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By Ling yuan Ming

EXTERNAL WORKS

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EARTHWORK AND SETTLING OUT

EARTHWORK

SETTLING OUT

Earthwork are engineering works. They are created through the moving and processing part of the earth’s surfaces which includes soil and rock. Theses soil and rock may be trasnfered to another location. Most earthwork involves machine excavation and backfillling.

Settling out involves marking out the site to indicate foundation trenches are to be dug as well as the position of the walls on the oncrete foundation. Wooden profiles are firmly placed into the ground, on which strings can be fixed, the position of which can be transferred to the ground to indicate the trench and wall positions.

Once the profiles are in, the string lines for the outer edge of the trench are checked to ensure that the diagonals are equal - showing that the house will be built “square”. If the diagonals are not equal, then reposition some profiles and check again.

Steps in Settling out :1. Identify the minimum sizes for foundation2. Setting out corner profiles3. Marking out foundation and wall thickness4. Marking out on the ground from the profiles5. Excavation of foundation6. Setting out levels for the height of the concrete7. Pouring concrete for the strip foundation8. Compacting and levelling out concrete

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SITE LAYOUT

SITE OFFICE

Located on an empty land that will future developed not far from the main road.

Site office buildings are fundamental for smooth running operation. The site office keeps all data, documents and information about every construction method, specifications of materials and work progresses. Every visitor to the site have to report to the construction office to obtain permission. It can be either permanent or portable; usually portable and made from a container.

3 storey semi-detached townhouse

Double storey townhouse

Bungalow Lots Shop Apartment

Shop Apartment

Water Detention and Lake Promenade

Site Office and Labour relation

Commercial/Villa/Hotel

Water Treatment Plant

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By Ling yuan MingTOILET

LABOUR RELATION

SITE LAYOUT

Of the many reasons, containers are used as they are economical, durable, flexible and easy to install. In Cameron Highlands, the containers are arranged in a U-shape forming the site office and is covered by zincalume roof supported by the usual wooden beams.

There are a few temporary toilet around the site. They are constructed just using plywood and also zincalume sheet for a shelter roof. The function of a temporary toilet and any toilets does not differ, only that the latter will be demolished when the construction is done.

Rows of temporary accommodation were built by and for the foreign workers. These workers live nomadically and stays on every construction site they go to. In Cameron Highlands, their temporary staying place/shelter is made of plywood and zincalume roof too. The shelter are slightly raised from the ground to prevent flooding and water entry whenever heavy rain hits.

SITE OFFICE

*Red box indicating the roof

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SEWERAGE / WATER TREATMENT

Pipes from each house or building will flow to a sewer main. Repeatedly, a vertical pipe will run up from the main to the surface where it is covered by a manhole cover. Manholes are present to allow access to the main for maintenance purposes.

From there, the sewer mains will flow into sequentially larger pipes until they arrive at the wastewater treatment plant. The type of pipe used in sewage is Vitrified Clay Pipe (VCP). VCP is used as it has resistance to almost all domestic waste, particularly sulfuric acid by hydrogen sulfide (a common component in sewage). A sewer system is completely gravity-powered. In order for gravity to do its job, the wastewater plant are usually located on lower grounds.

Once the water reaches the plant, it will go through several stages of treatment. The first stage is known as a primary treatment where it allows the solids to settle out of the water and the scum to rise. The system will then collect the solids for disposal, usually in a landfill or an incinerator.

Note that manhole covers are circular, aren’t square or rectangle so that the cover will not have the chance to fall into the main.

The second stage, secondary treatment is carried out to remove organic materials and nutrient. Air and is pumped into large aeration tanks mixing wastewater and sludge that stimulates the growth of oxygen-using bacteria. These beneficial bacteria will consume the organic materials and produce heavier particles that will settle later on. The wastewater passes through the bubbling tanks in three to six hours. This secondary treatment will remove 90% of all solids and organic materials.

The third and last treatment before discharging the effluent is the tertiary treatment. This treatment uses chemicals to remove phosphorus and nitrogen from the water. Chlorine is added too to kill bacteria. The water is then discharged into nearby river.

PROCESS

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WATER RETICULATION Multiple construction developers are carrying out their own projects in that and its neighbouring area. Due to the massive construction in that area, the Government has requested the developer to have their own water tank to supply water to the inner residential than relying on the existing water tank outside.

There are a few types of water tank, overhead, underground and rest on ground. In Cameron Highlands, the water tank belongs to the one that rests on the ground. This is due to its aesthetical view of its surrounding and also the design of the construction. Situated on a hill, the height is sufficient and perfect.

This temporary water tank gets water supply from the main pipe. It is to supply the foreign workers with clean source of water to carry out daily activities such as drinking, cooking, showering and also for construction purposes. This water tank is built much earlier before the permanent water tank is built and will be demolished at the end of the project.

A larger permanent water tank is built on top of a hill situated more to the front. The purpose of this is to replace the permanent water tank and also supply for the entire residential are in the future, not only for this particular developer.

PERMANENT WATER TANKTEMPORARY WATER TANK

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This station is available beside both the temporary and also the permanent water tank. There are two types of pump, to suck and to push. The suck type will draw more water from the main pipe to the tank whereas the push type will take water from the tank and deliver it outward. The one in Cameron Highlands belongs to the pushing. Booster pumps are used here so that the water supply can reach over a long distance and still maintaining the water pressure.

The image shows a pressuring reducing valve. This valve will control the water pressure of the water released to prevent high pressure from damaging the certain utilities that cannot handle.

WATER PUMP STATION

WATER RETICULATION

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Also known as retarding basin or a detention pond, a detention basin is an excavated area which is connected to rivers or streams. The purpose of detention pond is to protect against flooding or downstream erosion by storing rainwater for a period of time. It also controls some pollutants such as suspended soils.

A detention basin differs from a retention basin as it does not have a permanent pool of water. The basic function of this detention basin is allowing large flows of water to enter but limits the outflow by having a small opening at a lowest point of the structure.

The type of wall used in the detention basin is Gabion Wall. It is a type of retaining wall that is made up of stacked stone-filled gabions tied together with wire. Gabions are usually stacked backwards, stepped back with the slop and not arranged vertically.

This arrangement made it strong to perform its function which is to stabilize places like shorelines, stream banks and slopes against corrosion. The strength of the Gabion wall depends on the wire used, no the content. A more commonly used wire is galvanized steel wire but other types such as PVC coated and stainless steel are used too.

WALL STRUCTURE

EXTENDED DETENTION DRY BASIN

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STREETLIGHTS Streetlights belongs to one of the final installments in a construction work, therefore they’re not erected yet in the construction but some are available on the road outside, linking the main road and the construction site.

Streetlights are also known as lamp posts and street lamps. They are the sources of light which are raised from the edge of the ground or also between two opposite direction lanes. Their function is to proide light and shine giving a clear vision for road users in bad weather or nighttime.

There are a few sources that powers the lights, namely electricity, solar or wind. The electricity powered lights can be further broken down into underground wiring and also the more commonly used, wiring from one to another.

In Cameron Highlands, the streetlight belongs to underground wiring to maintain the aesthetic view.

Wiring from one to another Underground wiring

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RETAINING WALL SYSTEMLeucaena seed are used to prevent soil erosion and protect hilly soil.

It usually takes approximately three to four years to fully grow a laecaena seed, until it’s big enough to protect the hillside.In Cameron Highlands, these seed is planted on the hillside behind the three storeys semi-detached.

Contruction of three storey semi detached

BeforeAfter

These seed are usually planted in horizontal bands which go horizontal with each bands four to 6 metres apart. Each band will then have 2 rows of seeds.