3 Spesies kronis yang terkena paparan

8/11/2019 3 Spesies kronis yang terkena paparan

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3 Species Chronic Screen-- Many NPDES permits call for an initial 3 speciesscreen consisting of a vertebrate, invertebrate and a plant. The most sensitive

species is then selected for the remaining testing. This 3 species screen may berepeated for the first to or three test periods or yearly, depending on permit

specifications.

Acute toxicity-- The discernible adverse effects ind!ced in an organism ithin a

short period of time "days# of e$pos!re to a chemical. %or a&!atic animals, this!s!ally refers to contin!o!s e$pos!re to the chemical in ater for a period of !p to

fo!r days. The effects "lethal or s!b-lethal# occ!rring may !s!ally be observedithin the period of e$pos!re ith a&!atic organisms. 'c!te to$icity is !s!ally

defined as T(a ) *++/+. Note that ac!te means short, not mortality.

Acute Toxicity test-- ' method !sed to determine the concentration of a s!bstance

that prod!ces a to$ic effect on a specified percentage of test organisms in a shortperiod of time "e.g., 01 ho!rs#. 's a general g!ideline, death is the meas!re of

to$icity.

Ambient Toxicity-- To$icity fo!nd in the 2!naffected2 portion of an effl!ents

receiving aters.

Bioassay-- ' test !sed to eval!ate the relative potency of a chemical by comparing

its effect on a living organism ith the effect of a standard preparation on the sametype of organism. The term 2bioassay2 is commonly, tho!gh not technically

correct, !sed interchangeably ith the term 2to$icity test2.

Chronic toxicity-- 'n adverse effect that lingers or contin!es for a relatively long

period of time. ' chronic effect can be lethality, groth, red!ced reprod!ction, etc.hronic to$icity is defined as T(c ) *++N4E or T(c ) *++Ep "or *++5p#.

Note6 chronic means long.

Chronic toxicity test-- ' method !sed to determine the concentration of as!bstance in ater that prod!ces an adverse effect on a test organism over an

e$tended period of time. 7ed!ctions in reprod!ction or groth are meas!res of

chronic effects.

Coefficient of Variation (CV)-- The standard statistical meas!rement of therelative variation of a distrit!btion or set of data, defined as the standard deviation

divided by the mean. oefficient of variation is a meas!rement of precision ithinand and among laboratories.

Confidence limits or interval (CI)-- The limits or interval ithin hich, at somespecified level of probability, the tr!e val!e of a res!lt lies. Typically /+ val!es

are reported ith a 0/ 8 confidence limits.


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Control-- 'n e$pos!re of test organisms to dil!tion ater only "no to$icant isadded#. Dil!tion ater may consist of laboratory or client s!pplied receiving

aters.

Critical life stae-- The period of time in an organisms life span in hich it is the

most s!sceptible to adverse effects ca!sed by e$pos!re to to$icants, !s!ally d!ringearly development "egg, embryo, larvae#. hronic to$icity tests are often r!n on

critical life stages to replace long d!ration, life cycle tests since the to$ic effectocc!rs d!ring the critical life stage.

!eath-- Defined as the lac9 of movement or reaction even after gentle prodding,

!efinitive bioassay-- ' bioassay designed to establish concentration at hich a

partic!lar end point occ!rs. E$pos!res for these tests are longer than for screen or

range finding assays and !s!ally incorporate m!ltiple replicates.

!ilution allo"ance-- 'lloance given to acco!nt for initial dil!tion of effl!entinto receiving aters. :ecomes an important factor hen calc!lating proper test

concentrations for to$icity testing.

!ilution "ater-- The ater to hich the test s!bstance is added "dil!ted# and inhich the organisms !ndergo e$pos!re.

!ose #esponse Curve-- ' mathematical representation of the response of test

organisms to different concentrations of a to$icanteffl!ent.

$ffective Concentration ($C) -- ' point estimate "statistically derived# of theto$icant concentration that o!ld ca!se an &!antal "2all or nothing2# effect, s!ch as

death or lac9 of fertili;ation, in a given time, for e$ample, 01hr E/+.

$C%&-- The concentration of test s!bstance in dil!tion ater that is calc!lated to

effect /+ percent of a test pop!lation d!ring contin!o!s e$pos!re over a specifiedperiod of time.

$xposure time-- ength of time a test organism is e$posed to a test sol!tion.

'lo"throuh tests-- 7efers to the contin!o!s or very fre&!ent passage of freshtest sol!tion thro!gh a test chamber ith no recycling. :eca!se of the large vol!me"often


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ypothesis Testin-- ' techni&!e that determines hat concentration isstatistically different from the control. Endpoint determined from hypothesis

testing are N4E and 4E.

Inhibition Concentration (IC)-- ' point estimate "statistically derived# of the

to$icant concentration that o!ld ca!se a given percent red!ction in a non-&!antalbiological meas!rement s!ch as fec!ndity or groth. %or e$ample, an 5=/ o!ld

be the estimated concentration of to$icant that o!ld ca!se a =/8 red!ction inmean yo!ng prod!ced or in groth.

,ethal Concentration (,C)-- to$icant concentration prod!cing death of testorganism. %or e$ample, a 01 hr /+ o!ld be the test concentration 9illing /+8

of e$posed organisms after 01 ho!rs of e$pos!re.

,C%&-- ethal concentration of a s!bstance 9illing /+ percent of an e$posedorganisms at a specific time interval. 'lso referred to as the median lethalconcentration "M#.

,-$C (,o"est -bserved $ffect Concentration)-- The loest to$icantconcentration of an effl!ent or a to$icant in a chronic bioassay that ca!sed an

adverse effect statistically different from the control. 'lso referred to as the 4E"oest 4bserved Effect evel#.

.a/or 0ermit-- 'ny permit"ee# ith a design flo of *.+ M>D "million gallons

per day# or greater "m!nicipal#. 'ny permit"ee# hich scores ?+ or greater on thema@orminor permit classification scale "ind!strial#.

.ATC (.aximum Acceptable Toxicant Concentration)-- To$icantconcentration that may be present in a receiving ater itho!t ca!sing significant

harm to prod!ctivity or other !ses. M'T is determined by long term tests ofeither partial life cycle ith sensitive life stages or a f!ll life cycle of the test

organism.

.1!-- Million >allons per Day of discharge.

.inimum Sinificant !ifference (.S!)-- This is the magnit!de of differencefrom the control here the n!ll hypothesis "the effl!ent is not to$ic# is re@ected in a

statistical test comparing a treatment "effl!ent concentrations# and a control. MSDis based on the n!mber of replicates, control performance and the poer of the test.

.ixin 2one-- 'n allocated impact area in a ater body here n!meric ater&!ality criteria can be e$ceeded as long as ac!tely to$ic conditions are prevented.

'lso referred to as A5D "Aone of 5nitial Dil!tion#.

eonate-- 7ecently hatched cladoceran "ater flea#"ie., Ceriodaiphnia !ubia).


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-$C (o -bserved $ffect Concentration)-- The highest concentration of aneffl!ent or a to$icant in a chronic bioassay that did not ca!se adverse effect

statistically different from the control.

-$, (o -bserved $ffect ,evel)-- The highest meas!red contin!o!s

concentration of an effl!ent or other to$icant that ca!ses no observed effect on atest organism.

0!$S-- The National Poll!tant Discharge Elimination System prescribed bySection


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its !se. 5f lethality is observed in the screening test, a definitive test may bere&!ired.

Static tests -- To$icity tests ith a&!atic organisms in hich no flo of testsol!tion occ!rs. Sol!tions may remain !nchanged thro!gho!t the d!ration of the

test. Types incl!de6 "i# nonreneal - the test organisms are e$posed to the sameeffl!ent sol!tion for the d!ration of the test and "ii# reneal - the test organisms

are e$posed to a fresh sol!tion of the same concentration of effl!ent every =< ho!rsor other prescribed interval, either by transferring the test organisms from one test

chamber to another, or by replacing all . * or a portion of the effl!ent sol!tion inthe test chambers.

Static rene"al test -- ' test method in hich the test sol!tion is periodicallyreplaced at specific intervals d!ring the test.

Toxicity-- 'dverse effect to a test organism ca!sed by 2poll!tants. 2 To$icity is ares!ltant of concentration and time, modified by variables s!ch as temperat!re,

chemical form, and availability.

Toxicity test-- ' meas!re of the to$icity of a chemical or an effl!ent !sing living

organisms by determining the degree of response "s!rvival, reprod!ction, groth,etc.# of an e$posed organism to the chemical or effl!ent.

Toxic 5nits (T5s)-- ' meas!re of to$icity in an effl!ent as determined by the

ac!te to$icity !nits or chronic to$icity !nits. igher T(s indicate greater to$icity.

Toxic 5nit Acute (T5a)-- ' mathematical conversion of /+ into a relatable

val!e. T(a ) *++/+.

Toxic 5nit Chronic (T5c)-- ' mathematical conversion of an N4E or N4E

into a relatable val!e. T(c ) *++N4E.

Toxicity Identification $valuation (TI$)-- ' set of proced!res !sed to identify

the specific chemical"s# responsible for effl!ent to$icity. T5Es are a s!bset of the

T7E.

Toxicity #eduction $valuation (T#$) -- ' site-specific st!dy cond!cted in astepise process designed to identify the ca!sative agents of effl!ent to$icity,

isolate the so!rces of to$icity, eval!ate the effectiveness of to$icity control options,and then confirm the red!ction in effl!ent to$icity. T7Es may incl!de T5E testing

as part of this process.

+hole $ffluent Toxicity (+$T)-- The total to$ic effect of an effl!ent meas!red

directly ith a to$icity test.


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2one of Initial !ilution (2I!)-- 'n allocated impact area, or mi$ing ;one, in aater body here n!meric ater &!ality criteria can be e$ceeded as long as ac!tely

to$ic conditions are prevented.

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3 Spesies kronis yang terkena paparan