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3-4: I will demonstrate an understanding of the events that led to the Civil War, the course of the War and
Reconstruction, and South Carolina’s role in these events.
3-4.1 I will: compare the conditions of daily life for various
classes of people in South Carolina, including the:
• elite• middle class• lower class• independent farmers • free African Americans• Enslaved African Americans
Elite Class
• wealthy• upper class• planters• lived on the coast, in the midlands, and upstate• owned a lot of land and 20 or more slaves• got rich from the sales of cash crops (rice and cotton)• children were educated by private tutors and private
schools• had greater political power and influence than other
people in South Carolina because they were rich• made laws that protected their personal interests and
their interests in slavery
Middle Class
• tradesmen, merchants, shopkeepers, doctors, lawyers
• lived in cities and towns• had some political power• owned a few slaves to help with chores
around the house• children were taught to read and write• boys would usually grow up to have a
job like their father’s
Lower Class
• unskilled and uneducated• did not own land• did not have good jobs• squatted on land• grew only enough food to geed their families• children were uneducated (did not go to
school)• children had to work• little/no political influence
Independent Farmers
• Owned small farms that their families worked on
• May have owned a few slaves, but worked alongside them
• Children were educated at home• The majority of farming in the Upstate
was done by independent farmers• As independent farms grew successful,
farmers could buy more slaves
Free African Americans• had a particular skill or trade (carpentry, basket
weaving)• hired out by their masters • were sometimes allowed to keep part of the money
they earned – if they earned enough money, they could sometimes buy their freedom
• some slaves were given freedom by their master for some special deed or service
• some were independent farmers who stayed in the region to be closer to their enslaved family members
• no participation in politics• had to pay a special tax and carry freedom papers
everywhere they went• lived in fear of being returned to slavery
Enslaved African Americans (Slaves)
• unpaid • given little food and a few clothes• few freedoms• many slaves were born and died at the same • lived in one-room cabins under strict supervision from
their masters• sold when their masters died or when they broke thr
rules• families were divided• slaves worked from sun-up to sun-down in the fields or
in the master’s house• slaves who tried to escape were sold or severely
punished• children were not allowed to learn how to read or write
because that might allow them to escape from their masters
3-4.2 I will:Summarize the institution of slavery
prior to the Civil War, including references to conditions in South
Carolina, the invention of the cotton gin, expansion of slavery, and economic
dependence on slavery
The geography in South Carolina, including climate, soil conditions, and topography supported the growth of cotton.
The elite class in South Carolina supported slavery because their lifestyles, economic, social, and political positions depended on it.
• Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, which was a machine that removed seeds from cotton very quickly.
• The invention of the cotton gin was very important to South Carolina.
The cotton gin led to the expansion (growth) of slavery.
Eli Whitney
Cotton became very important to the economy of South Carolina.
This made South Carolina become even more dependent on slave labor.
Many independent farmers also bought slaves so that they could grow cotton, also.
The importance of slavery grew after the invention of the cotton gin. Seeds could be removed from cotton balls easily, so plantation owners wanted to grow even more cotton. This meant they needed more slaves to grow and pick more cotton.
more slaves = more money to be made
3-4.3 I will: explain the reasons for South
Carolina’s secession from the Union, including the abolitionist movement,
states’ rights, and the desire to defend South Carolina’s way of life
Slavery was accepted as a way of life in South Carolina.
Plantation owners needed slaves to
work in their fields.
Some people wanted to end slavery. These people were called abolitionists.
The abolitionist movement was a movement to outlaw slavery throughout the United States.
Abolitionists spoke out against slavery in speeches and in newspapers.
South Carolina did not allow abolitionist newspapers to be sold in the state.
People in South Carolina feared that slaves would start to revolt.
Some South Carolinians spoke out against slavery (like the Grimke sisters). These people were not accepted by society and were sometimes forced to leave South Carolina.
Abolitionists provided resting places for escaping slaves on the Underground Railroad.
The abolitionist movement in South Carolina was not effective, and made people in South Carolina support slavery even more.
The northern and southern states disagreed over slavery. Some people in the north thought that slavery was wrong.
South Carolinians were worried that national laws (United States laws) would be created and would end slavery.
• John C. Calhoun believed in states’ rights.
• This means that states had the right to decide whether or not they wanted to obey national laws.
When Abraham Lincoln was elected as President of the US, South Carolinians became very worried that he would free their slaves because he wanted to stop the spread of slavery.
• 3-4.4: I will: Outline the course of the Civil War
and South Carolina’s role in significant events, including the Secession Convention, the firing on Fort Sumter, the Union blockade of Charleston, and Sherman’s march through
As a result of Abraham Lincoln’s election, a meeting called the Secession Convention was held.
Almost all people at the meeting voted for South Carolina to secede from the United States.
• South Carolina was the first state to secede from the United States.
• This means that South Carolina did not want to be a state in the US any more.
• Soon other states left the United States, too.
• These states, along with South Carolina, formed a new country called the Confederate States of America.
The Confederacy
• Also known as the Confederate States of America or just the South
• South Carolina was the first state to secede from the Union, then eleven other states followed
The Confederacy
• The Confederacy wrote their own Constitution and created their own country
• They elected Jefferson Davis as their president
• The Confederacy formed their own army
• The Confederacy began taking over property and places that belonged to the United States Government
The Union
• Also known as the United States of America
• Abraham Lincoln was President and did not consider the Confederacy a separate country
• He still considered the Confederacy a part of the United States
The Union
This was the Confederate States of America’s flag.
The Confederate States of America created a new constitution for their new country.
• They created their own money.
They elected Jefferson Davis as President.
• The Confederate States began to form an army.
• The Confederate government ordered the Union (United States) to leave Fort Sumter, which was located in Charleston Harbor.
• The US army refused to obey the orders of the Confederate States.
President Lincoln refused to accept the Confederate States of America as a new country.
• President Lincoln sent supplies to US troops at Fort Sumter.
• Confederate troops fired on Union (US) troops before supplies could arrive at Fort Sumter.
This is important!!!!
• The first shots fired in the Civil War were fired
at Fort Sumter (in Charleston) in South
Carolina.
Bombard of Fort Sumter
• Confederate troops continued to fire until Union troops surrendered.
• The Civil War had begun at Fort Sumter in South Carolina.
South Carolina depended on exporting cotton and importing other goods to survive.
The United States knew this, so they blockaded Charleston’s harbor so that no supplies could come into the harbor or leave.
• The blockaded harbor caused a lot of hardship for people in South Carolina because they could not get the food or supplies they needed.
Sherman's March to the Sea
Union Leader: General Sherman(General for the northern states) l
Sherman led soldiers in burning down anything they could find – cities, farms, etc. in the south. This lasted for 26 days.
• Sherman burned down the city of Columbia, SC and other important cities, like Atlanta, Georgia.
• Sherman set fire to the SC State House (which was being built, but was not yet finished) in Columbia.
This is what the State House looked like after Sherman’s March through Columbia.
• This is what the State House looks like now. It was finally completed in 1907. There are six bronze stars on the State House still today to mark the places that were hit with Sherman's cannons.
The End of the Civil War•General Lee surrendered to General Grant on April 9, 1865 at Appomattox Court House in Virginia.
•The war was over. The United States (northern states) won – the Confederate Army (the southern states) lost the war.
•The war was a long and bloody.
•Over 600,000 men on both sides died.
•Over 1,100,000 were injured.
•The south was devastated.
• After the Revolutionary War, Northern states passed laws to gradually free their slaves.
• However, the elite plantation owners in South Carolina did not support such laws.
3-4.5: I will:Summarize the effects of the Civil War
on the daily lives of people of different classes in South Carolina, including the lack of food, clothing, and the living essentials and the continuing racial tensions.
All classes of people suffered because of the Civil War.
Food, clothing, and other important things were in short supply because the Union blockade of Charleston’s fort did not allow things to be imported.
Some elite plantation owners fought for the Confederacy, but most did not.
They did not have to fight because they needed to look after their plantations and their slaves.
• The elite lost a lot of their wealth because they were not able to export their cotton.
• The Civil War is sometimes called “a rich man’s war and a poor man’s fight.”
– Independent farmers and middle/lower class men fought for the Confederate army.
–Many of these people lost their lives in battle or died from diseases.
– Soldiers suffered from hunger, loneliness, weather, and fatigue.
• Women of all classes were left at home to take care of the farms.
• Some women also served as nurses at wayside hospitals.
• Many women had husbands, sons, and brothers die in the war.
• Most slaves continued to work on farms during the war.
• Some slaves were able to join the Union army and fight against the Confederate soldiers.
• During the war, tension between the white people and slaves grew because white people were afraid they slaves would form a revolt run away.
• There was a rule called the “20 Slave Rule” that said people who owned more than 20 slaves did not have to fight in the war. That way, they could watch over their slaves and make sure they were working and not trying to escape.
• After slaves were given freedom by the Union army, they often left their plantations to search for their families.
• Even after the war, white people still tried to limit black people’s freedoms.
• Black people wanted to be treated the same as white people.
3-4.6: I will:
• Explain how the Civil War affected South Carolina’s economy, including destruction of plantations, towns, factories, and transportation systems.
The plantation system collapsed as a result of slaves being freed after the Civil War ended.
• The cotton economy of South Carolina was still strong after the war because of sharecropping.
What is sharecropping?
• Sharecropping was used because plantation owners still needed workers, but did not have money to pay them. Instead, they would give the freedmen (freed slaves) land, seeds, and equipment for them to use to plant and grow cotton. In return, the freedmen would give the plantation owners a share of the crop they grew.
• The Civil War destroyed many South Carolina cities.
• A fire in Charleston destroyed parts of the town.
• Sherman’s March left the capital city of Columbia completely burned down.
• Railroads and bridges were destroyed during the Civil War to cut off transportation of soldiers and supplies.
• The Confederate states had created their own form of money, which was worthless after the war.
• Many men died during the Civil War so there were not as many workers to rebuild South Carolina.
• The Reconstruction after the Civil War was NOT the rebuilding of cities.
• The Reconstruction was the rebuilding of the political Union. The United States government would not help rebuild the South’s economy.
Congratulations!
You are an expert on the CIVIL WAR!
