Revolution and Nationalism 25

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GUIDED READING TotalitarianismCase Study: Stalinist Russia

Section 2

A. Determining Main Ideas As you read this section, fill in the web diagram with key characteristics of Stalinist Russia.

B. Clarifying Define or identify each of the following terms:

totalitarianism command economy collective farm Five-Year Plan

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER

30

1. Industrial policies 2. Agricultural policies 3. Art/religion

4. Education 5. Control methods 6. Propaganda methods

Stalin’s Totalitarian State

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PRIMARY SOURCE The Need for Progress Speech by Joseph Stalin

Joseph Stalin (1879–1953) ruled the Communist Party in the Soviet Union from1928 until his death. One of his aims as the Soviet premiere was to tap the coun-try’s vast economic potential. His economic plans achieved success but at animmense human cost. Historians estimate that he caused the deaths of between8 and 13 million people. In this speech in 1931, he invoked Russian nationalism inan attempt to motivate a group of industrial managers.

Section 2

About ten years ago a slogan was issued: “SinceCommunists do not yet properly understand

the technique of production, since they have yet tolearn the art of management, let the old techniciansand engineers—the experts—carry on production,and you, Communists, do not interfere with thetechnique of the business; but, while not interfer-ing, study technique, study the art of managementtirelessly, in order later on, together with theexperts who are loyal to us, to become true man-agers of production, true masters of the business.”Such was the slogan. But what actually happened?The second part of this formula was cast aside, forit is harder to study than to sign papers; and thefirst part of the formula was vulgarised: non-inter-ference was interpreted to mean refraining fromstudying the technique of production. The resulthas been nonsense, harmful and dangerous non-sense, which the sooner we discard the better. . . .

It is time, high time that we turned towardstechnique. . . .

This, of course, is no easy matter; but it can cer-tainly be accomplished. Science, technical experi-ence, knowledge, are all things that can beacquired. We may not have them today, but tomor-row we shall. The main thing is to have the passion-ate Bolshevik desire to master technique, to masterthe science of production. . . .

You remember the words of the pre-revolution-ary poet: “You are poor and abundant, mighty andimpotent, Mother Russia.” Those gentlemen werequite familiar with the verses of the old poet. Theybeat her, saying: “You are abundant,” so one canenrich oneself at your expense. They beat her, say-ing: “You are poor and impotent,” so you can bebeaten and plundered with impunity. Such is thelaw of the exploiters—to beat the backward and the

weak. It is the jungle law of capitalism. You arebackward, you are weak—therefore you are wrong;hence you can be beaten and enslaved. You aremighty—therefore you are right; hence we must bewary of you.

That is why we must no longer lag behind.In the past we had no fatherland, nor could we

have had one. But now that we have overthrowncapitalism and power is in our hands, in the handsof the people, we have a fatherland, and we willuphold its independence. Do you want our socialistfatherland to be beaten and to lose its independence?If you do not want this, you must put an end to itsbackwardness in the shortest possible time anddevelop a genuine Bolshevik tempo in building upits socialist economy. There is no other way. That is why Lenin said on the eve of the OctoberRevolution: “Either perish, or overtake and outstripthe advanced capitalist countries.”

We are fifty or a hundred years behind theadvanced countries. We must make good this dis-tance in ten years. Either we do it, or we shall gounder. . . .

from J. V. Stalin, Works, Vol. XIII (Moscow: ForeignLanguages Publishing House, 1955), 38–51, 43–44.Reprinted in Peter N. Stearns, ed., Documents in WorldHistory (New York: Harper Collins, 1988), 128–129.

Discussion Questions1. Determining Main Ideas What is the meaning

of the slogan in the beginning of the speech?2. Drawing Conclusions How does Stalin define

“the jungle law of capitalism”?3. Making Inferences How does Stalin attempt to

motivate the industrial managers in this speech?

CHAPTER

30

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A. Analyzing Causes and Recognizing Effects As you read about Fascist policies,note some of the causes and effects of the event identified.

B. Clarifying On the back of this paper, identify or define each of the following:

fascism Nazism Mein Kampf lebensraum

GUIDED READING Fascism Rises in EuropeSection 3

CHAPTER

31

Causes Event Effects

1. Mussolini gains popularity.

2. King Victor Emmanuel III putsMussolini in charge of the government.

3. Hitler is chosen leader of the Nazi party.

4. Hitler is tried for treason and sentenced to prison.

5. President Paul von Hindenburgnames Hitler chancellor in 1933.

6. Hitler has books burned in hugebonfires.

7. Nazis pass laws depriving Jews of their rights.

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50 Unit 7, Chapter 31

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GUIDED READING Aggressors Invade NationsSection 4

A. Drawing Conclusions As you read this section, take notes to answer the questions based on the time line.

Japan invades Manchuria.

Mussolini invades Ethiopia.

U.S. Congress passes first of three Neutrality Acts.

German troops move into the Rhineland.

Japan invades China.

Hitler plans to absorb Austria and Czechoslovakia into the Third Reich.

Munich Conference is held.

Franco becomes Spanish dictator.

Germany and Russia sign a nonaggression pact.

B. Clarifying On the back of this paper, explain how each of the following con-tributed to the march of aggression:

appeasement Axis Powers isolationism Third Reich

CHAPTER

31

1931

1935

1936

1937

1938

1939

1. Why did the Japanese invade Manchuria?

2. Why did Britain and France take no action againstItalian aggression?

3. Why did isolationists want these laws passed?

4. What were some effects of appeasing Hitler afterhis invasion of the Rhineland?

5. What were the immediate results of this invasion?

6. Why was the Munich Conference unsuccessful?

7. How did other countries help Franco’s Nationalistforces bring about the collapse of Republican resistance?

8. Why did Stalin sign an agreement with FascistGermany, once a bitter enemy?

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PRIMARY SOURCE Kristallnachtby Eric Lucas

On November 9, 1938, Nazis violently attacked Jewish homes, businesses, andsynagogues in Germany and killed about 100 Jews. Michael Lucas, a butcher inthe small community of Hoengen, witnessed the destruction of a synagogue. Inthis account, Lucas’s nephew Eric recounts the desecration that his uncleobserved. How did Michael Lucas react to the violent attack?

Section 3

After a while, the stormtroopers were joined bypeople who were not in uniform; and suddenly,

with one loud cry of “Down with the Jews,” thegathering outside produced axes and heavy sledge-hammers. They advanced towards the little syna-gogue which stood in Michael’s own meadow,opposite his house. They burst the door open, andthe whole crowd, by now shouting and laughing,stormed into the little house of God.

Michael, standing behind the tightly drawn cur-tains, saw how the crowd tore the Holy Ark wideopen; and three men who had smashed the Arkthrew the Scrolls of the Law of Moses out. Hethrew them—these Scrolls, which had stood intheir quiet dignity, draped in blue or wine-red vel-vet, with their little crowns of silver covering thetops of the shafts by which the Scroll was held dur-ing the service—to the screaming and shoutingmass of people which had filled the little synagogue.

The people caught the Scrolls as if they wereamusing themselves with a ball-game—tossingthem up in the air again, while other people flungthem further back until they reached the streetoutside. Women tore away the red and blue velvetand everybody tried to snatch some of the silveradorning the Scrolls.

Naked and open, the Scrolls lay in the muddyautumn lane; children stepped on them and otherstore pieces from the fine parchment on which theLaw was written—the same Law which the peoplewho tore it apart had, in vain, tried to absorb forover a thousand years.

When the first Scroll was thrown out of the syn-agogue, Michael made a dash for the door. . . . Thestormtroopers, who still stood outside the housewatching with stern faces over the tumultuouscrowd which obeyed their commands without reallyknowing it, would have shot the man, quietly, in an

almost matter of fact way. Michael’s wife, sensingthe deadly danger, clung to him, imploring him andbegging him not to go outside. Michael tried tofling her aside, but only her tenacious resistancebrought him back to his senses. He stood there, inthe small hall behind the front door, looking aroundhim for a second, as if he did not know where hewas. Suddenly, he leaned against the wall, tearsstreaming from his eyes, like those of a little child.

After a while, he heard the sound of manyheavy hammers outside. With trembling legs he gotup from his chair and looked outside once more.Men had climbed on to the roof of the synagogue,and were hurling the tiles down, others were cut-ting the cross beams as soon as they were bare ofcover. It did not take long before the first heavygrey stones came tumbling down, and the childrenof the village amused themselves flinging stonesinto the multi-coloured windows.

When the first rays of a cold and paleNovember sun penetrated the heavy dark clouds,the little synagogue was but a heap of stone, brokenglass and smashed-up woodwork.

Eric Lucas, “The Sovereigns,” quoted in Martin Gilbert TheHolocaust (New York: Collins, 1986). Reprinted in AnthonyRead and David Fisher, Kristallnacht: The Nazi Night ofTerror (New York: Random House, 1989), 106–107.

Discussion QuestionsClarifying1. According to Michael Lucas, who took part in

the destruction of the synagogue?2. What did the crowd of people do inside the

synagogue?3. Making Inferences What was the mood of the

Germans who took part in the destruction of thesynagogue?

CHAPTER

31

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RETEACHING ACTIVITY Fascism Rises in EuropeSection 3

Determining Main Ideas Choose the word that most accurately completes eachsentence below. Write that word in the blank provided.

Adolf Hitler Gestapo fascismBenito Mussolini Nazi party propagandaanti-Semitism Mein Kampf CzechoslovakiaGreat Depression Kristallnacht Il Duce

1. The economic crisis called the caused millions of people to lose

faith in democratic governments.

2. was a new, militant political movement that emphasized loyalty

to the state and obedience to its leader.

3. The leader of the Fascist Party in Italy was .

4. After gaining control of the government, Mussolini took the title of .

5. Another name for the National Socialist German Workers’ Party was .

6. was the Nazi leader in Germany.

7. Hitler’s book, , sets forth his beliefs that the Germans were

a “master race” and that non-Aryans were inferior.

8. The Nazi secret police were known as the .

9. Hitler turned the press, radio, literature, painting, and film into tools of .

10. Hatred of Jews, or , was an important part of Nazi thinking.

11. was the term used to describe the rampage of Nazi mobs against

German Jews in November 1938.

12. In 1935, only one democracy, , remained in Europe.

CHAPTER

31

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GUIDED READING Hitler’s Lightning WarSection 1

A. Following Chronological Order As you read about war in Europe and NorthAfrica, answer the questions about the time line.

Hitler and Stalin sign a non-aggression pact.

Hitler invades Poland.

Hitler invades Denmark andNorway.

France surrenders.

German Luftwaffe begins bombing British cities.

Italy moves to seize Egypt and Suez Canal.

Hitler sends Rommel to helpItalian troops seize Egypt and the Suez Canal.

Hitler invades the Soviet Union.

B. Clarifying On the back of this paper, identify each of the following:

Winston Churchill Charles de Gaulle Atlantic Charter

CHAPTER

32

1939

Aug.

Sept.

1940

April

June

Sept.

1941Feb.

June

1. What did each leader gain from the secret agreement?

2. What strategy did Hitler use to conquer Poland?

3. What was Hitler’s plan for conquering France?

4. What happened at Dunkirk?

5. What was the outcome of the Battle of Britain?

6. What was the outcome of the fighting at Tobruk?

7. How did Hitler’s invasion compare with Napoleon’sinvasion of Russia?

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70 Unit 7, Chapter 32

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GUIDED READING Japan’s Pacific CampaignSection 2

A. Drawing Conclusions As you read this section, answer the questions about thewar in the Pacific.a. What happened?

b. What is the significance of the battle or attack?

B. Summarizing On the back of this paper, identify Isoroku Yamamoto andDouglas MacArthur.

CHAPTER

32

1. Bombing of Pearl Harbor a.

b.

2. Fall of Southeast Asian a.colonies

b.

3. Doolittle’s raid on Japan a.

b.

4. Battle of the Coral Sea a.

b.

5. Battle of Midway a.

b.

6. Battle of Guadalcanal a.

b.

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GUIDED READING The HolocaustSection 3

A. Clarifying As you read about the Holocaust, use the following questions to helpsummarize information in this section.

B. Summarizing On the back of this paper, define the following terms:

Holocaust Aryans ghettos genocide

CHAPTER

32

1. Who?Who were the victims of the Holocaust?Who were members of the “master race”?

2. What?What were the Nuremberg Laws?What happened on the night of November 9, 1938?

What was Hitler’s “final solution”?

3. Where?Where did German Jews try to migrate to find safety from Nazi terror?

Where were Jews forced to live in German-controlled cities?Where were the concentration camps?

4. Why?Why did Hitler believe that Jews and other “subhumans” had to be exterminated?

Why did the Germans build extermination camps?

5. When?When did the final stage of the Final Solution begin?

6. How?How did non-Jewish people try to save Jews from the horrors of Nazism?

How many Jews died in the Holocaust?

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72 Unit 7, Chapter 32

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GUIDED READING The Allied VictorySection 4

A. Analyzing Causes and Recognizing Effects As you read this section, note how eachof the following events or campaigns contributed to the Allies’ victory in World War II.

B. Recognizing Facts and Details On the back of this paper, identify the followingpeople and the role each played in World War II.

Bernard Montgomery Dwight Eisenhower

CHAPTER

32

1. Battle of El Alamein 2. Operation Torch

3. Battle of Stalingrad 4. Invasion of Italy

5. Propaganda campaigns on home fronts 6. D-Day invasion

7. Battle of the Bulge 8. Battle of Leyte Gulf

9. Battle of Okinawa 10. Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

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GUIDED READING Europe and Japan in RuinsSection 5

A. Summarizing As you read this section, fill out the chart by writing notes todescribe conditions in postwar Europe and Japan.

B. Clarifying On the back of this paper, explain the objectives of the NurembergTrials and the demilitarization of Japan.

CHAPTER

32

Postwar Europe:

1. Note three ways war affected the land and people of Europe.

2. Note three political problems postwar governments faced.

3. Note one way the Allies dealt with the Holocaust.

Postwar Japan:

4. Note two effects of Allied bombing raids on Japan.

5. Note three ways U.S. occupation changed Japan.

6. Note three provisions in Japan’s new constitution.

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SKILLBUILDER PRACTICE Following Chronological OrderPutting events in time order—from the first event to the last one—can help youunderstand the relationships between events. As you read this account of the warin the Pacific, pay special attention to dates and clue words about time. Use theinformation to fill in the time line below to show the order of events that led tothe surrender of Japan during World War II. (See Skillbuilder Handbook)

Name Date

Section 4

CHAPTER

32

1942 1943 1944 1945

The Americans’ first land offensive began inAugust 1942, when 19,000 marines stormed

Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands. By the timethe Japanese finally abandoned Guadalcanal sixmonths later, they called it the Island of Death.

The Americans continued leapfrogging acrossthe Pacific toward Japan. In October 1944, some178,000 Allied troops and 738 ships converged onLeyte Island in the Philippines. Despite the dam-age done by the kamikazes—bomb-loaded Japanesesuicide planes that tried to crash into Allied ships—the Battle of Leyte Gulf was a disaster for Japan. In3 days of battle, it lost 3 battleships, 4 aircraft carri-ers, 13 cruisers, and almost 400 planes.

After retaking the Philippines, the Allies turnedto Iwo Jima. More than 6,000 Marines died in intensefighting that began February 19 and ended March

17, 1945. Three months later, the Allies capturedthe island of Okinawa, Japan’s last defensive out-post. Japan’s home islands would be the next target.

On July 25, 1945, President Harry Trumanordered the military to make final plans for drop-ping the only two atomic bombs then in existenceon Japanese targets. A day later, the U.S. warnedJapan that it faced “prompt and utter destruction”unless it surrendered at once. Japan refused.

On August 6, a B-29 bomber released an atomic bomb over Hiroshima. Still Japanese lead-ers hesitated to surrender. Three days later a second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. A horri-fied Emperor Hirohito ordered Japan’s leaders to draw up papers “to end the war.” The officialsurrender came on September 2 aboard the battle-ship Missouri in Tokyo Bay.

Janu

ary

Apr

il

July

Oct

ober

Janu

ary

Apr

il

July

Oct

ober

Janu

ary

Apr

il

July

Oct

ober

Janu

ary

Apr

il

July

Oct

ober

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76 Unit 7, Chapter 32

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GEOGRAPHY APPLICATION: MOVEMENT

The Fall of SingaporeDirections: Read the paragraphs below and study the maps carefully. Thenanswer the questions that follow.Section 2

In February 1942, the Japanese army inflicted themost embarrassing defeat suffered by the British

Empire during the Second World War. The Britishlost Singapore, a tiny island at the southern tip ofMalaya, a peninsula in Southeast Asia.

Singapore was an extremely important locationduring the war. The British used it as a base to pro-tect India to the west and Australia to the south. Inaddition, Singapore lay along the prime shippingroute from Europe to China.

The British thought Singapore impossible forthe Japanese to capture. First, to the north acrossthe Johore Strait the intense heat and dense jungleof Malaya provided a barrier to invasion. Second,the south end of the island faced the Strait ofMalacca. There the British placed batteries of hugefifteen-inch cannons that could blast any enemyships.

However, the defenses contained one majordefect. The British had not bothered to fortify the

northern end of the island. They had assumed thateven if the Japanese attempted to come down thepeninsula, it would take them at least a year.Nevertheless, the Japanese decided to invadeSingapore in this way. The Japanese, concealed bythe dense jungle, were not spotted by British air-craft. By the time the British became aware of theJapanese, it was too late to mount an effectivedefense of the island. The British, who were pre-pared for an assault by sea, were not able to turntheir guns around to the north in time to halt theJapanese advance. It took the Japanese 68 days tostorm Malaya, cross the Johore Strait, and takeSingapore.

The British surrendered Singapore on February15, 1942. Adding to the humiliation of the defeat wasthe fact that British forces actually outnumbered theinvading Japanese army. In the end, 130,000 Britishtroops surrendered to 50,000 Japanese soldiers.

CHAPTER

32

����yyyy

SINGAPORE

MALAYA

Singapore City

S t r a i t o f M a l a c c a

J o h o r eS

t r a i t

SINGAPORE

MALAYA

Singapore City

S t r a i t o f M a l a c c a

J o h o r eS

t r a i t

Invasion of Singapore

RailroadBritish military basesJapanese attack route

S o u t hC h i n a

S e a

SingaporeSingapore

JapaneseJapanese Landings Landings Dec. 8, 1941 Dec. 8, 1941

MA

LA

YA

S o u t hC h i n a

S e a

Singapore

Japanese Landings Dec. 8, 1941

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Interpreting Text and Visuals

1. Where is the island of Singapore located? __________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

2. Why do you think the British did not expect the Japanese to attack Singapore by land? ______

____________________________________________________________________________

3. In how many places did the Japanese land troops on December 8, 1941? ________________

4. On which part of Singapore did most of the Japanese army invade? ______________________

____________________________________________________________________________

5. How many British military bases were located on Singapore? __________________________

On which part of the island were most of them located? ______________________________

6. Why do you think the Japanese were able to capture Singapore even though the British had a

great advantage in number of soldiers? ____________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

7. What do you think made Singapore an important military target for the Japanese?

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

Name The Fall of Singapore continued

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PRIMARY SOURCE from Berlin Diaryby William L. Shirer

American journalist and historian William L. Shirer served as a radio foreign corre-spondent in Berlin at the outset of World War II. He kept a diary for his own pleas-ure but with the idea that it might be published one day. What thoughts didShirer record in his diary about Germany’s attack on Poland on September 1, 1939?

Section 1

BERLIN, September 1, later

It’s a “counter-attack”! At dawn this morningHitler moved against Poland. It’s a flagrant, inex-

cusable, unprovoked act of aggression. But Hitlerand the High Command call it a “counter-attack.”A grey morning with overhanging clouds. The peo-ple in the street were apathetic when I drove to theRundfunk [a Berlin radio station] for my firstbroadcast at eight fifteen a.m. . . . Along the east-west axis the Luftwaffe [the German air force]were mounting five big anti-aircraft guns to protectHitler when he addresses the Reichstag [the lowerhouse of the German parliament] at ten a.m.Jordan and I had to remain at the radio to handleHitler’s speech for America. Throughout thespeech, I thought as I listened, ran a curious strain,as though Hitler himself were dazed at the fix hehad got himself into and felt a little desperateabout it. Somehow he did not carry conviction andthere was much less cheering in the Reichstag thanon previous, less important occasions. Jordan musthave reacted the same way. As we waited to trans-late the speech for America, he whispered: “Soundslike his swan song.” It really did. He sounded dis-couraged when he told the Reichstag that Italywould not be coming into the war because “we areunwilling to call in outside help for this struggle.We will fulfil this task by ourselves.” And yetParagraph 3 of the Axis military alliance calls forimmediate, automatic Italian support with “all itsmilitary resources on land, at sea, and in the air.”What about that? He sounded desperate when,referring to Molotov’s speech of yesterday at theRussian ratification of the Nazi-Soviet accord, hesaid: “I can only underline every word of ForeignCommissar Molotov’s speech.”

Tomorrow Britain and France probably willcome in and you have your second World War. The

British and French tonight sent an ultimatum toHitler to withdraw his troops from Poland or theirambassadors will ask for their passports.Presumably they will get their passports.

LATER. Two thirty a.m.—Almost through ourfirst black-out. The city is completely darkened. Ittakes a little getting used to. You grope around thepitch-black streets and pretty soon your eyes getused to it. You can make out the whitewashed curb-stones. We had our first air-raid alarm at seven p.m.I was at the radio just beginning my script for abroadcast at eight fifteen. The lights went out, andall the German employees grabbed their gas-masksand, not a little frightened, rushed for the shelter.No one offered me a mask, but the wardens insist-ed that I go to the cellar. . . . No planes came over.But with the English and French in, it may be dif-ferent tomorrow. I shall then be in the by no meanspleasant predicament of hoping they bomb the hellout of this town without getting me. The ugly shrillof the sirens, the rushing to a cellar with your gas-mask (if you have one), the utter darkness of thenight—how will human nerves stand that for long?

from William L. Shirer, Berlin Diary: The Journal of aForeign Correspondent (New York: Knopf, 1941), 197–199.

Discussion QuestionsClarifying1. What did Shirer predict would happen as a result

of Germany’s surprise attack on Poland?2. How do you know that Berliners expected a

retaliatory air strike following the attack onPoland?

3. Distinguishing Fact from Opinion What werethree facts about Germany’s attack that Shirerrecorded in his diary entry? What were threeopinions he wrote down?

CHAPTER

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PRIMARY SOURCE from Farewell to Manzanarby Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston

During World War II, seven-year-old Jeanne Wakatsuki was sent to Manzanar, aJapanese-American internment camp in Owens Valley, California. As you readthis excerpt from her memoir, think about her first impressions of the camp.

Section 4

We rode all day. By the time we reached ourdestination, the shades were up. It was late

afternoon. The first thing I saw was a yellow swirlacross a blurred, reddish setting sun. The bus wasbeing pelted by what sounded like splattering rain.It wasn’t rain. This was my first look at something Iwould soon know very well, a billowing flurry ofdust and sand churned up by the wind throughOwens Valley.

We drove past a barbed-wire fence, through agate, and into an open space where trunks andsacks and packages had been dumped from thebaggage trucks that drove out ahead of us. I couldsee a few tents set up, the first rows of black bar-racks, and beyond them blurred by sand, rows ofbarracks that seemed to spread for miles across thisplain. People were sitting on cartons or millingaround, with their backs to the wind, waiting to seewhich friends or relatives might be on this bus. Aswe approached, they turned or stood up, and somemoved toward us expectantly. But inside the bus noone stirred. No one waved or spoke. They juststared out of the windows, ominously silent. I did-n’t understand this. Hadn’t we finally arrived, ourwhole family intact? I opened a window, leanedout, and yelled happily. “Hey! This whole bus is fullof Wakatsukis!”

Outside, the greeters smiled. Inside there wasan explosion of laughter, hysterical, tension-break-ing laughter that left my brothers choking andwhacking each other across the shoulders.

We had pulled up just in time for dinner. Themess halls weren’t completed yet. An outdoor chowline snaked around a half-finished building thatbroke a good part of the wind. They issued us armymess kits, the round metal kind that fold over, andplopped in scoops of canned Vienna sausage,canned string beans, steamed rice that had been

cooked too long, and on top of the rice a serving ofcanned apricots. The Caucasian servers were think-ing that the fruit poured over rice would make agood dessert. Among the Japanese, of course, riceis never eaten with sweet foods, only with salty orsavory foods. Few of us could eat such a mixture.But at this point no one dared protest. It wouldhave been impolite. . . .

After dinner we were taken to Block 16, a clus-ter of fifteen barracks that had just been finished aday or so earlier—although finished was hardly theword for it. The shacks were built of one thicknessof pine planking covered with tarpaper. . . .Knotholes gaped in the uncovered floor.

Each barracks was divided into six units, sixteenby twenty feet, about the size of a living room, withone bare bulb hanging from the ceiling and an oilstove for heat. We were assigned two of these forthe twelve people in our family group; and our offi-cial family “number” was enlarged by three digits—16 plus the number of this barracks. We wereissued steel army cots, two brown army blanketseach, and some mattress covers, which my brothersstuffed with straw.

from Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston and James D. Houston,Farewell to Manzanar (New York: Bantam Books, 1973),14–15.

Discussion Questions1. Clarifying What were living accommodations

like in the camp?2. Analyzing Causes and Recognizing Effects

Why do you think the accommodations atManzanar were so stark and crowded?

3. Drawing Conclusions What incident from thisexcerpt demonstrates a lack of cultural awarenesson the part of those running the camp?

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PRIMARY SOURCE from The Diary of a Young Girlby Anne Frank

Anne Frank was a German Jewish girl who fled with her family to Amsterdam,the Netherlands, to escape Nazi persecution during World War II. She and herfamily hid for two years in a secret place Frank called the Annex. While hiding inthe Annex, Frank kept a diary she addressed as Kitty. What does this diary entryreveal about the challenges of everyday life in the Annex?

Section 3

Monday Evening, November 8, 1943Dearest Kitty,

If you were to read all my letters in one sitting,you’d be struck by the fact that they were writtenin a variety of moods. It annoys me to be sodependent on the moods here in the Annex, butI’m not the only one: we’re all subject to them. IfI’m engrossed in a book, I have to rearrange mythoughts before I can mingle with other people,because otherwise they might think I was strange.As you can see, I’m currently in the middle of adepression. I couldn’t really tell you what set it off,but I think it stems from my cowardice, which con-fronts me at every turn. This evening, when Bep[Bep and Miep are secretaries who work in thebuilding] was still here, the doorbell rang long andloud. I instantly turned white, my stomachchurned, and my heart beat wildly—and allbecause I was afraid.

At night in bed I see myself alone in a dungeon,without Father and Mother. Or I’m roaming thestreets, or the Annex is on fire, or they come in themiddle of the night to take us away and I crawlunder my bed in desperation. I see everything as ifit were actually taking place. And to think it mightall happen soon!

Miep often says she envies us because we havesuch peace and quiet here. That may be true, butshe’s obviously not thinking about our fear.

I simply can’t imagine the world will ever benormal again for us. I do talk about “after the war,”but it’s as if I were talking about a castle in the air,something that can never come true.

I see the eight of us in the Annex as if we werea patch of blue sky surrounded by menacing blackclouds. The perfectly round spot on which we’restanding is still safe, but the clouds are moving inon us, and the ring between us and the approach-ing danger is being pulled tighter and tighter.We’re surrounded by darkness and danger, and inour desperate search for a way out we keep bump-ing into each other. We look at the fighting downbelow and the peace and beauty up above. In themeantime, we’ve been cut off by the dark mass ofclouds, so that we can go neither up nor down. Itlooms before us like an impenetrable wall, trying tocrush us, but not yet able to. I can only cry out andimplore, “Oh, ring, ring, open wide and let us out!”

Yours, Anne

from Anne Frank, Susan Massotty, trans., The Diary of aYoung Girl (New York: Doubleday, 1991), 144–145.

Research Options1. Writing Expository Paragraphs Find out

more about the life of Anne Frank. What hadher life been like before World War II? Withwhom did she live in the Annex? What happenedto her during the war? Write a short magazinearticle to report your findings.

2. Visual, Audio, and Multimedia SourcesLocate and view the movie Diary of Anne Frank.Then, with classmates, share your reactions tothe film’s depiction of Frank’s life in the Annex.Do you think it was important that Frank kept adiary to record her experiences?

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PRIMARY SOURCE from Hiroshimaby John Hersey

On August 6, 1945, the United States dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima,Japan. Journalist John Hersey wrote an account of six Japanese survivors whoselives were forever changed by the blast. As you read part of this account, consid-er what each of the survivors was doing when the bomb exploded.

Section 4

At exactly fifteen minutes past eight in themorning, on August 6, 1945, Japanese time, at

the moment when the atomic bomb flashed aboveHiroshima, Miss Toshiko Sasaki, a clerk in the per-sonnel department of the East Asia Tin Works, hadjust sat down at her place in the plant office andwas turning her head to speak to the girl at the nextdesk. At that same moment, Dr. Masakazu Fujiiwas settling down cross-legged to read the OsakaAsahi on the porch of his private hospital, over-hanging one of the seven deltaic rivers which divideHiroshima; Mrs. Hatsuyo Nakamura, a tailor’s widow,stood by the window of her kitchen, watching aneighbor tearing down his house because it lay inthe path of an air-raid-defense fire lane; FatherWilhelm Kleinsorge, a German priest of the Societyof Jesus, reclined in his underwear on a cot on thetop floor of his order’s three-story mission house,reading a Jesuit magazine, Stimmen der Zeit; Dr.Terufumi Sasaki, a young member of the surgicalstaff of the city’s large, modern Red Cross Hospital,walked along one of the hospital corridors with ablood specimen for a Wassermann test in his hand;and the Reverend Mr. Kiyoshi Tanimoto, pastor ofthe Hiroshima Methodist Church, paused at thedoor of a rich man’s house in Koi, the city’s westernsuburb, and prepared to unload a handcart full ofthings he had evacuated from town in fear of themassive B-29 raid which everyone expectedHiroshima to suffer. A hundred thousand peoplewere killed by the atomic bomb, and these six wereamong the survivors. They still wonder why theylived when so many others died. Each of themcounts many small items of chance or volition

[will]—a step taken in time, a decision to go indoors,catching one streetcar instead of the next—thatspared him. And now each knows that in the act ofsurvival he lived a dozen lives and saw more deaththan he ever thought he would see. At the time,none of them knew anything. . . .

Then a tremendous flash of light cut across thesky. Mr. Tanimoto has a distinct recollection that ittravelled from east to west, from the city towardthe hills. It seemed a sheet of sun. Both he and Mr.Matsuo reacted in terror—and both had time toreact (for they were 3,500 yards, or two miles, fromthe center of the explosion). Mr. Matsuo dashed upthe front steps into the house and dived among thebedrolls and buried himself there. Mr. Tanimototook four or five steps and threw himself betweentwo big rocks in the garden. He bellied up veryhard against one of them. As his face was againstthe stone, he did not see what happened. He felt asudden pressure, and then splinters and pieces ofboard and fragments of tile fell on him. He heardno roar.

from John Hersey, Hiroshima (New York: Bantam, 1946),1–7.

Research OptionForming and Supporting OpinionsUse on-line or print resources to research thedebate in 1945 among scientists and American gov-ernment officials over whether the United Statesshould use the atomic bomb on Japan. Then, withyour classmates, hold a mock debate in which youargue for or against using the bomb.

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Name Date

LITERATURE SELECTION from Nightby Elie Wiesel

Elie Wiesel was born in the region of Transylvania (now part of Romania) in1928. During World War II, he and his family were taken by the Nazis and sentfirst to the Auschwitz concentration camp, and then to Buchenwald. Wiesel wasthe only member of his family to survive the Nazi camps. Night, written in 1958,is an autobiographical novel that provides an unforgettable description of thehorrors of the Holocaust through the eyes of a 14-year-old Jewish boy. As youread this excerpt, think about the boy’s reactions to his first night at Auschwitz.

Section 3

Never shall I forget that night, the first night incamp, which has turned my life into one long

night, seven times cursed and seven times sealed.Never shall I forget that smoke. Never shall I for-get the little faces of the children, whose bodies Isaw turned into wreaths of smoke beneath a silentblue sky.

Never shall I forget those flames which con-sumed my faith forever.

Never shall I forget that nocturnal silence whichdeprived me, for all eternity, of the desire to live.Never shall I forget those moments which mur-dered my God and my soul and turned my dreamsto dust. Never shall I forget these things, even if Iam condemned to live as long as God Himself.Never.

The barracks we had been made to go into wasvery long. In the roof were some blue-tinged sky-lights. The antechamber of Hell must look like this.So many crazed men, so many cries, so much bes-tial brutality!

There were dozens of prisoners to receive us,truncheons in their hands, striking out anywhere, atanyone, without reason. Orders:

“Strip! Fast! Los! Keep only your belts andshoes in your hands. . . .”

We had to throw our clothes at one end of thebarracks. There was already a great heap there.New suits and old, torn coats, rags. For us, this wasthe true equality: nakedness. Shivering with thecold.

Some SS officers moved about in the room,looking for strong men. If they were so keen onstrength, perhaps one should try and pass oneselfoff as sturdy? My father thought the reverse. It wasbetter not to draw attention to oneself. Our fatewould then be the same as the others. (Later, wewere to learn that he was right. Those who wereselected that day were enlisted in the Sonder-

Kommando, the unit which worked in the cremato-ries. Bela Katz—-son of a big tradesman from ourtown—-had arrived at Birkenau with the first trans-port, a week before us. When he heard of ourarrival, he managed to get word to us that, havingbeen chosen for his strength, he had himself puthis father’s body into the crematory oven.)

Blows continued to rain down.“To the barber!”Belt and shoes in hand, I let myself be dragged

off to the barbers. They took our hair off with clip-pers, and shaved off all the hair on our bodies. Thesame thought buzzed all the time in my head—-notto be separated from my father.

Freed from the hands of the barbers, we beganto wander in the crowd, meeting friends andacquaintances. These meetings filled us with joy—-yes, joy—“Thank God! You’re still alive!”

But others were crying. They used all theirremaining strength in weeping. Why had they letthemselves be brought here? Why couldn’t theyhave died in their beds? Sobs choked their voices.

Suddenly, someone threw his arms round myneck in an embrace: Yechiel, brother of the rabbi ofSighet. He was sobbing bitterly. I thought he wasweeping with joy at still being alive.

“Don’t cry, Yechiel,” I said. “Don’t waste yourtears. . . .”

“Not cry? We’re on the threshold of death. . . .Soon we shall have crossed over. . . . Don’t youunderstand? How could I not cry?”

Through the blue-tinged skylights I could seethe darkness gradually fading. I had ceased to feelfear. And then I was overcome by an inhumanweariness.

Those absent no longer touched even the sur-face of our memories. We still spoke of them—“Who knows what may have become of them?”—-but we had little concern for their fate. We were

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incapable of thinking of anything at all. Our senseswere blunted; everything was blurred as in a fog. Itwas no longer possible to grasp anything. Theinstincts of self-preservation, of self-defense, ofpride, had all deserted us. In one ultimate momentof lucidity it seemed to me that we were damnedsouls wandering in the half-world, souls con-demned to wander through space till the genera-tions of man came to an end, seeking their redemp-tion, seeking oblivion—-without hope of finding it.

Toward five o’clock in the morning, we weredriven out of the barracks. The Kapos beat us oncemore, but I had ceased to feel any pain from theirblows. An icy wind enveloped us. We were naked,our shoes and belts in our hands. The command:“Run!” And we ran. After a few minutes of racing, anew barracks.

A barrel of petrol at the entrance. Disinfection.Everyone was soaked in it. Then a hot shower. Athigh speed. As we came out from the water, wewere driven outside. More running. Another bar-racks, the store. Very long tables. Mountains ofprison clothes. On we ran. As we passed, trousers,tunic, shirt, and socks were thrown to us.

Within a few seconds, we had ceased to be men.If the situation had not been tragic, we should haveroared with laughter. Such outfits!Meir Katz, a giant, had a child’strousers, and Stern, a thin littlechap, a tunic which completelyswamped him. We immediatelybegan the necessary exchanges.

I glanced at my father. How hehad changed! His eyes had growndim. I would have liked to speak tohim, but I did not know what to say.

The night was gone. The morn-ing star was shining in the sky. I toohad become a completely differentperson. The student of the Talmud,the child that I was, had been con-sumed in the flames. Thereremained only a shape that looked like me. A darkflame had entered into my soul and devoured it.

So much had happened within such a few hoursthat I had lost all sense of time. When had we leftour houses? And the ghetto? And the train? Was itonly a week? One night—-one single night?

How long had we been standing like this in theicy wind? An hour? Simply an hour? Sixty minutes?

Surely it was a dream.

Not far from us there were some prisoners atwork. Some were digging holes, others carryingsand. None of them so much as glanced at us. Wewere so many dried-up trees in the heart of adesert. Behind me, some people were talking. I hadnot the slightest desire to listen to what they weresaying, to know who was talking or what they weretalking about. No one dared to raise his voice,though there was no supervisor near us. Peoplewhispered. Perhaps it was because of the thicksmoke which poisoned the air and took one by thethroat. . . .

We were made to go into a new barracks, in the“gypsies’ camp.” In ranks of five.

“And now stay where you are!”There was no floor. A roof and four walls. Our

feet sank into the mud.Another spell of waiting began. I went to sleep

standing up. I dreamed of a bed, of my mother’scaress. And I woke up: I was standing, my feet inthe mud. Some people collapsed and lay wherethey were. Others cried:

“Are you mad? We’ve been told to stay stand-ing. Do you want to bring trouble on us all?”

As if all the trouble in the world had notdescended already upon our heads! Gradually, we

all sat down in the mud. But wehad to jump up constantly, everytime a Kapo came in to see if any-body had a pair of new shoes. Ifso, they had to be given up to him.It was no use opposing this: blowsrained down and in the final reck-oning you had lost your shoes any-way.

I had new shoes myself. But asthey were coated with a thick layerof mud, no one had noticed them.I thanked God, in an improvisedprayer, for having created mud inHis infinite and wonderful uni-verse.

Suddenly the silence grew oppressive. An SSofficer had come in and, with him, the odor of theAngel of Death. We stared fixedly at his fleshy lips.From the middle of the barracks, he harangued us:

“You’re in a concentration camp. At Auschwitz. . . .”A pause. He observed the effect his words had

produced. His face has stayed in my memory tothis day. A tall man, about thirty, with crimeinscribed upon his brow and in the pupils of his

Name Night continued

I too had become acompletely differentperson. . . . Thereremained only a

shape that lookedlike me. A dark

flame had enteredinto my soul and

devoured it.

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84 Unit 7, Chapter 32

eyes. He looked us over as if we were a pack of lep-rous dogs hanging onto our lives.

“Remember this,” he went on. “Remember itforever, Engrave it into your minds. You are atAuschwitz. And Auschwitz is not a convalescenthome. It’s a concentration camp. Here, you havegot to work. If not, you will go straight to the fur-nace. To the crematory. Work or the crematory—-the choice is in your hands.”

We had already lived through so much thatnight, we thought nothing could frighten us anymore. But his clipped words made us tremble.Here the word “furnace” was not a word empty ofmeaning: it floated on the air, mingling with thesmoke. It was perhaps the only word which didhave any real meaning here. He left the barracks.Kapos appeared, crying:

“All skilled workers—-locksmiths, electricians,watchmakers—-one step forward!”

The rest of us were made to go to another bar-racks, a stone one this time. With permission to sitdown. A gypsy deportee was in charge of us.

My father was suddenly seized with colic. Hegot up and went toward the gypsy, asking politely,in German:

“Excuse me, can you tell me where the lavato-ries are?”

The gypsy looked him up and down slowly, fromhead to foot. As if he wanted to convince himselfthat this man addressing him was really a creatureof flesh and bone, a living being with a body and abelly. Then, as if he had suddenly woken up from aheavy doze, he dealt my father such a clout that hefell to the ground, crawling back to his place on allfours.

I did not move. What had happened to me? Myfather had just been struck, before my very eyes, andI had not flickered an eyelid. I had looked on andsaid nothing. Yesterday, I should have sunk my nailsinto the criminal’s flesh. Had I changed so much,then? So quickly? Now remorse began to gnaw atme. I thought only: I shall never forgive them forthat. My father must have guessed my feelings. Hewhispered in my ear, “It doesn’t hurt.” His cheekstill bore the red mark of the man’s hand.

“Everyone outside!”Ten gypsies had come and joined our supervi-

sor. Whips and truncheons cracked round me. Myfeet were running without my being aware of it. Itried to hide from the blows behind the others. Thespring sunshine.

“Form fives!”The prisoners whom I had noticed in the morn-

ing were working at the side. There was no guardnear them, only the shadow of the chimney. . . .Dazed by the sunshine and by my reverie, I feltsomeone tugging at my sleeve. It was my father.“Come on, my boy.”

We marched on. Doors opened and closedagain. On we went between the electric wires. Ateach step, a white placard with a death’s head on itstared us in the face. A caption: “Warning. Dangerof death.” Mockery: was there a single place herewhere you were not in danger of death?

The gypsies stopped near another barracks.They were replaced by SS, who surrounded us.Revolvers, machine guns, police dogs.

The march had lasted half an hour. Lookingaround me, I noticed that the barbed wires werebehind us. We had left the camp.

It was a beautiful April day. The fragrance ofspring was in the air. The sun was setting in thewest.

But we had been marching for only a fewmoments when we saw the barbed wire of anothercamp. An iron door with this inscription over it:

“Work is liberty!”Auschwitz.

from Elie Wiesel, The Night Trilogy (New York: Noonday,1972), 43–49.

Discussion QuestionsClarifying1. How were prisoners treated when they first

arrived at the concentration camp?2. What choice did the SS officer give the newly

arrived prisoners?3. Drawing Conclusions Based on this passage,

why do you think Wiesel called his book Night?

Name Night continued

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HISTORYMAKERS Winston ChurchillEnglish Bulldog

“In 1940 Churchill became the hero that he had always dreamed of being. . . . Inthat dark time, what England needed was not a shrewd, equable, balancedleader. She needed a prophet, a heroic visionary, a man who could dream dreamsof victory when all seemed lost. Winston Churchill was such a man. . . .”—Historian Anthony Storr

Section 1

One of Winston Churchill’s ancestors was theduke of Marlborough, a hero of the wars

against Louis XIV of France in the early 18th cen-tury. Churchill, between 1939 and 1945, defiantlyled his nation against another European leaderbent on conquest.

The son of a British lord and an Americanheiress, Churchill had a privileged but unhappychildhood. He was a poor student and took theentrance exam for Britain’s military academy threetimes before he passed. He eventually graduated in1895. He worked as a soldier and a journalist inCuba, India, and Egypt. He also won fame forescaping an enemy prison camp in South Africaduring the Boer War.

In the early 1900s, Churchill won election toParliament. He left the conservative Tory party andjoined the Liberal party. He was branded a traitorto his class for pushing social reforms. In 1911, hewas given charge of the Royal Navy. He developeda strategy for sending the fleet to Russia pastConstantinople. However, during World War I hisplan failed, and he was discredited. In another post,he moved to speed the development of the tank.

Churchill lost office in 1922, when new elec-tions defeated the government he served. In thenext two decades, he suffered political isolation.His views did not fit either the Liberals or theTories. He supported himself by writing history.

During the 1930s, Churchill was back inParliament. He often spoke out about the threatraised by Adolf Hitler. He developed a network ofacademics who provided him with inside intelli-gence. When Neville Chamberlain allowedGermany to take Czechoslovakia, Churchill was out-raged. He called it “a total and unmitigated defeat.”

When Britain declared war on Germany,Churchill was put in charge of the navy again.However, Chamberlain resigned as prime ministersoon after, and the 65-year-old Churchill was every-one’s choice to lead the new government. Henamed himself minister of defense as well. His first

speech to Parliament was grim but determined: “Ihave nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears andsweat,” he began. He concluded by stating the gov-ernment’s war goal: “It is victory, victory at all costs,victory in spite of all terror: victory however longand hard the road may be; for without victory,there can be no survival.”

In the early months of the war, Churchill car-ried on a correspondence with U.S. PresidentFranklin Roosevelt, hoping to bring the UnitedStates into the war. At first, all he could win wasAmerican aid. When Hitler launched his ill-advisedattack on the Soviet Union in 1941, Churchill, whowas a foe of communism, quickly promised help.“The Russian danger,” he said, “is our danger.” Still,for years Churchill resisted Soviet urgings to open asecond front against Germany. This led to difficul-ties between the allies.

Churchill participated in several wartime con-ferences with Roosevelt, which often includedSoviet leader Joseph Stalin. Churchill had to leavethe last “Big Three” meeting in July 1945 before itwas finished. While there, his government hadbeen voted out of office.

After the war, Churchill spoke against the grow-ing power of the Soviet Union. He coined the phrase“Iron Curtain” to describe the control that theSoviets exercised over the countries of EasternEurope. He served once again as prime ministerfrom 1951 to 1955, but ill health forced him toretire. He died in 1965 and was given a funeral thatwas attended by officials from around the world.

Questions1. Comparing Write a paragraph comparing

Charles de Gaulle and Churchill.2. Clarifying How did Churchill use his elo-

quence to lead his country?3. Making Inferences Why would the British vote

down Churchill’s government in 1945?

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