3.3G Cellular, WMAN (WIMAX), WLAN (WIFI), WPAN (Bluetooth and UWB), Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET), And Wireless Sensor Networks

8/3/2019 3.3G Cellular, WMAN (WIMAX), WLAN (WIFI), WPAN (Bluetooth and UWB), Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET), And Wireless Sensor Networks

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Wireless Communications

(and Networks)


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DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BANGALORE

Outline

2.5G cellular networks

3G cellular networks

WMAX: LMDS

WLAN

WPAN

Bluetooth

UWB

Ad Hoc Networks Sensor Networks


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2.5G

HSCSD: high speed circuit switched data: multiple time slots, realtime 57.6 kbps

GPRS: general packet radio service: non-realtime, 171.2 kbps

EDGE: Enhanced Data

Rates for GSM Evolution

Multiple modulation and

coding schemes (MCS)

New hardware 384kbps

IS-95B: multiple code

Medium data rate (MDR)

Up to 8 codes, 64kbps

Easy to update


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WCDMA-UMTS

8k-2.048 Mbps per user, future 8Mbps

Spectrum 5MHz, so complete change for handware and software

Each channel, 1000-350 voice call

Chip rate: 16Megachips per second

6 times spectrum efficiency than GSM

Dual mode, tri mode: TDMA, EDGE, WCDMA

Dual band, tri band

2010 to finish updating, slow


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IMT-200 GSM world: http://www.gsmworld.com

UMTS world: http://www.umtsworld.com

3GPP
http://www.gsmworld.com/http://www.umtsworld.com/http://www.umtsworld.com/http://www.gsmworld.com/


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CDMA2000

1.25MHz, seamless for CDMAone, IS95B, CDMA2000

1xRTT: instantaneous 307kbps for a user, constant rate 144kbps

1x means 1.25MHz, 3x means 3.75MHz

1xEV: Qualcomm.

1xEV-DO: data only, up to 2.4Mbps, but depends.

1xEV-DV: data and voice, 144kbps, double the voice users

3xRTT: 2Mbps

Seamlessly and less expensive update


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IMT-2000

CDMA developers Groups

http://www.cdg.org

3GPP2
http://www.cdg.org/http://www.cdg.org/


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TD-SCDMA

China, 8 millions per month

Time Division Synchronous CDMA

GSM based infrastructure

1.6 MHz, 384 kbps

Smart antenna, several time better spectrum efficiency than GSM

TDD

Cheap to update


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IMT-2000

3G spectrum auction: England, 35.4B, German 46B


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Wireless Local Loop

Last mile technology

Ramp to highway


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Local Multipoint Distribution Service


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LMDS

IEEE 802.16 WIMAX

HIPERACESS

Line of sight


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WMAN Structure


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Rain Attenuation


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Rain Attenuation


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802.11

2.4G-2.4835G, 5.725-5.825G

802.11a/g, OFDM, 802.11b: CDMA


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Channel

11, 5.5, 2, 1Mbps


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Channelization scheme

channels


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802.11

802.11a/g: 54, 48, 36, 24, 18, 6Mbps

802.11e -MAC Enhancements-Security/QoS

802.11f- Inter-Access Point Protocol

802.11h- Spectrum Managed 5Ghz

802.11i- Enhanced Security (TKIP and 802.1x)Application

PresentationSession

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

ISO

OSI

7-layer

modelLogical Link Control

Medium Access (MAC)

Physical (PHY)

IEEE 802

standards


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Wireless hotpot planner

Wireless valley


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Design Procedure


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Future WIFI


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Signal to Noise Ratio at home


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Personal Area Networks

802.15

Master-slavepiconets

Capable of

connecting a

mix of multiple

piconets into

scatternet

Service

discovery

protocol allows

invisible

interaction ofvarious trusted

devices

Less susceptible

to interference


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Bluetooth

Wireless LAN technology (10 meters) or PAN

2.4GHz band with 1Mbps speed

Spread spectrum frequency-hopping

always on user-transparent cable-replacement

Combination of packet-switching & circuit-switching (good for

data & voice) 3 voice channels - 64Kbps each

Low power, low cost

Transparently connects office devices

Laptop, Desktop, PDA, Phone, printer

Bridging capability: network-pda-phone


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Ultra Wide Band

High speed at short range

480 Mb/s at ~3m. Does not penetrate walls

Wireless USB

IP over UWB


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Summary

Trend

802.11 - 802.15 - cellular wireless technologies all competing forcustomers

802.11 WLANs offer hotspots at nominal cost (sometimes free)

Cellular services used worldwide

802.15 Bluetooth offers bridging options for WLAN and cellularservices

Alliances, Partnerships, Coalitions,

AT&T, Intel, IBM (and investors) form Cometa, a company to provide

wireless hot spots across the country

Motorola, Proxim and Avaya form partnership to provide seamlessroaming between WiFi and cellular networks

HP and Transat Technologies collaborating on project to link 2G/3G to

WiFi hotspots


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Wireless Technologies

PAN(Personal Area

Network)

LAN(Local Area Network)

WAN(Wide Area Network)

MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)

PAN LAN MAN WAN

StandardsBluetooth

802.15.3802.11

802.11

802.16

802.20

GSM, CDMA,

Satellite

Speed < 1 Mbps 11 to 54 Mbps 10-100+ Mbps 10 Kbps2 Mbps

Range Short Medium Medium-Long Long

ApplicationsPeer-to-Peer

Device-to-Device

Enterprise

NetworksLast Mile Access

Mobile Data

Devices


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Ad Hoc Network

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs)

An autonomous collection of mobile users that communicate over

relatively bandwidth constrained wireless links.

Since the nodes are mobile, the network topology may change rapidly

and unpredictably over time.

The network is decentralized, where all network activity including

discovering the topology and delivering messages must be executed by

the nodes themselves, MANETs need efficient distributed algorithms to

determine network organization, link scheduling, and routing.

The set of applications for MANETs is diverse, ranging from small, static

networks that are constrained by power sources, to large-scale, mobile,

highly dynamic networks

In a military environment, preservation of security, latency, reliability,

intentional jamming, and recovery from failure are significant concerns


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MANET Examples

Ad hoc mode of WIFI

Military


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Wireless Sensor Network

Consists of a number of sensors spread across a geographical area. Each

sensor has wireless communication capability and some level of intelligencefor signal processing and networking of the data.

Military sensor networks to detect and gain as much information aspossible about enemy movements, explosions, and other phenomena ofinterest.

Sensor networks to detect and characterize Chemical, Biological,

Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive (CBRNE) attacks and material.

Sensor networks to detect and monitor environmental changes in plains,forests, oceans, etc.

Wireless traffic sensor networks to monitor vehicle traffic on highwaysor in congested parts of a city.

Wireless surveillance sensor networks for providing security inshopping malls, parking garages, and other facilities.

Wireless parking lot sensor networks to determine which spots areoccupied and which are free.


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Wireless Sensor Networks

Classification: whether or not the nodes are individually

addressable and whether the data in the network is aggregated. Goals and Tasks

Determine the value of some parameter at a given location: In anenvironmental network, one might one to know the temperature,atmospheric pressure, amount of sunlight, and the relative humidity at anumber of locations. This example shows that a given sensor node may

be connected to different types of sensors, each with a differentsampling rate and range of allowed values.

Detect the occurrence of events of interest and estimate parameters ofthe detected event or events: In the traffic sensor network, one wouldlike to detect a vehicle moving through an intersection and estimate thespeed and direction of the vehicle.

Classify a detected object: Is a vehicle in a traffic sensor network a car,a mini-van, a light truck, a bus, etc.

Track an object: In a military sensor network, track an enemy tank as itmoves through the geographic area covered by the network.


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WSN Requirement Large number of (mostly stationary) sensors: Aside from the deployment of sensors on the

ocean surface or the use of mobile, unmanned, robotic sensors in military operations, most

nodes in a smart sensor network are stationary. Networks of 10,000 or even 100,000 nodes areenvisioned, so scalability is a major issue.

Low energy use: Since in many applications the sensor nodes will be placed in a remote area,service of a node may not be possible. In this case, the lifetime of a node may be determinedby the battery life, thereby requiring the minimization of energy expenditure.

Network self-organization: Given the large number of nodes and their potential placement inhostile locations, it is essential that the network be able to self-organize; manual configuration

is not feasible. Moreover, nodes may fail (either from lack of energy or from physicaldestruction), and new nodes may join the network. Therefore, the network must be able toperiodically reconfigure itself so that it can continue to function. Individual nodes maybecome disconnected from the rest of the network, but a high degree of connectivity must bemaintained.

Collaborative signal processing: Yet another factor that distinguishes these networks fromMANETs is that the end goal is detection/estimation of some events of interest, and not justcommunications. To improve the detection/estimation performance, it is often quite useful to

fuse data from multiple sensors. This data fusion requires the transmission of data and controlmessages, and so it may put constraints on the network architecture.

Querying ability: A user may want to query an individual node or a group of nodes forinformation collected in the region. Depending on the amount of data fusion performed, itmay not be feasible to transmit a large amount of the data across the network. Instead, variouslocal sink nodes will collect the data from a given area and create summary messages. Aquery may be directed to the sink node nearest to the desired location.


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Wireless Sensor Networks


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Homework

Read Chapter 2


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Questions?

Documents

3.3G Cellular, WMAN (WIMAX), WLAN (WIFI), WPAN (Bluetooth and UWB), Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET), And Wireless Sensor Networks