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3 Forms of Energy Transfer. 1. conduction transfer of energy (mostly in solids) by collisions of particles 2 . convection transfer of energy by currents moving through liquids or gases (caused by density differences ) 3 . radiation - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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• 1. conduction– transfer of energy (mostly in
solids) by collisions of particles• 2. convection– transfer of energy by currents
moving through liquids or gases (caused by density differences)
• 3. radiation– transfer of energy through empty
space (no molecules needed)–Ex. energy from the Sun
3 Forms of Energy Transfer
Recycling of Materials Amongst Earth’s Spheres• Earth is
constantly recycling materials– maintains an
overall balance through biogeochemical cycles• water• carbon• etc.
Solar Energy Drives the Water Cyclecondensation
The Water Cycle
1. precipitation–water that
falls from clouds to Earth• drizzle, rain,
snow, sleet, hail
2. infiltration– water soaks into soil
from the surface
3. ground water–water under the
ground; soil is saturated
4. evaporation– warmth from Sun
causes liquid water to turn into water vapor
5. transpiration–when plants give off
water vapor through stomata in their leaves
evaporation
6. condensation– water vapor cools until it turns back into liquid
– forming clouds, fog, or dew
condensation
Groundwater Pollution• pollutants in soil carried by
infiltration into groundwater– oil– nitrates & phosphates• from fertilizers
– pesticides– farm wastes– sewage– salt• to melt ice
– chemicals & hazardous wastes– and more…
• can be a reason for site to be designated a “brownfield”
• remediation (clean up ) expensive– prevention
best
Carbon Cycle
Changes in CO2 & Climate• CO2 levels have
risen steadily since mid-1800s– primarily due to
human activities• combustion of
fossil fuels– coal– gasoline– natural gas
• deforestation– decreased
photosynthesis
• avg. global temps have ~1°C since late 1800s
• Possible effects:– sea-level rise– more/stronger
storms/hurricanes– more frequent heat
waves/droughts– relocation of major
crop-growing areas
Changes in CO2 & Climate
Common Air Pollutants• air pollutant– any airborne gas or
particle concentrated enough to harm people or the environment
– natural causes• volcanoes• forest fires
– human causes• combustion of fossil
fuels (automobiles, factories, etc.)
Acid Rain• pollutants (SOX & NOX)
react w/ H2O vapor in air
• acidity measured using pH
• effects– harm to plants/animals– damage to structures
made of limestone/marble• remember… carbonates
bubble in acid
Weathering• breakdown
of rocks at Earth’s surface
• 2 types:• chemical
• mechanical (physical)
Chemical Weathering• rock is broken down by chemical action
• changed into new substances• agents include acids & oxygen
•rainwater naturally acidic
–CO2 dissolved in rainwater carbonic acid• can weather
carbonate-based rocks• ex. marble &
limestone (CaCO3)
Chemical Weathering
•other rocks are very resistant to acid and do not weather easily
–quartz-based rocks•ex. quartzite
& sandstone (SiO2)
Mechanical (Physical) Weathering• rock is split, cracked, or broken into smaller
pieces of the same material–NOT changed into new substances
The Rock Cycle• continuous process causing rocks to change
from one form to another
Rock Cycle Movie
1. sedimentary– formed by compaction &
cementing of layers of sediments
2. metamorphic– formed by effects of heat
& pressure on other rocks
3. igneous– formed by solidification
of hot, molten rock
BrainPop 3 Types of Rocks
3 Major Classes of Rocks
Sedimentary Rocks• made of
sediments
• cover most of Earth’s surface
Metamorphic Rocks• metamorphism–process by which a rock’s structure is changed
by pressure & heat
•granite gneiss
•shale slate phyllite schist
Examples of Metamorphic Rocks & What They Formed From
• limestone marble
• sandstone quartzite
• form due to MELTING & solidification– Intrusive• magma cools slowly
deep inside Earth– crystals medium to
coarse texture– Extrusive• lava cools quickly
on/above surface of Earth– crystals very small
or not seen at all
Igneous Rocks
Convection Currents in Magma• drives
plate tectonics
Convection in the Mantle Animation
What Is Plate Tectonics?
• theory that describes formation, movements, & interactions of Earth’s lithospheric plates
Types of Plate Boundaries
• Earth’s lithosphere is broken in to large plates–movement @ plate boundaries determines type
1. divergent2. convergent3. transform
Divergent Boundaries• plates move apart• most are along ocean floor– spreading @ mid-ocean ridges molten rock
forces through cracks (rifts) in valley
Mid-Ocean Ridge• Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Convergent Boundaries• plates move closer together
Transform Plate Boundary• plates slide past each other at fault– stress released earthquake– Ex. California—San Andreas Fault
N
Transform Boundary--San Andreas Fault Animation
Locations of Earthquakes & Volcanoes• occur in concentrated areas @ plate boundaries– strain builds up earthquakes–molten rock rises volcanic activity• Pacific Ocean Ring of Fire
Plates & Volcanoes Video
Ringof
Fire