3. sample Forms of Government

8/9/2019 3. sample Forms of Government

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Governance

1. manner of government: the system or

manner of government;

2. state of governing a place: the act or

state of governing a place;

3. authority: control or authority


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ADMINISTRATION

It means the management of the

affairs of a business, organiation, or

institution!


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"O#$RNM$NT

%orms of "overnment&

The principal forms are thefollo'ing&

(!As to number of personse)ercising sovereign po'ers;


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*! As to e)tent of po'ers

e)ercise+ by the central ornational government;

! As to relationship bet'een thee)ecutive an+ the legislative

branches of the government;

4. As to source of power orauthority:


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(! As to number of persons

e)ercising sovereign po'ers&

A. Government by one

A(- Monarchy or one in 'hich

the supreme an+ final authority


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is in the han+s of a singleperson 'ithout regar+ to the

source of his election or the

nature or +uration of his tenure!

Monarchies are further

classifie+ into&


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Monarchy, form of governmentin 'hich one person has thehere+itary right to rule as hea+

of state +uring his or herlifetime; the term is also applie+to the state so governe+!


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Monarchs inclu+e such rulers as

.ings an+ /ueens, emperors an+empresses, tsars, an+ .aisers!

T'o types of Monarchicalgovernment&

(! Absolute Monarchy or one in'hich the ruler rules by +ivineright; an+


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*! 0imite+ monarchy or one in

'hich the ruler rules inaccor+ance 'ith a constitution!

The po'er of the monarchvaries from absolute to verylimite+; the latter is e)emplifie+

in mo+ern1+ay constitutionalmonarchies!


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A* Authoritarianor one in 'hich

the supreme po'er of the+ictator 'hose po'er is usually

through force!1. strict and demanding

obedience: favoring strict rules

an+ establishe+ authority;


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2. demanding politicalobedience: belonging to or

believing in a political system in

'hich obe+ience to the rulingperson or group is strongly

enforce+!


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B. Government by few

2( Aristocracy or one in 'hichpolitical po'er is e)ercise+ by fe'privilege+ class!

1. people of highest social class:people of noble families or thehighest social class


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2. superior group: a group

believe+ to be superior to allothers of the same .in+

3. government by elite:government of a country by asmall group of people,especially a here+itary nobility

. state run by elite: a stategoverne+ by an aristocracy.


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B2 !ligarchy

1. small governing group: a

small group of people 'ho

together govern a nation orcontrol an organiation, often for

their o'n purposes;


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2. entity ruled by oligarchy: anation governe+ or an

organiation controlle+ by an

oligarchy;

3. government by small group:

government or control by asmall group of people!


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"ources of their power:

(!2y birth*! 2y 'ealth! 2y 'is+om

In an aristocracy, although the

po'er of government is 'iel+e+ bya fe', theoretically the

a+ministration of government is

carrie+ on for the 'elfare of themany!


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3henever the interests of the

people as a 'hole are ma+e

subservient to the selfishinterests of the rulers,

aristocracy becomes a form ofgovernment .no'n as oligarchy!


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#. Government by many

#1 $emocracy or one in 'hich

political po'er is e)ercise+ bythe ma4ority of the people! It is

further classifie+ into&


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#1.1 $irect or pure democracyor

one in 'hich the 'ill of the state isformulate+ or e)presse+ +irectlyan+ imme+iately through thepeople in a mass meeting orprimary assembly rather thanthrough the me+ium ofrepresentatives chosen by thepeople to act for them!


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#1.2 %ndirect& representative or

republican democracy or one in'hich the 'ill of the state is

formulate+ an+ e)presse+ through

the agency of a relatively small

an+ select bo+y of persons chosen

by the people to act as theirrepresentatives!


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*! As to e)tent of po'erse)ercise+ by the central ornational government&

A! 'nitarygovernment orone in 'hich the control ofnational an+ local affairs ise)ercise+ by the nationalgovernment;


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2! (ederal government or onein 'hich the po'ers ofgovernment are +ivi+e+

bet'een t'o sets of organs,one for national affairs an+ theother for local affairs, each

organ being supreme 'ithin itso'n sphere!


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Dist! bet! %e+eral 5 6nitary "ov7t

(ederal states, such as the 6!S!an+ S'iterlan+, comprise unions

of states in 'hich the authority ofthe central or national governmentis constitutionally limite+ by thelegally establishe+ po'ers of theconstituent sub+ivisions!


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In unitary states, such asthe 6nite+ 8ing+om an+

2elgium, the constituent

sub+ivisions of the state are

subor+inate to the authority of

the national government!


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9ountries 'ith fe+eral political

systems have both a centralgovernment an+ governmentsbase+ in smaller political units,

usually calle+ states, provinces, orterritories! These smaller politicalunits surren+er some of their

political po'er to the centralgovernment, relying on it to act forthe common goo+!


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In a fe+eral system, la's are

ma+e both by state, provincial, orterritorial governments an+ by acentral government! In the 6nite+

States, for e)ample, people 'holive in the state of Ohio mustobey the la's ma+e by the Ohiolegislature an+ the 9ongress ofthe 6nite+ States!


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%e+eral political systems +ivi+epo'er an+ resources bet'eencentral an+ regional governments!

9entral governments +eci+e issuesthat concern the 'hole country,such as organiing an army,

buil+ing ma4or roa+s, an+ ma.ingtreaties 'ith other countries!


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In unitary systems, 'ith la's givingvirtually all authority to the central

government! The central

government may +elegate +uties tocities or other a+ministrative units,

but it retains final authority an+ can

retract any tas.s it has +elegate+!


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The central government in aunitary systemis much more

po'erful than the centralgovernment in a fe+eral system!


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! As to relationship bet'een the

e)ecutive an+ the legislativebranches of the government&

A! )arliamentary government orcabinet gov*t! is one in 'hich thee)ecutive an+ legislative branch of

the government are +epen+ent ore)ecutive branch is part of thelegislative branch!


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Distinctions bet! :resi+ential 5:arliamentary

In parliamentary

governments, of 'hich the6nite+ 8ing+om, In+ia, an+9ana+a are e)amples, the

e)ecutive branch is subor+inateto the legislature!


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In presidential

governments, such as in the

6!S!, the e)ecutive is

in+epen+ent of the legislature,although many of the

e)ecutives actions are sub4ectto legislative revie'!


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e)isting constitution but has thegeneral support of the people an+has effective control of the territory

over 'hich it e)ercises its po'ers!


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2! $e +ureis one 'hich is

constitute+ or foun+e+ inaccor+ance 'ith the e)isting

constitution of the state but hasno control of the territory!

9! ,ereditary - lective


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#hec/s andBalances, the +octrine an+ practice of +ispersing political po'er

an+ creating mutualaccountability among politicalentities such as the courts, thepresi+ent or prime minister, thelegislature, an+ the citiens!


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The system of chec.s an+

balances is a basic feature of the6nite+ States government.

The first chec. comes from the factthat +ifferent branches of the

government have overlapping

authority, so each branch can actas a limit on the other!


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%or e)ample, the presi+ent canveto an act of 9ongress! A t'o1thir+s ma4ority in 9ongress can

then overri+e the presi+ent7sveto! The presi+ent appointsma4or fe+eral officials, but only if

the Senate by ma4ority voteagrees!


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"eparation of

)owers, the +octrine an+ practi

ce of +ivi+ing the po'ers of agovernment among +ifferent

branches to guar+ againstabuse of authority!


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A government of separate+po'ers assigns +ifferent political

an+ legal po'ers to the

legislative, e)ecutive, an+

4u+icial branches! The

legislative branch has thepo'er to ma.e la's.


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The e0ecutive branchhas theauthority to a+minister the la'=

primarily by bringing

la'brea.ers to trial=an+ toappoint officials an+ oversee the

a+ministration of governmentresponsibilities!


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Theudicial branch has the

po'er to try cases brought to

court an+ to interpret the

meaning of la's un+er 'hichthe trials are con+ucte+!


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A government of separate+

po'ers is less li.ely to be

tyrannical an+ more li.ely to

follo' the rule of la'& theprinciple that government action

must be constraine+ by la's.


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A separation of po'ers can also

ma.e a political system more

+emocratic by ma.ing it more

+ifficult for a single ruler, suchas a monarch or a presi+ent, to

become +ictatorial!


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The +ivision of po'ers alsoprevents one branch of

government from +ominatingthe others or +ictating the la'sto the public! Most +emocratic

systems have some +egree ofseparation of po'ers.

Documents

3. sample Forms of Government