. . •

Behavior of Gases

Use the Foldable that you made at the begin-ning of this chapter to help you review solids. liquids, and gases.

1. Gas pressure results from movingparticles colliding with the inside wallsof the container.

2. The SI unit of pressure is the pascal (Pa).Because this is a small pressure unit, pres-sures often are given in kilopascals.

3. Boyle's law states that the volume of a gasdecreases when the pressure increases atconstant temperature.

4. Charles's law states that the volume of a gasincreases when the temperature increases atconstant pressure.

5. At constant vol-ume, as the tem-perature of a gaslI1creases, sodoes the pres-sure of a gas.The pressure inthis cylinder willincrease as thesun lI1creasesthe temperature.

2. Pascal's principle states that pressureapplied to a fluid is transmitted unchangedthroughout the fluid.

3. Bernoulli's principle states that the pressureexerted by a fluid decreases as its velocitylI1creases.

Properties of Fluids

Kinetic Theory

-Section 21. Archimedes' princi-ple states that thebuoyant force of anobject in a fluid isequal to the weightof the fluid displaced.The buoyant force onthis penny was lessthan its weight, sothe penny sank.

4. Changes of state can be interpreted interms of the kinetic theory of matter.

1. Four states of matter exist: solid, liquid, gas,and plasma.

2. According to the kinetic theory, all matter ismade of constantly moving particles thatcollide without losing energy.

3. Most matter expands when heated andcontracts when cooled. This expansionjoint allows the concrete to expand andcontract without damage.

Scienc 9pscience.com/interactive_tutor (HAPTER STUDY GUIDE 499

AI/swer the followil/g questiol/s usil/g completesel/tel/ces.

1. What is the property of a fluid thatrepresents its resistance to flow?

2. What is the 51 unit of pressure?3. ''''hat term is used to describe the amountof force exerted per unit of area?

4. What is the temperature when a solidbegins to liquefy?

5. What theory is used to explain the behaviorof particles in matter?

6. What is the ability of a fluid to exert anupward force on an object?

10. Which of the following uses Pascal'sprinciple?A) aerodynamics C) buoyancyB) hydraulics 0) changes of state

11. Which of the following uses Bernoulli'sprinciple?A) airplane C) skateboardB) piston 0) snowboard

12. The particles in which of the following arefarthest apart from each other?A) gas C) liquidB) solid 0) plasma

13. What is the upward force in a liquid?A) pressure C) buoyancyB) kinetic theory 0) diffusion

14. "'''hat is the amount of energy needed tochange a solid to a liquid at its meltingpoint called?A) heat of fusionB) heat of vaporizationC) temperature0) absolute zero

melting point p.478pascal p.490piasma p.480pressure p.486thermal expansion p.481viscosity p.489

•I

boiling point p.479buoyancy p.485diffusion p.479heat affusion p.478heat of vaporization p.479kinetic theory p.476

() kilopascals0) kilograms

. .1-

dc) 1.//

oJ V

Use the graph below to answer question 15.

125100= 75! 5025

E 0-25o2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26

Time(minl

15. A group of students heated ice until itturned to steam. They measured the tem-perature each minute. Their graph is pro-vided above. Explain what is happening ateach letter (a, b, c, d) in the graph.

Choose the 1V0rn or phrase that best (Jl/slVersti,e questiol/.

7. \-Yhat is the temperature at which all parti-cle motion of matter ceases?A) absolute zero C) boiling pointB) melting point 0) heat of fusion

8. What is the most common state of matterin the universe?A) solid C) gasB) liquid 0) plasma

9. Which of the following would be used tomeasure pressure?A) gramB) newtons

SOO CHAPTER REVIEW'V

Selene Iilll. gpscience.com/vocabulary_puzzlemaker

16. Copy and complete this concept map.

F,

A, ""1C.__JI

P, = P,

21. Use Numbers As elevation increases, boil-ing point decreases. List each of the fol-lowing locations as nt sen level, nbovesen level, or belolV sen level. (Boilingpoint of water is given in parenthesis.)Death Valley (lOO.3°C), Denver (94°C),Madison (99°C), Mt. Everest (76SC),Mt. McKinley (79°C), New York City(iOO°C), Salt Lake City (95.6°C)

Use the illustration below to answer question 22.

have

Gases

resulting in

No definite shapeor volume

Particlescan move around one

anotherhave

States of Matter

Solids

resulting in

Particlesvibrate around fixed

positions

17. Explain Use the temperature-pressure rela-tionship to explain why you should checkyour tire pressure when the temperaturechanges.

18. Describe the changes that occur inside ahelium balloon as it rises from sea level.

19. Explain why aerosol cans have a "do notincinerate" warning.

20. Explain The Dead Sea is a solution that isso dense you float on it easily. Explain whyyou are able to float easily, using the termsdel1sity and buoynnt jorce.

22. Solve One-Step Equations A hydraulic lift isused to lift a heavy box that is pushingdown on a 3.0 m2 piston (AI) with aforce (F j ) of 1,500 N. What force needsto be exerted on a 0.08 m2 piston (A2)to lift the machine?

23. Calculate What would be the resultingvolume of a 1.5 L balloon at 25.0°Cthat was placed in a container of hotwater at 90.0°C?

24. Use Numbers A balloon has a volume of25.0 L at a pressure of 98.7 kPa. Whatwill be the new volume when the pres-sure is 51.2 kPa?

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Selene ,I gpscience.com/chapler review (HAPTER REVIEW 501

Record YOllr allswers all the allswer sheetprovided by your teacher or all (/ sheet ofpaper.1. Which state of matter would you expect tofind water, at -2S0C and 1 atm on Earth?A. solid c. gasB. liquid D. plasma

Use the graph below to answer questions 2 and 3.

S. Which term is the amount of energyrequired for a liquid at its boiling pointto become a gas?A. heat of vaporizationB. diffusionC. heat of fusionD. thermal energy

State Changes ofWater

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 250Heat (kJ)

C. gasD. plasma

'"..,VI- ./

/1/ .--I-olation/ .... Gas B

'Q' -V l,...--.'. Gas C.' I I'.,

100

80

2 60..E::l

40

20

-273 -200 -100 0 100 200 300Temperature (0C)

Use the graph below to answer questions 7 and 8

Gas Characteristics

7. Which of the following statements is true?A. Gas A had the greatest increase in volume.B. Gas B had the greatest increase in volume.c. Gas C had the greatest increase in volume.D. The gases had the same increase involume.

6. In which state of matter do particles stayclose together, yet are able to slide pasteach other?A. solidB. liquid

c. lightningD. water

C. F and HD. Hand K

1/ k

JI h-

I 1//e- 1/IIlf

19

4. Which of the following is unlikely tocontain plasma?A. starsB. neon lights

2. Which points on the graph is water increas-ing in kinetic energy?A. F and G C. F and HB. G and K D. Hand K

3. On which points on the graph is the addedenergy used to overcome the bondsbetween particles?A. F and GB. G and K

-20

80

60

! 40.....E 20,!!

o

100

Read Carefully Read all choices before answering thequestions.

8. Approximately what temperature is thevolume of Gas B about 40 L3?A. 100°C C. 200°CB. ISO°C D. 300°C

502 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE

Record YOllr answers on the answer sheetprovided by YOllr teacher or on a sheet ofpaper.9. If you place two wood blocks in water andone sinks while the other floats, what doyou know about the densities of theblocks?

Use the illustration below to answer question 10.

10. A weather balloon is inflated near Earth'ssurface with a low-density gas. Explainwhy the balloon rises when it is released.

11. Motor oil with a lower viscosity gradeflows more easily than oil with a higherviscosity grade. Which grade of oil wouldbe better for cold-weather driving?Explain.

12. The air in a scuba tank is under more than200 times normal air pressure. Whyshould a filled scuba tank never be left in ahot car for an extended period of time?

13. A large crate applies a force of 2,500 N toa piston with an area of 25 m l.What forcemust be applied to a piston with an areaof 5.0 m2 in order to lift the crate?

Record your answers on a sheet ofpaper.Use the illustration below to answer questions 14 and 15.

14. Explain why the hot-air balloon can stillfloat in the air when it is carrying a basketfilled with people.

15. Explain what will happen when theburner on the hot-air balloon is turned offwhen the balloon is in the air.

16. Scuba divers often add or remove air fromtheir buoyancy vests to maintain neutralbuoyancy. This means they will neithersink to the bottom, nor float to the sur-face. If the diver takes a deep breath, thediver will rise slightly. When the diverexhales, the diver will sink slightly. Explainwhy this happens.

17. A penny will sink in a beaker of water, butit will float in a beaker of mercury.Explain how this is possible.

18. Explain the difference between evapora-tion and boiling.

19. Use the kinetic theory to explain how thetemperature and the pressure of a givenamount of gas are related.

in gpscience.com/standardized_test STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE 503