3 Japan History

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HistoricalBackground

Main Events and

BehavioralLegacies


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History Timeline


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Focus on Key Concepts to

explain Behavioral Legaciesn Group Orientationn Individual Expressionn Universal Principles


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Group Orientationn Kinshipn Bureaucracyn Ie (household) systemn Group decision makingn Samurai spirit (loyalty)


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IndividualExpression n Arts

n Political and economic ambitionn Private propertyn Individual rightsn Samurai spirit (self-discipline)


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UniversalPrinciplesn Buddhismn Confucianismn Nationalismn Democracy


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Historical Background I:A Merging of Cultures

Japanese familybased organizationChinese bureaucratic

administration

Time Period: 300-1456 AD

Classical Period: 500-1192

Feudal Period: 1192-1456


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Introduction: A Merging of

Cultures

n To what extent did the Japanese

adopt Chinese culture?n In what ways were the cultures

compatible or incompatible?n What behavioral legacies have

they left for today?


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The Main Events

n The establishment of Japanesekinship organization

n The adoption of Chinese culture andAdministration

n The rise of the Samurai


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Behavioral Legacies

n Merging of family and bureaucraticorganization

n

Figureheads and consensus administrationn Classical Expressionn Cooperation amongst competitors:

Buddhism and Shinton Samurai spirit: loyalty & self-discipline


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The establishment of Japanesekinship organization

n Prehistoric Jomon and Yayoicultures

n Establishment of Uji (clan/family)based social and political

organizationn Yamato establishes first control

over large arean Contact with Korea and China


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e a op on oChinese culture and

Administrationn The Buddhist vectorn Writing, music, architecture, technologyn The Imperial system (with continuous succession)

n Bureaucratic administration (with kinship basedselection)

n Idealized cities and land control


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The rise of the

Samurain The breakdown of imperial

administration and land controln

The rise of the warrior bandsn The Kamakura Shogunate (1192)n The Ashikaga Shogunate (1368)n The Warring States (1467-1573)


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Genji Monogatarivs. Ran

n What are the values and interestsof Prince Genji? Of the Women inhis life?

n What are the values and interestsof of the samurai and the women inRan?


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Behavioral Legacies

n Merging of family and bureaucraticorganization

n

Figureheads and consensusadministrationn Classical Expressionn Cooperation amongst competitors:

Buddhism and Shinton Samurai spirit: loyalty & self-discipline


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Fi h d d


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Figureheads andconsensus administration

n Leader in name only, most decisionsmade by next rank of advisors together

n

Classical examples: Imperialadministration, Shogunates.

n Present examples: emperor, companies,government administration, ministries.

n Decisiveness and speed can be an issue


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ClassicalExpression

n Poetry, calligraphy, painting, perfumes,flowers, music, theatre, gardens, architecture.

n Life, love and art of the courtly life (miyabi-refinement & mono no aware-sadness atthings passing).

n Samurai emulation, practice and sponsorship.n

Buddhism: Monastic, Salvation,Zen(cultivated poverty of simplicity andrusticity).


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oopera on amongs


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oopera on amongscompetitors: Buddhism

and Shinton Competing for followersn Buddhism incorporated Shinto practices

and offered new onesn Shinto adopted Buddhist use of arts and

textsn Shared space and followersn

Most Japanese remain both Shinto andBuddhist; people and groups can competeand cooperate at same time


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S i i it


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Samurai spirit:loyalty & self-discipline

n

Samurai expected to sacrifice himself for lord inbattle and obediencen Loyalty to lord based on return of favor in land,

defense, gains from war.n The role of Zen: military training & artsn Developed into Bushido, administrative

performance, corporate loyalty


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Hi i l B k d II


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Historical Background II:Feudalism to Modernism

Hierarchic organization of society 1603-1868The spread of individualismand nationalism 1868-1900


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Introductionn How did Japanese society become

structured in the Tokugawa period?n

What were the conflicting bases of thisstructure?n How did that structure begin to

change after the opening of Japan?n How was centralization reinforced

after the opening of Japan?


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Main EventsTokugawa Periodn Unification and centralizationn

Social stratification

Meiji Restoration Periodn The opening of Japann The drive for Modernization


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Behavioral Legacies

n The formalization of the Ie(household system)

n

The culture of the floating worldn Private property and individualismn Nationalism


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Unification and Centralizationn Three Generals: Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi

Hideyoshi, Tokugawa Ieyasun Land survey and allocationn Alternate attendance of lords (daimyo)n

Establishment of a system of citiesn Closure of the country


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Transportation,Alternate Residence and

the Creation of a System

of Cities


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Social Stratificationn Samurai and Nobility

(Shi)n Farmers (No)n

Craftsmen (Ko)n Merchants (Sho)n (Floating world (Ukiyo)

people and Eta)


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The Opening of Japann The degradation of the Tokugawa systemn

The Black Shipsn The Meiji restorationn The unequal treaties


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The Drive for Modernizationn Rich country, strong armyn Foreign delegations and expertisen Reform of government institutionsn Business takes over industrialization


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Behavioral LegaciesTokugawan The formalization of the family system to

the Ie (household system)

n The culture of the floating world

Meiji Restorationn

Private property and individualismn Nationalism


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Formalization of the Ie

(household system)n Samurai kinship becamemodel for family andother organizations

n

Passing on of householdheritage intact moreimportant than individual

n Main and branch

householdsn Graves, Iemoto systems

of arts, businesses


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The culture of the

floating worldn Expression in wood block printing,

bunraku, kabuki, sumo, haiku,

netsuke, gardens, etc.n Merchant wealth, commoner

creativityn

Samurai sensibilities, merchantemulation


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Private property

and individualismn The end of formal

feudalstratification

n Extension ofprivate property

n Beginnings of

constitutionalrights

Nationalis


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Nationalism n From preservation of Shogun lineage to

preservation of nationn The Emperor as god and national symboln The military connectionn Reaction against westernization


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Summing Upn How did Japanese society become

structured in the Tokugawa period?n

What were the conflicting bases ofthis structure?n How did that structure begin to

change after the opening of Japan?n How was centralization reinforced

after the opening of Japan?

Historical Background III:


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Historical Background III:Authoritarianism to Democracy

The military takescontrol 1900-1945

Democracy becomesrooted 1945-Now


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Introductionn How authoritarian was Japan

before World War II?n What legacies of authoritarian

Japan remain today?n How strongly is democracy rooted

in Japan?n How did group orientation and

individual expression develop inJapans post-war economy?


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Main Eventsn Fragile democracy crushed by militarismn Defeat in World War IIn

American Occupation and reformsn The political and economic miracles


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Behavioral Legacies

n Entrenched authoritarianismand nationalism

n Entrenched opposition to

authoritarianism andnationalism

n Universal expansion ofindividual rights

n Corporatism andentrepreneurialism

rag e emocracy


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rag e emocracyCrushed by Militarism

n

The constitution and itsweaknessn The growth of party

politics

n Japans imperialismn The army gets out of

control


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Defeat in World War IIn

American reaction to Japans expansionn Pearl Harbour, Hong Kong, and Singaporen The Asia-Pacific Warn The Atomic Bombs


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American Occupation


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American Occupationand Reforms

n Supreme Allied CommandPacific (SCAP)

n Social, economic & politicalreforms

n The peace constitutionn The reverse course

The Political and


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The Political andEconomic Miracles

n

The solidification of democracyn The income doubling plann Japan as Number Onen The bursting of the bubble


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Behavioral Legacies

n Entrenched authoritarianism andnationalism

n Entrenched opposition to

authoritarianism and nationalismn Universal expansion of individual

rightsn Corporatism and

entrepreneurialism

Entrenched Authoritarianism


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Entrenched Authoritarianism& Nationalism

n

American preservation of wartime bureaucracyn Recapture of central powern A directed and protected economyn A few fanatics

n renc e ppos on o


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e c e ppos o oAuthoritarianism & Nationalism

n

Rejection of wartime values and support ofdemocracyn The rise of the socialists and communistsn Support for peace constitution and fight against flag

and anthem

Universal Expansion of


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Universal Expansion ofIndividual Rights

n Expansion of voting rightsn End of family registration system

Corporatism & Entrepreneurialism


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Corporatism & Entrepreneurialismn Development of Japanese management system

n Creation of salaryman middle classn Reliance on small and medium sized firmsn Entrepreneurial tradition


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Summing Upn How authoritarian was Japan

before World War II?n What legacies of authoritarian

Japan remain today?n How strongly is democracy rooted

in Japan?n How did group orientation and

individual expression develop inJapans post-war economy?

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3 Japan History