the result  of force majeure. But allegation  is not proof and here again,   respondent   utterly   failed   to   substantiate  his  defense of force majeure. To exempt a common carrier from liability for death or physical injuries to passengers upon the ground of force majeure, the carrier must clearly show not only that the efficient cause of the casualty was entirely independent of 

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the human will, but also that it was impossible to avoid. Any participation by the common carrier in the occurrence of the injury will defeat the defense of force majeure. InServando v. Philippine Steam Navigation Company, 12 the Court summed up   the   essential   characteristics of force majeure by   quoting with approval from the Enciclopedia Juridica Española:

Thus,   where   fortuitous   event   or force majeure is the immediate and proximate cause of the loss, the obligor is exempt from liability non-performance. The Partidas, the antecedent of Article 1174 of the Civil Code, defines "caso fortuito"   as   'an   event   that   takes   place   by accident   and   could   not   have   been   foreseen. Examples   of   this   are   destruction   of   houses, unexpected fire, shipwreck, violence of robber.

In its dissertation on the phrase "caso fortuito" the Enciclopedia Juridica Española says: 'In legal sense   and,   consequently,   also   in   relation   to contracts,   a   "caso   fortuito"   presents   the following essential characteristics: (1) the cause of the unforeseen and unexpected occurence, or of the failure of the debtor to comply with his   obligation,   must   be   independent   of   the human will; (2) it must be impossible to foresee the event which constitutes the "caso fortuito", or if it can be foreseen, it must be impossible to avoid;   (3)  the occurrence  must  be such as  to render it impossible for the debtor to fulfill his obligation   in   a   normal   manner;   and   (4)   the obligor must be free from any participation in 

the  aggravation  of   the   injury   resulting   to   the creditor.

Upon the other hand, the record yields affirmative evidence of fault or negligence on the part of respondent common carrier. In her direct examination, petitioner Gatchalian narrated that shortly before the vehicle went off the road and into a ditch, a "snapping sound" was suddenly heard at one part of the bus. One   of   the   passengers,   an   old   woman,   cried   out,   "What happened?" ("Apay addan samet nadadaelen?"). The   driver replied, nonchalantly, "That is only normal" ("Ugali ti makina dayta"). The driver did not stop to check if anything had gone wrong with the bus. Moreover, the driver's reply necessarily indicated that the same "snapping sound" had been heard in the bus on previous occasions. This could only mean that the bus   had   not   been   checked   physically   or   mechanically   to determine what was causing the "snapping sound" which had occurred so frequently that the driver had gotten accustomed to  it.  Such a sound  is  obviously  alien to a  motor vehicle   in good operating condition, and even a modicum of concern for life and limb of passengers dictated that the bus be checked and repaired. The obvious continued failure of respondent to look after the roadworthiness and safety of the bus, coupled with the driver's refusal or neglect to stop the mini-bus after he had heard once again the "snapping sound" and the cry of alarm   from   one   of   the   passengers,   constituted   wanton disregard of the physical safety of the passengers, and hence gross negligence on the part of respondent and his driver.

We turn to petitioner's claim for damages. The first  item in that claim relates to revenue which petitioner said she failed to   realize   because   of   the   effects   of   the   vehicular   mishap. 

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Petitioner maintains that on the day that the mini-bus went off   the   road,   she   was  supposed   to   confer  with   the   district supervisor of public schools for a substitute teacher's  job, a job which she had held off and on as a "casual employee." The Court   of   Appeals,   however,   found   that   at   the   time   of   the accident, she was no longer employed in a public school since, being a casual employee and not a Civil Service eligible, she had been laid off. Her employment as a substitute teacher was occasional  and  episodic,   contingent  upon  the  availability  of vacancies for substitute teachers. In view of her employment status as such, the Court of Appeals held that she could not be said to have in fact lost any employment after and by reason of the accident. 13 Such was the factual finding of the Court of Appeals,   a   finding   entitled   to   due   respect   from   this   Court. Petitioner   Gatchalian   has   not   submitted   any   basis   for overturning this finding of fact, and she may not be awarded damages on the basis of speculation or conjecture.14

Petitioner's claim for the cost of plastic surgery for removal of the   scar   on   her   forehead,   is   another   matter.   A   person   is entitled to  the physical   integrity  of  his  or  her  body;   if   that integrity is violated or diminished, actual injury is suffered for which   actual   or   compensatory   damages   are   due   and assessable.  Petitioner  Gatchalian   is  entitled to be placed as nearly  as possible  in the condition that she was before the mishap.   A   scar,   especially   one   on   the   face   of   the   woman, resulting from the infliction of injury upon her, is a violation of bodily   integrity,   giving   raise   to   a   legitimate   claim   for restoration to her conditio ante. If the scar is relatively small and   does   not   grievously   disfigure   the   victim,   the   cost   of surgery   may   be   expected   to   be   correspondingly   modest. 

In Araneta, et al. vs. Areglado, et al., 15 this Court  awarded actual or compensatory damages for, among other things, the surgical removal of the scar on the face of a young boy who had been injured in a vehicular collision. The Court there held:

We agree with the appellants that the damages awarded   by   the   lower   court   for   the   injuries suffered by Benjamin Araneta are inadequate. In   allowing   not   more   than   P1,000.00   as compensation   for   the   "permanent   deformity and — something like an inferiority complex" as well  as for the "pathological  condition on the left side of the jaw" caused to said plaintiff, the court below overlooked the clear evidence on record that to arrest the degenerative process taking   place   in   the   mandible   and restore the injured boy to a nearly normal condition, surgical intervention was needed, for which the doctor's   charges  would  amount   to  P3,000.00, exclusive of hospitalization fees, expenses and medicines.Furthermore, the operation, according to Dr. Diño, would probably have to be repeated in order to effectuate a complete cure, while removal of the scar on the face obviously demanded plastic surgery.

xxx xxx xxx

The father's failure to submit his son to a plastic operation as soon as possible does not prove that   such   treatment   is   not   called   for.   The damage to the jaw and the existence of the scar

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in Benjamin Araneta's face are physical facts that   can   not   be   reasoned   out   of existence. That the injury should be treated in order to restore him as far as possible to his original condition is undeniable. The   father's delay,   or   even   his   negligence,   should   not   be allowed   to   prejudice   the   son   who   has   no control over the parent's action nor impair his right to a full indemnity.

. .  . Still, taking into account the necessity and cost of corrective measures to fully repair the damage;the pain suffered by the injured party; his feelings of inferiority due to consciousness of   his   present   deformity,   as   well   as   the voluntary character of the injury inflicted; and further   considering   that a repair, however, skillfully conducted, is never equivalent to the original state, we are  of   the  opinion   that   the indemnity granted by the trial court should be increased to a   total  of  P18,000.00.   (Emphasis supplied)

Petitioner estimated that the cost of having her scar surgically removed   was   somewhere   between   P10,000.00   to P15,000.00. 16 Upon the other hand, Dr. Fe Tayao Lasam, a witness presented as an expert by petitioner, testified that the cost   would   probably   be   between   P5,000.00   to P10,000.00. 17 In view of this testimony, and the fact that a considerable amount of time has lapsed since the mishap in 1973 which may be expected to increase not only the cost but also   very   probably   the   difficulty   of   removing   the   scar,   we 

consider that the amount of P15,000.00 to cover the cost of such plastic surgery is not unreasonable.

Turning   to   petitioner's   claim   for   moral   damages,   the   long-established rule is that moral damages may be awarded where gross   negligence   on   the   part   of   the   common   carrier   is shown. 18 Since  we have earlier  concluded  that   respondent common carrier and his driver had been grossly negligent in connection with the bus mishap which had injured petitioner and other passengers, and recalling the aggressive manuevers of respondent, through his wife, to get the victims to waive their   right   to   recover   damages   even   as   they   were   still hospitalized for their injuries, petitioner must be held entitled to such moral damages. Considering the extent of pain and anxiety which petitioner must have suffered as a result of her physical   injuries   including   the   permanent   scar   on   her forehead, we believe that the amount of P30,000.00 would be a   reasonable   award.   Petitioner's   claim   for   P1,000.00   as atttorney's fees is in fact even more modest. 19

WHEREFORE, the Decision of the Court of Appeals dated 24 October 1980, as well as the decision of the then Court of First Instance   of   La   Union   dated   4   December   1975   are   hereby REVERSED and SET ASIDE.Respondent is hereby ORDERED to pay   petitioner   Reynalda   Gatchalian   the   following   sums:   1) P15,000.00 as actual or compensatory damages to cover the cost   of   plastic   surgery   for   the   removal   of   the   scar   on petitioner's forehead; 2) P30,000.00 as moral damages; and 3) P1,000.00 as attorney's  fees,  the aggregate amount to bear interest at the legal rate of 6% per annum counting from the promulgation of this decision until full payment thereof. Costs against private respondent.

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SO ORDERED.

[G.R. No. 122039. May 31, 2000]

VICENTE CALALAS, petitioner, vs. COURT OF APPEALS, ELIZA JUJEURCHE SUNGA and FRANCISCO SALVA,respondents.

D E C I S I ON

MENDOZA, J.:

This  is  a petition for review on certiorari of  the decision[1] of the  Court  of  Appeals,  dated  March  31,  1991,   reversing   the contrary   decision   of   the   Regional   Trial   Court,   Branch   36, Dumaguete   City,   and   awarding   damages   instead   to   private respondent Eliza Jujeurche Sunga as plaintiff in an action for breach of contract of carriage.

The facts, as found by the Court of Appeals, are as follows:

At   10   oclock   in   the   morning   of   August   23,   1989,   private respondent Eliza Jujeurche G. Sunga, then a college freshman majoring in Physical Education at the Siliman University, took a   passenger   jeepney   owned   and   operated   by   petitioner Vicente Calalas. As the jeepney was filled to capacity of about 24   passengers,   Sunga   was   given   by   the   conductor   an "extension seat," a wooden stool at the back of the door at the rear end of the vehicle. Sclaw

On   the   way   to   Poblacion   Sibulan,   Negros   Occidental,   the jeepney stopped to let a passenger off. As she was seated at the   rear   of   the   vehicle,   Sunga   gave   way   to   the   outgoing 

passenger. Just as she was doing so, an Isuzu truck driven by Iglecerio Verena and owned by Francisco Salva bumped the left rear portion of the jeepney. As a result, Sunga was injured. She sustained a fracture of the "distal third of the left tibia-fibula   with   severe   necrosis   of   the   underlying   skin."   Closed reduction of the fracture,  long leg circular casting, and case wedging were done under sedation. Her confinement in the hospital   lasted   from   August   23   to   September   7,   1989.   Her attending   physician,   Dr.   Danilo   V.   Oligario,   an   orthopedic surgeon, certified she would remain on a cast for a period of three months and would have to ambulate in crutches during said period.

On   October   9,   1989,   Sunga   filed   a   complaint   for   damages against Calalas, alleging violation of the contract of carriage by the former in failing to exercise the diligence required of him as a common carrier. Calalas, on the other hand, filed a third-party   complaint   against   Francisco   Salva,   the   owner   of   the Isuzu truck. Korte

The   lower   court   rendered   judgment   against   Salva   as   third-party defendant and absolved Calalas of liability, holding that it was the driver of the Isuzu truck who was responsible for the accident. It took cognizance of another case (Civil Case No. 3490),   filed   by  Calalas  against  Salva  and  Verena,   for   quasi-delict, in which Branch 37 of the same court held Salva and his driver Verena  jointly   liable to Calalas for the damage to his jeepney. Rtcspped

On appeal   to  the Court  of Appeals,   the ruling of  the  lower court was reversed on the ground that Sungas cause of action was based on a contract of carriage, not quasi-delict, and that 

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the common carrier failed to exercise the diligence required under the Civil Code. The appellate court dismissed the third-party complaint against Salva and adjudged Calalas liable for damages   to   Sunga.   The   dispositive   portion   of   its   decision reads:

WHEREFORE,   the   decision   appealed   from   is hereby REVERSED and SET ASIDE, and another one   is   entered   ordering   defendant-appellee Vicente Calalas to pay plaintiff-appellant:

(1)   P50,000.00   as   actual   and   compensatory damages;

(2) P50,000.00 as moral damages;

(3) P10,000.00 as attorneys fees; and

(4) P1,000.00 as expenses of litigation; and

(5) to pay the costs.

SO ORDERED.

Hence, this petition. Petitioner contends that the ruling in Civil Case   No.   3490   that   the   negligence   of   Verena   was   the proximate cause of the accident negates his liability and that to rule otherwise would be to make the common carrier an insurer of the safety of its passengers. He contends that the bumping   of   the   jeepney   by   the   truck   owned   by   Salva   was a caso fortuito.  Petitioner further assails the award of moral 

damages to Sunga on the ground that it is not supported by evidence. Sdaadsc

The petition has no merit.

The argument that Sunga is bound by the ruling in Civil Case No. 3490 finding the driver and the owner of the truck liable for quasi-delict ignores the fact that she was never a party to that case and, therefore, the principle of res judicata does not apply. Missdaa

Nor are the issues in Civil Case No. 3490 and in the present case the same. The issue in Civil Case No. 3490 was whether Salva and his driver Verena were liable for quasi-delict for the damage caused to petitioners jeepney. On the other hand, the issue in this case is whether petitioner is liable on his contract of   carriage.   The   first,   quasi-delict,   also   known   as culpa aquiliana or culpa extra contractual,   has   as   its   source   the negligence of the tortfeasor. The second, breach of contract or culpa contractual,  is premised upon the negligence in the performance of a contractual obligation.

Consequently,   in quasi-delict,   the negligence or fault  should be clearly  established  because   it   is   the  basis  of   the  action, whereas in breach of contract, the action can be prosecuted merely by proving the existence of the contract and the fact that   the obligor,   in   this   case   the common carrier,   failed   to transport his passenger safely to his destination.[2] In case of death or   injuries   to passengers,  Art.  1756 of  the Civil  Code provides that common carriers are presumed to have been at fault or to have acted negligently unless they prove that they observed extraordinary diligence as defined in Arts. 1733 and 

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1755   of   the   Code.   This   provision   necessarily   shifts   to   the common carrier the burden of proof. Slxmis

There is, thus, no basis for the contention that the ruling in Civil Case No. 3490, finding Salva and his driver Verena liable for the damage to petitioners jeepney, should be binding on Sunga.   It   is   immaterial   that   the   proximate   cause   of   the collision   between   the   jeepney   and   the   truck   was   the negligence   of   the   truck   driver.   The   doctrine   of   proximate cause   is   applicable   only   in   actions   for   quasi-delict,   not   in actions involving breach of contract. The doctrine is a device for  imputing  liability to a person where there is  no relation between him and another party. In such a case, the obligation is   created   by   law   itself.   But,   where   there   is   a   pre-existing contractual   relation   between   the   parties,   it   is   the   parties themselves who create the obligation, and the function of the law is merely to regulate the relation thus created. Insofar as contracts of carriage are concerned, some aspects regulated by the Civil Code are those respecting the diligence required of common carriers with regard to the safety of passengers as well  as   the presumption of  negligence  in  cases of  death or injury to passengers. It provides: Slxsc

Art. 1733. Common carriers, from the nature of their business and for reasons of public policy, are bound to observe extraordinary diligence in the vigilance over the goods and for the safety of   the   passengers   transported   by   them, according to all the circumstances of each case.

Such   extraordinary   diligence   in   the   vigilance over the goods is further expressed in articles 

1734,  1735,  and 1746,  Nos.  5,6,  and 7,  while the extraordinary diligence for the safety of the passengers is further set forth in articles 1755 and 1756.

Art. 1755. A common carrier is bound to carry the passengers safely as far as human care and foresight   can   provide,   using   the   utmost diligence   of   very   cautious   persons,   with   due regard for all the circumstances.

Art.   1756.   In   case   of   death   of   or   injuries   to passengers, common carriers are presumed to have been at fault or to have acted negligently, unless   they   prove   that   they   observed extraordinary diligence as prescribed by articles 1733 and 1755.

In the case at bar, upon the happening of the accident, the presumption of negligence at once arose, and it became the duty   of   petitioner   to   prove   that   he   had   to   observe extraordinary diligence in the care of his passengers. Scslx

Now, did the driver of jeepney carry Sunga "safely as far as human   care   and   foresight   could   provide,   using   the   utmost diligence of very cautious persons, with due regard for all the circumstances" as required by Art. 1755? We do not think so. Several factors militate against petitioners contention. Slx

First, as found by the Court of Appeals, the jeepney was not properly   parked,   its   rear   portion   being   exposed   about   two meters from the broad shoulders of the highway, and facing 

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the   middle   of   the   highway   in   a   diagonal   angle.   This   is   a violation   of   the   R.A.   No.   4136,   as   amended,   or   the   Land Transportation and Traffic Code, which provides:

Sec. 54. Obstruction of Traffic. - No person shall drive his motor vehicle in such a manner as to obstruct or impede the passage of any vehicle, nor, while discharging or taking on passengers or   loading   or   unloading   freight,   obstruct   the free passage of other vehicles on the highway.

Second, it is undisputed that petitioners driver took in more passengers than the allowed seating capacity of the jeepney, a violation of 32(a) of the same law. It provides: Mesm

Exceeding registered capacity. -   No   person operating any motor  vehicle  shall  allow more passengers   or   more   freight   or   cargo   in   his vehicle than its registered capacity.

The fact that Sunga was seated in an "extension seat" placed her in a peril greater than that to which the other passengers were exposed. Therefore,  not only was petitioner unable to overcome the presumption of negligence imposed on him for the injury sustained by Sunga, but also, the evidence shows he was actually negligent in transporting passengers. Calrky

We   find   it   hard   to   give   serious   thought   to   petitioners contention that Sungas taking an "extension seat" amounted to an implied assumption of risk. It is akin to arguing that the injuries to the many victims of the tragedies in our seas should not   be   compensated   merely   because   those   passengers 

assumed a greater risk of drowning by boarding an overloaded ferry.   This   is   also   true   of   petitioners   contention   that   the jeepney   being   bumped   while   it   was   improperly   parked constitutes caso fortuito.   A caso fortuito is   an   event   which could   not   be   foreseen,   or   which,   though   foreseen,   was inevitable.[3] This requires that the following requirements be present:   (a)   the  cause  of   the  breach   is   independent  of   the debtors will; (b) the event is unforeseeable or unavoidable; (c) the event is such as to render it impossible for the debtor to fulfill his obligation in a normal manner, and (d) the debtor did not take part in causing the injury to the creditor.[4] Petitioner should have foreseen the danger of parking his jeepney with its body protruding two meters into the highway. Kycalr

Finally,   petitioner   challenges   the   award   of   moral   damages alleging that it is excessive and without basis in law. We find this contention well taken.

In awarding moral damages, the Court of Appeals stated: Kyle

Plaintiff-appellant  at   the  time of   the  accident was a first-year college student in that school year   1989-1990   at   the   Silliman   University, majoring in Physical Education. Because of the injury, she was not able to enroll in the second semester of that school year. She testified that she had no more intention of continuing with her schooling, because she could not walk and decided   not   to   pursue   her   degree,   major   in Physical   Education   "because   of   my   leg   which has a defect already."

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Plaintiff-appellant   likewise   testified   that   even while she was under confinement, she cried in pain because of her injured left foot. As a result of   her   injury,   the   Orthopedic   Surgeon   also certified that she has "residual  bowing of the fracture   side."   She   likewise   decided   not   to further pursue Physical Education as her major subject, because "my left leg x x x has a defect already."

Those   are   her   physical   pains   and   moral sufferings,   the   inevitable   bedfellows   of   the injuries that she suffered. Under Article 2219 of the Civil Code, she is entitled to recover moral damages   in   the   sum   of   P50,000.00,   which   is fair, just and reasonable.

As   a   general   rule,   moral   damages   are   not   recoverable   in actions for damages predicated on a breach of contract for it is  not one of the items enumerated under Art. 2219 of the Civil Code.[5] As an exception, such damages are recoverable: (1)   in   cases   in   which   the   mishap   results   in   the   death   of   a passenger, as provided in Art. 1764, in relation to Art. 2206(3) of the Civil Code; and (2) in the cases in which the carrier is guilty of fraud or bad faith, as provided in Art. 2220.[6]

In   this   case,   there   is   no   legal   basis   for   awarding   moral damages since there was no factual finding by the appellate court that petitioner acted in bad faith in the performance of the  contract  of   carriage.  Sungas  contention that  petitioners admission in open court that the driver of the jeepney failed to assist her in going to a nearby hospital cannot be construed 

as an admission of bad faith. The fact that it was the driver of the Isuzu truck who took her to the hospital does not imply that   petitioner   was   utterly   indifferent   to   the   plight   of   his injured passenger. If at all, it is merely implied recognition by Verena that he was the one at fault for the accident. Exsm

WHEREFORE,   the   decision   of   the   Court   of   Appeals,   dated March 31, 1995, and its resolution, dated September 11, 1995, are   AFFIRMED,   with   the   MODIFICATION   that   the   award   of moral damages is DELETED.

SO ORDERED.

G.R. No. L-22459 October 31, 1967

ANTONIO V. ROQUE, petitioner, vs.BIENVENIDO P. BUAN, ET AL., respondents.

Francisco R. Sotto and Associates for petitioner. Angel A. Sison for respondents.

ANGELES, J.:

An   appeal   by certiorari from   a   decision   of   the   Court   of Appeals,   reversing in toto the   decision   of   the   Court  of  First Instance  of  Pampanga   which  sentenced   the  defendants  "to pay   the   plaintiff   (Antonio   V.   Roque)   the   sums   of   P515.70 (hospital  bill)  and P840.00 (six  months salary),  or  a  total  of P1,355.70, with legal interest from February 12, 1955, plus the sum of P500.00 as attorney's fees and an equivalent amount of P500.00 as moral damages, and the costs."

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Upon the record, it appears that on 7 June 1955, Antonio V. Roque filed this suit for damages against Bienvenido P. Buan and Natividad  Paras,   co-administrators  of   the  Estate   of   the deceased spouses Florencio P. Buan and Rizalina Paras, in the Court   of   First   Instance   of   Pampanga,   for   alleged   breach   of contract  of  carriage,   resulting   from a   traffic accident  which occurred at Sulipan Bridge in Apalit, Pampanga.

The   circumstances   surrounding   the   occurrence   of   the unfortunate accident has been narrated  in court  during the trial   by   the   plaintiff   himself,   whose   testimony   was corroborated by a passenger of the bus. The defense did not summon any other passenger  of  the bus to testify.  Neither was   the  conductor   of   the   bus   presented   in   court.   It   relied solely on the testimony of the driver Celestino Soliman.

The evidence of the plaintiff, substantiated by his testimony and that of a passenger in the bus, demonstrate that Florencio P. Buan, in his lifetime was an operator of land transportation for   passengers,   under   the   name   of   "Philippine   Rabbit   Bus Lines", with a certificate of Public Convenience issued by the Public Service Commission. The defendants co-administrators, sued  herein   in   their   legal  capacity  as  such,  have been duly authorize by the court to continue the operation of the bus transportation for passengers.

On February 12, 1955, at about 2:00 o'clock in the afternoon, the plaintiff Antonio V. Roque, was a paying passenger in bus No. 397, operated by the defendants. The bus left Manila for Angeles   City,   Pampanga,   driven   by   Celestino   Soliman,   an employee of the operator. All along the way, the speed of the bus was about 60 kms. per hour. When the bus was over the 

Sulipan   bridge   at   Apalit,   Pampanga,   it   met   a   cargo   truck coming from the opposite  direction.  To avoid colliding with the   truck,   the   driver   swerved   the   bus   to   the   right,   which, however, sideswiped the railing of the bridge. So violent was the impact that the two iron grills of a window of the bus were detached, dangling thereat, and the rear right portion of the bus was dented inward. The plaintiff was seated by the side of the window where the iron grills were detached with his right arm resting on the sill of the frame of the window. The injuries suffered by him as a result  of  the  impact  are:  "1.  Abrasion multiple, upper extreme right; 2. fracture — simple complete; 3. Wound lacerated, exposing elbow point right." (Exhibit A.)

For the defendants,  the driver of the bus declared that the rate of speed of his bus all the way from Manila, was between 40   to   50   kms.   per   hour.   As   the   bus   was   approaching   the Sulipan bridge,  he reduced the speed to 10 kms.  per  hour, which he maintained while passing over the bridge. When the bus was over the bridge, a freight truck came along from the opposite direction, and to avoid colliding with the truck,  he swerved the bus to the right, and as he did so, he suddenly heard the conductor of   the bus shout "para"  (stop).  Asking why, the conductor replied: "This arm which was protruding hit   the   bridge."   Addressing   the   passenger   indicated   by   the conductor, who happened to be the plaintiff, the driver asked: "Why did you put out your arm?" The passenger replied: "I fell asleep."

In   avoidance   of   liability,   the   thesis   of   the   defense   is   that plaintiff's arm was injured because he extended it outside the window,   and   struck   it   against   the   railing   of   the   bridge.   To sustain the contention, four witnesses were summoned to the 

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witness-stand who declared in substance that the bus suffered no damage at all. However, the trial court's finding shows that the bus suffered substantial damage. Thus:

To establish that the bus was not damaged, not even a scratch, the defendants introduced the mechanic, the carpenter   and   the   administrative   officer,   all   of   the Rabbit, and the police lieutenant of Apalit,  who said, he saw the bus parked in front of the San Fernando municipal building. All of these witnesses declared that they found no dent nor a single scratch on the right rear side of the bus and that the grills of the window, by which the plaintiff was seated, were in their places.

On the other hand,  the plaintiff testified that before reaching the bridge, the bus was running at about 60 kilometers per hour and that it did not slacken until it hit   the   railing   of   the   bridge   after   it   had   passed   the cargo truck (Exhibit C-1), thereby causing the injuries to his elbow and arm.

As to the bus, he declared that the rear right portion was dented, the top of the window was damaged, and the   grills   were   detached   and   dangling   from   the window.

xxx           xxx           xxx

From   the   evidence   of   the   plaintiff   and   that   of   his witness, a co-passenger whom he met for the first time on   that   fatal   occasion,   we   have   valid   grounds   to believe and to hold that the driver,  upon seeing the 

oncoming truck which he said was big and which was occupying all   the space up to the center of the  line, and motivated undoubtedly by the fear that  it  might collide with the  left side of  his  bus,  maneuvered his vehicle to the right, but because he could not see the cargo truck as the windows were closed, he went very near   too  close   so  that  his  bus  hit   the   railing  of   the bridge after it had passed the freight truck. In arriving at   this   finding   and   conclusion,   we   have   taken   into consideration   the   fact,   as   admitted   by   Celestino Soliman that he had driven the bus for only two weeks before   the   accident,   and   notwithstanding   the testimony   of   the   administrative   officers   regarding seminars and the like, we believe that the driver had not   yet   sufficiently   familiarized   himself   with   the behavior  of  his  bus so as  to  put  it  completely  at  all times under his control. In this, we believe there was a lack of diligence in his selection to drive the Rabbit bus No. 397.

In regard to the injuries, we are inclined to believe the plaintiff that he rested his arms on the sill, but within the   frame   of   the   window,   and   that,   as   denied   in rebuttal, he was not asleep. This fact is borne out by the circumstances that he was able to determine the rate of speed of the bus. If, indeed, it were true that he extended out his arm, the injuries would have certainly been more serious and fatal. That no other passenger was harmed, this can be attributed to the fact that the impact was concentrated at the point precisely where 

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the victim was unfortunately seated. The contact was localized.

Upon the foregoing facts, we are firmly convinced that the  plaintiff  was  not   at   fault  and   that   the  operator, through its driver and employee, failed to exercise that extraordinary diligence which would have exempted it from civil liability.

On the same matter, the Court of Appeals said:

Inasmuch  as  plaintiff was   injured,  and as  no scratch was found on the rear right side of the bus, and as the only damage to the bus as found by the trial court, consisted of the following: "The rear right portion was dented, the grills were detached and dangling from the window, and the top of the window was damaged", the only conclusion we can think of as to why plaintiff was  injured  is   that  he must  have extended his   right elbow beyond or outside the grills  of the window of the   bus,   as   some   passengers   are   wont   to   do unconsciously, and when the bus moved towards the right  of   the bridge as   it  passed the big   freight   truck going in the opposite direction, the railing of the bridge must have caught plaintiff's elbow, and the impact was so violent that the two grills of the window of the bus were thereby "detached and dangling from the window" which must have been the cause of the dent on the right portion of the bus." (Emphasis Ours.)

Analyzing the findings made by the trial court, on whether or not   the   bus  suffered  damage,  We  observe   that   the  court's 

findings in the affirmative are factually based on the testimony of   the   plaintiff   and   of   the   corroborating   witness,   whose demeanor while testifying, was within the observation of the trial  court which, after appreciating their testimonies, found no reason not to accord them credit. The decision of the Court of   Appeals   on   the   same   point,   does   not   disagree   with   the findings of   the  trial  court.   It  upheld  the finding of   the  trial court   that   the   damage   to   the  bus   were  —   "The   rear   right portion   was   dented,   the   grills   were   detached   and   dangling from the window, and the top of the window was damaged, . . . the impact was so violent that the two grills of the window which   must  have   been   the   cause   of   the   dent   on   the   right portion of the bus." Upon these established facts, the Court of Appeals   concluded,   however,   that   the   plaintiff's   arm   was injured because — "he must have extended his right elbow beyond or outside the grills of the window of the bus."

If  the decision of the Court of Appeals on the controversial matter  suffers,  as   it  does,   from some ambiguity,   the  doubt should be resolved to sustain the trial court in the light of the familiar and accepted rule that "the judge who tries a case in the   court   below,   has   vastly   superior   advantage   for   the ascertainment of truth and the detection of falsehood over an appellate court sitting as a court of review. The appellate court can merely follow with the eye, the cold words of the witness as  transcribed upon the record,  knowing at  the same time, from actual experience, that more or less, of what the witness actually did say, is always lost in the process of transcribing. But the main difficulty does not lie here. There is an inherent impossibility of determining with any degree of accuracy what credit is justly due to a witness from merely reading the words 

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spoken by him, even if there was no doubt as to the identity of the words." (Moran, Comments on the Rules of Court.)

We   are   not   prepared   to   agree   with   the   Court   of   Appeals' conclusion as to the reason why the plaintiff's arm was injured —- that "he must have extended his right elbow beyond or outside the grills of the window of the bus." The conclusion is: firstly,   contrary   to   the   established   act;   secondly,   it   is   an inference based on mere assumption; thirdly, it is contrary to the res ipsa loquitur rule; and fourthly, it is not in conformity with the physical law of nature. With the undisputed fact on record that the bus was damaged to the extent hereinabove described, and taking account of the fact that the human hand is   tender and fragile,   to say that  the violent contact  of   the hand with the railing, the bus running at a high rate of speed, without the vehicle colliding with the railing, caused the iron grills   to  be  destroyed and detached from the  frame of   the window where they were imbedded, is to tax one's credulity. The physical fact that the bus suffered damage to the extent as shown by plaintiff's evidence, is demonstrative proof that that portion of the bus came into violent contact with some protruding   hard   object   on   the   railing   capable   of   producing such damage. We are persuaded to believe, as found by the trial court, that the violent contact of the bus with the railing was what caused the damage to the bus.

Contrary to the testimony of the driver that the speed of the bus was only 10 kms. per hour when it crossed the bridge, we are inclined to accord more credence to the evidence of the plaintiff, that the bus was running at an unreasonable speed when it approached and crossed the bridge. Judicial notice can be  taken  of   the   fact   that  Apalit  bridge   is  part  of   the  main 

thorough fare for all kinds of vehicles, including big trucks and buses, cruising along that national highway, wide enough to permit the simultaneous passage through the bridge of two trucks or buses. If it is true that the speed of the bus was only 10 kms. per hour when it was crossing the bridge, side-swiping the railing of the bridge at such a low speed, would not have produced   the   extent   of   damage   that   the   bus   suffered.   At most, the physical contact would not have resulted in more than a scratch on the bus.

The   testimony   of   the   driver,   regarding   the   exchange   of questions and answers between him and his conductor, and between him and plaintiff, is self-impeached by his statement given before the Chief of Police of Apalit. We quote from the decision of the Court of Appeals:

However,   in   his   (driver's)   "declaration"   taken   in   the office of  the Chief of Police of Apalit,  Pampanga, on February   13,   1955,   in   the   Pampango   dialect, subscribed and sworn to by him before the Municipal Mayor, the said bus driver declared pertinently:

". . . upon reaching the bridge of Sulipan here in Apalit, Pampanga, I slowed down because there was   a   cargo   truck   coming   from   the   opposite direction. At the same time, there was a jeep following me. The speed of my truck was more or   less  10   kms.   per   hour   because   the   bridge was narrow and there was a truck coming from the opposite direction. After meeting the said truck   on   the   bridge, my passengers said that there was a passenger on board my truck who

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was injured. In view of the advice of the other passengers   to   bring   the   injured   passenger   to the nearest drug store, what I did in order to have him treated was to bring him to Ocampo Clinic in San Fernando. . . ."

The sworn statement of the driver belie his testimony in court; firstly,   that   it   was   the   conductor   who   called   his   attention about   the   injured   passenger;   and   secondly,   that   Roque admitted that he had put his arm out of the window and told him that he (Roque) was "asleep",   for   if,  Roque really  gave these replies,   the driver would have so stated  in his  sworn statement to the Chief of Police. Such a significant fact, still fresh in the mind of the driver when he gave his statement to the police, could not have been forgotten by him.

Negligence on the part  of  the common carrier   is  presumed where, as in the present case, the passenger suffers injuries.

In   case   of   death   or   injuries   to   passengers,   common carriers are presumed to have been at fault or to have acted   negligently,   unless   they   proved   that   they observed   extraordinary   diligence   as   prescribed   in Articles 1733 and 1755. (Art. 1756, New Civil Code.)

When the action is based on a contract of carriage and not of tort, the court need not make an express finding of fault or negligence on the part of the carrier in order to hold it responsible to any damages sought for by the plaintiff.   For   the   carrier   by   accepting   the   passenger assumes   express   obligation   to   transport   him   to   his destination   safely,   and   to   observe   extraordinary 

diligence   with   due   regard   for   all   the   circumstances, and any injury that may be suffered: by the passenger is right away attributable to the fault or negligence of the   carrier.   (Art.   1776,   New   Civil   Code)   This   is   an exception to the general rule that negligence must be proved and it is incumbent upon the carrier to prove that it exercised extraordinary diligence as prescribed in  Arts.  1733 and 1755 of   the  Civil  Code.   (Dy Sy vs. Malate Taxicab etc., L-8937, November 29, 1957.)

The negligence of the defendants in the case at bar, rests on something   more   solid   than   a   legal   presumption.   We   are persuaded, that the accident occurred because of want of care and prudence on the part  of  bus driver.  As the defendants failed to prove their observance of extraordinary diligence in discharging   their   obligation   unto   plaintiff,   their   liability   as public utility operator is beyond question. Hence, the decision of the Court of Appeals should be reversed. In arriving at this conclusion, we have not lost sight of the rule that generally, the   findings   of   fact   by   the   Court   of   Appeals   are   deemed accepted as the basis for review of the appellate's decision; but,  the rule  is  not without exception.   It   is  settled that the findings   of   fact   made   by   the   Court  of  Appeals   may  be  set aside: 1) when the conclusion is a finding grounded entirely on speculation, surmises or conjectures;1 2) When the inference made is manifestly mistaken, absurd or impossible;2 3) where there is a grave abuse of discretion;3 4) when the judgment is based on a misapprehension of facts;4 and 5) when the Court of Appeals, in making its findings, went beyond the issues of the case and the same is contrary to the admission of both appellant and appellee.5

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But, while we must sustain the trial court's award of actual or compensatory   damages,   and   attorney's   fees,   the   grant   of moral damages cannot be upheld. The action herein is based on a breach of contract of carriage. Unless it be proved that the   common   carrier,   in   violating   his   contract   to   carry   the passenger  safely   to his  destination,  acted  fraudulently  or   in bad faith, which proof is wanting, no moral damages can be awarded where the breach did not result in death, but in mere physical injuries. (Art. 2220 in relation to Arts. 1764 and 2206 of the Civil Code.)

WHEREFORE, the decision of the Court of Appeals is hereby set   aside.   With   the   modification   that   the   award   of   moral damages is discarded, the decision of the trial court is hereby affirmed with costs against the defendants-respondents.

G.R. No. 52159 December 22, 1989

JOSE PILAPIL, petitioner, vs.HON. COURT OF APPEALS and ALATCO TRANSPORTATION COMPANY, INC., respondents.

Martin Badong, Jr. for petitioner.

Eufronio K. Maristela for private respondent.

PADILLA, J.:

This   is   a   petition   to   review   on certiorari the   decision* rendered by the Court of Appeals dated 19 October 1979 in CA-G.R.   No.   57354-R   entitled  "Jose   Pilapil,  plaintiff-appellee versus Alatco Transportation Co.,   Inc.,  defendant-appellant," which reversed and set  aside the  judgment of the Court  of First Instance of Camarines Sur in Civil Case No. 7230 ordering respondent   transportation   company   to   pay   to   petitioner damages in the total sum of sixteen thousand three hundred pesos (P 16,300.00).

The record discloses the following facts:

Petitioner-plaintiff   Jose   Pilapil,  a  paying   passenger,  boarded respondent-defendant's  bus bearing No. 409 at San Nicolas, Iriga City on 16 September 1971 at about 6:00 P.M. While said bus   No.   409   was   in   due   course   negotiating   the   distance between Iriga City and Naga City, upon reaching the vicinity of the cemetery of the Municipality of Baao, Camarines Sur, on the way to Naga City, an unidentified man, a bystander along said national highway, hurled a stone at the left side of the bus,   which   hit   petitioner   above   his   left   eye.   Private respondent's personnel lost no time in bringing the petitioner to the provincial hospital in Naga City where he was confined and treated.

Considering   that   the   sight   of   his   left   eye   was   impaired, petitioner was taken to Dr. Malabanan of Iriga City where he was   treated   for   another   week.   Since   there   was   no improvement in his left eye's vision, petitioner went to V. Luna Hospital, Quezon City where he was treated by Dr. Capulong. Despite   the   treatment   accorded   to   him   by   Dr.   Capulong, 

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petitioner   lost  partially  his   left eye's  vision and sustained a permanent scar above the left eye.

Thereupon,   petitioner   instituted   before   the   Court   of   First Instance of Camarines Sur, Branch I an action for recovery of damages sustained as a result of the stone-throwing incident. After   trial,   the   court   a   quo   rendered   judgment   with   the following dispositive part:

Wherefore, judgment is hereby entered:

1.   Ordering   defendant transportation   company   to   pay plaintiff Jose Pilapil the sum of P 10,000.00,   Philippine   Currency, representing actual and material damages   for   causing   a permanent scar on the face and injuring   the   eye-sight   of   the plaintiff;

2.   Ordering   further   defendant transportation   company   to   pay the sum of P 5,000.00, Philippine Currency,   to   the   plaintiff   as moral and exemplary damages;

3.   Ordering   furthermore, defendant   transportation company   to   reimburse   plaintiff the   sum   of   P   300.00   for   his medical expenses and attorney's 

fees   in   the   sum   of   P   1,000.00, Philippine Currency; and

4. To pay the costs.

SO ORDERED 1

From the judgment, private respondent appealed to the Court of  Appeals  where   the  appeal  was  docketed   as  CA-G.R.  No. 57354R.   On   19   October   1979,   the   Court   of   Appeals,   in   a Special   Division   of   Five,   rendered   judgment   reversing   and setting aside the judgment of the court a quo.

Hence the present petition.

In seeking a reversal of the decision of the Court of Appeals, petitioner contends that said court has decided the issue not in   accord   with   law.   Specifically,   petitioner   argues   that   the nature of the business of a transportation company requires the assumption of certain risks, and the stoning of the bus by a  stranger   resulting   in   injury   to  petitioner-passenger   is  one such  risk   from  which   the common  carrier   may  not  exempt itself from liability.

We do not agree.

In  consideration  of   the  right  granted   to  it  by   the  public   to engage in the business of transporting passengers and goods, a  common   carrier  does  not  give   its   consent   to  become  an insurer of any and all risks to passengers and goods. It merely undertakes to perform certain duties to the public as the law imposes, and holds itself liable for any breach thereof.

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Under   Article   1733   of   the   Civil   Code,   common   carriers   are required to observe extraordinary diligence for the safety of the   passenger   transported   by   them,   according   to   all   the circumstances of each case. The requirement of extraordinary diligence imposed upon common carriers is restated in Article 1755:  "A  common  carrier   is  bound  to  carry   the  passengers safely as far as human care and foresight can provide, using the utmost diligence of very cautious persons, with due regard for   all   the   circumstances."   Further,   in   case   of   death   of   or injuries to passengers, the law presumes said common carriers to be at fault or to have acted negligently. 2

While the law requires the highest degree of diligence from common carriers in the safe transport of their passengers and creates a presumption of negligence against them, it does not, however, make the carrier an insurer of the absolute safety of its passengers. 3

Article   1755   of   the   Civil   Code   qualifies   the   duty   of extraordinary care, vigilance and precaution in the carriage of passengers by common carriers to only such as human care and foresight can provide. what constitutes compliance with said duty is adjudged with due regard to all the circumstances.

Article 1756 of the Civil  Code,  in creating a presumption of fault or negligence on the part of the common carrier when its passenger is  injured, merely relieves the latter, for the time being, from introducing evidence to fasten the negligence on the former, because the presumption stands in the place of evidence.  Being a  mere presumption, however,  the same is rebuttable by proof  that  the common carrier  had exercised extraordinary diligence as required by law in the performance 

of its contractual obligation, or that the injury suffered by the passenger was solely due to a fortuitous event. 4

In fine, we can only  infer from the law the intention of the Code Commission and Congress  to curb the recklessness  of drivers and operators of common carriers  in the conduct of their business.

Thus,   it   is  clear   that  neither   the  law nor  the nature of   the business of a transportation company makes it an insurer of the passenger's safety, but that its liability for personal injuries sustained by its passenger rests upon its negligence, its failure to exercise the degree of diligence that the law requires. 5

Petitioner contends that respondent common carrier failed to rebut the presumption of negligence against it by proof on its part that it exercised extraordinary diligence for the safety of its passengers.

We do not agree.

First, as stated earlier, the presumption of fault or negligence against the carrier is only a disputable presumption. It gives in where contrary facts are established proving either that the carrier had exercised the degree of diligence required by law or the injury suffered by the passenger was due to a fortuitous event. Where, as in the instant case, the injury sustained by the petitioner was in no way due to any defect in the means of transport or in the method of transporting or to the negligent or   willful   acts   of   private   respondent's   employees,   and therefore   involving   no   issue   of   negligence   in   its   duty   to provide   safe   and   suitable   cars   as   well   as   competent 

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employees, with the injury arising wholly from causes created by strangers  over which the carrier  had no control  or  even knowledge or could not have prevented, the presumption is rebutted and the carrier is not and ought not to be held liable. To rule otherwise would make the common carrier the insurer of   the   absolute   safety   of   its   passengers   which   is   not   the intention of the lawmakers.

Second, while as a general rule, common carriers are bound to exercise extraordinary diligence in the safe transport of their passengers,   it  would  seem that   this   is  not   the  standard  by which its liability is to be determined when intervening acts of strangers is to be determined directly cause the injury, while the contract of carriage Article 1763 governs:

Article 1763.  A common carrier  is  responsible for injuries suffered by a passenger on account of   the   wilful   acts   or   negligence   of   other passengers   or   of   strangers,   if   the   common carrier's employees through the exercise of the diligence   of   a   good   father   of   a   family   could have prevented or stopped the act or omission.

Clearly   under   the   above   provision,   a   tort   committed   by   a stranger which causes injury to a passenger does not accord the latter a cause of action against the carrier. The negligence for which a common carrier is held responsible is the negligent omission by the carrier's employees to prevent the tort from being committed when the same could have been foreseen and prevented by them. Further, under the same provision, it is to be noted that when the violation of the contract is due to the willful acts of strangers, as in the instant case, the degree 

of care essential to be exercised by the common carrier for the protection of its passenger is only that of a good father of a family.

Petitioner has charged respondent carrier of negligence on the ground   that   the   injury   complained   of   could   have   been prevented by the common carrier if something like mesh-work grills had covered the windows of its bus.

We do not agree.

Although the suggested precaution could have prevented the injury complained of, the rule of ordinary care and prudence is not so exacting as to require one charged with its exercise to take doubtful  or  unreasonable  precautions to guard against unlawful acts of strangers. The carrier is not charged with the duty   of   providing   or   maintaining   vehicles   as   to   absolutely prevent any and all injuries to passengers. Where the carrier uses cars of the most approved type, in general use by others engaged in the same occupation, and exercises a high degree of care in maintaining them in suitable condition, the carrier cannot be charged with negligence in this respect. 6

Finally, petitioner contends that it is to the greater interest of the State if a carrier were made liable for such stone-throwing incidents   rather   than   have   the   bus   riding   public   lose confidence in the transportation system.

Sad to say, we are not in a position to so hold; such a policy would be better left to the consideration of Congress which is empowered   to   enact   laws   to   protect   the   public   from   the increasing risks and dangers of lawlessness in society.

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WHEREFORE,   the   judgment   appealed   from   is   hereby AFFIRMED.

SO ORDERED.