343 Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizers on Growth Yield and Quality of Hybrid Rice (Oryza Sativa) En

8/17/2019 343 Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizers on Growth Yield and Quality of Hybrid Rice (Oryza Sativa) En

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ORIGINAL PAPER

611Volume 6 (2005) No. 4 (611-618)

EFFECT OF NITROGEN FERTILIZERS ON GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY OF HYBRID

RICE (ORYZA SATIVA)

INDIRA CHATURVEDI

Behind Mehta Building, Jarhabhata, Sindhi Colony, Bilaspur, (Chhattisgarh), 495001, INDIA

E mail: [email protected]

Manuscript received: October 30, 2004; Reviewed: April 27, 2005; Accepted for publication: May 27, 2005

ABSTRACT

A e tr a to eterm ne t e e ect o erent n trogenous N ert zers on growt , y e an qua ty o y r r ce

var ety ‘Proagro 6207’, compr s ng o 10 erent treatments us ng ran om ze comp ete oc es gn w t t ree

rep cat ons was con ucte at Agr cu tura Researc Stat on, B aspur C att sgar , In a. T e two years ata ur ng

2002 and 2003 revealed that all the growth characters, yield parameters and grain nitrogen (N) increased significantly

with an application of sulphur-containing nitrogen fertilizer- Super Net. These results were statistically at par with that

of treatment T4, where ammonium sulphate nitrate was applied. In this series of experiment, non-sulphur-containingn trogen ert zer, urea gave owest y e an gra n n trogen N content an t ese re uct ons were s gn cant n a

o t e exper ments.

KEY WORDS: Benefit: cost ratio, fertilizer, hybrid rice, nitrogen, Oryza sativa, yield.


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12 ournal of Central European Agriculture Vol 6 (2005) No 4

INDIRA CHATURVEDI

INTRODUCTION

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important cereal

crops o t e wor , grown n w e range o c mat c

ones, to nour s t e man n . Intro uct on o y r

ce s an mportant step towar s augmentat on o r ce

yield. Hybrid rice yields about 15-20% more than the

promising high-yielding commercial varieties. Earlier

studies reveal that judicious and proper use of fertilizers

can mar e y ncrease t e y e an mprove t e qua ty

o r ce 14 .G ven t e mportance o n trogen ert zat on

on the yield in grain from the rice plant, it is necessary to

now what the best dose is for each variety as well as its

nfluence on components of yield and other agronomic

parameters suc as t e cyc e, p ant e g t, o g ng an

o sture content o t e gra n, n or er to o ta n etter

now e ge o sa pro uct ve response. Tana a et a .

(1966) showed that the height of a rice plant is positively

correlated to the length of the maturation cycle. A taller plant is more susceptible to lodging and responds less

we to n trogen 25 . Pan c es w t a ow percentage o

ster e owers perm t t e app cat on o g er oses o

nitrogen and produce better yields [26]. Some factors,

ike early sowing, meet the twin objectives of producing

igher yields and improving the grain quality[10, 2].

Ot er actors, e ncrease rates o ert zer n trogen,

ay ncrease t e y e ut re uce t e qua ty o t e gra n

2 . An a equate supp y o n trogen to t e crop p ants

during their early growth period is very important for the

nitiation of leaves and florets primordia [23].

e type o n trogenous ert zer may a so a ect t e y ean qua ty o t e gra n 4 . Some o t ese ert zers, e

urea, are substantially cheaper than others, and their use

ay be justified on economic grounds provided they

do not adversely affect the yield or quality of the grain.

Gate y et a . 1988 5 reporte t at ca c um ammon um

n trate gave a greater y e an was a more e c ent

n trogen source t an urea an t e gra n N content was

igher.

he present investigation was undertaken during the rainy

seasons o 2002 an 2003 to ave a eta e account o

e e ect o ve commerc a y-ava a e n trogenous N

ert zers on t e growt , y e an qua ty gra n N o

ybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

e e exper ment was con ucte at Agr cu tura

Researc Stat on, B aspur C att sgar , In a ur ng

he rainy seasons of 2002 and 2003. Physico-chemical

properties of the soil were measured by the standard

ethods of soil chemical analysis [12]. The analysis

or respect ve years o exper mentat on revea e t at

the soil had o.52 and 0.58% organic carbon, 180.50 and

198.4 g a ava a e n trogen, 23.4 an 23.9 g a

ava a e p osp orus, 213.4 an 217.2 g a ava a e

potass um an Zn, B an Mo 0.50, 0.31, 0.04 an 0.52,

0.35, 0.04 mg kg/soil respectively, 9.1 and 9.3 mg kg/

soil available sulphate-sulphur, and Cd 0.40 and 0.42g kg/ soil with pH 7.85 and 7.86. The experiment

as a out n ran om ze comp ete oc es gn w t

ree app cat ons o ve n trogen ert zers ca c um

ammonium nitrate (CAN), Urea, Super Net, ammonium

sulphate nitrate (ASN) and 20.10.12 NPK compound].

Rice hybrid ‘Proagro 6207’ was transplanted at spacing

o 25cm × 10 cm n ve ran om ze p ots an eac o t e

p ots was treate w t a erent n trogenous ert zer

ut eac p ot was g ven t e same amount 100 g a

of fertilizer N. Some of these fertilizers also contained

substantial quantities of sulphur (Table 1). The P and

K fertilizer (0.10.12 NPK compound) was drilled withe see , at sow ng t me except n t e case o treatment

um er ve w c rece ve t e same amount o P an K

fertilizer and all its nitrogen as 20.10.12 NPK compound.

he other four nitrogenous fertilizers were broadcast

on the plots immediately after sowing. Plots received

ent ca cu tura treatments n terms o p oug ng,

cu t vat on, see rate, sow ng met o , P an K ert zers,

an sease contro . C em ca er c es were emp oye

against different weeds during the course of study.

Five hills in each plot were randomly selected and tagged

or recor ng p ant e g t, t ers m green eaves m

ea we g t g m an ea -area n ex at arvest 95

days after transplanting). The observations on dry-

atter accumulation were recorded up to 95 days after

ransplanting (at 30-days interval). The dry samples were

e g e an ry-matter y e n tones a was compute .

e net p ots area were arveste an sun- r e or 5

ays n t e e an t e tota omass y e was recor e .

fter threshing, cleaning and drying the grain and straw,

ields were recorded and yield-attributes viz grains/

ear and 1000-grain weight were recorded from plant

samp es. Straw y e was o ta ne y su stract ng gra n

e rom tota omass y e . T e ene t: cost rat o

of the hybrid rice was computed. Grain N in plant was

analyzed as per standard method, viz Nesseler’s reagentcolorimetric method [8].

e ata were ana yze stat st ca y w t F s er’s ana ys s

o var ance tec n que at 5% pro a ty eve ; treatments

ere compared using a protected LSD test [22].

ESULTS AND DISCUSSION

e ert zer treatment a s gn cant e ect on t e p ant

growt at erent growt stages. P ant e g t revea s t e


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EFFECT OF NITROGEN FERTILIZERS ON GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY OF HYBRID RICE (ORYZA SATIVA)

613J. Cent. Eur. Agric. (2005) 6:4, 611-618

overa vegetat ve growt o t e crop n response to var ous

management pract ces. It was oun t at app cat on

of N fertilizers increased the plant height significantly,

but maximum plant height (128.6 cm) was obtained in

plots where the Super Net was applied and the lowest

p ant e g t 110.2 cm was recor e or urea Ta e 2 .

T e ncrease n p ant e g t n response to app cat on

of N fertilizers is probably due to enhanced availability

of nitrogen which enhanced more leaf area resulting in

higher photo assimilates and thereby resulted in more dry

matter accumu at on. T ese resu ts are supporte y t e

n ngs o Man a et a . 1992 9 . Rupp an Hu ner

1995 17 a so reporte ncrease eve o ea N w t

applied N.

Nitrogen fertilizer application increased significantly

t ers m n r ce at arvest 95 ays a ter transp ant ng

Ta e 2 . T e use o Super Net an ammon um su p atenitrate (ASN) produced maximum number of tillers/m

(17.5 and 17.2, respectively) than all other treatments

during 2003. Number of tillers per unit area is the most

mportant component o y e . More t e num er o

t ers, espec a y ert e t ers, t e more w e t e y e .

More num er o t ers m n exper ment m g t e ue to

the more availability of nitrogen that played a vital role

in cell division. These results are in accordance to the

findings of [15]. According to Yoshida et al. (1972) [27],

as t e amount o n trogen a sor e y t e crop ncreases,

t ere s an ncrease n t e num er o t ers per square

meter.The data on the leaf number and leaf weight are presented

n Ta e 2. T e num er o green eaves at arvest 95

ays a ter transp ant ng was s gn cant y ncrease w t

Super Net, e ng t e g est 1517 m ur ng 2002. T s

result was statistically at par with that of treatment T4.

Significantly lowest number of green leaves (1138 and

1147/ m ) was obtained from urea treatment during 2002

an 2003. A s m ar pattern was a so reg stere w t respect

to ea we g t o crop. T e ncrease n ea count as we as

leaf weight due to adequate N nutrition is explainable in

terms o poss e ncrease n nutr ent m n ng capac ty o

p ant as a resu t o etter root eve opment an ncrease

translocation of carbohydrates from source to growing

points in well-fertilized plots [18].

T e ata regar ng ea area n ex s presente n Ta e 2.

Data revea s t at Super Net pro uce max mum ea area

n ex 2.48 an t e m n mum ea area n ex 1.78 was

produced by urea at 95 days after transplanting. It might

be due to improved nutrients availability and enhanced

growth of plant. These results are in line with the findings

o S ng an Ram 1976 19 . On t e ot er an Squ re

et a ., 1987 21 esta s e t at t e ma n e ect o N

fertilizer is to increase the rate of leaf expansion, leading

to increased interception of daily solar radiation by the

canopy.

Dry matter accumu at on ncrease s gn cant y w t N-ert zer app cat on n r ceat a t e growt stages o t e

crop (Table 3). The data presented in Table 3 revealed a

statistically significant increase due to nitrogen fertilizer,

Super Net and ammonium sulphate nitrate (ASN)

t roug out t e measurement per o . S gn cant y g est

ry-matter accumu at on 15.51 tonnes a was o ta ne

rom Super Net treatment ur ng 2003 at 95 ays a ter

transplanting. These results were statistically at par with

that of treatment T4, where ammonium sulphate nitrate

was app e . It was as expecte s nce vegetat ve growt

resu t ng rom g er p otosynt et c act v t es s we

nown to e n uence y n trogen 16 . In genera , ry-matter accumulation increased at slow rate up to 30 days

after transplanting and thereafter increased at faster rate

up to harvest. The higher dry mass of nitrogen treated

p ants cou e connecte w t t e pos t ve e ect o

n trogen n some mportant p ys o og ca processes. T ese

differences were statistically significant. Significantly

lowest dry-matter accumulation (11.41 tonnes/ha) was

obtained from urea treatment during 2003 at 95 days

a ter transp ant ng.

able 1 Nitrogen and sulphur content of the five nitrogen fertilizer treatments


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Table 2 Effect of sulphur-containing and non-containing nitrogenous fertilizers on growth of hybrid rice (Oryza

sat va .

Means with the same letters in the same column do not differ significantly at P > 0.05.

LSD: minimum significant difference.

a e 3 E ect o su p ur-conta n ng an non-conta n ng n trogenous ert zers on ry- matter accumu at on tonnes

a o y r r ce.

eans w t t e same etters n t e same co umn o not er s gn cant y at > . .

: m n mum s gn cant erence.

pp cat on o N ert zers s gn cant y ncrease t e

yield attributes, viz grains/ear, grain weight/ear and1000-grain weight (Table 4). The number of grains /

ear against various applications of N-fertilizers reveal

at ammon um su p ate n trate, pro uce max mum

num er o gra ns per ear 95.2 an 95.9 ur ng 2002

an 2003 respect ve y. T ese resu ts were stat st ca y at

par with that of treatment T in which Super Net applied

giving 94.6 and 95.7 number of grains per ear during the

espective year of experimentation. Significantly lowest

num er o gra ns ear .e. 83.1 was o ta ne ur ng ot

t e years rom urea treatment.

It was found that application of N fertilizers increasedthe grain weight/ear significantly. Significantly highest

gra n we g t ear 1.97 an 1.98g were o ta ne rom

ammon um su p ate n trate treatment ur ng 2002

an 2003 respect ve y at 95 ays a ter transp ant ng

and significantly lowest grain weight/ear (1.24 g) was

recorded for urea treatment. This trend might be due to

role of nitrogen in crop maturation, flowering and fruiting

nc u ng see ormat on. T ese resu ts are n accor ance

w t t ose o 1 .


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615J. Cent. Eur. Agric. (2005) 6:4, 611-618

It s o v ous rom t e Ta e 4 t at resu ts perta n ng

to 1000-gra ns we g t n a t e treatments ere

significantly from one another and the highest 1000-grain

weight (18.8 g) was obtained from the plots fertilized by

Super Net. Minimum 1000 – grain weight (14.1) was

pro uce y urea treatment ur ng 2003. App cat on

o urea a no s gn cant e ect on 1000–gra n we g t

in first year. It appears that the application of nitrogen

increased the protein percentage, which in turn increased

the grain weight. Kausar et al. (1993) [6] also reported

s m ar resu t. Gra n we g t s a genet ca y contro e

tra t, w c s great y n uence y env ronment ur ng

t e process o gra n ng, 6 .

The yield data (Table 5) revealed a positive response to N

fertilizer treatment. The pooled data of yield revealed that

Table 4 Effect of sulphur-containing and non-containing nitrogenous fertilizers on yield attributes of hybrid rice.


: m n mum s gn cant erence.

Table 5 Effect of N fertilizers on grain and straw yields and benefit: cost ratio of hybrid rice.



r ce crop respon e s gn cant y to su p ur-conta n ng

nitrogen fertilizers compared to non sulphur-containing

nitrogen fertilizers plots. The Super Net gave maximum

grain yield of 6.45 t/ha and significantly lowest grain

y e o 4.49 t a was o ta ne rom t e p ots w ere

urea was app e . Urea gave t e owest gra n y e n t e

experiments and these reductions were significant in all

of the experiments. Highly significant differences in yield

performance were manifested from year to year but the

tren s rema ne a most t e same. It s gn es t at y r

r ce var ety ‘Proagro 6207’ s a equate y sta e concern ng

ts genet c potent a or y e o r ce. T ere s a very c ose

relation between the yield and its components, especially

with number of filled grains per ear, in accordance with

what De Datta [3] described (1986). The improved growth


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able 6 Effect of N fertilizer on grain N (%).

Means with the same letters in the same column do not differ significantly at P > 0.05.


attr utes, v z p ant e g t an ry-matter pro uct on,

ight be responsible for improved yield attributes. It was

found that Application of nitrogen improves various crop

parameters like 1000–grain weight [7], more productive

ers 24 an gra n y e 20 t us resu t ng n g er

y e s. Un er some c rcumstances t e re uct on n y e s

rom t e app cat on o urea may a so e attr ute to

olatilization of ammonia.

Both sulphur-containing nitrogenous (N) fertilizers

super net an ammon um su p ate n trate were equa y

e ect ve an ncrease straw y e s gn cant y Ta e5 . Super Net, gave max mum straw y e o 9.17 t a an

significantly lowest straw yield (6.11 t/ha) was obtained

from urea treatment. More straw yield could be explained

as g er capa ty o y r r ce to ut ze more N

roug t e express on o etter growt y accumu at ng

ore ry matter. T e resu ts con rm t e n ngs o 13 .

he improvement in yield owing to the application of

N-fertilizers might be brought by the beneficial effect of

hese on nutrient uptake, physiological growth.

H g est ene t: cost rat o 2.19 ase on poo e ata

o t e crop was recor e w en Super Net was app e ,

owever, it was statistically at par with the application ofammonium sulphate nitrate (ASN) treatment (Table 5).

Significantly minimum value for benefit cost ratio (1.55

ase on poo e ata was o ta ne rom t e p ots w ere

urea was a e .

It is evident from table 6 that nitrogen content in plant

s markedly influenced by the application of different N

ert zers. T e g er N content o n trogen treate p ants

cou e connecte w t t e pos t ve e ect o n trogen

n some mportant p ys o og ca processes. T ese

differences were statistically significant. Significantly

lowest N content was obtained from the plots where urea

was added. Gately and Kelly (1987) [4] also reported that

t e two ert zers gave erent y e responses ut t at

urea gave t e owest gra n N rrespect ve o t e rate o

application.

The different types of sulphur-containing N fertilizers,

a s gn cant e ect on growt , y e an qua ty gra n

N trogen o y r r ce ‘Proagro 6207’ t an t e non-

su p ur-conta n ng n trogenous ert zers Urea, ca c um

ammonium nitrate (CAN) and 20.10.12 NPK compound).It might be due to role of sulphur (S) in protein synthesis.

Sulphur is an essential component of amino acids which

are t e u ng oc s o prote n. Su p ur e c ent

p ants accumu ate n trogen as ot er compoun s, n trate,

ammonium, amides) therefore the quality of protein is

reduced in such plants. It is well known that nitrogen

nutrition influences the content of photosynthetic

p gments, t e synt es s o t e enzymes ta ng part n

t e car on re uct on, t e ormat on o t e mem rane

system o c orop asts,etc. T us t e ncrease n growt

and yield owing to the application of N-fertilizers may be

attributed to the fact that these nutrients being importantconstituents of nucleotides, proteins, chlorophyll and

enzymes, nvo ve n var ous meta o c processes w c

ave rect mpact on vegetat ve an repro uct ve p ases

of plants. These findings confirm those of [11].

CONCLUSION

In present stu y, treatment two urea appeare poorer t an

t e ot er treatments. Urea gave s gn cant re uct ons n

growth and yields in most of the experiments. It gave the


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617J. Cent. Eur. Agric. (2005) 6:4, 611-618

lowest grain N content in experiments. Thus in this series

o exper ments, urea a tt e e ect on t e qua ty o t e

gra n. It may e conc u e t at n trogen ert zers, Super

Net an ammon um su p ate n trate were oun to e

optimum for hybrid rice ( ‘Proagro 6207’ ) production.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Aut or w s es to t an Department o Agr cu ture

B aspur, C.G. , In ra Gan Agr cu ture Un vers ty,

Bilaspur, (C.G.) and Prof. Dr. Y. N. Jha, Department of

Zoology, S.B.R. Govt. P.G. College, Bilaspur for their

kind cooperation and valuable guidance.

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Documents

343 Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizers on Growth Yield and Quality of Hybrid Rice (Oryza Sativa) En