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7/30/2019 3. KULIAH 3 INDEV GANJIL 2012.pdf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/3-kuliah-3-indev-ganjil-2012pdf 1/15
TEORI-TEORI
PEMBANGUNANKULIAH 3 PEMBANGUNAN INTERNASIONAL
PENGAJAR: ANDRE ARDIWednesday, October 17, 12
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THE
EVOLUTION OF
DEVELOPMENT
CONCEPTS
AS A
GROWTH
AS THE
HIGHER
STANDARD OF
LIVING
AS THE
MODERNIZATION
AS THE HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT
AS EMPOWERMENT
AS A FORM
OF FREEDOM
AS ECOLOGICAL
SUSTAINABILITY
Wednesday, October 17, 12
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THE LINEAR STAGE OF GROWTH
WALT WHITMAN
ROSTOW
Wednesday, October 17, 12
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ROSTOW
STAGE OFGROWTH
The transition from underdevelopment to
development can be described in a seriesof s stages through which all countries
must proceed.
Underdeveloped/
traditionalcountries
takeoff into
self-sustaining
growth
AdvancedCountries
=
Saving Investment Growth
DEBT (If saving gap
occured)
In order togrowth:
HARROD-
DOMAR
MODEL
THE LINEAR STAGE OF GROWTH
= DEBT JUSTIFICATION!
:
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THE STRUCTURAL CHANGE MODEL
W ARTHUR LEWIS
TWO-SECTOR
MODEL
HOLLIS B. CHENERY’S
CHARACTERISTIC OF
DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
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THE STRUCTURAL CHANGE MODEL
TRADITIONAL
AGRICULTURE
MODERN
INDUSTRIAL
Low
productivity laborRural
High
productivity laborUrban
Structural Transformation
W ARTHUR LEWIS TWO-SECTOR MODEL
HOLLIS B. CHENERY’S
CHARACTERISTIC OFDEVELOPMENT PROCESS
Structural Transformation
1.the shift from agricultural to industrial production
2.the accumulation of physical and human capital
3.the change in consumer demands from emphasison food and basic necessities to desires for diverse
manufactured goods and services
4.the growth of cities and urban industries as people
migrate from farms and small towns
5.the decline in family size and overall population
growth
Wednesday, October 17, 12
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THE
INTERNATIONAL
DEPENDENCEMODEL
The neocolonial dependencemodel
The false-paradigm model
The dualistic-development thesis
THEOTONIO DOS
SANTOS RAUL PREBISCHHENRIQUE FERNANDO
CARDOSO
Wednesday, October 17, 12
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The rich (north) continued todominate the third world in the
terms of neoimperialism/
neocolonialism
RICH DEVELOPED
COUNTRIES (NORTH)
POOR DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES (SOUTH)
The elite in the developing
countries (the comprador) will
take adventage from this
exploitative economic system.
So the wealth ‘trickle down’
from the elite to the poor didn’t
materialise.instead, it’s a wealth ‘sucking
up’ from the poor to the elite
Meanwhile the workers in developed
countries, while relativelyimpoverished and exploited, have
actually benefited from the
exploitation of the third world
The bourgeoise in the rich countries
can exploit the third world and use
the profit to dampen the demand of
its own proletariat
8
#1.The neocolonial dependence model
DEPENDENCY
POLICY
Entangled as little as possible
with the developed countries
and
pursue a policy of autarky, or
inwardly directed development,
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#2. The false-
paradigm model
UNDERDEVELOPMENT
Inappropriate advice provided
by well-meaning but often
uninformed, biased, and
ethnocentric international
“expert” advisers from
developed- country assistance
agencies and multinational
donor organizations
(VESTED INTEREST)
leading university intellectuals,
trade unionists, high-level
government economists, and
other civil servants all get theirtraining in developed-country
institutions where they are
unwittingly served an unhealthy
dose of alien concepts and
elegant but inapplicable
Wednesday, October 17, 12
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#3. The Dualistic-
Development
Thesis
The world of
dual-society
Rich
Countries
Poor
Countries
Poor People
Rich People
Rich People
Poor People
GAP
GAP
GAP
SUPERIOR ELEMENT INFERIOR ELEMENTVS:
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NEOKLASIK/NEOLIBERALISME
UNDERDEVELOPMENT
poor resource allocationdue to incorrect pricing
policies and too much
state intervention by
overly active developing-nation governments
promoting free markets andlaissez-faire economics
within the context of
permissive governments thatallow the “magic of themarketplace” and the
“invisible hand” of market
pricesWednesday, October 17, 12
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GROWTH
Competitive
free markets
privatizing state-
owned enterprises
promoting free
trade and export
expansion
welcoming
investors from
developed
countries
Eliminating government
regulations and price
distortions
EFFICIENCY
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Lord Peter Bauer, Deepak Lal,
Ian Little, Harry Johnson, Bela
Balassa, Jagdish Bhagwati,
and Anne Krueger
The World Bank and
the International
Monetary Fund
NEOLIBERAL
FREE-MARKET
Markets alone are efficient
Provide the best signals forinvestments; labor markets;
producers, and consumers
Competition is perfect
PUBLIC-CHOICE THEORY
governments can do nothingright.
Politicians, bureaucrats, cit-
izens, and states act solely from
a self-interested perspective,
using their power and the
authority of government for their
own selfish ends
THE MARKET-FRIENDLY
APPROACH
Recognizes that there are manyimperfections in
developing-country product and
factor markets
Governments do have a key role
to play in facilitating the
operation of markets through
interventions
Anne Krueger
Jagdish
Bhagwati
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