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Developing improved groundnut varieties and
awareness creation for uptake and aflatoxin
mitigation measures in Tanzania
Dr. Omari Mponda (PhD) – ARI Naliendele, P.O. Box 509 Mtwara. E-mail: [email protected]
Background
• Food and nutrition insecurity
• - Over half the pop live below the poverty datum line
– Over 40% of the children under 5 are malnourished
– Gnut as a source of nutrition (protein, oil) and income
Project Goal
• Reduction in poverty by
improving income level,
food and nutrition security
through investments in
short- and medium high
yielding groundnut varieties
with acceptable market
traits and resistance to
foliar diseases
Cultivar development
Improving crop Management
Availing seed
Improved varieties
Reduced aflatoxin In grain
Increased production
Reduced aflatoxin contamination in humans
Availability of safe food
Increased HH consumption
Increased marketable surplus
INCOME
NUTRITION
Labour serving techs
Processing and value add
Theory of Change -Groundnut Breeding and Aflatoxin project.
Groundnuts Production-Tanzania
Cropped
Area (2008-
10 avg)
Production
(2008-10
avg)
Av.
Yield (2008-
10 avg) (A)
Potential
yield (B)
Realizable
Yield (C)
Yield Gap
(C-A)
million ha
million
tonnes Kg/Ha Kg/Ha Kg/Ha Kg/Ha
0.54 0.39 721.38 3,000 1500 778.62
Groundnut Breeding Objectives
• To develop high yielding variety resistant to biotic and abioticstress and adoptable to the major groundnut growing areas of the country that farmer preferred and market acceptable.
• The breeding programmes aim at developing high yielding varieties with high oil content, but
• with the availability of cheaper oil from other sources,
groundnut has lost its ground as a premier oil seed crop Rising
confectionery market has assumed great significance as snack
food in domestic and international markets
• Bold seed, high protein, high oleic acid/linoleic acid, (O/L)
ratio and low oil.
Constraints to increased production
and trade
• Diseases
• Rosette – can cause 100% crop loss in
epidemic years in 2009/10 about 30% was lost
in TZ
• Leaf spots, LLS, ELS, Rust
• Aflatoxin contamination
• Drought – Climate Change
Leaf
spotRust
Rosette
Drought
Research Hypothesis
• Improved groundnut varieties (for yield,
disease and aflatoxin resistance) will stimulate
farmer adoption and increase production
enabling smallholder farmers to overcome
– Malnutrition
– Health related ailments
– Increased rural poverty
– Loss of soil fertility
Specific Objectives
• High yielding farmer and market-acceptable groundnut varieties with resistance to foliar/viral diseases and aflatoxin contamination developed.
• Nutritional status, dietary diversity, human health and mycotoxin contamination problem spatially characterized
• Adoption rates of improved farmer and market-acceptable varieties and production technologies enhanced
• Capacity of partners for management of mycotoxins in food, variety development and enabling policy environment enhanced
Project sites
• On-station trials• Southern Tanzania• Naliendele• Nachingwea• Nakayaya - Tunduru
• Central Tanzania• Makutopora • Hombolo• Bihawana• Western -Tumbi• Lake zone - Ukiriguru
• On-farm (each at least)• 20 sites PVS and seed prod• South and Central• Lake zone, Western zone• Western - T
Objective 1: Objective 1: High yielding farmer and marketHigh yielding farmer and market--acceptable acceptable
groundnut varieties developedgroundnut varieties developed
Milestones
�Screening by giving high
disease pressure for rust,
ELS,GRD, Aflatoxin
�Good X Good cross
Groundnut Crossing program
• Introgressing desirable traits to the improved varieties (rosette resistance, pod size, drought resistance, oil content)
Good X Good Crosses
Farmer
Preferred
Variety
GRD, ELS, Rust
Activity
Current Status
� Selection
Objective 3:Adoption rates of improved varieties and
production technologies developed
�Improve Adoption
�Demonstration
Technology
Milestones
Demonstration Technology
GRDGRD, Aflatoxin
Improved Groundnuts varieties-
Tanzania
Mangaka-2009Masasi-2009
NEW GROUNDNUT VARIETIES IDENTIFIED FOR RELEASE IN
TANZANIA
Rural seed fairs
• Inadequate awareness, availability and accessibility have
hindered adoption of improved varieties by farmers
• Improved seeds bred by national research institutes and
private seed companies have not been readily available in
Southern Tanzania
• Poor infrastructure including poor roads have not been
attractive to private seed companies to invest in remote areas
even liberalization of the seed industry in 1990s
• Naliendele designed a rural seed fairs since in 1997
Objectives of the seed fairs
• To create awareness of seeds available from
informal and formal seeds systems
• Increase availability, accessibility of
alternative seeds
• Establish working contacts: researchers,
extension, farmers, traders, policy makers
(linkage improved)
• Enhance the rural seed systems
Methodology
• Rural seed fairs were first started in Newala, Masasi and Nachingwea in 1997
• Due to successful implementation of rural seed fairs it was exapanded to include all district councils of Mtwara and Lindi region in 1998,1999 and 2000.
• To organise rural seed fair
– Sensitize stakeholders on the importance of seed fairs and agree on its implementation budget
– Identify local seed experts and invite them to the seed fair
– Select site village representative of potential growing area
– The site should be a centre where farmers could easily come
– Organise construction of booths and traditional dances and artists to perform on the seed fairs
– Organize radio spot announcements prior to the seeds fairs
• Organize to collect/purchase seeds from research station
seed companies and in small samples of 50 – 200 gms, 500
gms depending on crop and sale at cost price.
• Organize radio live coverage during the seed fair event to
inform the public on the progress of seed fairs
• Seed fair is a venue for seed exchange, sale, and making
contact between seed producers, farmers, extension and
researchers and policy makers
• On the eve of seed fair in the evening organize to show video
films on various agricultural technologies up to 10.00 o’clock
in the evening then traditional dance till morning
• On seed fair day researchers, farmer seed experts will exhibit seeds and share their knowledge to others
• Farmers visiting exhibitors will purchase seed packs from researchers, farmers to go and try in their environments
• District Councils Leaders make speeches on the importance of seeds and agriculture in general in their districts and national at large
• Researchers learn from farmers of local seeds and associated local knowledge
Traditional dances promote seed
knowledge and sharing
Achievements/impact• Awareness of improved seed have significantly improved
• During these events we were able to exhibit about 70 crop
varieties of cereals, oilseeds, root and tubers, fruits and
vegetables
• Farmers accessing seeds were organised into Farmer Research
Groups for their participation in Participatory variety selection
and seed multiplication
• Farmers groups have become seed multipliers and registered as
Quality declared and certified seed production with Agricultural
Seed Agency and companies
• 15 – 20 tons groundnuts produced
• Demand for seed significantly increased
especially for sesame and groundnuts
• Adoption of improved groundnuts varieties
and sources of seeds significantly increased.
Pendo, Mnanje are popular in Tanzania
• Productivity of groundnuts increased on farm
from 700 kg/ha – 1000-1500 kg/ha
Groundnut Aflatoxin
• Aflatoxin and nutrition
– Need to establish whether the state of human nutrition is at risk as a result of aflatoxin contamination of foods
• Aflatoxin and agriculture
– Ascertain the source of dietary contamination and its management
– ensure that the general public is knowledgeable about aflatoxin and its effects on health
• Disseminate available aflatoxin reducing technologies
• Building capacity of front line staff and farmers through farmerfriendly integrated aflatoxin management packages
Top 20 Groundnut Exporters, 2008Rank Country Quantity
(tonnes)Value (1,000 US$)
Unit value (US$/tonne)
1 India 293,128 274,154 9352 China 167,054 232,183 1,3903 USA 216,936 198,593 9154 Argentina 148,962 180,890 1,2145 Netherlands 80,287 137,390 1,7116 Nicaragua 77,973 90,058 1,1557 Brazil 44,361 50,586 1,1408 UAE 15,938 15,799 9919 South Africa 10,202 15,027 1,47310 Vietnam 14,300 13,700 95811 Paraguay 9,230 9,778 1,05912 Belgium 6,282 9,395 1,49613 Gambia 18,000 8,200 45614 Singapore 6,093 7,336 1,20415 Australia 3,984 7,254 1,82116 Bolivia 4,056 6,658 1,64217 UR of Tanzania 14,817 6,280 42418 Egypt 5,684 6,138 1,04719 Spain 3,275 5,874 1,79420 Uzbekistan 6,461 5,545 858
Source:
FAOSTAT
Countries with Permissible Limits for Total Aflatoxins in
Food & Feed
Problem
• Aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2), the poisonous secondary metabolites
produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, are one of the
most frequent contaminants in several crops produced under
rainfed conditions such as groundnut, maize, millets, chillies,
various nuts, etc. (Fig. 1).
• Aflatoxins have been linked with impaired child growth, liver
cancer and various other illnesses.
• Stringent food safety regulations have been established to prevent
aflatoxin contamination in foods. However, they are ineffective in
developing countries due to poor awareness, inadequate
monitoring skills and food inadequacy issues.
• Large percentage of populations (particularly low-income groups)
are at the highest risk of exposure to aflatoxin contaminated diets.
Pre-desposing factors
• Weather conditions
• Drought stress
• Cultivars and farming practices
• Time of harvest and pod removal
• Method of harvest and drying
• Mechanical/insect damage (pre-and post harvest pests
• Conditions of packing and distribution
Model for understanding Risk of
Contamination
Aflatoxin, Health & Trade
� Synergistic with Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) to cause liver cancer
• 30 times more potent in HBV+ people
• 5-60 times higher cancer risk
� Impairs growth and development of children
� Suppress immune system – increased susceptibility to diseases, e.g., HIV, malaria?
� Impedes uptake and utilization of micronutrients in human systems
� Animal productivity reduced – growth rate, embryo toxicity, feed efficiency, cancer, death……
� ~2.3 million bags contaminated maize not tradable in 2010 in Kenya
Fungi producing mycotoxinsFungi producing mycotoxins
� Mycotoxins, the secondary metabolites of Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium are among the most common molds that invade food and feed.
� Toxic metabolites produced by
Aspergillus flavus and related
species in several crop species
� Aflatoxin B1 is a potent toxin
� It is considered as carcinogen
Aflatoxin B1
Aspergillus flavus: Aflatoxin producing mold
AflatoxinsAflatoxins
Aflatoxin causes-Liver cancer
AflatoxicosisAflatoxicosis
Aflatoxicosis is the poisoning that results from ingesting aflatoxins
Two types of aflatoxicosis have been identified
1) Acute severe intoxication:
Results in liver damage and subsequent illness or death. Large dose leads to acute
illness and death, through liver cirrhosis
The 2004 outbreak in Eastern and Northern province of Kenya resulted in a total of
317 cases of aflatoxicosis, with 125 deaths This was due to widespread aflatoxin
contamination of locally grown maize, which occurred during storage of the maize
under damp conditions.
2) Chronic sub symptomatic exposure:
Due to frequent ingestion of sublethal doses
This have nutritional and immunological consequences, and a cumulative effect on
the risk of liver cancer
anithaanitha©©20112011
Cirrhosis of liverCirrhosis of liver
Cirrhosis of Liver
Effects of mycotoxins in cattle
Birds affected with aflatoxin B1Birds affected with aflatoxin B1
Aflatoxin workshop with traders in Mtwara
WARSHA YA UTUNZAJI WA KARANGA WAFANYABIASHARA
KARANGA
MTWARA MJINI
WABISOCO, MTWARA 17 June 2011
Moulds in groundnuts-Ukungu (kuvu) kwenye
karanga
Microscope view of fungi aspergillus flavus-
Ukungu husambaa kirahisi sana kwa vimelea vidogo
vidogo
Lifecyle of aspergillus flavus (fungi)
Mzunguko wa maisha ya ukungu
Aflatoxin contamination levels in groundnuts in
Tanzania (ppb)
Samples 688593
Mean
AfB1 93 121 115
1. Aflatoxin contamination starts in the field-
Mashambulizi shambani
1. How to reduce contamination in the field-
Njia za kupunguza mashambulizi shambani
2. Contamination during harvest-
Mashambulizi wakati wa kuvuna
2. How to reduce contamination- Timely harvest-
Njia za kupunguza mashambulizi wakati wa kuvuna
3. Contamination during drying-
Mashambulizi wakati wa kukausha
3. How to reduce contamination during harvest-
Njia za kupunguza mashambulizi wakati wa
kukausha
3. How to reduce contamination during drying- Njia
za kupunguza mashambulizi wakati wa kukausha
4. Mashambulizi kwenye karanga
zilizobanguliwa
4b. Mashambulizi kwenye karanga
zilizobanguliwa
4.Sorting and Grading-Jinsi ya kupunguza
mashamabulizi kwenye karanga zilizobanguliwa
5a. Njia za punguza mashambulizi wakati wa
utunzaji
5b. Njia za punguza mashambulizi wakati wa
utunzaji
Breeding - International aflatoxin screening
trials involving 100 lines for Spanish and 49 lines
for Virginia – control: J11 and 55-437 at ICRISAT
Malawi
Joint action needed – by value chain actors
Policy makers (Ministries of Agriculture, Health, Industry, Finance, Trade, PMO, Loc GOvt),TFDA,
Adapted from Homann-Kee Tui (2010) Training/Planning Workshop Report on Establishing
Small Stock Innovation Platforms, Gaborone
Research communityNARS, ICRISAT,IITA, TFDA, TFNC,TBS
Input & service suppliers (incl extension, SIDO, AMCOS; Farmer groups, PvTTOSCI,ASA, NGOs)
FarmersTraders
ProcessorsSupermarkets
Consumers
Exporters
Method Purpose
I. Primary prevention To minimize fungal infestation and aflatoxin
contamination
� Cultivation of A. flavus resistant
varieties
� Potential for control of fungal invasion
and toxin production during crop
growth.
� Control of field infection by following
appropriate phytosanitary measures to
reduce the fungal inoculum
� Limit fungal inoculum in the field
� Seed treatment and application of
fungicides
� Limit fungal invasion during crop
growth
� Appropriate scheduling for planting,
harvest and post harvest
� Avoid drought stress and other abiotic
stresses
� Application of soil amendments
(gypsum, farmyard manure etc
� Enhancing soil nutrient (especially
calcium) and water holding capacity,
promoting the growth of antagonistic
native soil-microflora
� Lowering moisture content of seeds
after harvesting and during storage
� Limit fungal invasion and growth
during storage
� Preservatives to prevent insect
infestation and fungal contamination
during storage
� Limit fungal invasion during storage
Aflatoxin ManagementAflatoxin Management
Method Purpose
II. Secondary prevention Elimination or limiting the fungal
contamination
� Sorting of contaminated pods and
kernels
� Reducing aflatoxin contamination in
final product
� Re-drying the groundnut pods and
kernels
� Limit further mold invasion during
storage
� Appropriate storage conditions to
avoid favorable conditions for mold
growth
� Limit further mold invasion during
storage
� Detoxification of contaminated
product
� Chemical inactivation of aflatoxins
through use of detoxification clay,
ammonification, electronic sorting of
kernels.
Aflatoxin ManagementAflatoxin Management
Challenges
• Inadequate funding, no sustainable funding, facilities (cold storage)• Limited access to seed of improved varieties due to inadequate seed
production of preferred seed varieties.• Lack of access to information on available varieties –farmers do not know
about new varieties, their potential, where to access and how to manage them and market requirements
• Export markets constrained by stringent aflatoxin standards set by importing countries- value chain actors limited awareness
• High transaction costs due to collection from a large no of smallholder farmers resulting in grain of mixed quality leading to low prices
• Lack of premium price for quality (aflatoxin free nuts)-Traceability
• Low mechanization technologies - gender
• Cheap oils -Inadequate value addition – groundnut oil, peanut butter
• Too centralized formal seed system certification limits participation of other seed value chain actors - decentralize
Thank you.
Further Contacts on Mycotoxin/aflatoxinDr. Madinda – Consultant Surgeon +255789333282
Dr. Martin Kimanya TFDA - +255754317687
AcknowledgementsMcKnight Foundation CCRP, Tropical Legumes I&II,
ICRISAT, IITA, DRD MAFSC