3-Employment.docx

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University of Sulaymaniyah

College of engineering

Architecture department2012 - 2013

EMPLOYMENT

Prepared by: checked by:

Ismael Omer L.Shazad Jamal

3rd stage

2012-2013


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Introduction

There is wide consensus about the importance of employment forachieving socially cohesive societies. It is clear that the lack ofemployment not only denies income to those without work; it alsofails to recognize their productive role as human beings in society

Employment is multidimensional: it provides social legitimacy andstatus as well as access to material well-being. It brings with ithuman dignity

and entitles individuals to economic rights and social recognitionthat are essential for full citizenship.


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Who is an Employee ?

An employee is an individual who was hired by an employer to do

a specific job. The employee is hired by the employer after an

application and interview process results in his or her selection

as an employee.

An employee works part-time, full time or is temporary.

An employee barters his or her skills, knowledge, experience,

and contribution in exchange for compensation from an employer.

An employee works within a functional area or department such

as marketing or Human Resources.

In forward thinking organizations, the employee receives frequent

performance feedback from the employer, rewards and

recognition, and a reasonable benefits package. Although most

employment relationships are at-will, the employee who performs

the job successfully is likely, although not guaranteed, to keep the

job
http://humanresources.about.com/cs/selectionstaffing/a/hiringchecklist.htmhttp://humanresources.about.com/od/glossaryp/g/part_time.htmhttp://humanresources.about.com/od/glossaryf/g/full_time.htmhttp://humanresources.about.com/od/glossaryt/g/temp_employee.htmhttp://humanresources.about.com/od/policysamples/p/at_will_policy.htmhttp://humanresources.about.com/od/policysamples/p/at_will_policy.htmhttp://humanresources.about.com/od/glossaryt/g/temp_employee.htmhttp://humanresources.about.com/od/glossaryf/g/full_time.htmhttp://humanresources.about.com/od/glossaryp/g/part_time.htmhttp://humanresources.about.com/cs/selectionstaffing/a/hiringchecklist.htm


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What Is an Employer?

An employer is an organization, institution, government entity,

agency, company, professional services firm, nonprofitassociation, small business, store, or individual who employs or

puts to work, an employee. In exchange for the employees work

or services, the employer pays compensation that may include

a salary, an hourly wage

Most employers offer employees a comprehensive employee

benefits package, as they can afford to offer benefits,

including health insurance and paid time off, holidays, and

vacation. Other employers pay just the salary or hourly wage and

do not provide employee benefits.
http://humanresources.about.com/od/glossaryc/g/compensation.htmhttp://humanresources.about.com/od/glossarys/g/salary.htmhttp://humanresources.about.com/od/compensation-structure/tp/employee-benefits-package.htmhttp://humanresources.about.com/od/compensation-structure/tp/employee-benefits-package.htmhttp://humanresources.about.com/od/glossaryh/g/health-insurance.htmhttp://humanresources.about.com/od/employeeleave/Employee_Leave_and_Vacation.htmhttp://humanresources.about.com/od/employeeleave/Employee_Leave_and_Vacation.htmhttp://humanresources.about.com/od/glossaryh/g/health-insurance.htmhttp://humanresources.about.com/od/compensation-structure/tp/employee-benefits-package.htmhttp://humanresources.about.com/od/compensation-structure/tp/employee-benefits-package.htmhttp://humanresources.about.com/od/glossarys/g/salary.htmhttp://humanresources.about.com/od/glossaryc/g/compensation.htm


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What Is Employment or a Job?

Employment is an agreement between an employer and

an employee that the employee will provide certain services on

the job, and in the employer's designated workplace , to facilitate

the accomplishment of the employer organizations goals and

mission, in return for compensation. The agreement can be

verbal, implied, or an official employment contract.

In employment, the employer determines the where, when, how,

why, and what of the work that is performed by the employee.

The degree of input, autonomy and self-directedness that an

employee experiences on the job is a by-product of an

employers philosophy of management and employment. In the United States, much of an employment relationship

between an employer and employee is governed by the needs,

profitability, and management philosophy of an employer as well

as the availability of employees. Increasingly, however, Federal

and state laws are enacted which direct the employmentrelationship and decrease the autonomy of employers

.Employment ends at the prerogative of the employer or the

employee. Employment is the key to social cohesion. Not having a jobresults in poverty, exclusion, inequality and an unemployed

person is more likely to suffer from low selfesteem
http://humanresources.about.com/od/glossarye/g/employer.htmhttp://humanresources.about.com/od/glossarye/g/employee.htmhttp://humanresources.about.com/od/glossaryw/g/workplace.htmhttp://humanresources.about.com/od/glossaryc/g/compensation.htmhttp://humanresources.about.com/od/glossarye/g/employment_contract.htmhttp://humanresources.about.com/od/employment-laws-government/employment-laws-government-agencies.htmhttp://humanresources.about.com/od/employment-laws-government/employment-laws-government-agencies.htmhttp://humanresources.about.com/od/employment-laws-government/employment-laws-government-agencies.htmhttp://humanresources.about.com/od/employment-laws-government/employment-laws-government-agencies.htmhttp://humanresources.about.com/od/glossarye/g/employment_contract.htmhttp://humanresources.about.com/od/glossaryc/g/compensation.htmhttp://humanresources.about.com/od/glossaryw/g/workplace.htmhttp://humanresources.about.com/od/glossarye/g/employee.htmhttp://humanresources.about.com/od/glossarye/g/employer.htm


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and to lack self-confidence. It is a social right but it cant be aguaranteed right. Governments cant give a job to everyone, but they can certainly provide the conditions in which employmentcan be created.

Globalization and employment relations

The balance of economic efficiency and social equity is the

ultimate debate in the field of employment relations .[16] By

meeting the needs of the employer; generating profits to establish

and maintain economic efficiency; whilst maintaining a balancewith the employee and creating social equity that benefits the

worker so that he/she can fund and enjoy healthy living; proves to

be a continuous revolving issue in westernized societies.

Globalization has effected these issues by creating certain

economic factors that disallow or allow various employment

issues. Economist Edward Lee (1996) studies the effects of

globalization and summarizes the four major points of concern

that affect employment relations:

1. International competition, from the newly industrializedcountries, will cause unemployment growth and increased

wage disparity for unskilled workers in industrialized

countries. Imports from low-wage countries exert pressure

on the manufacturing sector in industrialized countries and

foreign direct investment (FDI) is attracted away from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_relationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newly_industrialized_countrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newly_industrialized_countrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newly_industrialized_countrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newly_industrialized_countrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_relations


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the industrialized nations, towards low-wagedcountries.

2. Economic liberalization will result in unemployment and

wage inequality in developing countries. This happens as joblosses in un-competitive industries outstrip job opportunities

in new industries.

3. Workers will be forced to accept worsening wages and

conditions, as a global labour market results in a race to the

bottom. Increased international competition creates apressure to reduce the wages and conditions of workers.

4. Globalization reduces the autonomy of the nation state.

Capital is increasingly mobile and the ability of the state to

regulate economic activity is reduced.

What also results from Lees (1996) findings is that in

industrialized countries an average of almost 70 per cent of

workers are employed in the service sector, most of which

consists of non-tradable activities. As a result, workers are forced

to become more skilled and develop sought after trades, or find

other means of survival. Ultimately this is a result of changes and

trends of employment, an evolving workforce, and globalization

that is represented by a more skilled and increasing highly

diverse labour force, that are growing in non standard forms of

employment


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Reference

www.coe.int

http://en.wikipedia.org

http://humanresources.about.com

Documents

3-Employment.docx