What is crossing over? When does crossing over happen? How are mutation and crossing over

similar?

We’ve studied how mutations affect the DNA level (frameshift and point)

We’ve studied how mutations affect the amino acid chain (silent, missense and nonsense)

Remember Inheritance is the passing down from one

generation to the next

Something that is “heritable” is passed down

Mutations can be random or caused by the environment

Random mutations are the result of a failure of the cell machinery

Mutagens are agents in the environment that cause mutationUV light, X-Rays, smoking,

Gain-of-function mutations result in a protein having a new or different function

Loss-of-function mutations result in a protein that no longer performs its job.

Are all mutations bad?

Mutations are negative when they cause disorders or prevent the cell from maintaining homeostasis

Mutations are beneficial (positive) because they can lead to proteins better for an environment.

Mutations create genetic diversity, or variation. They might sometimes affect the

phenotype, but always affect the genotype

Germline mutations are able to be passed onto offspring because they are mutations in the DNA of sex cells

Somatic mutations are not able to be passed onto offspring because they are mutations in the DNA of body cells