312 PHT

Nahla S. Barakat, Ph.DKing Saud University

Dept. of Pharmaceutics

Second Term

1433-2012

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• Solution is a homogenous mixture composed of two or

more substances. In such a mixture, a solute is dissolved in

another substance, known as a solvent. A common

example is a solid, such as salt or sugar, dissolved in water

, a liquid.

• Gases may dissolve in liquids, for example:carbon dioxide

or oxygen in water.

• Liquids may dissolve in other liquids. Gases can combine

with other gases to form mixtures, rather than solutions.

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Possible Types of Solutions• solid in solid e.g. brass• solid in liquid e.g. sugar in water• solid in gas e.g. mothball in air• liquid in solid e.g. dental amalgam• liquid in liquid e.g. ethanol in water• liquid in gas e.g. water in air• gas in solid e.g. hydrogen in palladium• gas in liquid e.g. O2 in water• gas in gas e.g. oxygen in nitrogen

• Of the nine possible types of solutions, you are probably most familiar with those in which the solvent is a liquid, especially those in which the solvent is water.

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Advantage of solutions

1. Liquids are easier to swallow

2. A drug must be in solution before it can be absorbed

3. A solution is an homogenous system, the drug will be uniformly distributed throughout the preparation

4. Some drugs can irritate the gastric mucosa if localized in one area. Irritation is reduced by administration of a solution of the drug

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Problem associated with the manufacturing of solutions

• Liquids are bulky and inconvenient to transport and store

• The stability of ingredients in aqueous solution is often poor than in solid dosage form

• Solution provide suitable media for the growth of micro-organisms and may require the addition of preservative

• Accurate dose measuring depends on the ability of patient to measure the dose

• The taste of a drug is always pronounced when it in solution

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Aqueous solutions and non-aqueous solutions

• Aqueous solutions Solutions that contain water as the solvent

are called aqueous solutions. For example, sugar in water,

carbon dioxide in water, etc. 

• Non-aqueous solutions Solutions that contain a solvent

other than water are called non-aqueous solutions.

• Ether, benzene, petrol, carbon tetrachloride etc., are some

common solvents. or example, sulphur in carbon disulphide,

naphthalene in benzene, etc. 

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• Concentrated solutions and dilute solutions

Between two solutions, the solute quantity may be relatively

more or less.

The solution that has a greater proportion of solute is said to be

more concentrated than the other that has a lesser proportion.

If the proportion of solute is less, the solution is said to be

dilute. 

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Saturated and unsaturated solutions

• Saturated Solution 

A solution in which no more solute can be dissolved at a given

temperature is called a saturated solution

• Unsaturated solution 

A solution in which more solute can be dissolved at a given

temperature is called an unsaturated solution. 

A given solution that is saturated at a particular temperature may

become unsaturated when the temperature is increased.

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• Solubility and Miscibility

• Different substances have different solubilities.

• Solubility refers to the maximum amount of a solute that

can be dissolved in an amount of solvent under specific

temperature and pressure conditions.

• A substance that cannot be dissolved in another (or does so

to a very limited extent) is said to be insoluble.

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Solubility of a solute

• Solubility is defined as the number of grams of a solute that

dissolves in 100g of a solvent to form a saturated solution at a given

temperature and pressure

• Solubility is the maximum weight of a solute that can be dissolved

in 100g of a solvent at a given temperature and pressure

• Solubility = Wt of solute in saturated solution 100

Wt of solvent in saturated solution  

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Relative terms of solubility

parts of solvent required

for 1 part of solute

• Very soluble 1

• Freely soluble 1-10

• Soluble 10-30

• Sparingly soluble 30-100

• Slightly soluble 100-1000

• Very slightly soluble 1000-10,000

• Practically insoluble 10,000

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• Miscibility refers to the ability of a liquid to dissolve in another in all proportions.

• Alcohols like methanol and ethanol are miscible with water. There is no limit to the amount of these alcohols that can be dissolved in water - they dissolve in all proportions.

• When a liquid does not dissolve in another to any extent, the liquids are said to be immiscible.

• Oil and water are immiscible.

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• Electrolytes and Non-Electrolytes

• One way to distinguish between solutions that contain ions and those that contain molecules is an electrical conductivity test.

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• A solution that conducts electrical current is said to be

electrolytic and the solute is called an electrolyte.

The sodium chloride solution is an electrolytic solution.

• The solute in a solution that does not conduct electrical current

is a non-electrolyte.

Examples include:

sugar, urea, glycerol, and methylsulfonylmethane (MSM.

• Generally, dissociated ionic compounds are electrolytes

whereas dissolved molecular compounds are non-electrolytes.

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Units of Measure in Solutions

• Concentrations are often given in terms of weight/volume.  For example, mg/L, or mg/100 mL (common clinical units).

• A Molar Solution is an aqueous solution consisting of one mole of a substance plus enough water to make one Liter of solution.

• A Molal Solution is an aqueous solution consisting of one mole of a substance plus 1 kg of water (usually very close to 1 L water).  The total volume may thus be more than 1 L.

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Parts per million (PPM). Parts per million works like percent by mass,

but is more convenient when there is only a small amount of solute

present.

PPM is defined as the mass of the component in solution divided by

the total mass of the solution multiplied by 106 one million

A solution with a concentration of 1 ppm has 1 gram of substance for

every million grams of solution.

in general, one ppm implies one mg of solute per liter of solution.

Terms of expression the strength of pharmaceutical preparations

• Percentage (%)

• % w/v 1g in 100 mL preparation

• %v/v 1mL in 100 mL preparation

• % w/w 1 g in 100 g preparation

• Ratio strength:

• weight in volume (1:1000 w/v= 1g constituent in 1000 mL preparation)

• volume in volume (1:1000 v/v = 1ml constituent in 1000 mL preparation)

• weight in weight (1:1000 w/w = 1 g constituent in 1000 g preparation)

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Factors Affecting Solubility

Temperature will affect solubility.

If the solution process absorbs energy then the solubility will be INCREASED as the temperature is increased.

If the solution process releases energy then the solubility will DECREASE with increasing temperature

•  Mechanical stirring Mechanical stirring increases solubility. For

example, sugar dissolves faster on stirring with a spoon.

• pH of the solvent

(examples include weak acids and weak base)

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• Molecular Size will affect the solubility. The larger the molecule or the

higher its molecular weight the less soluble the substance will be . Larger

molecules are more difficult to surround with solvent molecules in order

to solvate the substance.

• In the case of organic compounds the amount of carbon

"BRANCHING" will increase the solubility since more branching will

reduce the size (or volume) of the molecule and make it easier to solvate

the molecules with solvent.

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• An aqueous solution is a solution in which the solvent is

water.

• As water is an excellent solvent as well as naturally abundant.

• Substances that do not dissolve well in water are called

hydrophobic )'water fearing') whereas those that do are

known as hydrophilic (Water-loving').

• An example of a hydrophilic substance would be the

sodium chloride , ordinary table salt.

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• Aqueous solutions

Types of pharmaceutical water

Purified water, USP

Water for injection

Aromatic water

• Physiological compatibility

• Lack of toxicity

• Possesses a high dielectric constant

• ensuring the dissolution of a wide range of ionizable materials

• Lack of selectivity

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I- Some solvents for liquid preparations

• Alcohol

• The most useful solvent in pharmacy (orally and parenterally)

• It form hydroalcoholic mixture with water that dissolves both alcohol-soluble and water-soluble substances

• It is miscible with water and can dissolve many water-insoluble ingredients, including drug substances, flavorants, preservatives.

• It is used as antimicrobial preservative (15%)

• Toxicity of ingested alcohol particularly for children.

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• Diluted alcohol

• Is prepared by mixing equal volumes of alcohol and purified water (50%)

• Alcohol, Rubbing

• Alcohol rubbing compound• It contains about 70% ethyl alcohol by volume• It is employed as a rubefacient externally and as soothing rub

for bedridden patients, a germicide for instruments• As vehicle for topical preparation• As skin cleanser before injection

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• Glycerol• It is a clear syrup liquid with sweet taste

• It is miscible with water and alcohol

• As solvent it is compatible with alcohol

• It is used as a stabilizer and as auxiliary solvent

• It has preservative qualities

• It is used in internal preparations

• Isopropyl rubbing alcohol• Is about 70% by volume isopropyl alcohol, with or without colour

additives, stabilizers and perfume oils

• It is used externally as a rubefacient and soothing rub and for topical products

• It is less likely to be abused

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• Propylene glycol

• A viscous liquid, miscible with water, glycerol and alcohol

• It is substituted for glycerol in modern pharmaceutical preparations

• It is used for formulation of digoxin, diazepam, phenobarbital injection

• As diluent for ear drops

• PEG 400

• Is used as a solvent in topical solution

• Used as co-solvent with alcohol and water

• Can be used for extraction processes

• In the formulation of veterinary solutions

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• Ethyl ether• Used for extraction of crude drugs• It is used as a co-solvent with alcohol in some collodions• It is not used for internal use

• Liquid paraffin• It is unpleasant to use externally• It is used as a solvent for topical application of drugs in

emulsion formulations

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• Dimethylsulfoxide

• It is used as a solvent for veterinary drugs

• It is used for application to human skin

• Miscellaneous solvents

• Isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate are solvent for external use, cosmetics

• Low viscous, lack of greasiness

• Xylene is used in ear drops for human use to dissolve ear wax

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II- Other formulation additives

• BuffersInjection, eye drops and nasal drops should be buffered at pH 7.4

Ex: carbonates, citrates, phosphate, lactates, gluconates, tartarates, borates (external)

• Density modifierEx: dextrose

• Isotonicity modifierEx: dextrose and sodium chloride

• Viscosity enhancementLow conc., of gelling agents can be used to increase the apparent viscosity of

the product

Ex: Povidone, Carbomer, Hydroxyethylcellulose

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• PreservativesEx: parahydroxybenzoic acid esters (Parabens)

• Reducing agent and antioxidantsEx: sodium metabisulphite, butylated hydroxyanisole or butylated

hydroxytoluene

• Sweetening agentEx: sucrose, polyhydric alcohols: sorbitol, mannitol,

artificial sweeteners: sodium or calcium salt of saccharin

• Flavours and perfumes

To mask the unpalatable taste, ex: fruit juices, aromatic oils, herps

• ColoursTo improve the attractiveness of the product and to enable ease of

identification

Ex: carotenoids, chlorophyll, riboflavines, coal tar dyes

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According to particular pharmaceutical solution’s use may be classified as:

• Oral

• Otic

• Ophthalmic

• Nasal

• Topical

According to the composition or use, solutions may be classified as :

• Aqueous solution containing sugar are termed syrups

• Sweetened hydroalcoholic solutions are termed elixirs

• Solution of aromatic materials are termed spirits

• Solutions prepared by extracting active constituents from crude drugs are termed tinctures

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Oral solutions

Dry mixtures for solution

Certain antibiotics have insufficient stability in aqueous solution to meet extended shelf life periods

They are provided in dry powders or granules for reconstitution before use

Once reconstituted, the solution remain stable for 7-14 days depending on the condition of storage

Examples: Penicillin V Potasium for oral solution, USP

Cloxacillin Sodium for oral solution, USP

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Oral rehydration solutions

Are usually effective in treatment of diarrhea and mild volume depletion (5-10% of body weight). These are available OTC

Oral solution contains: 45mEq Na+, 20 mEq K+, 35 mEq CL-, 30 mEq citrate,

25 g dextrose / 1 Liter

These formulations are available in liquid or powder packets form for reconstitution

These products should not be mixed with milk or fruit juice

Oral colonic lavage solution

Used for preparation of the bowel for colonoscopy

Composed of oral solution of electrolytes with PEG-3350.

Before dispensing it to the patient, the solution is reconstituted with water, creating an iso-osmotic solution. PEG is an osmotic agent in the GIT

• The formulation is as follows: • PEG-3350; Sodium sulfate; sodium bicarbonate; sodium chloride;

potassium chloride 240 ml every 10 min (total 4 L).

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Syrup

• In cooking, a syrup (from Arabic شراب sharab, beverage, via Latin

siropus) is a thick, viscous liquid, containing a large amount of

dissolved sugars, or sugar substitute with or without flavoring agents

and medicinal substances.

• Syrup containing flavoring agents but not medicinal substances are

called nonmedicated or flavored vehicles (syrup):

• Cherry syrup

• Orange syrup

• Raspberry syrup

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• The syrup are intended to serve as pleasant-tasting vehicles for medicinal

substances, consists of a concentrated or saturated solution of refined sugar

in distilled water.

• The "simple syrup" of the British Pharmacopoeia is prepared by dissolving

85 g of refined sugar in purified water to make 100 mL of syrup. The

specific gravity of the syrup should be 1.313.

• Flavoured syrups are made by adding flavouring matter to a simple syrup.

For instance, syrupus aromaticus is prepared by adding certain quantities

of orange flavouring and cinnamon water to simple syrup. Similarly,

medicated syrups are prepared by adding medicaments to, or dissolving

them in, the simple syrup.

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• As syrups can contain up to 85% of sugars, they are capable of resisting bacterial growth by virtue of their osmotic effect.

• Syrup, NF, also called simple syrup.

• The amount of preservative required to protect a syrup against microbial growth varies with the proportion of water available for growth

• Preservative commonly used in syrups : benzoic acid 0.1-0.2%, sodium benzoate 0.1-0.2%, parabens (0.1%).

• To enhance the appeal of the syrup, a coloring agent that correlates with the flavorant employed (green with mint, brown with chocolate).

• Most syrups are flavored with synthetic flavorants or with naturally occurring materials, such as volatile oils (orange oil), vanilin

• Colorant to enhance the appeal of the syrup may be added

• Sucrose-based syrup may be substituted by a polyol, such as sorbitol solution USP, 64%

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• Examples of medicated syrup:• Analgesic

• Anticholenergic

• Antiemetics

• Anticonvulsant

• Antihistamine

• Antiviral

• Antitussives

• Expectrorant

• Bronchodilators

• Fecal softener

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Elixirs

• An elixir (From Arabic,اإلكسير ) are clear, sweetened

hydroalcoholic solutions intended for oral use and usually

flavored to enhance their palatability.

• Non-medicated elixirs are employed as vehicles.

• Elixirs are usually less sweet and less viscous than syrup.

• In addition to alcohol and water, other solvents, such as

glycerol and propylene glycol are frequently employed in

elixirs as adjunctive solvents.

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• Elixirs are sweetened with sucrose, sorbitol, glycerol, and/or artificial sweeteners (Saccharine)

• Most elixirs have coloring agents to enhance their appearance

• Elixirs containing more than 10-12% alcohol are usually self-preserving

• Because of their usual content of volatile oils and alcohol, elixirs should be stored in tight, light-resistant containers and protected from excessive heat

• Antihistamine Elixir: Diphenhydramine HCl

• Analgesic Elixir: acetominophen

• Cardiotonic Elixir: digoxin

• Antispasmodic Elixir: hyoscyamine sulfate

• Sedative Elixir: phenobarbital

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Tinctures

• In medicine, a tincture is an alcoholic extract (e.g. of leaves or

other plant material) or solution of a non-volatile substance;

e.g. of iodine, mercurochrome). • Tinctures contain alcohol in amounts ranging from approx.

15-80%. • The alcohol content protects against microbial growth • Other solvent, such as glycerol, may be employed• Tincture must be tightly stopered and not exposed to

excessive temperature

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• Many tinctures must be stored in light-resistant containers and protect from sunlight.

• Some examples that were formerly common in medicine include:

• Tincture of Cannabis sativa • Tincture of Benzoin • Tincture of cantharides • Tincture of green soap ( (which also contains lavender) • Tincture of guaiac • Tincture of iodine • Tincture of opium (laudanum)• Camphorated opium tincture (paregoric)

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• Tincture of iodine is often found in emergency survival kits, used both to disinfect wounds and to sanitize surface water for drinking.

• When an alcohol solution is not desirable, Lugol's iodine, an aqueous solution of iodine in potassium iodide solution, or povidone iodine (Betadine), a PVP solution, can be used.

• Other names for Lugol's solution are I2KI (Iodine-Potassium Iodide); Markodine, Strong solution (Systemic); Aqueous Iodine Solution BP.

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Linctuses• A viscous preparation, usually for the relief of cough

• It consists of a simple solution of the active agent in a high concentration of sucrose

• The syrup content has a demulcent action on the mucous membranes of the throat

• For diabetic use, the sucrose is replaced by sorbitol or synthetic sweeteners

• This type of product, should be sipped slowly and not be diluted beforehand

• It is administered in multiple of 5 mL

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Sodium Salicylate – 15 gr.Sodium Bicarbonate – 30 gr.Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia – 20 min.Camphor water, up to – 1 oz.For use in acute rheumatism and other febrile conditions

Sodium Salicylate – 15 gr.Sodium Bicarbonate – 30 gr.Strong Solution of Amm. acetate – 30 min.Compound Tincture of Cinchona – 20 min.Syrup of Tolu – 1 dr.Camphor water, up to – 1 oz.Useful in Influenza.

Topical solutions Aluminum acetate (Burow’s solution)

• Is colourless and has a faint acetous odor,

• Is applied topically as an astringent wash or wet dressing after dilution with 10 to 40 parts of water.

• Used in various types of dermatological lotions, cream and pastes

• Commercial tablets are available for preparation of this solution

Calcium hydroxide (lime water)

• It is called Limewater, contain not less than 140 mg of Ca(OH)2 in each 100 mL of solution

• Cool purified water is the solvent

• The solution is intended to be saturated with solute

• The solution should be stored in well-filled tightly stopered containers and kept in a cool place to maintain an adequate conc., of dissolved solute.

• The solution is astringent and is employed in dermatological solutions and lotions

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• Hydrogen peroxide Synonym: Peroxide

• It contains 2.5-3% w/v hydrogen peroxide H2O2, suitable preservative may be added (0.05%)

• Is a clear, colorless liquid.

• It deteriorates upon long standing also by the effect of light and heat

• The solution should be preserved in tight, light-resistant containers, at temp. not exceeding 35 C

• It is categorized as a local anti-infective for use topically on the skin or mucous membranes (gargle).

• Its germicidal activity is based on the release of nascent oxygen on contact with the tissues and its ability to cleanse wounds

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• Povidone iodine • Commercial product: Betadine Solution

• It is a chemical complex of iodine with PVP

• It contains approx. 10% available iodine and slowly released when applied to the skin

• It is employed as surgical scrub and nonirritating antiseptic solution

• Thimerosal topical • Is a water-soluble organic mercurial antibacterial agent used topically for

its bacteriostatic and mild fungistatic properties

• It is used to disinfect skin and as an application to wounds and abrasions

• It has been also applied to the eye, nose, throat in dilution 1:5000

• It is also used as a preservative for various preparations

• The solution is affected by light and must be maintained in light resistant containers

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Topical tinctures• Iodine Tincture

• It is a reddish-brown colour tincture

• It is prepared from 2% iodine crystal and 2.4% sodium iodide in a vehicle alcohol/water (44-50% alcohol)

• It is a popular local anti-infective agent applied to the skin in general household first aid

• Compound Benzoin tincture

• It is prepared from 10% benzoin and lesser amounts of aloe, storax and tolu balsam

• The mixture is macerated in alcohol

• It is used to protect and toughen skin in the treatment of bedsores, ulcers, cracked nipples, and fissures of the anus

• Also used in treatment of venereal warts

• It is also used as an inhalent for bronchitis and other respiratory conditions

• It is best stored in tight, light-resistant containers

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• Thimerosal Tincture

• The vehicle is water, acetone and 50% alcohol

• It must be manufactured and stored in glass or suitably resistant containers

• Ethylenediamine is used as stabilizer in the official solution and tincture

• The commercial preparation is colored orange red, the colour defines the area of application

• It is a commonly used household antiseptic for application to the skin abrasions and cuts and in preparation of patients for surgery

• Green Soap tincture

• 65% of active constituent in alcohol

• Also contains 2% lavender oil as perfume

• Used as detergent

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Vaginal and rectal solutions• Vaginal douches

• Solution for irrigation cleansing of the vagina, used for hygienic effect

• Solutions may be prepared from powders or liquid concentrates. • The resultant solution contains the appropriate amount of chemical

agents in proper strength• Boric acid – astringents - antimicrobial – quaternary ammonium

compound – detergents – oxidizing agents – salts – aromatics • Evacuation Enemas• Rectal enemas are used to cleanse the bowel. • The enema solution are solutions of; sodium phosphate, sodium

biphosphate, glycerin, docusate sodium, light mineral oil• The product will work within 5-10 min• They are available in disposable plastic squeeze bottles• Typical example: Soft soap 25 g / 500 mL water as an emollient

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Simple EnemaSoft Soap – 1 oz.Warm water, up to – 1 pint.Dissolve and mix. For use in constipation. To be given at body temperature.

Ear preparations

• Also known as otic products, these are simple solutions of drugs in water, glycerol, propylene glycol or alcohol/water mixture for local use

• Hydrogen peroxide (5-volume), Phenol (6% w/w) ear drops

• Ear drops are a form of medicine used to treat or prevent ear infections, especially infections of the outer ear and ear canal (Otitis externa).

• Bacterial infections are sometimes treated with antibiotics. Examples are:-

• Gentisone HCL ear drops (containing Gentamicin and hydrocortisone).

• Ciproxin HCL ear drops (containing ciprofloxacin and hydrocortisone).

• Kenacomb ear drops, containing triamcinolone acetonide, neomycin and gramicidin (antibiotics) and nystatin (antifungal).

• Over the counter ear drops are also available, including spirit drops (alcohol solution), which dries out the ear, and drops such as Aqua Ear (used for swimmer's ear) containing a mixture of substances such as alcohol and acetic acid, to dry the ear and make it difficult for microbes to grow.

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Eye preparations

• Eye drops are sterile aqueous or oily solutions or suspensions intended for instillation into the eye.

• Depending on the condition being treated, they may contain steroids (e.g. mydriatics, dexamethasone), antihistamines, sterile sympathomimetics, beta receptor blockers, parasympathomimetics (e.g. pilocarpine), parasympatholytics (e.g. tropicamide or atropine), prostaglandins, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or topical anesthetics.

• Eye drops sometimes do not have medications in them and are only lubricating and tear-replacing solutions,

• and they can also contain anti-redness and similar chemicals.

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Nasal preparations

• These are formulated as small-volume solutions is an aqueous vehicle for instillation into the nostrils

• Formulation are isotonic with nasal secretions using sodium chloride.

• Viscosity can be modified using cellulose derivatives

• Nasal administration can be used to deliver drugs for either local or systemic effect.

• Locally acting drugs are for example decongestants and allergy treatments.

• Examples of systemically active drugs available as nasal sprays are migraine drugs, nicotine replacement and hormone treatments, anti-convulsant.

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Irrigations• Are sterile, large volume aqueous–based solutions for

the cleansing of body cavities (peritoneal dialysis solution) and cleansing wounds.

• They should be made isotonic with tissue fluid • They are not for oral or parenteral use• For external use only

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Spray

An aqueous or oleaginous solutions in the form of coarse droplets or as finely divided solids to be applied topically, most usually to the nasopharyngeal tract or to the skin by means of an atomizer

The type of atomizer used depends on the viscosity of the spray solution

Drugs used for relief of asthma are commonly dispensed as spray

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Topical dental solution• Oromucosal preparations: are designed for application to the throat or

oral cavity and can includes solids and semi-solids as well as solutions

• Mouthwashes and gargles• These aqueous solutions are for the prevention and treatment of mouth and

throat infections and can contain antiseptics, analgesics and / or astringents

• They are intended to bring the medication into contact with mucous surface of the throat

• They are usually diluted with warm water before use

• Gargles may have some analgesic effect and provide symptomatic relief

• Mouthwash are intended to wash out the mouth , they may be of value for local hygiene of the mouth

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Alkaline Gargle and Mouth WashTake of:

bicarbonateof Soda 1 oz.

Boric Acid 1 oz Chloride of Sodium 2 oz.

Directions- Add a teaspoonful to 8 ounces of warm water and use as a gargle, mouth wash or nasal douche.

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Compound Potassium Chlorate GargleTake of:Potassium Chlorate 6 gr.Borax 3 gr.Tincture of Myrrh 5 min.

Water, up to 1 oz

Useful in stomatitis

• Gingival and sublingual preparations

• These are in the form of drops or sprays for application to specific areas of the oral mucosa such as the gums for the prevention and treatment of periodontal disease or under the tongue to enable fast absorption of active agents into systemic circulation

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Non aqueous solutions• Liniments Are liquid preparation for external use only and may be applied with or

without friction.

They should not be applied to unbroken skin

They are alcoholic or oleaginous solutions or emulsions of various medicinal substances

For oleaginous liniments, the solvent may be a fixed or volatile oil

(almond, sesame, peanut, wintergreen, turpentine oil)

Alcoholic or hydroalcoholic vehicle are useful when rubefacient or counterirritant action is desired

• For relief of pain, they may be applied on warmed flannel or lint or may be painted with a soft brush

• Liniment may be alcoholic solutions

• They should be dispensed in colored bottle

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Menthol Camphor Compound Liniment

• Menthol – 2 gr.• Camphor – 5 gr.• Oil of Turpentine – 2 dr.• Soft Soap- 2 dr.• Olive Oil, up to – 1 oz.• Useful in chronic inflammation of joints.

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Aconite Belladonna and Camphor Liniment (ABC Liniment)Take of:Liniment AconiteLiniment of Belladonna Each equal parts.Liniment of CamphorFor use in Rheumatism, etc.

• PaintsLiquids for application to the skin or mucous membranes in small amounts

using a small brush

The solvent is water, alcohol, ether or acetone

Glycerol is often added to ensure prolonged contact with the skin (viscocity modifier)

• CollodionsIs a clear viscous liquid prepared by dissolving pyroxylin in a 3:1 mixture of

ether and alcohol or acetone/alcohol

Pyroxylin obtained by the action of a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids on cotton, consists of cellulose tetranitrate

The resulting solution is highly volatile and flammable

The product is capable of forming a protective film on application to the skin

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Castor oil may be applied to collodion to render the film flexible, permitting its comfortable use

After evaporation of the solvent leaves a tough , flexible film hold the drug in intimate contact with the skin

• Salicylic acid Collodion• It is 10% solution of salicylic acid in flexible collodion

• Has keratolytic effect especially in the removal of corns from the toes

• The product is applied as one drop on the corn or wart, allowing time to dry

• As salicylic acid is irritant to normal skin, it should be applied directly on the corn or wart

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