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Case Study of Landscape Ecology:

INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR“TOWARDS RURAL AND URBANSUSTAINABLE COMMUNITIES:RESTRUCTURING HUMAN – NATURE

6-7 January 2004Prianger Hotel, Bandung - Indonesia

HS Arifin Doc.

AN OVERVIEW OF

LANDSCAPE ECOLOGICAL STUDY ON SUSTAINABLEBIO-RESOURCES MANAGEMENT SYSTEMIN JAKARTA-BOGOR-PUNCAK-CIANJUR

(JABOPUNJUR), INDONESIA

INTERACTION”

Hadi Susilo ARIFINBogor Agricultural University (IPB)

hsarifin@indo.net.id

HS Arifin Doc.

INTRODUCTION

As a tropical country, Indonesia having wet tropicalclimate with high temperature and high humidity

high biological productivity.

Indonesia has highly diverse in its ecosystem such as thatin its waters, beaches, low land areas, and higher up tothe mountains in which the watershed area divide intounits.Landscape ecology focuses on three characteristics ofthe landscape, i.e. structure, function and change.Bio-physically, the landscape structure in the upperstream differs significantly from that downstream.

Ecologically, the upper stream and down stream areasare closely related in terms of material and energy flow.

FACTORS

Geognostic

FORMS

Climate

Land

NATURAL

LANDSCAPE

Climatic

Vegetational

X

surface

soil

drainage

mineral resources

Sea and coast

Vegetation

Fig. The Natural Landscape

TIME

FACTORS FORMSMEDIUM

Populationdensity

mobility

Culture TIME

Housing

plan

structure

Production

Communication

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CULTURALLANDSCAPE

Natural

Landscape

Fig. The Cultural Landscape

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PROBLEM

Landscape changes are serious matters due tochanges in agricultural activities towardindustrialization, urbanization, and commercialagricultural land.

The landscape matrix is made more diverse as aconsequence of the interaction between physicalfactors and human efforts to exploit and evenovercome them.

The form of this exploitation has changed overtime to reflect social and technological changeand the impact of occasional phenomena.

HUMAN

W F C A

1. balance O R R N

O U O I

D I P M

T A

R R L Three

2. E R E

S E S R Villages

O S O E

U O U S

R U R O

3. C R C U

function & change E C E R

C, N Cycle) E C

E

LAND USE & ITS Three Small

Catchment

& Areas

TWO AREAS :

AREA &

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The Government Macro Policy

Sector Oriented Centralistic PolicyThe policy & programs have been

centralistic designed & sector

oriented

Less peopleparticipation

Uniform projectprogram

Lack of communityownership

Less local specificprogram

Minimum Impact tothe Rural

Development

Migration & Urbanization

Metropolitan Cities Problem

Fig. 1. Scheme of Problem Issues

IPB and TU ~ Core University Research ProgramDGHE/JSPS (1998 – 2007): “Toward Harmonization

between Development and Environmental Conservationin Biological Production” ~ four Groups.

Ecological landscape planning among rural, suburban,urban and regional scales should be integrated in theplanning of watershed from the upper stream right tothe down stream.

In this case, apart from physical and biological aspects,those of social, economic, and cultural should also be

TO RESOLVE THE PROBLEMSustainable Rural Landscape Development

Integrated Rural Landscape Planning

Transformation of rurallandscape

InstitutionalDevelopment

InfrastructureDevelopment

People

Participation

Landscape Ecological Studies on Sustainable Bio-resources Management,

e.g. Empowering Traditional Agroforestry System

Watershed Based Ecological Development Programs

taken into consideration.Fig. Research Project Framework

STAGE OF RESEARCH

Stage I (1998-2000): Survey on traditional bio-resourcesand environmental system in Indonesia.

Stage II (2000-2003): Analysis interrelations among thecomponent in the bio-resource management system andevaluation.

Stage III (2003-2005): Reconstruction bio-resourcesmanagement system, adaptability/ possibility of newtechnology.

Stage IV (2005-2007). Adaptation of the new bio-management system and the proposal of thereconstruction of the bio-resources management system.

Fig. Schematic Structure of the Study

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Pro

duct

M

arke

tT

echn

olog

yR

and

D

Years0 1 2 7653 4 8 9 10 11

GIS Remote Sensing

Gaduates

Indegenouos AF Models

Landscape Recon-

sruction & Mana-

gement

Eco-Villages-Cities DesignLU Models

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International: Universities, Journals, Int’l Foundation, Investors, Developers

National: Universities, rural-urba communities, local government, companies, NGOs

Agriculture Sciences

Bio-Resources ManagementLandscape structure, function & dynamic Management

Nutritional Science

Human Ecology

Bio-Physic Survey

Fish/Aquaculture Prod.

Land Evauation

Ecological Landscape.

Planning

Integrated Farming System

Bio-diversity Analysis

Animal Husb. Prod.

Plant Prod.

Soc-Ec-Cult Survey

Food Security

Dessimination

Articles

Maps Sustain Agric. ModelsThe distribution ofelevation classes (left-up), slope classes(right-up)

The existing land use(mid-left), soil type(mid-right)

Erosion hazard (left-bottom), and promotedecological land use(right-bottom)

Legend

Forest

Plantation

Forest garden

Upland field

Paddy field

Residential area

0

N

Cianjur City

10km

ROADMAP LANDSCAPE ECOLOGICAL STUDY FOR SUSTAINABLE BIO-RESOURCES

Landuse in Cianjur watershed(Source: Harashina, Takeuchi, Tsunekawa & Arifin, 2002)

Mt. Gedepaddy fields zone

highland vegetables zone

complex agroforests zone

tea plantations zone

mixed crops zone

(34.0%)

(11.2%)

( 9.2%)

( 6.8%)

( 3.5%)

Five scenarios:

EXIST (Existing Land Use in Suitability Term)

INTENSE (Introduction Complement of Main Land Use)

TREND (Towards Market and Demand)

GREEN (Go with Rural Environment Enhancement)

COMBINE (Combine several efforts in the same time)

Fig. Cianjur Watershed – Citarum Sub-watershed (Source: Saroinsong, Arifin, Gandasasmita & Takeuchi, 2003).

Land evaluation in Cianjur watershed

Five agro-ecological land allocation zones delineated in CianjurWatershed except forests and settlements:

JAKARTA

DEPOK

BOGOR

DISTRICT

BOGOR

CITY

BOGOR

DISTRICT

Down stream

* Flat area* High density of population* Dense settlements* Water/industrial pollution* Lack of greenery open space* Trading & services area

Middle stream

* Flat – undulating area* High density of population* Settlements & new settlements* Industrial areas & pollution* Abandon lands* Agricultural farmlands* Land use changing

Upper Stream

* Hilly – mountainous area* Poverty, low of land property right* Agricultural farmlands

* Big plantation estates* Mineral water exploration* Forest & greenery open space

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The Characteristics ofCiliwung Watershed(Source: Environmental Analysis

& Spatial Modeling Laboratory,

Faculty of Forestry-IPB, 2002)

Land evaluation of protected area in theupper stream of Ciliwung watershed

Physical factors: elevation, slope, soil, riparian, the mainof catchment area, the high ground movement.

The results: protected area (84.1 %), and non-protectedarea (15.9 %).

Present land cover classification in the upper stream ofCiliwung watershed, the ratio of forest and non-forestarea is 37.4%: 62.6%.

This means to cover the protected area which resultedfrom map of distribution of protected area (84.1%), theseshould be some efforts and activities such as re-vegetation, producing land use policies as well as lawenforcement by the government.

Participatory

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ECOLOGICAL & INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGESPROMOTING

People traditionally carried out agriculture and forestry inwhich people made symbiotic use of ‘ecological circulationin forest and water’, and therefore in harmony with nature.

RURAL PEKARANGAN SYSTEM

TUMPANG SARI

Homegarden (Pekarangan) is a multistory, circularsystem for bio-resource utilization, which is practicedwithin settlements. Rural Pekarangan contributes tomaintenance of food for subsistence during economiccrisis.

Agroforestry System: Complex Agroforestry, SimpleAgroforestry, Agroforestry Landscapes. These systemcan conserve the environment. So the possibility ofsustainability is warranted.

COMPLEXAGROFORESTRY

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SIMPLE AGROFORESTRY

K. Takeuchi

Local level component for landscapeplanning, agreements, management

Local WS monitoring &assessment

planning Digitizedlocal plan

Analyticaland monitoring modeling:

Localization: potential, constraint,interactions, impacts,trade offs, priorities

land use

government agencies, otherstakeholders

Public Information for

Policy: overall resource

condition & use pattern

Sub-basin GIS:

providesinformation,

consolidates plans

RS Land Usemonitoring:

transparency,accaount-ability

Negotiation: communities, localinstitution, watershed mgt. Network,

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Environmental Services connected withForests and Watersheds

Protection of biodiversity

Maintenance of water flows andwater quality

Sequestration of carbon

Landscape beauty and amenity

ENVIRONMENTAL SEREVICE ISSUES

Many upland and mountain communities in Asiamanage landscapes that provide environmentalservices to outside beneficiaries.

The services they provide include clean andabundant water supplies from watersheds,biodiversity protection, stocks of carbon that mayalleviate global warming and landscape beauty forrecreation and tourism.

However upland communities are not sharing in thebenefits that these services provide. Rewarding thepoor upland communities for providingenvironmental services would enhance theirlivelihoods and reduce poverty.

PROGRAM COMPONENTS

Identification and assessment of environmental servicefunctions across a range of settings, and where and how theseservices are currently arranged

Development and testing of a variety of reward mechanismsat specific sites across a range of settings

Support of a transparent and enabling environment at local,sub-national and national levels that will ensure that rewardsare effective, equitable and sensitive to marginalized groupsRaise the awareness of the potential for rewards forenvironmental services among government officials and theproducers and consumers of these servicesEffective partnerships in accomplishing the program’s purposewill be developed and managedIdentification of appropriate and sustainable institutional

approaches to foster transfer payment to the upland poor

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THANK YOU