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REPORT 201468 69 SOUTH AFRICA’S 1ST BIENNIAL UPDATE
3. MITIGATION ACTIONS AND THEIR EFFECTS
South Africa’s approach to mitigation balances the country’s contribution as a responsible global citizen, with the eco-nomic and social opportunities presented by the transition to a lower-carbon economy. The country’s National Climate Change Response White Paper, published in October 2011, states that South Africa’s mitigation actions shall:
1. Be needs-driven and customised: Mitigation approach-es, policies, measures, programmes, interventions and actions shall meet the special needs and circumstanc-es of those communities and people that are most vulnerable. These approaches shall also be specifically tailored to the specific actor, organisation, sector or sub-sector concerned;
2. Promote GHG-reducing technologies: Mitigation ap-proaches shall promote the development, application, diffusion and transfer of GHG emission-reducing tech-nologies, practices and processes;
3. Have significant outcomes: Mitigation approaches that are cost effective and provide substantial GHG emission reductions shall be prioritised; and
4. Be developmental: Mitigation actions that result in eco-nomic growth and job creation, or benefit public health and alleviate poverty, shall take precedence over those approaches with no co-benefits.
South Africa recognises that these mitigation actions need to simultaneously build and maintain the country’s interna-tional competitiveness, as well as social, environmental and economic resilience to adverse effects of climate change.
3.1 KEY ELEMENTS OF SOUTH AFRICA’S APPROACH TO MITIGATION
There are four key mitigation initiatives that are led by the government in an effort to transition to a low-carbon econo-my. These initiatives include Flagship Programmes, a Mitigation Potential Analysis, Desired Emission Reduction Outcomes, and a Carbon Tax, which are further discussed below. These measures are integrated and form part of a mix of measures that South Africa is implementing.
3.1.1 Flagship Programmes
South Africa identified a suite of near-term priority Flagship Programmes to mitigate GHG emissions as well as the ad-verse effects of climate change. These programmes:
• Cover the major emitting sector s and key adaptation sectors;
• Have relatively well-known mitigation outcomes and implementation processes; and
• Are either very cost-effective with significant co-bene-fits, or have technology-development benefits.
A summary of the eight prioritised Flagship Programmes (as outlined in the National Climate Change Response White Paper, 2011) are presented below:
1. The Climate Change Response Public Works Flagship Programme:
This Programme covers consolidation and expansion of the Expanded Public Works Programme and its sector com-ponents. These sector components include the Non-State Sector’s Community Works Programme and the suite of Environment and Culture Sector programmes, such as Work-ing for Water, Working for Wetlands, Working on Fire, and Working for Energy.
REPORT 201468 69 SOUTH AFRICA’S 1ST BIENNIAL UPDATE
2. The Water Conservation and Demand Management Flagship Programme:
This Programme deals with accelerated implementation of the National Water Conservation and Water Demand Man-agement Strategy in the industry, mining, power generation, agriculture, and water services sectors. It also includes the provision of rainwater harvesting tanks to rural and low-in-come settlements.
3. The Renewable Energy Flagship Programme:
This Programme covers the scale-up and deployment of renewable energy technologies, based on the country’s In-tegrated Resource Plan (IRP) (Department of Energy, 2011).
4. The Energy Efficiency and Energy Demand Management Flagship Programme:
This Programme will develop and facilitate an energy effi-ciency programme in the industrial and residential sectors.
5. The Transport Flagship Programme:
This Programme will develop an enhanced public transport programme to promote lower-carbon mobility in five met-ropolitans and ten cities, and is to include a planned rail re-capitalisation programme. An Energy Efficient Vehicles Programme will also be created to improve the average efficiency of South Africa’s vehicles by 2020.
6. The Waste Management Flagship Programme:
The aim of this programme is to use the information from the mitigation potential analysis for this sector, to identify key working areas, such as waste to energy. A pilot project has been planned and once implemented, it aims showcase that waste to energy can reduce GHG emissions and serve as a source of energy for a municipality.
7. The Carbon Capture and Sequestration Flagship Programme:
This Programme provides for the development of a Carbon Capture and Sequestration Demonstration Plant to store the process emissions from an existing high carbon emissions facility.
8. The Adaptation Research Flagship Programme: This Programme provides for the design and roll-out of a national and regional research programme to scope sectoral adaptation requirements, strategies and costs.
The initiatives, policies and co-benefits that have resulted from the near-term priority Flagship Programmes are detailed in section 3.2.
3.1.2 Mitigation Potential Analysis
In January 2014, the Department of Environmental Affairs completed South Africa’s Mitigation Potential Analysis (MPA). The purpose of the MPA was to:
• Identify mitigation options in South Africa’s key eco-nomic sectors. The sectors considered were Energy, Industry, Transport, Waste, and Agriculture, Forestry and other Land Use (AFOLU); and
• Project national GHG emissions to 2050 under two different cases:
Case 1: A reference case ‘without measures’ (WOM), which projects emissions up to 2050, assuming that no mitigation measures have been implemented since 2000; and
Case 2: A reference case ‘with existing measures’ (WEM), which projects emissions up to 2050 and includes the impacts of climate change mitigation actions, policies and measures implemented to date.
The main outcomes of the MPA were:
• South Africa’s mitigation potential (assuming 100% im-plementation of all identified mitigation options) is es-timated at 100 MtCO2e in 2020, 340 MtCO2e in 2030, and 852 MtCO2e in 2050. This represents a reduction of reference case WEM emissions of 15%, 40% and 54% in 2020, 2030 and 2050, respectively;
• Under the WOM projection, South Africa’s emissions are projected to reach 1,692 MtCO2e by 2050;
REPORT 201470 71 SOUTH AFRICA’S 1ST BIENNIAL UPDATE
• Under the WEM projection, South Africa’s emissions are projected to reach 1,593 MtCO2e by 2050;
• Mitigation opportunities exist in the following sectors:
• Energy: renewable energy, carbon capture and storage, nuclear pressurised water reactors, and natural gas power;
• Industry: energy efficiency, improved production processes, fuel switches, and GHG abatement technologies (such as the combustion and de-struction of methane);
• Transport: modal shifts, demand reduction meas-ures, more efficient vehicle technologies, more ef-ficient operations, and alternative low carbon fuels;
• Waste: landfill gas recovery and utilisation, diver-sion of waste from landfills, and separation of re-cyclables, food and garden waste; and
• AFOLU: l i ves tock herd management , afforestation, reforestation, energy crops, and veld fire management.
3.1.3 Desired Emission Reduction Outcomes
South Africa first introduced the concept of Desired Emis-sion Reduction Outcomes (DEROs) in its National Climate Change Response White Paper in 2011. Accordingly, the country will be defining DEROs for each significant sec-tor, sub-sector of the economy, and at company level. These DEROs will be based on an in-depth assessment of the mit-igation potential, best available mitigation options, and a full assessment of the costs and benefits. The economic sectors or sub-sectors for which DEROs have been established will be required to prepare and submit mitigation plans that set out how the sector intends to achieve these DEROs.
3.1.4 Carbon Tax
In May 2013, National Treasury released the country’s Carbon Tax Policy Paper for public comment. This Paper followed on from the Carbon Tax Discussion Paper that was published in December 2010. The Carbon Tax Policy Paper outlined the broad aims of the proposed carbon tax, which are to:
1. Encourage a shift in production patterns towards low-carbon and more energy efficient technologies, by altering the relative prices of goods and services, based on their emissions intensity, and by encouraging the up-take of cost-effective, low-carbon alternatives;
2. Reduce the GHG emissions associated with the produc-tion of carbon-intensive products (such as steel, cement and aluminium); and
3. Create incentives for research, development and tech-nology innovation in low-carbon alternatives, which will help to reduce the price gap between conventional, car-bon-intensive technologies and low-carbon alternatives.
The proposed Carbon Tax Policy comprises the following key elements:
• A percentage-based threshold on actual (direct) emis-sions will be applied, below which the tax will not be payable during the first five years of implementation;
• Consideration will be given to sectors in which the potential for emissions reduction is limited due to either technical or structural reasons, such as process emissions;
• Graduated relief is given to trade-intensive sectors;
• Offsets can be used by businesses to reduce their carbon tax liability up to a limit. Variable offset limits are proposed, based on the mitigation potential of the sector, and
REPORT 201470 71 SOUTH AFRICA’S 1ST BIENNIAL UPDATE
• The overall maximum tax-free threshold (including off-sets and possible adjustments to the basic 60% tax-free threshold for carbon intensity) is limited to 90%, except for those sectors that are excluded during the first five-year period (agriculture, forestry, land use and waste).
In February 2014, the Minister of Finance confirmed that a carbon tax will be implemented in 2016. This will allow adequate time for the country to consult on draft legislation and to align the design of the carbon tax with the proposed DEROs. Carbon tax is viewed as only one component of the broad mix of measures that are being undertaken to address climate change.
3.2 KEY GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND MEASURES THAT IMPACT CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION
This section covers the key government policies and meas-ures that impact climate change mitigation, implemented since 2000. The tables below classify the policies and meas-ures in terms of the four IPCC sector reporting categories: Energy; Industrial Processes and Product Use; Agriculture, Forestry and Land Use; and Waste. Additional tables that cover Adaptation and Financial Measures are also provided.
72 SOUTH AFRICA’S 1ST BIENNIAL UPDATE
3.2.1
Ene
rgy
Sect
or
Tabl
e 23
: Ene
rgy
sect
or m
itiga
tion
actio
ns ta
ken
Mitig
atio
n Ac
tion
Nam
e of
Pol
icy/
Instr
umen
t /St
rate
gy/
Plan
Prim
ary
Purp
ose
GH
GTy
pe o
fIn
strum
ent
Stat
us o
f Ins
trum
ent
Adm
iniste
ring
gove
rnm
ent
agen
cy/
Acto
rs
Tim
e H
orizo
n
Estim
ated
em
issio
n re
duct
ions
(M
tCO
2e)
Co-b
enefi
ts
Finan
cial s
uppo
rt
mea
sure
s for
m
itigat
ion
actio
ns
in th
e en
ergy
se
ctor
Inco
me T
ax A
ct 5
8 of
19
62; S
ectio
n 12
L an
d th
e N
atio
nal E
nerg
y Ac
t 34
of 2
008;
and
Sect
ion
19 re
ad w
ith
the ‘
Regu
latio
n on
the
allow
ance
for
ener
gy e
fficie
ncy
savin
gs’
(R72
9).
Tax
reba
tes f
or th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of
ener
gy e
fficie
ncy
mea
sure
s.CO
2Ec
onom
icEx
isting
mea
sure
Nat
iona
l Tr
easu
ry,
DoE
,SA
NED
I, SA
NAS
,SA
RS
Curr
ent
(01
Oct
ober
20
13 to
31
Dec
em-
ber 2
019)
.
Not
av
ailab
le,
but c
an b
e qu
antifi
ed.
• Re
duce
gre
enho
use
gas
emiss
ions
;•
Incr
ease
ene
rgy
effic
iency
; and
• Jo
b cr
eatio
n.
Finan
cial s
uppo
rt
mea
sure
s for
m
itigat
ion
actio
ns
in th
e en
ergy
se
ctor
Elect
ricity
levy
Subs
idy
to p
rom
ote
the
insta
llatio
n of
so
lar w
ater
hea
ters
.CO
2Ec
onom
icEx
isting
mea
sure
Nat
iona
l Tr
easu
ry,
Dep
artm
ent
of E
nerg
y,Es
kom
Curr
ent
Not
av
ailab
le,
but c
an b
e qu
antifi
ed.
• Re
duce
gre
enho
use
gas
emiss
ions
;•
Incr
ease
ene
rgy
avail
abilit
y in
the
grid
; an
d•
Job
crea
tion.
Dive
rsific
atio
n of
elec
tricit
y ge
nera
tion
sour
ces
Inte
grat
ed R
esou
rce
Plan
for e
lectri
city
(IRP)
20
10-2
030
The
IRP
for e
lectri
city
mak
es p
rovis
ion
for a
n inc
reas
ed c
ontri
butio
n fro
m re
-ne
wab
le an
d nu
clear
ene
rgy
for e
lectri
city
gene
ratio
n.
CO2,
CH4,
N2O
Regu
lator
yPr
omulg
ated
in M
arch
20
11. It
was
indi
cate
d at
the
time
that
the
IRP
shou
ld b
e a “
living
pl
an” w
hich
wou
ld b
e re
vised
by
the
DoE
ev
ery
two
year
s. The
IR
P is
curr
ently
bein
g up
date
d.
DoE
2010
- 20
30N
ot av
ailab
le,
but c
an b
e qu
antifi
ed.
• En
ergy
secu
rity;
• Inv
estm
ent i
n re
new
able
ener
gy te
chno
logy
;•
Dive
rsific
atio
n of
ene
rgy
mix;
and
• Jo
b cr
eatio
n.
REPORT 2014 73
Mitig
atio
n Ac
tion
Nam
e of
Pol
icy/
Instr
umen
t /St
rate
gy/
Plan
Prim
ary
Purp
ose
GH
GTy
pe o
fIn
strum
ent
Stat
us o
f Ins
trum
ent
Adm
iniste
ring
gove
rnm
ent
agen
cy/
Acto
rs
Tim
e H
orizo
n
Estim
ated
em
issio
n re
duct
ions
(M
tCO
2e)
Co-b
enefi
ts
Dive
rsific
atio
n of
ele
ctric
ity g
ener
a-tio
n so
urce
s
2003
Whit
e Pa
per o
n Re
new
able
Ener
gyTh
is po
licy
docu
men
t pro
vides
a ra
nge
of m
easu
res d
esign
ed to
brin
g ab
out
integ
ratio
n of
rene
wab
le en
ergie
s int
o th
e m
ainstr
eam
ene
rgy
econ
omy. T
o ac
hieve
this
aim, th
e go
vern
men
t set
a
targ
et o
f 10,0
00 G
Wh
of re
new
able
ener
gy to
add
to th
e cu
rren
t ene
rgy
mix
by 2
013.
This
is to
be
prod
uced
main
ly fro
m b
iom
ass,
wind
, sol
ar a
nd sm
all-sc
ale
hydr
o. Fo
llow
ing C
abine
t app
rova
l of t
he
Whit
e Pa
per, t
he D
oE p
roce
eded
with
th
e de
velo
pmen
t of i
ts re
new
able
ener
gy
strat
egy.
CO2
Regu
lator
yEx
isting
mea
sure
DoE
Curr
ent.
The W
hite
Pape
r is c
ur-
rent
ly un
der
revie
w b
y th
e D
oE.
0.8Ad
d 1.6
67 M
W re
new
able
ener
gy c
apac
ity;
Impa
ct G
DP
by R
1.071
billi
on
a ye
ar;
Crea
te a
dditio
nal g
over
nmen
t re
venu
e of
R29
9 m
illion
;St
imula
te a
dditio
nal in
com
e th
at w
ill flo
w to
low
-inco
me
hous
ehol
ds, b
y as
muc
h as
R1
28 m
illion
;Cr
eate
20,0
00 n
ew jo
bs; a
ndCo
ntrib
ute
to w
ater
savin
gs
of 1
6.5 m
illion
kilo
litres
, whic
h tra
nslat
es in
to a
R26
.6 m
illion
sa
ving
Dive
rsific
atio
n of
ele
ctric
ity g
ener
a-tio
n so
urce
s
Nat
iona
l Indu
strial
Bi
ofue
ls St
rate
gy (N
IBS)
, 20
07
The
aim o
f this
stra
tegy
is to
cre
ate
a m
arke
t for
bio
logic
ally
prod
uced
fuels
, so
that
they
can
be
used
as a
blen
ding
com
-po
nent
in p
etro
l/dies
el pr
oduc
tion.
The
Biof
uels
Indu
strial
Stra
tegy
has
ado
pted
a
shor
t-ter
m fo
cus a
nd a
ims t
o ac
hieve
2%
pen
etra
tion
of b
iofu
els in
the
natio
nal
liquid
fuel
supp
ly, w
hich
is eq
uivale
nt to
40
0 m
illion
litre
s per
ann
um. In
term
s of
regu
latio
n 6
of th
e Re
gulat
ions
rega
rding
M
anda
tory
Blen
ding
of b
iofu
els w
ith
Petro
l and
Dies
el, (P
rom
ulgat
ed u
nder
G
over
nmen
t not
ice R
671
of 2
3 Au
gust
2012
), M
r Ben
Mar
tins,
in his
cap
acity
as
the
Mini
ster o
f Ene
rgy,
has d
eter
mine
d th
at 1
Oct
ober
201
5 as
the
date
on
whic
h th
e Re
gulat
ions
will
com
e int
o ef
fect
.
CO2
Regu
lator
yAd
opte
dD
oECu
rren
tN
ot
avail
able
Job
crea
tion;
Susta
inable
dev
elopm
ent; a
ndBl
ack
Econ
omic
Empo
wer
men
t (BE
E).
74 SOUTH AFRICA’S 1ST BIENNIAL UPDATE
Mitig
atio
n Ac
tion
Nam
e of
Pol
icy/
Instr
umen
t /St
rate
gy/
Plan
Prim
ary
Purp
ose
GH
GTy
pe o
fIn
strum
ent
Stat
us o
f Ins
trum
ent
Adm
iniste
ring
gove
rnm
ent
agen
cy/
Acto
rs
Tim
e H
orizo
n
Estim
ated
em
issio
n re
duct
ions
(M
tCO
2e)
Co-b
enefi
ts
Dive
rsific
atio
n of
elec
tricit
y ge
nera
tion
sour
ces
Rene
wab
le En
ergy
In
depe
nden
t Pow
er
Prod
ucer
Pro
cure
men
t (R
EIPP
P) P
rogr
amm
e
The
Mini
ster o
f Ene
rgy
has d
eter
mine
d th
at 3
,725
meg
awat
ts (M
W) i
s to
be
gene
rate
d fro
m re
new
able
ener
gy
sour
ces. T
his is
requ
ired
to e
nsur
e th
e co
ntinu
ed u
ninte
rrup
ted
supp
ly of
elec
tricit
y. This
3,72
5 M
W is
in
acco
rdan
ce w
ith th
e ca
pacit
y all
ocat
ed
to re
new
able
ener
gy g
ener
atio
n in
IRP
2010
-203
0. So
uth
Afric
a ha
s alre
ady
signe
d of
f a to
tal o
f 64
proj
ects
to
build
abo
ut 3
,916
MW
in th
e fir
st,
seco
nd, a
nd th
ird st
ages
of t
he c
lean
ener
gy d
rive.
Sout
h Af
rica
will
buy
an
extra
1,45
6 M
W o
f ren
ewab
le en
ergy
fro
m in
depe
nden
t dev
elope
rs in
the
third
stag
e of
the
rene
wab
le en
ergy
pr
ogra
mm
e.
CO2,
CH4,
N2O
Econ
omic
Exist
ing m
easu
reD
oE a
nd
NER
SACu
rren
tN
ot
avail
able
• So
cio-e
cono
mic
and
envir
onm
enta
lly
susta
inable
gro
wth
.
Dive
rsific
atio
n of
ele
ctric
ity
gene
ratio
n so
urce
s
Solar
Wat
er H
eatin
g Pr
ogra
mm
eTh
is pr
ogra
mm
e inv
olve
s the
insta
llatio
n of
solar
wat
er h
eate
rs in
low
cos
t hou
s-ing
unit
s. So
uth
Afric
a ha
s also
regis
tere
d a
solar
wat
er h
eatin
g Pr
ogra
mm
e of
Ac
tivitie
s und
er th
e Cl
ean
Dev
elopm
ent
Mec
hanis
m.
CO2
Socia
lEx
isting
mea
sure
DoE
As p
er th
e N
atio
nal
Dev
elopm
ent
Plan
, 5 m
illion
so
lar w
ater
he
ating
unit
s to
be
insta
lled
by 2
019.
Not
avail
able
, bu
t can
be
quan
tified
.
Socio
-eco
nom
ic an
d en
viron
men
tally
susta
inable
gr
owth
.
Dive
rsific
atio
n of
ele
ctric
ity
gene
ratio
n so
urce
s
Solar
Par
k an
d Co
ncen
trate
d So
lar
Pow
er P
lant (
CSP)
The
Solar
Par
k an
d Co
ncen
trate
d So
lar
Pow
er P
lant w
ill ea
ch a
dd a
ppro
ximat
ely
100M
W o
f ren
ewab
le ele
ctric
ity to
the
grid
. Sou
th A
frica
has
also
regis
tere
d a
CSP
Prog
ram
me
of A
ctivi
ties u
nder
the
Clea
n D
evelo
pmen
t Mec
hanis
m.
CO2,
CH4,
N2O
Econ
omic
Exist
ing m
easu
reD
oE a
nd
Esko
mCu
rren
tN
ot av
ailab
le,
but c
an b
e qu
antifi
ed.
Socio
-eco
nom
ic an
d en
viron
men
tally
susta
inable
gr
owth
.
REPORT 2014 75
Mitig
atio
n Ac
tion
Nam
e of
Pol
icy/
Instr
umen
t /St
rate
gy/
Plan
Prim
ary
Purp
ose
GH
GTy
pe o
fIn
strum
ent
Stat
us o
f Ins
trum
ent
Adm
iniste
ring
gove
rnm
ent
agen
cy/
Acto
rs
Tim
e H
orizo
n
Estim
ated
em
issio
n re
duct
ions
(M
tCO
2e)
Co-b
enefi
ts
Dive
rsific
atio
n of
ele
ctric
ity
gene
ratio
n so
urce
s
Sout
h Af
rican
Wind
En
ergy
Pro
gram
me
(SAW
EP)
The
objec
tive
of S
AWEP
is to
: insta
ll and
op
erat
e 5.2
MW
of e
lectri
city
gene
rate
d fro
m th
e D
arlin
g Wind
Far
m N
atio
nal
Dem
onstr
atio
n Pr
ogra
mm
e; an
d pr
epar
e fo
r the
dev
elopm
ent o
f an
addi
tiona
l 45
MW
of w
ind p
ower
from
Inde
pend
ent
Pow
er P
rodu
cers
. Sou
th A
frica
has
re
giste
red
seve
ral w
ind P
rogr
amm
e of
Ac
tivitie
s und
er th
e Cl
ean
Dev
elopm
ent
Mec
hanis
m.
CO2
Econ
omic
Exist
ing m
easu
reD
oECu
rren
tN
ot av
ailab
le,
but c
an b
e qu
antifi
ed.
• D
evelo
p ca
pacit
y bu
ilding
and
str
engt
hene
dins
titut
ions
;•
Prom
ote
com
mer
cial
wind
ene
rgy
deve
lopm
ent;
• D
evelo
p lo
ng-
term
pol
icy a
nd
impl
emen
tatio
n fra
mew
ork
for w
ind
ener
gy; a
nd•
Initia
te g
reen
pow
er
fund
ing.
Dive
rsific
atio
n of
ele
ctric
ity
gene
ratio
n so
urce
s
The
Sout
h Af
rican
Coa
l Ro
adm
apTh
e So
uth
Afric
an C
oal R
oadm
ap w
as
deve
lope
d to
exp
lore
the
shor
t, med
ium
and
long
-term
act
ivitie
s and
inte
rven
tions
ne
eded
to su
ppor
t the
coa
l indu
stry
in So
uth
Afric
a.
CO2
Regu
lator
yPl
anne
dSA
NED
ICu
rren
tN
ot av
ailab
leSo
cio-e
cono
mic
and
envir
onm
enta
lly
susta
inable
gro
wth
.
Dive
rsific
atio
n of
liq
uid fu
el so
urce
sIn
tegr
ated
Ene
rgy
Plan
(IE
P)
The
purp
ose
and
objec
tives
of t
he IE
P w
ere
esta
blish
ed in
the
Nat
iona
l Ene
rgy
Act, 2
008
(Act
No.
34 o
f 200
8). In
te-
grat
ed e
nerg
y pl
annin
g is
unde
rtak
en to
de
term
ine th
e be
st w
ay to
mee
t cur
rent
an
d fu
ture
ene
rgy
serv
ice n
eeds
in th
e m
ost e
fficie
nt a
nd so
cially
ben
eficia
l m
anne
r. One
of t
he k
ey o
bjec
tives
of
the
DoE
’s po
licy
is to
dive
rsify
prim
ary
ener
gy so
urce
s and
redu
ce th
e co
untr
y’s
depe
nden
cy o
n co
al.
CO2,
CH4,
N2O
Econ
omic
Exist
ing m
easu
reD
oECu
rren
tN
ot av
ailab
leSo
cio-e
cono
mic
and
envir
onm
enta
lly
susta
inable
gro
wth
.
76 SOUTH AFRICA’S 1ST BIENNIAL UPDATE
Mitig
atio
n Ac
tion
Nam
e of
Pol
icy/
Instr
umen
t /St
rate
gy/
Plan
Prim
ary
Purp
ose
GH
GTy
pe o
fIn
strum
ent
Stat
us o
f Ins
trum
ent
Adm
iniste
ring
gove
rnm
ent
agen
cy/
Acto
rs
Tim
e H
orizo
n
Estim
ated
em
issio
n re
duct
ions
(M
tCO
2e)
Co-b
enefi
ts
Carb
on c
aptu
re
and
stora
geTh
e So
uth
Afric
an C
entre
fo
r Car
bon
Capt
ure
and
Stor
age
The
Sout
h Af
rican
Cen
tre fo
r Car
bon
Capt
ure
and
Stor
age
is re
spon
sible
for t
he im
plem
enta
tion
of a
road
map
fo
r eva
luatin
g th
e po
tent
ial fo
r car
bon
capt
ure
and
stora
ge, a
s well
as a
testi
ng
and
dem
onstr
atio
n pl
ant t
o sto
re p
roce
ss
emiss
ions
from
an
exist
ing h
igh c
arbo
n em
issio
n fac
ility.
CO2
Econ
omic
Plan
ning
DoE
in
part
ners
hip
with
SAN
EDI
Com
mer
cial
oper
atio
n is
expe
cted
in
2025
249
Redu
ce a
ir po
llutio
n;Tr
ansfe
r and
dev
elopm
ent o
f sk
ills a
nd e
xper
tise;
and
Job
crea
tion.
Ener
gy e
fficie
ncy
Nat
iona
l Ene
rgy
Effic
iency
St
rate
gy (N
EES)
The W
hite
Pape
r on
Ener
gy P
olicy
(1
998)
gav
e a
man
date
to th
e D
oE to
pu
rsue
ene
rgy
effic
iency
pro
gram
mes
. Th
e N
EES
was
app
rove
d by
Cab
inet
and
relea
sed
in 20
05 a
nd is
inte
nded
to
supp
ort e
xplo
ratio
n of
the
pote
ntial
fo
r im
prov
ed e
nerg
y ut
ilisat
ion
thro
ugh
redu
cing
the
coun
try’s
ene
rgy
inten
sity
(thus
redu
cing
gree
nhou
se g
as e
miss
ions
). Th
e str
ateg
y ou
tlines
how
an
over
all
ener
gy in
tens
ity re
duct
ion
targ
et o
f 12
% c
ould
be
reac
hed
by 2
015
with
th
e fo
llow
ing se
ctor
al en
ergy
effi
cienc
y im
prov
emen
t tar
gets:
Indu
stry
and
mini
ng (1
5%),
Com
mer
cial a
nd p
ublic
buil
ding
s (15
%),
Resid
entia
l (10
%) a
nd
Tran
spor
t (9%
).So
uth
Afric
a ha
s also
regis
tere
d se
vera
l sta
nd-a
lone
ene
rgy
effic
iency
pro
jects
un-
der t
he C
lean
Dev
elopm
ent M
echa
nism
.
CO2
Regu
lator
yEx
isting
mea
sure
DoE
Curr
ent. T
he
strat
egy
was
up
date
d in
its se
cond
re
view,
but
no
cha
nges
w
ere
mad
e to
the
targ
ets.
The
DoE
is
curr
ently
es
tabli
shing
an
Ene
rgy
Effic
iency
ta
rget
Mon
i-to
ring
Syste
m
(EET
MS)
, in
orde
r to
prog
ress
with
th
e ta
rget
s se
t out
in
the
strat
egy.
This
will
also
infor
m th
e po
st-20
15
targ
ets o
f the
str
ateg
y.
Not
avail
able
Enha
ncing
ene
rgy
secu
rity
by
mak
ing b
ette
r use
of e
xistin
g an
d ne
w g
ener
atio
n ca
pacit
y;Im
prov
ing S
outh
Afri
ca’s
globa
l com
petit
ivene
ss
thro
ugh
redu
ced
ener
gy c
osts;
Dec
oupl
ing g
row
th in
ene
rgy
cons
umpt
ion
(and
GH
G
emiss
ions
) fro
m g
row
th in
G
DP;
and
Impr
oving
glo
bal c
ompe
ti-tiv
enes
s whic
h w
ill, in
turn
, co
ntrib
ute
to jo
b cr
eatio
n.
REPORT 2014 77
Mitig
atio
n Ac
tion
Nam
e of
Pol
icy/
Instr
umen
t /St
rate
gy/
Plan
Prim
ary
Purp
ose
GH
GTy
pe o
fIn
strum
ent
Stat
us o
f Ins
trum
ent
Adm
iniste
ring
gove
rnm
ent
agen
cy/
Acto
rs
Tim
e H
orizo
n
Estim
ated
em
issio
n re
duct
ions
(M
tCO
2e)
Co-b
enefi
ts
Ener
gy e
fficie
ncy
Mun
icipa
l Ene
rgy
Effic
iency
and
Dem
and
Side
Man
agem
ent
(EED
SM)
The
EED
SM p
rogr
amm
e pr
ovid
es g
rant
fu
nds t
hat a
re d
isbur
sed
to m
unici
pali-
ties t
o im
plem
ent e
nerg
y ef
ficien
t ret
ro-
fits w
ithin
the
mun
icipa
l infra
struc
ture
.
CO2
Econ
omic
Exist
ing m
easu
reD
oECu
rren
t0.5
(200
4 up
to th
e en
d of
20
12)
• Re
duce
ene
rgy
con-
sum
ptio
n•
Redu
ce a
ir po
llutio
n;•
Redu
ce e
lectri
city
bills
;•
Tran
sfer a
nd d
evel-
opm
ent o
f skil
ls an
d ex
pert
ise; a
nd•
Job
crea
tion.
Ener
gy e
fficie
ncy
Appl
iance
labe
lling
regu
latio
nsan
d/or
stan
dard
s
Thes
e sta
ndar
ds a
re b
eing
deve
lope
d to
man
age
appl
iance
per
form
ance
and
en
forc
e en
ergy
effi
cienc
y lab
elling
of
dom
estic
app
lianc
es.
CO2
Econ
omic
Alre
ady
iden
tified
, but
no
t im
plem
ente
d.Jo
intly
impl
e-m
ente
d by
th
e D
oE a
nd
the
dti, w
ith
supp
ort f
rom
SA
BS a
nd
NRC
S. A
volun
tary
ap
plian
ce
labell
ing
prog
ram
me
for r
efrig
er-
ator
s was
int
rodu
ced
in 20
05/6
.
Not
avail
able
Job
crea
tion;
and
The
envir
onm
enta
l indi
cato
rs
that
are
repo
rted
on
(per
M
Wh
grid
elec
tricit
y sa
ved)
inc
lude:
wat
er sa
ving,
coal
ash
avoi
ded,
and
SO2
emiss
ions
av
oide
d.
Ener
gy e
fficie
ncy
Inte
grat
ed D
eman
d M
anag
emen
t Pr
ogra
mm
e (ID
M)
The
IDM
cov
ers a
rang
e of
fund
ing a
nd
awar
enes
s pro
gram
mes
, whic
h pr
omot
e en
ergy
effi
cienc
y an
d lo
ad m
anag
emen
t.
CO2
Econ
omic
Exist
ing m
easu
reEs
kom
Curr
ent
The
IDM
has
ac
hieve
d es
timat
ed
savin
gs o
f 3,0
72 M
W
to d
ate.
Redu
ce e
nerg
y co
nsum
ptio
n;Re
duce
air
pollu
tion;
Redu
ce e
lectri
city
bills
;Tr
ansfe
r and
dev
elopm
ent o
f sk
ills a
nd e
xper
tise;
and
Job
crea
tion.
78 SOUTH AFRICA’S 1ST BIENNIAL UPDATE
Mitig
atio
n Ac
tion
Nam
e of
Pol
icy/
Instr
umen
t /St
rate
gy/
Plan
Prim
ary
Purp
ose
GH
GTy
pe o
fIn
strum
ent
Stat
us o
f Ins
trum
ent
Adm
iniste
ring
gove
rnm
ent
agen
cy/
Acto
rs
Tim
e H
orizo
n
Estim
ated
em
issio
n re
duct
ions
(M
tCO
2e)
Co-b
enefi
ts
Ener
gy e
fficie
ncy
Nat
iona
l Clea
ner
Prod
uctio
n Ce
ntre
(N
CPC)
The
NCP
C de
velo
ps p
rogr
amm
es th
at
redu
ce p
ollut
ion
and
impr
ove
reso
urce
ef
ficien
cy in
the
priva
te se
ctor
. The
N
CPC
has i
dent
ified
prog
ram
mes
with
a
tota
l pot
entia
l sav
ing o
f R65
milli
on.
CO2
Econ
omic
Exist
ing m
easu
reTh
e dt
iCu
rren
tN
ot
avail
able
• Re
duce
ene
rgy
cons
umpt
ion;
• Re
duce
air
pollu
tion;
• Re
duce
elec
tricit
y bi
lls;
• Tr
ansfe
r and
dev
el-op
men
t of s
kills
and
expe
rtise
; and
• Jo
b cr
eatio
n.
Ener
gy e
fficie
ncy
Ener
gy E
fficie
ncy
Lead
ersh
ip N
etw
ork
(EEL
N)
The
main
obj
ectiv
e of
the
EELN
is to
im
prov
e en
ergy
effi
cienc
y in
the
Sout
h Af
rican
bus
iness
sect
or. T
he E
ELN
is a
lso
inten
ded
to su
ppor
t bus
iness
’s co
mm
it-m
ent t
o th
e G
reen
Acc
ord.
CO2
Econ
omic
Exist
ing m
easu
reN
BI, D
oE a
nd
BUSA
Curr
ent,
launc
hed
inD
ecem
ber
2011
.
Not
av
ailab
le•
Redu
ce e
nerg
y co
nsum
ptio
n;•
Redu
ce a
ir po
llutio
n;•
Redu
ce e
lectri
city
bills
;•
Tran
sfer a
nd d
evel-
opm
ent o
f skil
ls an
d ex
pert
ise; a
nd•
Job
crea
tion.
Ener
gy e
fficie
ncy
Wor
king
for E
nerg
y Pr
ogra
mm
eTh
e pu
rpos
e of
this
prog
ram
me
is to
de
velo
p an
d im
plem
ent l
abou
r int
ensiv
e en
ergy
relat
ed in
itiativ
es th
at w
ill be
clo
sely
align
ed w
ith th
e “W
orkin
g fo
r W
ater
” pro
gram
me.
It w
ill fo
cus o
n int
erve
ntio
ns a
imed
at d
eman
d-sid
e m
anag
emen
t and
the
prov
ision
of e
lec-
tricit
y fro
m b
iom
ass-b
ased
reso
urce
s.
CO2
Econ
omic
Exist
ing m
easu
reD
oE a
nd
SAN
EDI
Conc
eived
in
2008
/200
9.N
ot a
vaila
ble.
• Re
duce
ene
rgy
cons
umpt
ion;
• Re
duce
air
pollu
tion;
• Re
duce
elec
tricit
y bi
lls;
• Tr
ansfe
r and
dev
el-op
men
t of s
kills
and
expe
rtise
; and
• Jo
b cr
eatio
n.
REPORT 2014 79
Mitig
atio
n Ac
tion
Nam
e of
Pol
icy/
Instr
umen
t /St
rate
gy/
Plan
Prim
ary
Purp
ose
GH
GTy
pe o
fIn
strum
ent
Stat
us o
f Ins
trum
ent
Adm
iniste
ring
gove
rnm
ent
agen
cy/
Acto
rs
Tim
e H
orizo
n
Estim
ated
em
issio
n re
duct
ions
(M
tCO
2e)
Co-b
enefi
ts
Ener
gy e
fficie
ncy
Priva
te S
ecto
r Ene
rgy
Effic
iency
Pro
ject
The
NBI
is im
plem
entin
g a
Priva
te
Sect
or E
nerg
y Ef
ficien
cy P
rojec
t (PS
EE)
whic
h aim
s to
impr
ove
ener
gy e
fficie
ncy
in co
mm
ercia
l and
indu
strial
com
panie
s in
Sout
h Af
rica,
thro
ugh
the
prov
ision
of
var
ious
serv
ices t
hat w
ill as
sist c
om-
panie
s in
iden
tifyin
g an
d im
plem
entin
g en
ergy
savin
g m
easu
res.
CO2
Econ
omic
Exist
ing m
easu
reD
oE, N
BI,
DFID
and
the
priva
te se
ctor
The
proj
ect w
as
launc
hed
in D
ecem
ber
2013
and
w
ill ru
n un
til M
arch
201
5.
Not
av
ailab
le,
but c
an b
e qu
antifi
ed.
• En
ergy
savin
gs;
• En
ergy
inte
nsity
re
duct
ion;
• Im
plem
enta
tion
of
proj
ects
that
will
resu
lt in
the
redu
ctio
n of
G
HG
em
issio
ns;
• Im
prov
ed e
cono
m-
ic co
mpe
titive
ness
th
roug
h re
sour
ce a
nd
proc
ess e
fficie
ncy;
Inves
tmen
t lev
erag
ed
from
the
priva
te a
nd
publi
c se
ctor
s thr
ough
ca
pita
l inve
stmen
t in
ener
gy e
fficie
ncy
proj
ects;
• So
cial b
enefi
ts, su
ch a
s jo
b cr
eatio
n an
d sk
ills
deve
lopm
ent r
elatin
g to
ene
rgy
effic
iency
; In
crea
sed
awar
enes
s of
ener
gy e
fficie
ncy.
Coal
bed
met
hane
re
duct
ion
Coal
bed
met
hane
re
duct
ion
(CBM
)CB
M e
xplo
ratio
n is
still i
n th
e ea
rly st
ag-
es o
f dev
elopm
ent i
n So
uthe
rn A
frica
. So
uth
Afric
a is
plan
ning
to c
aptu
re 2
5%
of m
etha
ne e
miss
ions
from
coa
l mine
s, sta
rting
in 2
020,
and
reac
hing
the
goal
by 2
030.
CH4
Econ
omic
Plan
ning
DoE
2020
- 20
3061
• Re
duce
air
pollu
tion;
• Tr
ansfe
r and
dev
el-op
men
t of s
kills
and
expe
rtise
; and
• Jo
b cr
eatio
n.
Tran
spor
tIn
trodu
ctio
n of
gre
en
cars
to th
e D
epar
tmen
t of
Env
ironm
enta
l Affa
irs’
vehic
le fle
et
The
initia
tive
invol
ves t
he in
trodu
ctio
n of
elec
tric
vehic
les to
the
DEA
’s ve
hicle
fleet
. Fos
sil fu
el ve
hicles
will
be p
hase
d ou
t and
repl
aced
with
zero
-em
issio
n ele
ctric
veh
icles
.
CO2,
CH4,
N2O
Econ
omic
Exist
ing m
easu
reD
EA20
13 -
2016
Not
av
ailab
le,
but c
an b
e qu
antifi
ed.
• Re
duce
air
pollu
tion;
• Tr
ansfe
r and
dev
el-op
men
t of s
kills
and
expe
rtise
; and
• Jo
b cr
eatio
n.
80 SOUTH AFRICA’S 1ST BIENNIAL UPDATE
Mitig
atio
n Ac
tion
Nam
e of
Pol
icy/
Instr
umen
t /St
rate
gy/
Plan
Prim
ary
Purp
ose
GH
GTy
pe o
fIn
strum
ent
Stat
us o
f Ins
trum
ent
Adm
iniste
ring
gove
rnm
ent
agen
cy/
Acto
rs
Tim
e H
orizo
n
Estim
ated
em
issio
n re
duct
ions
(M
tCO
2e)
Co-b
enefi
ts
Tran
spor
tSt
anda
rdise
d fu
el ec
onom
y an
d CO
2 em
issio
n te
sting
and
labe
lling
syste
m
This
prog
ram
me
cove
rs im
prov
ed
vehic
le ef
ficien
cy a
nd p
rom
oting
fuel
effic
iency
aw
aren
ess a
mon
gst b
uyer
s of
new
pas
seng
er v
ehicl
es.
CO2
Econ
omic
Exist
ing m
easu
reSo
uth
Afric
an
Auto
mot
ive
Indu
stry
2008
Not
av
ailab
le.
• Re
duce
air
pollu
tion;
• Tr
ansfe
r and
de
velo
pmen
t of s
kills
and
expe
rtise
; and
• Jo
b cr
eatio
n.
Tran
spor
tPa
ssen
ger r
ail: m
odal
shift
from
priv
ate
vehic
les to
rail (
PRAS
A),
includ
ing th
e G
autra
in
Pass
enge
r mod
al sh
ifts a
re b
eing
ex-
plor
ed b
y th
e D
epar
tmen
t of T
rans
port
. An
Inte
grat
ed P
ublic
Tran
spor
t Sys
tem
re
duce
s veh
icle
emiss
ions
.
CO2
Econ
omic
Exist
ing m
easu
reD
oT (G
aut-
eng
Prov
ince)
Curr
ent
Not
av
ailab
le.
• Re
duce
air
pollu
tion;
• Tr
ansfe
r and
de
velo
pmen
t of s
kills
and
expe
rtise
; and
• Jo
b cr
eatio
n.
Tran
spor
tRo
adm
ap to
Clea
ner
Fuel:
The
Clea
n Fu
els 2
sp
ecific
atio
n
Sout
h Af
rica
mus
t con
form
to th
e Cl
ean
Fuels
2 S
tipula
tion
by 2
017.
The
aim o
f this
pro
gram
me
is to
dec
reas
e th
e co
nten
t of a
rom
atics
(fro
m 5
0% to
35
%) a
nd b
enze
ne (f
rom
5%
to 1
%) i
n pe
trol. T
his is
to e
nsur
e ali
gnm
ent w
ith
emiss
ion
stand
ards
. The
sulp
hur c
onte
nt
of p
etro
l will
also
be re
duce
d fro
m
500p
pm to
10p
pm.
CO2
Econ
omic
Exist
ing m
easu
reD
oTCu
rren
tN
ot
avail
able
.•
Redu
ce a
ir po
llutio
n;•
Tran
sfer a
nd
deve
lopm
ent o
f skil
ls an
d ex
pert
ise; a
nd•
Job
crea
tion.
Tran
spor
tIn
tegr
ated
Pub
lic
Tran
spor
t Net
wor
k (IP
TN)
This
prog
ram
me
cove
rs th
e int
egra
tion
of u
rban
pub
lic tr
ansp
ort, i
nclud
ing:
Bus R
apid
Tran
spor
t, Met
ro B
uses
and
M
inibu
s Tax
is. Th
e pr
ogra
mm
e inc
ludes
de
dica
ted
lanes
for p
ublic
tran
spor
t, an
inner
-city
dist
ribut
ion
syste
m, in
tegr
ated
tic
ketin
g, an
d pe
destr
ian a
nd b
icycle
fac
ilities
.
CO2
Econ
omic
Exist
ing m
easu
reD
oT a
nd C
ity
Met
ropo
litans
2008
0.22
(sh
ifting
ro
ad fr
eight
to
rail i
n 20
11/2
012)
• Re
duce
s high
way
•
cong
estio
n;•
Save
s com
mut
er ti
me;
and;
• Cr
eate
s ser
vice,
asse
mbly
and
inf
rastr
uctu
re jo
bs.
REPORT 2014 81
Mitig
atio
n Ac
tion
Nam
e of
Pol
icy/
Instr
umen
t /St
rate
gy/
Plan
Prim
ary
Purp
ose
GH
GTy
pe o
fIn
strum
ent
Stat
us o
f Ins
trum
ent
Adm
iniste
ring
gove
rnm
ent
agen
cy/
Acto
rs
Tim
e H
orizo
n
Estim
ated
em
issio
n re
duct
ions
(M
tCO
2e)
Co-b
enefi
ts
Tran
spor
tBu
s Rap
id Tr
ansp
ort
Syste
m (B
RT)
(a c
ompo
nent
of
the
publi
c tra
nspo
rt
strat
egy)
The
aim o
f the
BRT
is to
quic
kly a
nd
safe
ly tra
nspo
rt p
eopl
e to
all p
arts
of
the
city,
and
to lin
k di
ffere
nt p
arts
of th
e cit
y in
a ne
twor
k.
CO2
Econ
omic
Exist
ing m
easu
reD
oT a
nd
Loca
l G
over
nmen
ts
Curr
ent
Not
av
ailab
le•
Redu
ces h
ighw
ay
• co
nges
tion;
• Sa
ves c
omm
uter
tim
e; an
d;•
Crea
tes s
ervic
e, as
sem
-bly
and
infra
struc
ture
jo
bs.
Tran
spor
tIn
tellig
ent T
rans
port
Sy
stem
(ITS
)Th
e IT
S co
vers
urb
an tr
affic
cont
rol,
adva
nced
traffi
c m
anag
emen
t, par
king
man
agem
ent a
nd a
dvan
ced
publi
c tra
ns-
port
man
agem
ent.
CO2
Econ
omic
Impl
emen
ted/
ex
isting
mea
sure
DoT
and
Lo
cal
Gov
ernm
ents
Curr
ent
Not
av
ailab
le•
Job
crea
tion;
• Re
duct
ion
in tra
ffic
accid
ents;
• Re
duct
ion
in fu
el co
nsum
ptio
n; an
d•
Redu
ctio
n in
trave
l tim
e.
Ener
gy E
fficie
ncy
in th
e p
etro
leum
re
fining
, oil
and
natu
ral g
as
sect
ors
Sout
h Af
rica’s
Gre
en-
hous
e G
as M
itigat
ion
Pote
ntial
Ana
lysis
Mitig
atio
n m
easu
res a
pplie
d by
the
Petro
leum
Refi
ning
sect
or a
nd o
ther
en
ergy
indu
stry
sect
ors i
nclud
e:•
Impr
oved
stea
m g
ener
ating
boi
ler
effic
iency
;•
Impr
oved
pro
cess
hea
ter
• ef
ficien
cy;
• W
aste
gas
/hea
t rec
over
y an
d ut
ilizat
ion;
• M
inim
ise fl
aring
and
utili
ze fl
are
gas a
s fue
l; and
• Im
prov
ed p
roce
ss c
ontro
ls.
CO2,
CH4,
N2O
Econ
omic
Exist
ing m
easu
res
Priva
te se
ctor
(p
etro
l refi
n-er
ies)
Curr
ent
4.9
(pro
cess
re
lated
);1.9
(fu
el re
lat-
ed);
and
1.7
(elec
tricit
y re
lated
) for
20
00-2
010.
• Im
prov
ed o
n-sit
e en
ergy
gen
erat
ion;
• Im
prov
ed e
nerg
y ef
ficien
cy; a
nd•
Ener
gy se
curit
y.
82 SOUTH AFRICA’S 1ST BIENNIAL UPDATE
Mitig
atio
n Ac
tion
Nam
e of
Pol
icy/
Instr
umen
t /St
rate
gy/
Plan
Prim
ary
Purp
ose
GH
GTy
pe o
fIn
strum
ent
Stat
us o
f Ins
trum
ent
Adm
iniste
ring
gove
rnm
ent
agen
cy/
Acto
rs
Tim
e H
orizo
n
Estim
ated
em
issio
n re
duct
ions
(M
tCO
2e)
Co-b
enefi
ts
Met
hane
cap
ture
in
the
coal
mini
ng
and
hand
ling
sect
or
Sout
h Af
rica’s
G
reen
hous
e G
as
Mitig
atio
n Po
tent
ial
Analy
sis
Mitig
atio
n m
easu
res f
or c
oal m
ining
and
ha
ndlin
g se
ctor
inclu
de:
• M
etha
ne d
estru
ctio
n by
flar
ing;
and
• M
etha
ne c
aptu
re a
nd u
se fo
r po
wer
and
hea
t pro
duct
ion.
CH4
Econ
omic
Exist
ing m
easu
res a
t on
e m
ine(a
nd p
oten
tial f
or
furt
her r
oll-o
ut)
Priva
te se
ctor
Cu
rren
tN
ot
avail
able
• Re
ducin
g G
HG
•
emiss
ions
• Re
plac
ing e
lectri
city
prev
ious
ly dr
awn
from
th
e gr
id;
• Pr
ovid
ing m
otive
po
wer
for m
ine
vehic
les; a
nd•
Repl
acing
hea
t ge
nera
ted
by c
oal-
fired
boi
lers a
nd/o
r co
mpr
essin
g ga
s to
be p
iped
off
site
for
gene
ral u
se p
rovid
ing a
so
urce
of n
atur
al ga
s.
Rene
wab
le En
ergy
CDM
pro
ject a
ctivi
ties
for r
enew
able
ener
gy
prod
uctio
n, us
ing w
ind,
solar
or h
ydro
pow
er
A nu
mbe
r of C
DM
pro
jects
and
prog
ram
me
of a
ctivi
ties h
ave
been
reg-
ister
ed fo
r wind
, sol
ar a
nd h
ydro
pow
er
proj
ects,
but
no
CERs
had
bee
n iss
ued
for t
hese
pro
jects
by 3
1 D
ecem
ber
2012
(the
end
of t
he fi
rst c
omm
itmen
t pe
riod
of th
e Ky
oto
Prot
ocol
).
CO2
Econ
omic
Impl
emen
ted
Priva
te se
ctor
2000
- 20
120
• En
ergy
effi
cienc
y; an
d•
Ener
gy se
curit
y.
REPORT 2014 83
3.2.2
Indu
strial
Pro
cess
es a
nd P
rodu
ct U
se S
ecto
r
Tabl
e 24
: Ind
ustr
ial p
roce
sses
and
pro
duct
use
sec
tor
miti
gatio
n ac
tions
Mitig
atio
n Ac
tion
Nam
e of
Pol
icy/
Instr
umen
t/ St
rate
gy/ P
lanPr
imar
y Pu
rpos
eG
HG
Type
of
Instr
umen
tSt
atus
of
Instr
umen
t
Adm
iniste
ring
gove
rnm
ent
agen
cy/
Acto
rs
Tim
e H
orizo
n
Estim
ated
em
issio
n re
duct
ions
(M
tCO
2e)
Co-b
enefi
ts
Fuel
switc
hing
Feed
stock
Fue
l Sw
itch
- The
Sas
ol
Nat
ural
Gas
Pro
ject
Som
e co
mpa
nies i
n So
uth
Afric
a ha
ve v
olun
taril
y m
ade
the
decis
ion
to sw
itch
from
a h
igh
carb
on in
tens
ive to
a lo
w c
arbo
n fu
el so
urce
. One
of t
he la
rges
t fu
el fe
edsto
ck sw
itche
s was
co
mpl
eted
by
Saso
l, a c
hem
ical
and
ener
gy c
ompa
ny in
Sou
th
Afric
a. Sa
sol r
eplac
ed c
oal w
ith
natu
ral g
as a
s a fe
edsto
ck fo
r a
liquid
synf
uels
facilit
y. This
invo
lved
the
com
miss
ionin
g of
an
856k
m
natu
ral g
as p
ipeli
ne, fr
om th
e Te
man
e an
d Pa
nda
gas fi
elds i
n M
ozam
biqu
e, to
its s
ynfu
els fa
cility
in
Secu
nda,
Sout
h Af
rica.
CO2,
CH4,
N2O
Econ
omic
Exist
ing m
easu
re,
impl
emen
ted
in 20
04.
Priva
te se
ctor
Curr
ent
7.43
• En
ergy
secu
rity;
and
• Im
prov
emen
t in
wor
king
cond
itions
at
the
facilit
y im
plem
entin
g th
e fu
el sw
itch.
Upg
rade
sFe
ed c
ompr
esso
r up
grad
e
The
upgr
ade
of a
feed
co
mpr
esso
r at t
he S
asol
synf
uels
facilit
y re
sulte
d in
a di
rect
ele
ctric
ity sa
ving
of 2
0MW
.
CO2,
CH4,
N2O
Econ
omic
Impl
emen
ted
Priva
te se
ctor
Curr
ent
0.18
• En
ergy
secu
rity.
84 SOUTH AFRICA’S 1ST BIENNIAL UPDATE
Mitig
atio
n Ac
tion
Nam
e of
Pol
icy/
Instr
umen
t/ St
rate
gy/ P
lanPr
imar
y Pu
rpos
eG
HG
Type
of
Instr
umen
tSt
atus
of
Instr
umen
t
Adm
iniste
ring
gove
rnm
ent
agen
cy/
Acto
rs
Tim
e H
orizo
n
Estim
ated
em
issio
n re
duct
ions
(M
tCO
2e)
Co-b
enefi
ts
New
tech
nolo
gyG
as e
ngine
s, he
at
reco
very
and
new
de
sign
Since
200
9, Sa
sol h
as im
plem
ente
d a
rang
e of
elec
tricit
y sa
ving
proj
ects:
• W
et su
lphu
ric a
cid p
lant t
o pr
oduc
e 43
bar
of s
team
, pr
oduc
ing 9
.1MW
ene
rgy.
• O
pen
cycle
gas
turb
ine
to p
rodu
ce 2
00M
W o
f ele
ctric
ity.
• Re
cove
ry o
f 290
tonn
es o
f he
at p
er h
our f
rom
exh
aust
gas f
rom
an
open
cyc
le tu
rbine
, pro
ducin
g 68
MW
en
ergy
.•
Gas
pow
er p
lant t
o pr
ovid
e 14
0MW
of e
lectri
city.
CO2,
CH4,
N2O
Econ
omic
Impl
emen
ted
Priva
te se
ctor
Curr
ent
3.17
• En
ergy
secu
rity;
• Re
duce
air
pollu
tion;
and
• Tr
ansfe
r and
de
velo
pmen
t of s
kills
and
expe
rtise
alo
ng
with
job
crea
tion.
Nitr
ous o
xide
emiss
ion
redu
ctio
nCD
M n
itrou
s oxid
e em
issio
n re
duct
ion
To re
duce
nitr
ous o
xide
emiss
ions
in
the
expl
osive
and
fert
iliser
pr
oduc
tion
proc
ess.
Five
Sout
h Af
rican
nitr
ous o
xide
abat
emen
t pr
ojec
ts ha
ve b
een
regis
tere
d un
der t
he C
lean
Dev
elopm
ent
Mec
hanis
m. T
he U
NFC
CC is
sued
5,3
29,55
8 CE
Rs c
ollec
tively
to
thes
e fiv
e pr
ojec
ts up
unt
il 31
Dec
embe
r 201
2 (e
nd o
f the
firs
t Ky
oto
com
mitm
ent p
erio
d).
N2O
Econ
omic
Impl
emen
ted
Priva
te se
ctor
Curr
ent
5.33
• Re
duce
air
pollu
tion;
and
• Tr
ansfe
r and
de
velo
pmen
t of s
kills
and
expe
rtise
alo
ng
with
job
crea
tion.
Capt
ure
of P
FC in
alu
mini
um p
lants
Long
Term
Mitig
atio
n Sc
enar
ios
(LTM
S)
This
initia
tive
deals
with
the
capt
ure
of P
FCs a
t exis
ting
alum
inium
plan
ts. T
he a
im is
to
capt
ure
100%
of P
FCs e
mitt
ed
from
thes
e pl
ants
by 2
020.
PFC’
sEc
onom
icPl
annin
gN
ot a
pplic
able
2011
- 20
20N
ot
avail
able
.Re
duce
air
pollu
tion;
and
Tran
sfer a
nd d
evelo
pmen
t of
skills
and
exp
ertis
e alo
ng w
ith jo
b cr
eatio
n.
REPORT 2014 85
Mitig
atio
n Ac
tion
Nam
e of
Pol
icy/
Instr
umen
t/ St
rate
gy/ P
lanPr
imar
y Pu
rpos
eG
HG
Type
of
Instr
umen
tSt
atus
of
Instr
umen
t
Adm
iniste
ring
gove
rnm
ent
agen
cy/
Acto
rs
Tim
e H
orizo
n
Estim
ated
em
issio
n re
duct
ions
(M
tCO
2e)
Co-b
enefi
ts
Vario
us G
HG
m
itigat
ion
initia
-tiv
es in
the
IPPU
se
ctor
Sout
h Af
rica’s
G
reen
hous
e G
as
Mitig
atio
n Po
tent
ial
Analy
sis
Mitig
atio
n ac
tions
impl
emen
ted
by th
e IP
PU
sect
or b
etw
een
2000
-201
0 inc
lude:
• Im
prov
ed p
roce
ss, d
eman
d an
d en
ergy
m
anag
emen
t sys
tem
s •
Impr
oved
ene
rgy
mon
itorin
g an
d m
an-
agem
ent s
yste
ms;
• Re
vam
p pl
ants
(incr
ease
cap
acity
and
en
ergy
effi
cienc
y);
• En
ergy
-effi
cient
boi
ler sy
stem
s, kil
ns a
nd
utilit
y sy
stem
s (e.g
. ligh
ting,
refri
gera
tion,
com
pres
sed
air);
• W
aste
hea
t and
/or g
as e
nerg
y re
cove
ry
and
utiliz
atio
n fo
r co-
gene
ratio
n;•
Impl
emen
t bes
t ava
ilable
prod
uctio
n te
chniq
ues;
• Re
plac
e se
mi-c
lose
d su
bmer
ged
arc
furn
aces
with
clo
sed
type
;•
Impr
oved
elec
tric
mot
or sy
stem
con
-tro
ls an
d va
riable
spee
d dr
ives;
• Im
prov
ed h
eat e
xcha
nger
effi
cienc
ies;
• Ta
il-ga
s ene
rgy
reco
very
for c
ombi
ned
heat
and
pow
er (C
HP)
plan
t and
mini
mize
flar
ing;
• U
se a
ltern
ative
fuels
inclu
ding
bio
mas
s/re
sidua
l woo
d w
aste
; and
• Re
plac
e co
al-fir
ed p
artia
l oxid
atio
n pr
oces
s with
nat
ural
gas-fi
red
steam
re
form
ing p
rodu
ct.
CO2,
CH4,
N2O
Econ
omic
Impl
emen
ted
Priva
te se
ctor
2000
- 20
10 18
.6 M
tCO
2e
redu
ctio
n in
emis-
sions
for
the
IPU
U
sect
or
from
:1.9
(p
roce
ss
relat
ed),
1.1 (f
uel
relat
ed)
and
16.4
(elec
tricit
y re
lated
) fo
r 200
0-20
10.
• En
ergy
effi
cienc
y;•
Ener
gy se
curit
y; an
d•
Proc
ess
impr
ovem
ents
and
cost
abat
emen
ts.
Fuel
switc
hes,
ener
gy e
fficie
ncy
and
biog
as
capt
ure
CDM
pro
ject
activ
ities f
or e
nerg
y ef
ficien
cy, fu
el sw
itch
and
biog
as c
aptu
re.
CDM
pro
jects
at fo
ur in
dustr
ial si
tes g
ener
at-
ed C
ERs t
hrou
gh fu
el sw
itch,
ener
gy e
fficie
ncy
or b
ioga
s cap
ture
pro
jects.
The
UN
FCCC
iss
ued
973,9
67 C
ERs c
ollec
tively
to th
ese
four
pr
ojec
ts up
unt
il 31
Dec
embe
r 201
2.
CO2,
CH4,
Econ
omic
Impl
emen
ted
Priva
te se
ctor
2000
- 20
120.9
4•
Ener
gy e
fficie
ncy;
and
• En
ergy
secu
rity.
86 SOUTH AFRICA’S 1ST BIENNIAL UPDATE
3.2.3
Agr
icultu
re, F
ores
try
and
Land
Use
Sec
tor
Tabl
e 25
: Agr
icul
ture
, for
estr
y an
d la
nd u
se s
ecto
r m
itiga
tion
actio
ns
Mitig
atio
n Ac
tion
Nam
e of
Po
licy/
In
strum
ent/
Stra
tegy
/ Plan
Prim
ary
Purp
ose
GH
GTy
pe o
f In
strum
ent
Stat
us o
f In
strum
ent
Adm
iniste
ring
gove
rnm
ent
agen
cy/ A
ctor
s
Tim
e H
orizo
n
Estim
ated
em
issio
n re
duct
ions
(M
tCO
2e)
Co-b
enefi
ts
Land
use
Wor
king
on
Fire
- Fire
wise
Pr
ogra
mm
e
The
objec
tives
of t
his
prog
ram
me
includ
e en
-ha
nced
hum
an sa
fety
and
th
e se
tup
of h
igh q
uality
fir
e an
d lan
d m
anag
emen
t cu
stom
s to
prev
ent h
arm
to
goo
ds a
nd lif
e.
CO2,
CH4,
N2O
Econ
omic
Exist
ing
mea
sure
Insti
gate
d by
G
over
nmen
t an
d ex
ecut
ed
by F
ores
t Fire
As
socia
tion
(FFA
).
Curr
ent
Not
avail
able
• Im
prov
ed re
silien
cy o
f th
e ec
osys
tem
.
Land
use
Long
Term
M
itigat
ion
Scen
ario
s (L
TMS)
: Af
fore
statio
n Pr
ojec
ts
The
rate
of c
omm
ercia
l aff
ores
tatio
n is
plan
ned
to in
crea
se fr
om 2
008
to
2030
. This
mea
ns th
at a
n ad
ditio
nal 7
60,00
0 ha
of
com
mer
cial f
ores
ts ar
e to
be
plan
ted
by 2
030.
CO2
Econ
omic
Exist
ing
mea
sure
DEA
Curr
ent:
2008
- 20
30
Not
avail
able
• M
ainta
ined
ecos
yste
ms;
• W
ater
con
serv
atio
n;•
Pres
erva
tion
of
biod
ivers
ity; a
nd•
Job
crea
tion.
Land
use
Wor
king
on
Land
The
objec
tive
of th
is pr
o-gr
amm
e is
to m
anag
e na
t-ur
al re
sour
ces,
in or
der t
o all
eviat
e bu
sh in
fring
emen
t/th
icken
ing, a
s well
as l
oss
of to
p-so
il. The
firs
t sta
ge
of th
e pr
ojec
t is a
imed
at
cont
rollin
g bu
sh e
ncro
ach-
men
t – th
inning
team
s ha
ve b
een
put i
n pl
ace
to
cont
rol e
ncro
achm
ent o
n ab
out 1
,526
ha o
f lan
d.
CO2
Econ
omic
Exist
ing
mea
sure
DEA
in
part
ners
hip
with
the
Land
Car
e pr
ogra
mm
e as
well
as
othe
r gro
ups/
instit
utio
ns
(mun
icipa
lities
, fam
ers,
unive
rsitie
s, sc
hool
s, et
c.)
April
20
11 to
M
arch
20
14
Not
avail
able
• Cr
eate
new
job
oppo
r-tu
nities
; and
• So
cio-e
cono
mic
bene
fits
for l
ocal
resid
ents,
whic
h ult
imat
ely c
ontri
bute
s to
the
Expa
nded
Pub
lic
Wor
ks P
rogr
amm
e (E
PWP)
.
REPORT 2014 87
Mitig
atio
n Ac
tion
Nam
e of
Po
licy/
In
strum
ent/
Stra
tegy
/ Plan
Prim
ary
Purp
ose
GH
GTy
pe o
f In
strum
ent
Stat
us o
f In
strum
ent
Adm
iniste
ring
gove
rnm
ent
agen
cy/ A
ctor
s
Tim
e H
orizo
n
Estim
ated
em
issio
n re
duct
ions
(M
tCO
2e)
Co-b
enefi
ts
Agric
ultur
eLo
ng Te
rm
Mitig
atio
n Sc
enar
ios
(LTM
S): E
nter
ic fe
rmen
tatio
n
This
prog
ram
me
plan
s to
redu
ce e
nter
ic fe
rmen
ta-
tion
from
cat
tle, b
y tra
ns-
ferr
ing fr
ee-ra
nge
cattl
e to
fe
edlo
ts an
d fe
eding
them
hig
h-pr
otein
, high
ly-di
gest-
ible
food
.
CO2
Non
ePl
anne
dD
EA20
03 -
2050
313
• M
ainta
ined
ecos
yste
ms;
• W
ater
con
serv
atio
n;•
Pres
erva
tion
of b
iodi
-ve
rsity
; and
• Jo
b cr
eatio
n.
Agric
ultur
eLo
ng Te
rm
Mitig
atio
n Sc
enar
ios
(LTM
S):
Redu
ced
tillag
e
This
prog
ram
me
aims
to re
duce
tilla
ge o
n cr
oplan
ds in
ord
er to
re
duce
soil e
rosio
n.
CO2
Non
ePl
anne
dD
EA20
03 -
2050
100
• Sa
ves l
abou
r and
ene
rgy
costs
; and
• Be
nefit
s soi
l co
nser
vatio
n.
88 SOUTH AFRICA’S 1ST BIENNIAL UPDATE
3.2.4
Was
te
Tabl
e 26
: Was
te s
ecto
r m
itiga
tion
actio
ns
Mitig
atio
n Ac
tion
Nam
e of
Pol
icy/
Instr
umen
t/ St
rate
gy/ P
lanPr
imar
y Pu
rpos
eG
HG
Type
of
Instr
umen
tSt
atus
of
Instr
umen
t
Adm
iniste
ring
gove
rnm
ent
Agen
cy/ A
ctor
s
Tim
e H
orizo
n
Estim
ated
em
issio
n re
duct
ions
(M
tCO
2e)
Co-b
enefi
ts
Was
teM
unici
pal S
olid
Was
te Ta
riff
Stra
tegy
The
Mun
icipa
l Sol
id W
aste
Tarif
f St
rate
gy w
as d
evelo
ped
in 20
11.
The
purp
ose
of th
e ta
riff s
trate
gy is
to
pro
vide
a fra
mew
ork
and
guid
ance
fo
r mun
icipa
lities
in se
tting
solid
was
te
tarif
fs th
at a
lign
with
the
inten
tions
of
the
Nat
iona
l Was
te
Man
agem
ent S
trate
gy.
CH4
Econ
omic/
re
gulat
ory
Exist
ing m
easu
reD
EACu
rren
tN
ot av
ailab
le•
Cons
erve
spac
e in
exist
ing
landfi
lls.
Was
teRe
cycli
ng a
nd E
cono
mic
Dev
elopm
ent I
nitiat
ive o
f So
uth
Afric
a (R
EDISA
)
The
purp
ose
of th
is ini
tiativ
e is
to
incre
ase
recy
cling
, reu
se o
f mat
erial
s an
d en
ergy
reco
very
.
CO2
Econ
omic
Exist
ing m
easu
reD
EACu
rren
tN
ot av
ailab
le•
Cons
erve
spac
e in
exist
ing
landfi
lls;
• Re
duce
pol
lutio
n an
d en
ergy
co
nsum
ptio
n as
socia
ted
with
the
man
ufac
ture
of
new
mat
erial
s; an
d•
The
innov
atio
n an
d ch
allen
ges (
for e
xam
ple,
the
traini
ng a
nd sk
ills re
quire
d fo
r dec
onstr
uctio
n) c
an
help
to a
ttrac
t and
reta
in em
ploy
ees w
ho a
re k
een
to
deve
lop
new
skills
.W
aste
Nat
iona
l Org
anic
Was
te
Com
posti
ng S
trate
gy
(NO
WCS
)
This
strat
egy
has b
een
deve
lope
d to
pr
omot
e co
mpo
sting
as a
met
hod
of
bene
ficiat
ing o
rgan
ic w
aste
, and
to
dive
rt o
rgan
ics fr
om la
ndfill
disp
osal.
CO2, C
H4
Econ
omic
Exist
ing m
easu
reD
EACu
rren
tN
ot av
ailab
le•
Redu
ce w
aste
disp
osal
costs
.
Was
te B
ioga
s to
ener
gy p
rojec
ts(D
urba
n,Pet
roSA
, En
viroS
erve
)
Mos
t of t
he p
rojec
ts ar
e CD
M a
nd
the
main
obj
ectiv
e is
to p
rodu
ce
ener
gy fr
om th
e m
etha
ne in
the
landfi
lls)
CH4
Econ
omic
Exist
ing M
easu
rePr
ivate
sect
or &
G
over
nmen
tCu
rren
tAb
out
1 52
1 24
2 CE
Rs
issue
d to
dat
e
• Ad
ditio
nal e
nerg
y pr
oduc
tion
leads
to
allev
iatio
n of
pre
ssur
e on
th
e na
tiona
l grid
.
REPORT 2014 89
3.2.5
Fina
ncial
Mea
sure
s
Tabl
e 27
: Fin
anci
al m
easu
res
sect
or m
itiga
tion
actio
ns
Mitig
atio
n Ac
tion
Nam
e of
Pol
icy/
Instr
umen
t/ St
rate
gy/
Plan
Prim
ary
Purp
ose
GH
GTy
pe o
f In
strum
ent
Stat
us o
f In
strum
ent
Adm
iniste
ring
gove
rnm
ent
agen
cy/
Acto
rs
Tim
e H
orizo
n
Estim
ated
em
issio
n re
duct
ions
(M
tCO
2e)
Co-b
enefi
ts
Carb
on ta
xEle
ctric
ity le
vyTh
is is
a lev
y on
all e
lectri
city
prod
uced
from
non
-rene
w-
able
sour
ces (
whic
h is
mor
e th
an 9
0% o
f Sou
th A
frica
’s ele
ctric
ity). T
he re
venu
e fro
m
the
levy
is fo
r fun
ding
the
repa
ir of
road
s (pa
rticu
larly
in M
pum
alang
a) th
at a
re
dam
aged
by
coal
truck
s.
CO2
Econ
omic
Exist
ing m
easu
reN
atio
nal T
reas
ury
Curr
ent
Not
avail
able
• Tr
ansp
aren
t elec
tricit
y pr
icing
; an
d•
Impr
oved
road
s.
Carb
on ta
xCa
rbon
dio
xide
vehic
le em
issio
ns ta
xA
CO2 e
miss
ions
tax
is ap
pli-
cable
to n
ew p
asse
nger
mot
or
vehic
les. T
he m
ain o
bjec
tive
of th
is ta
x is
to in
fluen
ce th
e co
mpo
sitio
n of
Sou
th A
frica
’s ve
hicle
fleet
to b
ecom
e m
ore
ener
gy e
fficie
nt a
nd e
nviro
n-m
enta
lly fr
iendl
y.
CO2
Econ
omic
Exist
ing m
easu
re,
whic
h w
as
anno
unce
d in
2009
.
Nat
iona
l Tre
asur
yCu
rren
tN
ot av
ailab
le•
Redu
ce a
ir po
llutio
n; an
d•
Facil
itate
the
trans
ition
to a
gr
een
econ
omy.
Carb
on ta
xIn
com
e Tax
Act
58
of 1
962;
Sect
ion
12L
and
the
Nat
iona
l En
ergy
Act
34
of 2
008,
Sect
ion
19 re
ad w
ith
the ‘
Regu
latio
n on
the
allow
ance
for e
nerg
y ef
ficien
cy sa
vings
’ (R
729)
.
Sect
ion
12L
of th
e In
com
e Ta
x Ac
t pro
vides
for a
tax
incen
tive
as a
resu
lt of
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
effi
cienc
y ini
tiativ
es. T
his c
ame
into
effe
ct
on 1
Nov
embe
r 201
3.
CO2
Econ
omic
Exist
ing m
easu
reSA
NED
I and
SAR
sCu
rren
t (O
ctob
er
2013
–
Dec
embe
r 20
19)
Not
avail
able
, bu
t can
be
quan
tified
.
• Fa
cilita
te th
e tra
nsitio
n to
a
gree
n ec
onom
y;•
Envir
onm
enta
lly su
staina
ble
grow
th; a
nd•
Job
crea
tion
90 SOUTH AFRICA’S 1ST BIENNIAL UPDATE
Mitig
atio
n Ac
tion
Nam
e of
Pol
icy/
Instr
umen
t/ St
rate
gy/
Plan
Prim
ary
Purp
ose
GH
GTy
pe o
f In
strum
ent
Stat
us o
f In
strum
ent
Adm
iniste
ring
gove
rnm
ent
agen
cy/
Acto
rs
Tim
e H
orizo
n
Estim
ated
em
issio
n re
duct
ions
(M
tCO
2e)
Co-b
enefi
ts
Carb
on ta
xCa
rbon
Tax
Polic
yCa
rbon
tax
is to
be
impl
emen
ted
in or
der t
o all
ow b
usine
sses
to in
tern
alise
th
e ne
gativ
e ef
fect
s of
GH
G e
miss
ions
by
adjus
ting
the
price
of s
uch
serv
ices
and
envir
onm
enta
l goo
ds
acco
rding
ly. Ca
rbon
taxe
s w
ill en
cour
age
beha
viour
al tra
nsfo
rmat
ion
amon
gst
cons
umer
s and
pro
duce
rs, in
su
ppor
t of g
reen
er, c
leane
r, m
ore
effic
ient a
nd lo
wer
-ca
rbon
em
itting
tech
nolo
gies.
CO2,
CH4,
N2O
, H
FCs,
SFs,
PFCs
.
Econ
omic
Alre
ady
iden
tified
, but
not
im
plem
ente
d.
Nat
iona
l Tre
asur
y20
16
onw
ards
Not
avail
able
• Fa
cilita
te th
e tra
nsitio
n to
a
gree
n ec
onom
y;•
Envir
onm
enta
lly su
staina
ble
grow
th; a
nd•
Job
crea
tion.
Emiss
ions
trad
ingEm
issio
n tra
ding
sc
hem
eEm
issio
n tra
ding
sche
mes
all
ow fo
r cou
ntrie
s to
mee
t th
eir e
miss
ion
redu
ctio
n ob
ligat
ions
and
for c
ompa
nies
to o
ffset
their
GH
G e
miss
ions
. Pu
blic
and
priva
te c
ompa
nies
in So
uth
Afric
a ha
ve re
gis-
tere
d Cl
ean
Dev
elopm
ent
Mec
hanis
m (C
DM
) pro
jects,
Ve
rified
Car
bon
Stan
dard
(V
CS) p
rojec
ts, a
nd G
old
Stan
dard
(GS)
pro
jects.
CO2
Econ
omic
Exist
ing m
easu
reD
esign
ated
N
atio
nal A
utho
rity
unde
r the
D
epar
tmen
t of
Ener
gy
Curr
ent
18•
Fore
ign re
serv
e ea
rning
s;•
Envir
onm
enta
lly su
staina
ble
grow
th;
• Jo
b cr
eatio
n.
REPORT 2014 91
3.3 PRIVATE SECTOR MITIGATION INITIATIVES
South Africa’s private sector mitigation initiatives have been predominantly geared toward energy efficiency, demand management and moving towards less carbon-intensive energy mix. This has resulted in the economic benefits of improved efficiency and competitiveness. The private sector has implemented mitigation initiatives often with incentives such as:
• International market mechanisms such as the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Verified Carbon Standard (VCS). To date (November 2014), South
Africa has registered 59 stand-alone CDM projects and 34 Programmes of Activities (PoAs). South Africa has also registered 7 VCS projects – 3 of which being Grouped Projects; and
• Domestic support mechanisms such as Eskom’s De-mand Side Management (DSM) and Integrated De-mand Management (IDM) programmes.
The graph below presents the effect of South Africa’s private sector mitigation initiatives on the country’s national GHG inventory. In 2010, these mitigation activities contributed to a 3% reduction in overall emissions.
Figure 25: Effect of South Africa’s mitigation initiatives on the country’s national greenhouse gas inventory (Promethium Carbon, 2014)
92 SOUTH AFRICA’S 1ST BIENNIAL UPDATE
3.4 DOMESTIC INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
South Africa has established a set of domestic institutional arrangements to facilitate smooth implementation of climate change mitigation policies and measures by the government. The three committees discussed below have been set up to drive the effort toward mainstream climate-resilient development.
3.4.1 Inter-Ministerial Committee on Climate Change (IMCCC)
The Inter-Ministerial Committee on Climate Change (IMCCC) was set up in 2009 to coordinate and drive miti-gation responses and measures across government depart-ments. The IMCCC is chaired by South Africa’s Minister of Environmental Affairs, and its Terms of Reference include:
• Directing the formulation of a national programme for climate change, and developing South Africa’s final mandate for the UNFCCC; and
• Exercising oversight over all aspects of the implemen-tation of climate policy. To this end, the IMCCC will oversee the implementation of the country’s National Climate Change response Policy, and the implementa-tion of climate change response policies and measures.
The technical, analytical and administrative capacity of the IMCCC is provided by a secretariat based at the Depart-ment of Environmental Affairs, which co-opts any required skills from other government departments or from outside the government.
3.4.2 Inter-Governmental Committee on Climate Change (IGCCC)
The Inter-Governmental Committee on Climate Change (IGCCC) was established in 2008 to facilitate cooperative governance in the area of climate change. The IGCCC brings
together relevant national and provincial departments to ex-change climate change information, and to assist with climate change policy development and implementation.
The Terms of Reference of the IGCCC include:
• Dealing with international and local policy matters, including:
• Informing South Africa’s climate change-related international negotiation positions, and the make-up of South African negotiating teams and dele-gations; and
• Facilitating and co-ordinating the alignment of all policies, strategies, action plans, legislation, regula-tions, systems, implementation projects, and pilot projects that may have an impact on government’s climate change policies and programmes;
• Dealing with implementation matters, including:
• Acting as the de facto government steering com-mittee for climate change-related projects that impact on, or require the active involvement of, more than one of the IGCCC members (e.g. the national GHG inventory, and the NCCRP devel-opment process);
• Providing a platform for all IGCCC members to share information on their various climate change-related projects and initiatives (including, but not limited to, policy, strategies, action plans, legislation, regulations, systems, implementation projects, and pilot projects);
• Facilitating and co-ordinating the efficient and effective implementation of various climate change-related projects and initiatives that impact on, or require the active involvement of, more than one of the IGCCC members; and
• Monitoring and reporting progress on the im-plementation of various climate change-related
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projects and initiatives that impact on, or require the active involvement of, more than one of the IGCCC members; and
• Dealing with information management matters, including:
• Providing a platform for all IGCCC members to share information on forthcoming national, region-al, and international climate change-related events (e.g. conferences, seminars, workshops, training opportunities, etc.); and
• Acting as a reference group to ensure consistent, integrated, and coherent government messaging for climate change-related outreach and aware-ness-raising activities.
Finally, the IGCCC (together with South Africa’s IMCCC) is responsible for development and oversight of the country’s suite of near-term priority Flagship Programmes.
3.4.3 National Committee on Climate Change (NCCC)
The National Committee on Climate Change (NCCC) was set up to consult with stakeholders from key sectors that impact on (or are impacted by) climate change. The Com-mittee advises on matters relating to national responsibilities with respect to climate change, and in particular in relation to the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol. The NCCC acts as the official national platform for continuous stakeholder engagement on climate change within South Africa.
