37252490 Do an Tot Nghiep of Ngoc

8/7/2019 37252490 Do an Tot Nghiep of Ngoc

1/102

Nghin cu nh gi quy trnh qun l cht thi rn th thnh ph Quy Nhnng Th Nh Ngc Lp CNMT K50 - QN

MC LCHnh 1.1 Mi quan h gia cc thnh phn trong h thng qun l cht thi rn.................7TT ........................................................................................................................................16Hnh 2.1 S pht tn kh thi t mt ngun im..............................................................29Hnh 2.2 Biu m t ng st gim xy theo cng thc Streeter- Phelps..................32Hnh 3.1 S cng ngh thu gom v vn chuyn rc thi ca Quy Nhn.......................33Hnh 3.2 S khu x l cht thi rn Long M...............................................................37Hnh 3.3 S cng ngh x l nc r rc......................................................................41Hnh 3.4 C ch sinh ha ca qu trnh phn hy sinh hc trong bi chn lp.................42Hnh 3.5 S cn bng nc rc.....................................................................................43Hnh 3.6 Phn b ngun thi cc bi tp kt Quy Nhn.................................................48Hnh 3.7 Phn b nng CH4 max trong 24 gi ( /m3)................................................50Hnh 3.8 Phn b nng NH3 max trong 24 gi ( /m3)................................................50Hnh 3.9 Phn b nng H2S max trong 24 gi ( /m3)................................................51

Hnh 3.10 Phn b ngun thi cc bi tp kt Quy Nhn vo nm 2015.......................52Hnh 3.11 Phn b nng CH4 max trong 24 gi ( /m3)..............................................54Hnh 3.12 Phn b nng NH3 max trong 24 gi ( /m3)..............................................54Hnh 3.13 Phn b nng H2S max trong 24 gi ( /m3)..............................................55Hnh 3.14 Phn b ngun thi cc bi tp kt Quy Nhn vo nm 2020.......................56Hnh 3.15 Phn b nng CH4 max trong 24 gi ( /m3)..............................................58Hnh 3.16 Phn b nng NH3 max trong 24 gi ( /m3)..............................................59Hnh 3.17 Phn b nng H2S max trong 24 gi ( /m3)..............................................59Hnh 3.18 Phn b nng CH4 max trong 24 gi (g/m3).............................................63Hnh 3.19 Phn b nng NH3 max trong 24 gi (g/m3).............................................64Hnh 3.20 Phn b nng H2S max trong 24 gi (g/m3).............................................64

Hnh 3.21 Tc pht sinh kh bi chn lp......................................................................65Hnh 3.22 Bin i tc sinh kh theo thi gian i vi thnh phn rc phn hy nhanh..............................................................................................................................................67Hnh 3.24 th din bin s bin thin lng kh sinh ra trn 1 tn rc thi theo thi

gian.......................................................................................................................................70Hnh 3.25 th biu din s bin thin lng kh sinh ra trn ton bi chn lp cht thi

theo thi gian........................................................................................................................70Hnh 3.26 S tnh ton xc nh h s pha long a trong dng sng............................81Hnh 3.27 ng cong nng oxy ha tan trong dng sng khi c dng thi ca bi

chn lp cht thi rn Long M theo Streeter- Phelps.........................................................84

DANH MC CC BNGBng 2.1 n v hnh chnh, din tch, dn s thnh ph Quy Nhn nm 2008................16

Bng 2.2 Cn i lao ng x hi (ngi)..........................................................................16Bng 2.3 Thnh phn cht thi rn sinh hot ca thnh ph Quy Nhn.............................18

Vin Khoa Hc v Cng Ngh Mi Trng (INEST) HBKHN. Tel:(84.43)8681686 Fax:(84.43)86935511


2/102


Bng 2.4 Thnh phn rc thi y t [1], (Ngun: B Y t)...................................................19Bng 2.5 Khi lng cht thi rn sinh hot c thu gom hng ngy trn a bn thnh

ph Quy Nhn......................................................................................................................21Bng 3.1 Thnh phn nc rc t bi chn lp mi v lu nm [3]...................................44Bng 3.2 Thnh phn c trng kh thi t bi chn lp cht thi [3]................................45Bng 3.3 c tnh ca cc ngun thi ti cc bi tp kt rc Quy Nhn hin ti............49Bng 3.4 So snh kt qu phn mm ISC-ST3 v QCVN 06 2009.................................51Bng 3.5 c tnh ca cc ngun thi ti cc bi tp kt rc Quy Nhn vo nm 2015. 52Bng 3.6 So snh kt qu phn mm ISC-ST3 v QCVN 06 2009.................................55Bng 3.7 c tnh ca cc ngun thi ti cc bi tp kt rc Quy Nhn vo nm 2020. 57Bng 3.8 So snh kt qu phn mm ISC-ST3 v QCVN 06 2009.................................60Bng 3.9 Tng hp d bo khi lng cht thi rn sinh hot v cht thi rn cng nghipkhng nguy hi chn lp ti bi chn lp rc Long M - Quy Nhn...................................61Bng 3.10 c tnh ngun thi ti mi chn lp rc Long M........................................62Bng 3.11 So snh kt qu phn mm ISC-ST3 v QCVN 06 2009...............................65Bng 3.12 Khi lng v th tch kh sinh ra trong 1 chn lp cha 90000 tn cht thi

rn mang chn lp................................................................................................................66Bng 3.13 Th tch kh sinh ra trong 5 nm ca 1 tn rc phn hy nhanh........................68Bng 3.14 Th tch kh sinh ra trong 20 nm ca rc thi phn hy chm.........................69Bng 3.15 Lng nc ma xm nhp vo bi rc trong thi gian vn hnh.................. ..73Bng 3.16 Lng nc tiu hao cho s hnh thnh 1m3 kh i vi 1 tn rc...................74Bng 3.17 Hm lng cc cht bn trong nc r rc ti h thu ca bi chn lp cht thirn Long M.........................................................................................................................80Bng 3.18 Xc nh thiu ht oxy theo thi gian t l Dt , BOD trong nc sng vnc thi sau thi gian t l Lt...............................................................................................83Bng 3.19 Lng kh pht sinh tnh theo qung ng vn chuyn..................................85

DANH MC CC HNHHnh 1.1 Mi quan h gia cc thnh phn trong h thng qun l cht thi rn..................7Hnh 2.1 S pht tn kh thi t mt ngun im...............................................................29Hnh 2.2 Biu m t ng st gim xy theo cng thc Streeter- Phelps...................32Hnh 3.1 S cng ngh thu gom v vn chuyn rc thi ca Quy Nhn........................33Hnh 3.2 S khu x l cht thi rn Long M................................................................37Hnh 3.3 S cng ngh x l nc r rc.......................................................................41

Hnh 3.4 C ch sinh ha ca qu trnh phn hy sinh hc trong bi chn lp..................42



3/102


Hnh 3.5 S cn bng nc rc......................................................................................43Hnh 3.6 Phn b ngun thi cc bi tp kt Quy Nhn..................................................48Hnh 3.7 Phn b nng CH4 max trong 24 gi ( /m3).................................................50Hnh 3.8 Phn b nng NH3 max trong 24 gi ( /m3).................................................50Hnh 3.9 Phn b nng H2S max trong 24 gi ( /m3).................................................51Hnh 3.10 Phn b ngun thi cc bi tp kt Quy Nhn vo nm 2015........................52Hnh 3.11 Phn b nng CH4 max trong 24 gi ( /m3)...............................................54Hnh 3.12 Phn b nng NH3 max trong 24 gi ( /m3)...............................................54Hnh 3.13 Phn b nng H2S max trong 24 gi ( /m3)...............................................55Hnh 3.14 Phn b ngun thi cc bi tp kt Quy Nhn vo nm 2020........................56Hnh 3.15 Phn b nng CH4 max trong 24 gi ( /m3)...............................................58Hnh 3.16 Phn b nng NH3 max trong 24 gi ( /m3)...............................................59Hnh 3.17 Phn b nng H2S max trong 24 gi ( /m3)...............................................59Hnh 3.18 Phn b nng CH4 max trong 24 gi (g/m3)..............................................63Hnh 3.19 Phn b nng NH3 max trong 24 gi (g/m3)..............................................64Hnh 3.20 Phn b nng H2S max trong 24 gi (g/m3)..............................................64

Hnh 3.21 Tc pht sinh kh bi chn lp.......................................................................65Hnh 3.22 Bin i tc sinh kh theo thi gian i vi thnh phn rc phn hy nhanh..............................................................................................................................................67Hnh 3.24 th din bin s bin thin lng kh sinh ra trn 1 tn rc thi theo thi gian..............................................................................................................................................70Hnh 3.25 th biu din s bin thin lng kh sinh ra trn ton bi chn lp cht thitheo thi gian........................................................................................................................70Hnh 3.26 S tnh ton xc nh h s pha long a trong dng sng.............................81Hnh 3.27 ng cong nng oxy ha tan trong dng sng khi c dng thi ca bichn lp cht thi rn Long M theo Streeter- Phelps.........................................................84

LI M U

Trong cuc sng hng ngy, con ngi khng ch tiu th v s dng mt s

lng ln cc nguyn liu, sn phm t thin nhin, t sn xut tn ti v pht

trin m ng thi cng vt thi li cho thin nhin v mi trng sng cc ph

thi, rc thi. Nn kinh t - x hi cng pht trin, dn s ti cc vng th, trung

tm cng nghip cng tng nhanh th ph thi v rc thi cng nhiu v nh hng

trc tip tr li i sng ca con ngi: gy nhim mi trng, gy bnh tt, lm



4/102


gim sc khe cng ng, chim t ai chn lp, lm bi rc, lm mt cnh

quan cc khu dn c, th,

Cng vi nhng vn nhim mi trng sng chung th vn nhim

cht thi rn ni ring ti cc th Vit Nam ang l vn cp thit t ra v

cn c gii quyt kp thi. Thnh ph Quy Nhn cng khng nm ngoi xu th. L mt trung tm kinh t - chnh tr - vn ha - x hi ca tnh Bnh nh,

thnh ph v ang gp phn ng k vo s pht trin chung ca tnh v tt c

cc lnh vc: cng nghip, thng mi, du lch, dch v,Tuy nhin bn cnh

cng lm ny sinh nhiu vn gy nh hng nghim trng n mi trng, c

bit l s pht sinh cht thi rn - mt bc xc v nan gii hin nay ca thnh ph.

thnh ph Quy Nhn pht trin theo hng bn vng, tr thnh mt im

du lch thu ht nhiu du khch tham quan th vic qun l v x l ph hp vi thc

trng mi trng ni y l vic lm ht sc cn thit. Do , em chn ti

Nghin cu nh gi quy trnh cht thi rn th thnh ph Quy Nhn tp

trung vo vic nh gi tc ng n mi trng khng kh da trn phn mm

Industrial Source Complex Short Term (ISCST3) v kh nng pht tn cht

nhim ngun nc sng H Thanh thng qua m hnh Streeter Phelps.

Ni dung n:

Chng 1 Tng quan v quy trnh qun l cht thi rn th

thnh ph Quy Nhn. Chng 2 C s l thuyt ca cc cng c nh gi cht lng

mi trng khng kh, mi trng nc v cht thi rn.

Chng 3 nh gi quy trnh qun l cht thi rn th thnh

ph Quy Nhn

Chng 4 xut mt s gii php v kin ngh v qun l cht

thi rn th thnh ph Quy Nhn.

Chng 1 TNG QUAN V QUY TRNH QUN L CHT THI RN

TH THNH PH QUY NHN

Cht thi rn (CTR) c hiu l tt c cc cht thi pht sinh do cc hot

ng ca con ngi v ng vt tn ti dng rn, c thi b khi khng cn hu

dng hay khi khng mun dng na.

Cht thi rn th (gi chung l rc thi th) bao gm cht thi t khu

dn c, khu vc bun bn thng mi v khu vc cng nghip. N c th hoc



5/102


khng bao gm cht thi xy dng v cht thi t vic p ph cc cng trnh xy

dng c. Cht thi rn th c nh ngha l: vt cht m con ngi to ra ban

u vt b i trong khu vc th m khng i hi c bi thng cho s vt b

. Thm vo , cht thi c coi l cht thi rn th nu chng c x hi

nhn nhn nh mt th m thnh ph phi c trch nhim thu gom v tiu hy.1.1 Tnh hnh qun l cht thi rn cc th Vit Nam

1.1.1 Tnh hnh pht sinh cht thi rn cc th Vit Nam [10]

Lng pht sinh cht thi rn Vit Nam ln n hn 15 triu tn mi nm,

trong cht thi sinh hot t cc h gia nh, nh hng, cc khu ch v kinh doanh

chim ti 80% tng lng cht thi pht sinh trong c nc. Lng cn li pht

sinh t cc c s cng nghip. Cht thi nguy hi cng nghip v cc ngun cht

thi y t nguy hi tuy pht sinh vi khi lng t hn nhiu nhng cng c coi l

ngun thi ng lu do chng c nguy c gy hi sc khe v mi trng rt cao

nu nh khng c x l theo cch thch hp.

Cht thi ch yu tp trung cc vng th. Cc khu th tuy c dn s

ch chim 24% dn s ca c nc nhng li pht sinh n hn 6 triu tn cht thi

mi nm (tng ng vi 50% tng lng cht thi sinh hot ca c nc). c tnh

mi ngi dn th Vit Nam trung bnh pht thi khong 2/3kg cht thi mi

ngy, gp i lng thi bnh qun u vng nng thn. Cht thi cc vng

th thng c t l cc thnh phn nguy hi ln hn nh cc loi pin, cc loi dungmi s dng trong gia nh v cc loi cht thi khng phn hy nh nha, kim loi

v thy tinh.

Cht thi cng nghip c tnh lng pht thi chim khong 20-25% tng

lng cht thi sinh hot, ty theo quy m v c cu cng nghip ca tng

tnh/thnh ph. Cht thi cng nghip tp trung nhiu min Nam, gn mt na

lng cht thi cng nghip ca c nc pht sinh khu vc ng Nam B trong

TP.H Ch Minh, thnh ph chnh ca khu vc ny pht sinh 31% tng lng

cht thi cng nghip c nc.Cht thi nguy hi tng lng pht sinh trong nm 2003 c tnh c 160.000

tn. Mt t l rt ln lng cht thi ny (c 130.000 tn/nm) pht sinh t cng

nghip. Cht thi y t nguy hi t cc bnh vin, c s y t v iu dng chim c

21.000 tn/nm, trong khi cc ngun pht sinh cht thi nguy hi t hot nng

nghip ch khong 8.600 tn/nm. (Theo kt qu iu tra s b ca Cc Bo v mi

trng 2003)

Vi tc tng trng kinh t, th ha v hin i ha nhanh, c tnh

lng pht sinh cht thi s tng ln ng k, thnh phn cht thi kh phn hy v



6/102


tnh c hi cng gia tng v tr thnh mi quan tm trong cng tc bo v mi

trng.

1.1.2 nh hng ca cht thi rn n mi trng v con ngi

Cc vn nhim mi trng nh nhim mi trng nc v khng kh

cng lin quan n vic qun l cht thi rn khng hp l. Chnh v th m chtthi rn hin nay ang l vn bc xc i vi ton x hi, nht l trong qu trnh

th, cng nghip ha ang din ra nhanh chng nh hin nay. T trc n nay

nc ta, rc thi ch yu c x l theo hnh thc chn lp hay tp kt vo nhng

bi rc l thin, vn ny gy nh hng ln n mi trng v sc khe con

ngi.

i vi mi trng: vic thu gom v vn chuyn cht thi rn khng tt s

dn n tnh trng tn ng cht thi rn trong th. iu ny khng nhng lm

mt m quan th, gy mi hi thi, l ni sn sinh ca rui, mui, ni c tr ca

cc loi vi sinh vt gy bnh cho ngi v ng vt m cn l ngun gy nhim

t, nc, khng kh lm cho mi trng sng ngy cng b e da nghim trng.

i vi con ngi: cht thi rn khi pht sinh c th thm nhp vo mi

trng khng kh di dng bi hoc cc cht kh sinh ra do qu trnh phn hy

nh: H2S, NH3ri theo ng h hp vo c th ngi hay sinh vt. Mt phn

thm vo nc, t thng qua chui thc n vo c th ngi v gy bnh. y l

nhng mi nguy hi e da n cuc sng ca con ngi, do cn phi c binphp qun l thch hp.

Khng nhng th vic qun l v thu gom cht thi rn khng tt s khng

thu hi v ti ch c cc thnh phn v c trong rc thi nh giy, kim loi, nha

gy lng ph ca ci vt cht cho x hi.

1.1.3 H thng qun l cht thi rn th

H thng qun l cht thi rn th l mt c cu t chc qun l chuyn

trch v cht thi rn th trong cu trc qun l tng th ca mt t chc (c

quan qun l nh nc v mi trng, doanh nghip, cng ty, x nghip, n v sn

xut).

H thng qun l cht thi rn th l thit yu, c vai tr kim sot cc

vn lin quan n cht thi rn bao gm:

1) S pht sinh;



7/102


2) Thu gom, lu gi v phn loi ti ngun;

3) Thu gom tp trung;

4) Trung chuyn v vn chuyn;

5) Phn loi, x l v ch bin;

6) Thi b cht thi rn mt cch hp l;

Ngun pht sinh cht thi

Phn loi, lu tr, ti s d ng tingun

Thu gom tp trung

Trung chuyn v vn chuynPhn loi, x l v ti ch

cht thi rn

Thi b

Hnh 1.1 Mi quan h gia cc thnh phn trong h thng qun l cht thi rn

Qun l cht thi rn th lin quan n cc vn nh qun l hnh

chnh, ti chnh, lut l, quy hoch v k thut. gii quyt vn lin quan n

cht thi rn, cn phi c s phi hp hon chnh gia cc lnh vc: kinh t, chnh

tr, quy hoch vng - thnh ph, a l, sc khe cng ng, x hi hc, k thut,

khoa hc, v cc vn khc.

Mc ch ca qun l cht thi rn:- Bo v sc khe cng ng.

- Bo v mi trng.

- S dng ti a vt liu, tit kim ti nguyn v nng lng.

- Ti ch v s dng ti a rc hu c.

- Gim thiu cht thi rn ti cc bi .

1.1.4 Hin trng qun l cht thi rn hin nay



8/102


nc ta, cng vi s pht trin kinh t - x hi, cc ngnh sn xut kinh

doanh, dch v cc th - khu cng nghip c m rng v pht trin nhanh

chng, mt mt gp phn tch cc cho s pht trin ca t nc, mt khc to ra

mt khi lng cht thi rn ngy cng ln ( bao gm cht thi sinh hot, cht thi

cng nghip, cht thi bnh vin). Vic thi b mt cch ba bi cht thi rnkhng hp v sinh cc th, khu cng nghip l nguyn nhn chnh gy nhim

mi trng, lm pht sinh bnh tt, nh hng n sc khe v cuc sng con

ngi.

Nguy c nhim mi trng do cht thi gy ra ang tr thnh vn cp

bch i vi hu ht cc th trong nc, trong khi cng tc qun l cht thi

rn cc th v khu cng nghip cn rt yu km.

Ti cc thnh ph vic thu gom v vn chuyn cht thi th do Cng ty

mi trng th (URENCO) m nhn. Tuy nhin hin nay cng xut hin

nhiu t chc t nhn tham gia cng vic ny.

Hin nay, Vit Nam nng lc thu gom cht thi rn tt c cc th v

khu cng nghip mi ch t khong 20-40%. Rc thi cha phn loi ti ngun,

c thu gom ln ln v vn chuyn n bi chn lp. Vic ng dng cc cng

ngh ti ch cht thi rn ti s dng cn rt hn ch, cha c t chc v quy

hoch pht trin. Cc c s ti ch rc thi c quy m nh, cng ngh lc hu, hiu

qu ti ch cn thp v qu trnh hot ng cng gy nhim mi trng. Hin chc mt phn nh rc thi ( khong 1,5 - 5% tng lng rc thi) c ch bin

thnh phn bn vi sinh v cht mn vi cng ngh hp v sinh. [10]

Gii quyt vn cht thi rn l mt bi ton phc tp t khu phn loi

cht thi rn, tn tr, thu gom n vic vn chuyn, ti sinh, ti ch v chn lp.

Bin php x l cht thi rn hin nay ch yu l chn lp, nhng cha c

bi chn lp cht thi rn no t tiu chun k thut v sinh mi trng. Cc bi

chn lp cht thi rn vn cn gy nhim mi trng t, nc v khng kh.

Cht thi rn pht sinh ti cc khu cng nghip ang c thu gom v x lchung vi rc thi sinh hot th v cha c khu x l ring dnh cho cht thi rn

cng nghip. Cht thi nguy hi (trong c cht thi bnh vin) ch c thu gom

vi t l khong 50-60%. [10]

1.1.5 Cc gii php phng nga v gim thiu cht thi rn

Hn ch v tin ti cm cc c s sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v, bnh vin

cng nh cc h gia nh cht thi ra sng, h, ng ph. Kim sot nghim

ngt bo m vic thi v vn chuyn cc cht thi theo cc quy nh v sinh



9/102


mi trng. Cc vi phm u b x l theo Lut bo v mi trng v cc quy nh

c lin quan ca Vit Nam.

T chc thu gom kp thi v trit cht thi, tin hnh phn loi cht thi

ngay t ngun thi thun tin cho vic ti s dng, ti ch v tiu hy. Khuyn

khch vic p dng cc cng ngh mi trong thu gom, vn chuyn, x l cht thi.Vn ng thc hin np sng v sinh, vn minh, xa b cc thi quen xu

nh vt rc thi, cht thi ba bi cc th; tun theo cc quy nh c th v

v sinh mi trng.

Tin hnh vic quy hoch xy dng cc bi chn cht thi theo cc tiu

chun v sinh mi trng v p ng c yu cu chn lp cht thi ca a

phng.

u t c s vt cht p dng cc cng ngh x l hoc tiu hy cht thi

ph hp vi cc tiu chun mi trng, trc ht l cht thi cng nghip c hi

v cht thi bnh vin m bo khng gy nhim mi trng v nh hng

n sc khe con ngi.

Xy dng hng dn v cng tc qun l cht thi rn ph bin rng ri n

tng a phng.

Tng cng ngun lc kim tra, gim st v cng ch thc hin quy ch

qun l cht thi rn.

Cn i cc ngun vn v bo m cc iu kin cn thit, k c cc ngunvn t nc ngoi, cc B, ngnh v a phng thc hin k hoch qun l cht

thi.

Xy dng v p dng cc chnh sch u i cho cc hot ng ti ch, ng

thi thit lp cc qu vn vay cho cc hot ng sn xut sch hn to iu kin tt

cho cc c s thc hin. u t i mi cng ngh, hn ch s dng cc ha cht

c hi trong tng giai on, ci tin trang thit b trnh tht thot nguyn vt

liu. y l vic lm ht sc cn thit gip gim thiu cht thi rn cng nghip.

Tng cng cng tc tuyn truyn, gio dc, ph bin cc vn bn php quyv qun l v sinh mi trng qua cc chng trnh pht thanh, truyn hnh v trn

bo ch, nng cao nhn thc, thc trch nhim ca mi ngi dn v vn qun

l cht thi.

Pht trin cc loi hnh dch v sinh thi, du lch sinh thi. Tn dng ti a

cc u th ca cng ngh thng tin trong vin thng, giao dch mua bn cng gp

phn gim thiu cht thi.

1.1.6 Cc phng php x l

1.1.6.1 C s la chn phng php x l



10/102


Mc tiu ca x l cht thi rn l lm gim hoc loi b cc thnh phn

khng mong mun trong cht thi nh cc cht c hi, khng hp v sinh, tn

dng vt liu v nng lng trong cht thi. Cc k thut x l cht thi rn c th

l cc qu trnh:

- Gim th tch c hc ( nn, p).- Gim th tch ha hc (t).

- Gim kch thc c hc ( bm, ct, nghin).

- Tch loi theo thnh phn ( th cng hoc c gii).

- Lm kh v kh nc.

Khi la chn cc phng php x l cht thi rn cn xem xt cc yu t

sau:

-Thnh phn, tnh cht cht thi rn ( sinh hot, cng nghip, nguy hi v

khng nguy hi).

-Tng lng cht thi rn cn c x l.

-Kh nng thu hi sn phm v nng lng.

-Yu cu bo v mi trng.

1.1.6.2 Cc phng php x l cht thi rn

Ty theo yu cu x l v c im ca rc thu gom m la chn phng

php x l thch hp. Tuy nhin thng s dng 3 phng php ny nht:

o Phng php chn lpo Phng php thiu t

o Phng php sinh hc

a) Phng php chn lp

Phng php truyn thng n gin nht l chn lp rc. Phng php ny chi

ph thp v c p dng rng ri hu ht cc nc trn th gii. V thc cht, chn

lp l phng php lu gi cht thi trong mt bi v c ph t ln trn.

Chn lp hp v sinh l mt phng php kim sot s phn hy ca cht thi

rn khi chng c chn nn v ph lp b mt. Cht thi rn trong bi chn lp s b

tan ra nh qu trnh phn hy sinh hc bn trong to ra sn phm cui cng l cc

cht giu dinh dng nh axit hu c, nit, cc hp cht amon v mt s kh nh CO 2,

CH4. Nh vy v thc cht chn lp hp v sinh cht thi rn th va l phng

php tiu hy sinh hc, va l bin php kim sot cc thng s cht lng mi trng

trong qu trnh phn hy cht thi khi chn lp.

Theo quy nh ca TCVN 6696-2000, bi chn lp cht thi rn hp v sinh

c nh ngha l khu vc c quy hoch thit k, xy dng chn lp cc chtthi pht sinh t cc khu dn c, th v cc khu cng nghip. Bi chn lp cht thiVin Khoa Hc v Cng Ngh Mi Trng (INEST) HBKHN. Tel:(84.43)8681686 Fax:(84.43)8693551

10


11/102


bao gm cc chn lp cht thi, vng m, cc cng trnh ph tr khc nh trm x

l nc, trm x l kh thi, trm cung cp in nc, vn phng lm vic

u im ca phng php ny:

Cng ngh n gin, r v ph hp cho nhiu loi rc.

C th thu hi kh bi rc cho mc ch sn xut nhit nng. Nhc im ca phng php ny:

Chim din tch ln.

Khng c s ng tnh ca dn c xung quanh.

Pht sinh nc rc l mt trong nhng vn kh khn trong khu x l v tnhcht nhim ca n.

Tm kim xy dng bi mi l vic lm rt kh khn.

Nguy c dn n nhim mi trng nc, chy, n. Cht thi rn c chp nhn chn lp ti bi chn lp hp v sinh l tt c cc

loi cht thi khng nguy hi, c kh nng phn hu t nhin theo thi gian, bao

gm:

Rc thi gia nh.

Rc thi ch, ng ph.

Giy, ba, cnh cy nh v l cy.

Tro ci, g mc, vi, da. Rc thi t vn phng, khch sn, nh hng n ung.

Ph thi sn xut khng nm trong danh mc rc thi nguy hi.

Bn st, tro x.b) Phng php thiu t

X l cht thi rn bng phng php t l mt phng php hiu qu v hin

nay c s dng kh ph bin.

t rc l giai on x l cui cng c p dng cho mt s loi rc nht nh

khng th x l bng cc bin php khc. y l mt giai on oxy ha nhit cao

vi s c mt ca oxy trong khng kh, trong rc c hi c chuyn ha thnh

cc cht thi rn khng chy, cc cht kh c lm sch hoc khng c lm sch

thot ra ngoi khng kh, cn cht thi rn c chn lp.

Rc trc khi vo l t c phn loi ra rc hu c v PVC loi b hoc

ti ch, rc v c rn, cn li a vo l t duy tr nhit 1000 - 11000C. Khi t

rc s sinh khi c v d sinh Dioxin nu gii quyt vic x l khi khng tt (phn

x l khi l phn t nht trong cng ngh t rc).



12/102


Nng lng pht sinh c th tn dng cho l hi, l si, hoc tn dng cho cc

ngnh cng nghip nhit v pht in. Mi l t phi c trang b mt h thng x

l kh thi tn km, nhm khng ch nhim khng kh do qu trnh t gy ra.

Phng php dng l t thiu hy ch t hiu sut ti u khi cc thnh phn kh

chy trong rc thi < 30%. u im ca phng php:

Gim th tch cht thi rn ti 70-90%.

Kh c cht nguy him, gim c tnh cho cht thi em t, x l trit

nhng vi sinh vt gy bnh, ngn nga ly lan dch bnh cho cng ng.

Thu hi c nng lng c trong cht thi.

Thi gian x l nhanh (ch khong 3 - 4 ngy) so vi phng php chn lp v

phn hy sinh hc.

Nguy c gy nhim nc ngm t.

L thnh phn quan trng trong chng trnh qun l tng hp cht thi rn.

C th x l cht thi rn ti ch m khng cn phi vn chuyn i xa, trnhc cc ri ro v chi ph vn chuyn.

Nhc im ca phng php:

i hi chi ph u t xy dng l t, chi ph vn hnh v x l kh thi ln. Vic thit k, vn hnh l t phc tp, i hi cng nhn vn hnh c nng

lc k thut v c tay ngh cao. Gy nhim th cp, sinh ra nhiu kh c hi nu khng kim sot tt qu

trnh.

Phng php t thng c p dng x l cc loi cht thi sau:

Rc c hi v mt sinh hc;

Rc khng phn hy sinh hc c;

Cht thi c th bc hi v do d phn tn;

Cht thi c th t chy vi nhit di 40o

C; Cht thi cha halogen, ch, thy ngn, cadimi, km, nit, photpho, sulfur;

Cht thi dung mi;

Du thi, nh tng du v hn hp du; Nha cao su v m cao su; Rc dc phm;

c) Phng php sinh hc

Phng php ny da trn kh nng phn hy cc cht hu c trong cht thi

bi vi sinh vt. Phng php ny c ng dng chuyn cc cht hu c thnh

phn bn hoc phn hy chng to kh sinh hc.



13/102


X l rc thi to kh sinh hc: y l phng php s dng phn hy ym

kh rc thi nhm loi tr cc thnh phn gy nhim mi trng, cc cht v c, hu

c thu kh sinh hc. Nguyn liu l rc thi cn c x l trc bng cch p dp

nt hoc bm thnh nhng mu nh di 1 - 3cm. Sau xp thnh ng theo tng lp

dy khong 50cm ri rc ln . Hng ngy ti nc gi rc lun trong iu kinngp nc. Sau thi gian khong 60-70 ngy s phn hu sinh kh ch yu l kh

mtan. Kh ny c tn dng lm nng lng. Tuy nhin phng php ny ch thch

hp vi x l rc thi giu protein thng l phn ngi, phn gia sc, cht thi nh

my ngcn b sung cc thnh phn ny.

X l rc ln men sn xut phn hu c (phn compost): Cng

ngh rc lm phn l mt qu trnh phn gii phc tp gluxit, lipit v protein do hng

lot cc vi sinh vt hiu kh v k kh m nhim. Cng ngh c th l thnh lung

hoc ng , cng c th trong cc thit b khc nh container, thng quay, sau

khong thi gian khong 60 - 70 ngy phn hu to thnh mn (compost). Mn ny c

hm lng dinh dng cao, to ti xp, rt tt cho vic ci to t, c th dng bn

cho cy trng.

u im ca phung php:

Loi tr c 50% lng rc thi sinh hot gm cc cht hu c l thnh phngy nhim mi trng t, nc, khng kh.

S dng li c 50% cc cht hu c c trong thnh phn rc thi ch binlm phn bn phc v nng nghip theo hng cn bng sinh thi. Hn ch vic nhp

khu phn ha hc bo v cho t ai.

Gim lng rc em chn lp, tit kim c din tch t s dng lm bichn lp. Tng kh nng chng nhim mi trng. Ci thin iu kin sng ca cng

ng.

Vn hnh n gin, bo tr d dng. D kim sot cht lng sn phm.

Gi thnh tng i thp, c th chp nhn c.

Thu hi li mt s loi rc c th tn dng ti ch phc v cho cng nghip.

Trnh lng ph ti nguyn. Nhc im ca phng php:

Mc t ng ca cng ngh cha cao.

Phng php phn loi cn th cng nn nh hng n sc khe chongi lao ng.

Np liu th cng, nng sut km.

Phn tinh ch cht lng km do t trang t ch.



14/102


Trong quy m cng nghip, to ra nc rc v mi cn cha kim sot cht.

Ch x l c cc thnh phn hu c.

i hi vn u t ln.

y ch l mt s phng php x l cht thi rn thng hay c s dngnht nc ta cng nh nhiu nc khc trn th gii. Tuy nhin mi phng php

u c nhng u nhc im ring ca n. V vy khi x l chng ta cn phi xem xt

tht k cc yu t cn thit la chn mt phng php x l cho ph hp.

1.2 Quy trnh qun l cht thi rn th thnh ph Quy Nhn

Thnh ph Quy Nhn l trung tm kinh t, chnh tr, vn ha v x hi ca

tnh Bnh nh, l thnh ph cng, u mi giao thng thy b quan trng ca vng

Nam Trung B, ca ng quan trng ca Ty Nguyn, Nam Lo, ng BcCampuchia, Thi Lan ra bin ng. C v tr quan trng v an ninh, quc phng.

ng thi l mt trong nhng th ht nhn ca vng Nam Trung B.

Ngy 25/01/2010 Th tng Chnh ph ban hnh Quyt nh s 159/Q-

TTg cng nhn thnh ph Quy Nhn l th loi 1, trc thuc tnh Bnh nh. V

pht trin Quy Nhn n nm 2020 tr thnh th trc thuc Trung ng trn

hnh lang Bc Nam v ng Ty; mt trung tm cng nghip, thng mi, du

lch, giao dch quc t c vai tr thc y pht trin kinh t - x hi ca khu vc.

1.2.1 c im khu vc1.2.1.1 V tr a l

Thnh ph Quy Nhn pha Nam tnh Bnh nh c ta : 13o46 v

Bc v 119o14 kinh ng. Pha Bc gip huyn Tuy Phc v Ph Ct, pha

Nam gip huyn Sng Cu tnh Ph Yn, pha ng gip bin ng, pha Ty gip

huyn Tuy Phc.

1.2.1.2 a hnh

Khu vc thnh ph Quy Nhn c a hnh a dng gm c i ni, c di t

bng phng, rung la, bi, m, h, sng ngi, bin, bn o v o, c b bin

di 42km. Thnh ph Quy Nhn chia lm 2 khu vc: khu vc thnh ph c v khu

vc m rng bn o Phng Mai.

1.2.1.3 Kh hu



15/102


Thnh ph Quy nhn nm trong vng kh hu nhit i gi ma. Ma kh t

thng 1 n thng 8, ma ma t thng 9 n 12, 80% lng ma c nm tp trung

vo ma ma. Ma ma y bo rt d di, thng tp trung t thng 9 n

thng 11, trong thng 10 thng c bo nhiu nht.

Khu vc chu tc ng ca 2 lung gi chnh. Ma ng l hng Ty Bcv Bc, ma h ch yu hng gi ng v ng Nam. Tc gi bnh qun l 2

-3 m/s. vng ng bng ven bin khi c bo th tc gi t 40m/s.

Nhit trung bnh: 27,4oC ( cao nht: 39,1oC, thp nht: 15,5oC)

m trung bnh: 80%.

Tng s gi nng trung bnh nm: 2521 gi

Thy triu: 154cm (cao nht: 260cm, thp nht: 44cm).

(Ngun: s liu t trm kh tng Quy Nhn)

Ni chung kh hu Quy Nhn tng i thun li, lng ma khng qu

nhiu, ma ng c nhit khng qu thp, nhiu nng tng i thch hp cho

vic xy dng th, tuy nhin kh hn cng thng ko di gy nn cn kit

ngun nc mt, nh hng n sinh hot v sn xut, ch ma l khng u

trong nm, thng tp trung hn 80% vo khong 3 thng ma ma cng gy nn

nhng tc ng kh khn cho vic xy dng ci to h thng thot nc.

1.2.2 c im thy vn

Thnh ph Quy Nhn nm pha Nam con sng H Thanh, con sng nydi 85km bt ngun cao 1100m pha Ty Nam huyn Vn Canh chy theo

hng Ty Nam - ng Bc n Diu Tr chia thnh 2 nhnh: H Thanh v Trng

c ra m Th Ni qua 2 ca Hng Thanh v Trng c ri thng ra bin Quy

Nhn. Din tch lu vc 580 km2. Con sng ny thng b cn vo ma kh, ma

ma nc chy xit v thng gy ngp lt vo thng 10 ti thng 11. Sng trong

a bn tnh Bnh nh ngn v dc, ca sng thng b bi lp v b nh hng

ca ch thy triu.

1.2.3 iu kin kinh t x hi

1.2.3.1 Dn s lao ng

Theo s liu ca nin gim thng k thnh ph Quy Nhn, dn s chnh thc

ca thnh ph nm 2008 l 271248 ngi. Trong , dn s ni th l 242002

ngi, chim 90,3% dn s ton thnh ph.



16/102


Din tch v dn s trung bnh trong cc nm gn y ca cc phng, x

ca thnh ph Quy Nhn, cn i lao ng x hi c trnh by trong cc bng

sau:

Bng 2.1 n v hnh chnh, din tch, dn s thnh ph Quy Nhn nm 2008

TT Tn phng x S thn,khu ph

Din tch(km2)

Dn s( ngi)

Mt (ngi/km2)

Phng Ni th 133 145,32 243774 16731 Nhn Bnh 9 14,69 18062 12303 Nhn Ph 8 13,22 17651 13352 ng a 11 6,26 24034 38394 Trn Quang Diu 8 10,93 16466 15065 Hi Cng 11 9,83 21234 21606 Quang Trung 8 7,77 19255 24787 Th Ni 6 1,95 11376 58348 L Hng Phong 8 1,05 15577 148359 Trn Hng o 8 0,47 11286 24013

10 Ng My 12 1,40 21123 1508811 L Thng Kit 5 0,69 6017 872012 L Li 10 0,57 14615 2564013 Trn Ph 7 0,72 11842 1644714 Bi Th Xun 8 49,80 14626 294

15 Nguyn Vn C 9 1,43 13813 965916 Ghnh Rng 5 24,89 6797 273

X Nng thn 19 139,82 27474 1961 Nhn L 4 15,46 9739 6302 Nhn Hi 5 40,47 3695 913 Nhn Hi 4 12,08 6135 5084 Nhn Chu 3 3,52 2588 7355 Phc M 3 68,29 5317 78

Tng cng 152 285,49 271248 950

(Ngun: Nin gim thng k thnh ph Quy Nhn nm 2008)

Bng 2.2 Cn i lao ng x hi (ngi)

TC cu lao ng

Nm2005

Nm2006

Nm2007

Nm2008

Dn s trung bnh 258780 265341 267975 271248

1 % dn s trong tui lao ng 58,15 58,02 58,06 58,782 Dn s trong tui lao ng 150468 153950 155598 159446Vin Khoa Hc v Cng Ngh Mi Trng (INEST) HBKHN. Tel:(84.43)8681686 Fax:(84.43)8693551

16


17/102


- C kh nng lao ng 148598 152037 153635 156257- Ngoi tui lao ng, vn lmvic

6878 6977 7078 7031

Tng ngun 155476 159013 162988 1859611 ang lm vic 120349 125587 126567 128840

- Ngnh Nng Lm Thy sn 24911 24912 25417 25893- Nghnh cng nghip - XDCB 50886 53895 56500 64711

2 Lao ng d tr 35127 33426 36421 57121- ang i hc 29637 28038 28997 49526- Ni tr - cha c - - - -- Khng c nhu cu lm vic 5490 5388 7424 7595

(Ngun: Nin gim thng k thnh ph Quy Nhn nm 2008)

1.2.3.2 Kinh t - x hi [16]

Cng vi cuc sng cng nghip ha hin i ha t nc, thnh ph Quy

Nhn c nhng bc pht trin r rt, i sng ca ngi dn ngy cng nng

cao.

Kinh t: Nhng nm qua, kinh t thnh ph lin tc tng trng nhanh v

pht trin, tng gi tr sn phm a phng (GDP) theo gi tr thc t nm 2009

t 7571,865 t ng, tng 6453 t ng so vi nm 1998, tc tng trng GDP

bnh qun hng nm trong 5 nm qua l 13,18%; GDP bnh qun u ngi nm

2009 t 26,9 triu ng, tng 22,516 triu ng so vi nm 1998. C cu kinh t

chuyn dch theo hng tch cc: cng nghip v xy dng 50,16% - dch v44,02% - nng , lm, thy sn 5,82%. Gi tr sn xut cng nghip nm 2009 t

4205,25 t ng, tng 3789,439 t ng so vi nm 1998, tc pht trin bnh

qun hng nm 5 nm qua l 14,29%.

Vn ha, gio dc: Cc hot ng vn ha vn ngh, th dc th thao, l

hi lun din ra si ni thu ht ng o qun chng v thanh thiu nin tham gia,

gp phn nng cao i sng vn ha tinh thn v rn luyn sc khe trong nhn

dn. S nghip gio dc o to c bc pht trin kh ton din v quy m v

cht lng. H thng trng, lp c u t xy dng ngy cng khang trang, cs vt cht phc v cho vic dy v hc c tng cng.

Y t: Ton thnh ph c 7 bnh vin vi tng s ging bnh l 2191

ging, trong bnh vin tuyn thnh ph l 290 ging; bnh vin tuyn khu

vc, ngnh, tnh v ngoi cng lp l 1901 ging. Cng tc bo v, chm sc v

nng cao sc khe ca nhn dn tng bc m rng v nng cao cht lng.

Thnh ph Quy Nhn l mt khu th ng dn c, v angtrong giai on pht trin, dn s th tng nhanh, mt xy dng kh cao, ccVin Khoa Hc v Cng Ngh Mi Trng (INEST) HBKHN. Tel:(84.43)8681686 Fax:(84.43)8693551

17


18/102


c s sn xut cng nghip dch v v x hi cng ang trong giai on xy dng

v pht trin, do vy lng rc thi hng ngy ln v ang ngy mt tng, c nh

hng nhiu n mi trng th.

1.3 Hin trng qun l cht thi rn th thnh ph Quy Nhn

1.3.1 Ngun pht sinh cht thi rn th thnh ph Quy NhnCht thi rn ca thnh ph Quy Nhn c thi ra t cc h gia nh, cc

ch, cc x nghip sn xut, cc bnh vin, ng h ph, cc cng trnh cng cng

v ph thi xy dng trong thnh ph.

1.3.2 Khi lng v thnh phn cht thi rn ca thnh ph

1.3.2.1 Khi lng: Khi lng rc thay i ty theo cc thi k trong nm:

cc ngy l, tt, ma tri cyTheo s liu thng k ca Chi cc bo v mi

trng, nm 2008 khi lng cht thi rn pht sinh hng ca thnh ph Quy Nhn

trung bnh khong 320 tn/ ngy (dao ng trong khong 10%).

Cht thi rn sinh hot:Khi lng cht thi rn sinh hot khu vc ni

thnh chim khong 180 tn/ngy vi ch s pht thi bnh qun u ngi mc

0,7kg/ngi/ngy.

Cht thi rn y t:Theo s liu thng k ca Cng ty mi trng th Quy

Nhn th tng lng cht thi rn y t pht sinh l 520 tn/nm (1,42 tn/ngy) vi

ch s pht thi trong khong t 1,8 2,2 kg/ging/ngy m, trong cht thi

nguy hi chim khong 10%. Cht thi rn cng nghip v xy dng:bao gm cc ph liu t vt liu,

nhin liu, ph thi t hot ng trong sn xut cng nghip v cc ph thi t qu

trnh xy dng... Hin cha c s liu thng k y v khi lng pht thi hng

nm trn a bn. Ring cht thi rn cng nghip khng nguy hi, theo s liu

thng k ca Chi cc bo v mi trng th tng lng pht thi hng ngy trn a

bn l 79 tn/ngy.

1.3.2.2 Thnh phn

Thnh phn cht thi rn th thnh ph Quy Nhn khng c nh m thay

i theo thi gian v iu kin sng. Tuy nhin, ch l s thay i v lng cn

thnh phn nh tnh th hu nh khng thay i v bao gm cc thnh phn sau:

Bng 2.3 Thnh phn cht thi rn sinh hot ca thnh ph Quy Nhn

TT Thnh phn % theo khi lng



19/102


1 Cht hu c 60,802 Xng/snh, s 0,653 Giy vn 3,324 Vi vn, gi 2,065 Nha 5,82

6 Da, cao su 3,307 Kim loi 2,658 Thy tinh 2,209 Tp cht khc 19,20

Tng cng 100Ngun: Bo co kt qu phn loi thnh phn rc thi sinh hot ti thnh ph Quy

Nhn, Cng ty Mi trng th Quy Nhn.

Bng 2.4 Thnh phn rc thi y t [1], (Ngun: B Y t)

Thnh phn Tnh cht nguy hi T l %

Rc hu c Khng 52,9Chai nha PVC, PE, PP C 10,1Bng bng C 8,8V hp kim loi Khng 2,9Chai l thy tinh, xilanh thy tinh, ngthuc thy tinh

C 2,3

Kim tim, ng tim C 0,9Giy loi, catton Khng 0,8Cc bnh phm sau m C 0,6

t, ct, snh s v cc cht rn khc Khng 20,9Tng cng 100T l phn cht thi nguy hi 22,6

Thnh phn cht thi rn thng mi ging nh thnh phn ca cht thi rn

sinh hot thnh ph.

Mi khu vc khc nhau s c thnh phn v khi lng rc khc nhau.

Trong cng tc qun l rc thi th, khi lng v thnh phn rc l hai thng s

c bn v quan trng nht trong vic thit k h thng qun l rc nh la chn

thit b cha, thu gom v vn chuyn, phn tuyn v mng li thu gom, ra cc

vn bn php quy phc v cng tc qun l cng nh vic la chn phng php

x l.

1.3.3 Hin trng qun l cht thi rn th thnh ph Quy Nhn

1.3.3.1 Hin trng phn loi, thu gom v vn chuyn

a) Phn loi:

Vic phn loi cht thi rn l mt vic lm rt quan trng n quyt nh ti

hiu qu ca qu trnh qun l cc ngun cht thi thuc loi ny. Cng bi thctrng ca qun l cht thi hin nay Quy Nhn vic phn loi cht thi rn chaVin Khoa Hc v Cng Ngh Mi Trng (INEST) HBKHN. Tel:(84.43)8681686 Fax:(84.43)8693551

19


20/102


c thc hin tt, tnh trng cc loi cht thi rn c thi ln ln vi nhau v

a n bi chn lp din ra ph bin. Vic lm ny va gy nhim mi trng

xung quanh bi chn lp va khng tn dng trit c mt s ph thi ti s

dng hoc ti sn xut ng thi th hin s hn ch trong qun l.

i vi cht thi sinh hot: Hu ht cc loi cht thi t cc h gia nh, cquan, trng hc, ch...u thu gom chung v a n bi rc, cn cht thi vn

nh rm r, rau, qu...c s dng li lm phn bn, lm thc n cho gia sc,

hoc lm cht t.

i vi cht thi cng nghip: Mt s loi cht thi rn c gi tr nh bt

ca, g vn trong ch bin g, cht thi rn t qu trnh ch bin ng lnh,...c

phn loi ring lm cht t hoc bn cho nhng c s ch bin thc n gia

sc..., cn li cc cht thi rn khc khng c gi tr i vi doanh nghip th

hu nh khng c phn loi m thi chung vi cht thi rn sinh hot.

i vi cht thi y t: T khi tnh c trang b l t cht thi rn y t nguy

hi (nm 2001) th hu ht cc bnh vin trong Tnh, cc trung tm y t thuc cc

huyn nm trn ng quc l (6/11 huyn) c quy nh phn loi rc ti ngun,

theo cht thi sinh hot c thu gom ring (theo k hiu mu ca bao, thng

ng rc).

i vi cht thi rn xy dng: Hin nay vn cha c hng dn c th

a im thi, n v chuyn ch. Trong sut thi gian qua, cc h gia nh, cct chc c cht thi ny thng thu t nhn ch ln lt vo cc bi t trng

gn khu vc ca mnh, to nn cc bi rc th pht gy mt m quan th v

nhim.

b) Hin trng thu gom, vn chuyn cht thi rn th

Cng ty mi trng th khng c cc ngun ti chnh c th t

trang tri cho cc hot ng lu gi, xe c thu gom vn chuyn v cc thit b khc

cn c th cung cp dch v cho phn ln cc phng ni th v cc vng x

vng o. Hu qu ca iu ny l nhng h gia nh khng c cung cp dch v s dng nhng bin php khng chnh thng b rc thi ca h. Nhng

bin php in hnh nh chn ni t trng, t ngoi tri, ra cc bi bin, cc

vc nc nh bin, sng, hoc cc knh mng h. iu ny gy ra nhng tc

ng ti m quan, ti cht lng mi trng v sc khe cng ng. S lu gi

cht thi rn trong cc knh mng h lm tc nghn dng chy v gy nn ngp

ng cc b, cn vic lu gi rc thi trn cc ng ph bao gm c rc thi trn

bi bin gy ra nhng tc ng tiu cc ti du lch.



21/102


Thu gom rc thi t cc ng hm thnh ph Quy Nhn hu ht l lao ng

th cng vi hiu sut thp.

Cc phng tin xe c thu gom ca Cng ty mi trng th c v lc hu.

iu ny lm cho chi ph vn hnh v bo dng cao v hng hc thng

xuyn. Hu ht phng tin xe c ca Cng ty khng c trang b thit b nngthy lc. Rc thi thng c xc th cng vo cc xe thu gom ti cc im lu

gi tm thi. Cng vic thu gom th cng nng nhc ny gy nn cc bnh ngh

nghip v vn hnh khng an ton cho cng nhn thu gom.

V khng c s lng cc st ng rc dng thu gom rc thi tng h

gia nh ti cc hm, cng nhn thu gom phi rc thi ra cc im lu gi tm

thi trn t. Thc t ny lm tng thi gian cht ti rc vo cc xe thu gom, rc

thi b trn t gy mi v to iu kin hp dn cc cn trng v gim m quan

ca khu vc.

Cng nhn thu gom rc thi khng c o to v bnh ngh nghip v

nhng kin thc v an ton, ri ro trong cng vic ca h.

Phn xng c kh, bo dng xe c ca Cng ty khng phng tin v

trang thit b sa cha v bo tr cc xe c thu gom qu c.

i vi rc thi sinh hot: T l thu gom tng i cao, t 85% nm 2008

khu vc ni thnh thnh ph, tuy nhin ti khu vc 4 x o, bn o ca thnh

ph th t l ny ch t khong 60%.

Bng 2.5 Khi lng cht thi rn sinh hot c thu gom hng ngy trn a

bn thnh ph Quy Nhn.

TT Tn phng S h gia nhLng rc thi rnthu gom (m3/ngy)

1 L Hng Phong 3295 272 Trn Hng o 2339 15



22/102


3 ng a 4449 214 Th Ni 2302 185 L Li 3098 316 Hi Cng 4234 307 Trn Ph 3944 45

8 L Thng Kit 1307 129 Nguyn Vn C 2917 18

10 Ng My 4706 2711 Quang Trung 2852 2112 Ghnh Rng 1441 1313 Nhn Bnh 3317 1014 Nhn Ph 3534 1215 Trn Quang Diu 3353 1016 Bi Th Xun 2767 12

Tng cng 49855 322

i vi cht thi y t:

- Dch v thu gom v x l cht thi y t ly nhim hin cha c cung cp

cho cc c s y t cc tuyn huyn trn a bn Tnh. Cht thi c chn lp

trong khun vin ca bnh vin gy ra nguy c ri ro v cht nhim i vi

ngun nc ngm v nc mt. Nu cht thi loi ny khng c che y cn thn

s rt c kh nng gy nguy c truyn bnh ly nhim cho cc bnh nhn, nhn vin

y t cng nh nhng ngi nui bnh.- Cc cht y t ly nhim phng khm nh, cc c s y t t nhn trn a

bn thnh ph khng c tch ring v c Cng ty mi trng th thu gom

thng thng m khng h c kh trng trc, mc d s lng ca cht thi y t

ly nhim khng nhiu nhng li gy ra nguy c rt ln v kh nng lan truyn

bnh ly nhim v gy thng tch do cc vt sc nhn gy ra cho nhn vin thu

gom v nhn vin vn hnh ti bi chn lp cng nh cho nhng ngi bi rc.

- Nhiu c s y t khng c cc dng c cha cht thi nguy hi theo cch

thc an ton trc khi chng c Cng ty mi trng th thu gom v vnchuyn n ni x l.

- Ti bnh vin Lao, ni t l t cht thi y t ly nhim, khng c trang

b nh lnh lu cha cht thi t cc c s y t do Cng ty mi trng th vn

chuyn n. iu ny hin c th tm thi c chp nhn trong iu kin l t

vn hnh bnh thng. Trong trng hp c s c, l t b hng, cht thi ly

nhim b tch ly trong thi gian vi ngy s gy ra mi v kh nng lan truyn



23/102


bnh do cc vt dng ng cht thi ly nhim khng c y kn theo ng quy

cch. Tro sau t s c Cng ty mi trng th Quy Nhn vn chuyn n bi

chn lp ti khu x l cht thi rn Long M.

Cht thi cng nghip: Hin trn a bn thnh ph t l thu gom vn cha

trit . Ch c mt c s k hp ng vi n v thu gom rc th mi thu gomc lng rc ny v c thu gom bng 2 hnh thc: chnh thng (do n v

chuyn trch thu gom cht thi rn m nhn) v khng chnh thng (do ngi dn,

cc c s ti ch, ti s dng li cht thi rn ny v thu gom v mua v).

Cc loi cht thi khc: Cng ty mi trng th Quy Nhn hin ang

qun l mt s loi cht thi khc nh sau:

- Ph thi xy dng v sa cha;

- Cht thi t bi bin: Vic dn sch bi bin hin ang c thc hin theo

phng thc th cng. y l cng vic lao ng nng nhc v chi ph lao ng

ca Cng ty mi trng th kh nhiu.

- Cht thi pht sinh t dn sau cc cn dng v bo (ch yu l cy ci);

- Cht thi t cc tu thuyn ti cng ca thnh ph;

- Cht thi t mt nc v no vt knh mng, Cng ty mi trng hin

khng c cc phng tin cn thit c th thu gom cc loi cht thi tp vo bi

bin v lng ng dng ct bn. Lp cc bn ny c phi trn bi bin mi

khi triu xung.- Hin Cng ty mi trng th Quy Nhn ang s hu hai thuyn c ng

c thu gom cht thi t mt nc.

Thi gian vn chuyn cht thi rn hng ngy ch yu c thc hin vo

khong t 3 - 5 gi sng.

1.3.3.2 Hin trng bi chn lp cht thi rn thnh ph Quy Nhn

Trong thi gian t 1995 n 2001, rc thi c ti ni B Ha phng

Quang Trung, bi ny cch trung tm thnh ph khong 3 km, rng khong 3ha.

Hin nay bi rc ny ng ca nhng cha c thc hin theo phng thchp l.

Ton b cht thi rn th do Cng ty mi trng th thu gom hin c

thi ti mt bi chn lp thn Long M, x Phc M, huyn Tuy Phc, tnh

Bnh nh, cch trung tm thnh ph khong 22km v pha Ty. Bi chn lp ny

c a vo vn hnh t thnh 6 nm 2001, vi din tch s dng 6ha trn tng

din tch 30ha ca khu vc.

C khong 1ha t chn lp y (l s 1) cn tin hnh ng ca, nhng

hin vn cha thc thi c do ton b rc thi c chn lp ti ny (cao ti



24/102


10m so vi ct mt t xung quanh ) v hin ang b h. s 1 hin khng c

lp lt y theo ng k thut cng nh h thng thu gom nc rc di y.

Hin ang rc vo cc l s 2 v 3 (mi c xy dng nm 2004 theo

thit k bi chn lp hp v sinh), 2 l ny c din tch 24ha, xy dng cng

trnh chng thm nc rc v xy dng h thng mng v ng ng dn ncrc v h thu, nhng cha xy dng c trm x l nc rc t nm 2003 n nay

Vic t rc thi ti bi chn lp Long M (do nhng ngi bi rc t t

phc v cho hot ng bi rc ca h) hin to ra nguy c v chy trong ma

kh v to ra mt lng ng k khi bi, mi, v cc loi kh khc. iu ny gy

ra nhng tc ng ti sc khe ca nhn vin vn hnh bi v nhng ngi bi rc

cng nh nhng ngi dn khu vc cnh bi.

Nhn vin vn hnh bi Long M khng c o to v bnh ngh nghip

v nhng kin thc v an ton, ri ro trong cng vic ca h.

Ti bi chn lp cht thi Long M khng c h thng thu gom v x l

nc rc v r rc. Nc r rc t chn lp s 1 c lu gi trong mt h cha

khng c lt y v khng c thit k nh mt cng trnh x l nc rc. H

cha ny c dung tch khng v vy vo ma ma nc rc b trn ra cc vc

nc xung quanh. Do vy cn tin hnh xy dng trm x l nc rc hon chnh

thay th cho h cha ny.

Tm li, mi trng th ti thnh ph Quy Nhn trong nhngnm gn y c ci thin. i vi cht thi rn th tng bc m rng

din tch vo kh nng thu gom nhng vn v bi cha v cng tc u t x l

cht thi rn mc d c cc cp, cc ngnh quan tm song vn cn nhiu hn ch.

Nc thi t bi rc vn cha c x l kp thi, cng tc quan trc cc bi rc

ng ca v bi rc mi cha c quan tm ng mc. i vi cc c s sn xut

v bnh vin, vic x l cht thi cng c cp lnh o n v quan tm, song

do nhiu yu khnh quan c bit l vn kinh ph, cc cng trnh x l cht thi

c xy dng khng nhiu v cha p ng c yu cu t ra v v sinh mitrng. Cc cng trnh x l cht thi trong thnh ph c u t khng ng

b, thc ngi dn c nng ln song ch dng li tng i tng, cha

rng khp.

Chng 2 C S L THUYT CA CC CNG C NH GI CHT

LNG MI TRNG KH, MI TRNG NC V CHT THI RN

Tc ng tng hp ca cc ngun kh thi, nc thi rt quan trng i vi

tc ng ca cc bi tp kt rc v bi chn lp cht thi rn n mi trng t



25/102


nhin kinh t - x hi. S dng phn mm ISC-ST3 cho cng tc qun l cht lng

mi trng khng kh ti cc bi tp kt rc v bi chn lp cht thi rn rt ph

hp v n c kh nng tnh ton cho tp hp nhiu ngun im n nh vi cc s

liu kh tng bt k. Phn mm ny c thm nh v c US-EPA coi l

phn mm chun trong nh gi tc ng mi trng M.Nm vng c s khoa hc ca ISC - ST3 l iu cn thit c th p dng

phn mm ny mt cch ng n. V vy, chng 2 ca n s trnh by v c s

l thuyt ca ISC-ST3, Streeter- Phelps.

2.1 C s l thuyt ca phn mm pht tn kh ISC-ST3 [19], [20]

C s l thuyt ca phn mm ISC-ST3 (Industrial Source Complex Short

Term 3: T hp ngun thi cng nghip ngn hn)da trn m hnh pht thi

Gauss tnh ton nng cc cht nhim ti mt v tr bt k theo khng gian

v thi gian vi cc iu kin kh tng cho trc. Phn mm ISC-ST3 c

nhng hiu chnh v s dng nhiu nghin cu mi v cc thng s nhm m bo

kt qu c chnh xc cao hn. Chnh v phn mm ISC-ST3 c pht trin trn

c s l m hnh Gauss nn ngay sau y ta s tm hiu mt cch s lc v m

hnh ny, t c cch nhn nhn r rng hn v phn mm ISC-ST3 s s dng.

2.1.1 C s l thuyt ca m hnh Gauss

2.1.1.1 L thuyt m hnh Gauss

Qu trnh khuch tn ca cc cht nhim trong khng kh c c trngbi nng cht nhim phn b trong khng gian v bin i theo thi gian v

c xc nh theo phng trnh vi phn c bn sau :

1 2w x y zC C C C C C C

u v K K K C C t x y z x x y y z z

+ + + = + + +

(2.1)

Trong :

C : Nng cht nhim trong khng kh

t : Thi gian

Kx, Ky, Kz : Cc h s khuch tn ri theo phng x, y ,z.1 : h s khi tnh n s xm nhp thm cht nhim trn ng khuch tn

2 : h s khi tnh n qu trnh bin ha t cht nhim ny sang cht

nhim khc do cc phn ng ha hc trn ng khuch tn.

u, v, w : vn tc gi trung bnh theo cc phng x, y,z.

n gin ha ngi ta thng tha nhn mt s iu kin gn ng : coi

Ct=0 = 0, 1= 0 v 2= 0. Khi phng trnh (3.1) tr thnh :

x y z

C C C C K K K t x x y y z z

= + + (2.2)



26/102


Trong :

C : Nng cht nhim ti v tr (x,y,z) v ti thi im t

Kx, Ky, Kz : Cc h s khuch tn ri theo phng x, y ,z.

Trong thc t qu trnh khuch tn cc cht nhim lun thay i theo

khng gian v thi gian v vy tnh ton rt phc tp. gii phng trnh (3.2) thxem nh cc h s khuch tn Kx, Ky, Kz l cc hng s, ngun pht thi cht

nhim l n nh theo thi gianC

t

= 0

Gii phng trnh (3.2) vi cc trng hp sau:

Bi ton 1 chiu :2

( ) 1/ 2 1/ 2

1exp -

2( ) 4tx x x

Q xC

t K K

=

(2.3)

Bi ton 2 chiu :2 2

( , ) 1/ 2

1exp -

4( )( . ) 4tx y x y x y

Q x yC

t K K K K

= +

(2.4)

Bi ton 3 chiu :2 2 2

3/2 1/2

1exp

8( ) .( . . ) 4 x y z x y z

Q x y zC

t K K K t K K K

= + +

(2.5)

Trong :Q : Ti lng cht nhim trn mt n v chiu di

L thuyt m hnh Gauss coi lng cht nhim khuch tn trong lung

khi nh tng hp ca v s cc khi pht tc thi, nhng khi pht c gi

mang i v c n rng ra khi ra xa ng khi. Khi b qua qu trnh trao i cht,

xem bi ton lan truyn cht nhim l bi ton 2 chiu v tha nhn cc gi thuyt

sau:

+ Ngun thi l ngun im, ngun cao.

+ Hng gi trng vi phng x, trc y x, nm trn mt phng, trc z x,trc thng ng z 0.

+ Nhit khi thi ln hn nhit mi trng.+ Lung khi ra khi ming ng khi c nng ln 1 on l h so vi ming

ng khi.

+ Lng thi khng i theo thi gianC

t

= 0

+ Khng c vt cn trn ng khuch tn

+ Ch c khuch tn phn t theo y v z.Vin Khoa Hc v Cng Ngh Mi Trng (INEST) HBKHN. Tel:(84.43)8681686 Fax:(84.43)8693551

26


27/102


t 20,5y yu

Kx

= ; 20,5z zu

Kx

= ;u

tx

=

Thay cc gi tr vo phng trnh (3.4) ta c :

2 2

2 2exp

2 2 2 z y y z

Q y zC

u

= +

(2.6)

Trong :

Q : Ti lng cht nhim ( khi lng/ thi gian)

u : Vn tc gi

y, z : H s pht tn ngang v h s pht tn ng, c n v di.

Phng trnh (3.6) l phng trnh ca m hnh lan truyn cht nhim theo

lut phn phi chun Gauss v thng c gi l m hnh Gauss c s.

Khi chuyn v h trc x, y, z m gc ta O trng vi chn ng khi trn

mt t th y khng thay i nhng z c thay th bng z H hoc H z , do

cng thc (3.6) tr thnh :

2 2

2 2

( )exp

2 2 2 z y y z

Q y z H C

u

= +

(2.7)

Trong :

H : Chiu cao hiu qu ca lung khi, bng tng chiu cao vt l ca ng

khi h v nng lung khi h

y, z : H s pht tn ngang v h s pht tn ng, c n v di.Cc h s ny c xc nh bng thc nghim nn chnh xc ca m

hnh c m bo cho d khi tnh ton phi coi Ky, Kz l cc hng s.

Theo m hnh Gauss c s , cc cht nhim c th lan truyn ti cc v tr

c z v cng ln hoc z < 0, tuy nhin s lan ta ca lung khi theo chiu thng

ng b gii hn bi lp khi quyn xo trn v khng th xuyn qua mt t. Khi

gp nhng mt gii hn ny lung khi s b phn x tr li. Do nng cht

nhim trn thc t phi cng thm phn phn x ny, phn ny c tnh bng cchcoi phn phn x xut pht t ngun tng tng i xng vi ngun thc.

Nng cht nhim gy ra bi ngun tng tng i xng vi ngun

thc c tnh theo cng thc :

2 2

2 2

( )exp

2 2 2 z y y z

Q y z H C

u

+= +

(2.8)

Nng tng cng c tnh t phng trnh (3.7) v (3.8) :2 2 2

2 2 2

( ) ( )exp exp exp2 2 2 2

z y y z z

Q y z H z H C u

+= + (2.9)



28/102


Phng trnh (3.9) l cng thc tnh ton khuch tn cht nhim t ngun

cao, lin tc v khng i theo m hnh Gauss. Cng thc ny cn c gi l cng

thc Pasquill-Gifford.

2.1.1.2 Cc thng s ca m hnh Gauss

1. Ti lng cc cht nhim Q (g/s, mg/s)- Tnh theo cn bng vt liu.

- Tnh theo h s thi ca WHO.

- Tnh theo cc cng thc, phng trnh sinh cht nhim.

- o trc tip trn ng khi.

Tc gi u (m/s)

Tc gi c xc nh nh sau:

1 1

2 2

p

u z

u z

= (2.10)

Trong :

u1, u2 : Tc gi cao z1, z2 ( cao thit b o).

p : H s tc gi ph thuc vo tnh n nh ca kh quyn v a hnh

(ph lc bng 1)

i vi a hnh bng phng hay trn mt nc ln th p = 0,1

3. Chiu cao hiu qu ca ng khi H

Chiu cao hiu qu ng khi c tnh : H = h + h (2.12)Trong :

h : Chiu cao xy dng (m)

h : Chiu cao nng vt ng khi (m).

Mt s cng thc thc nghim tnh h :- Cng thc thc nghim ca Mores v Carson a ra nm 1949

1/2

1 2

..s

v d Q hh C C

u u = + (2.13)

Trong :

vs : Tc pht ca lung khi (m/s)

u : Tc gi (m/s)

d : ng knh ming ng khi (m)

Q : Tc pht x nhit (kcal/m)

C1, C2 : H s hi quy ph thuc bn vng kh quyn.

- Cng thc thc nghim ca Holland a ra nm 1953:



29/102


3. 1,5 2,68.10 . . . s k mt

k

v d T T h p d

u T

+ = +

(2.14)

Trong :

vs : Tc pht ca lung khi (m/s)

u : Tc gi ti chiu cao ng khi (m/s)d : ng knh ming ng khi (m)

Tok : Nhit kh thi (oK)

Tomt : Nhit mi trng ti cao ng khi (oK)

p : p sut kh quyn (mbar) ( 1at = 1013 mbar)

y l phng trnh thc nghim khng th nguyn n ch ng khi p dng

cc n v cho trn. Khi cc trng thi kh quyn khc nhau, cng thc trn

s c nhn vi mt h s :

Cp A v B nhn h s 1,1 1,2

Cp D, E, F nhn h s 0,8 0.9

Hnh 2.1 S pht tn kh thi t mt ngun im

2.1.2 M hnh ca phn mm ISC-ST3

2.1.2.1 C s l thuyt ca phn mm ISC-ST3

Trn c s m hnh Gauss c hiu chnh tng chnh xc ca phn

mm, phng trnh tng qut ca m hnh trong ISC-ST3 c mt s thay i nhm

lm cho kt qu c chnh xc cao hn :2

2

. . .exp

2 2 z y y

K QV D yC

u

= (2.15)



30/102


Trong :

Q : Ti lng cht nhim (khi lng/ thi gian)

K : H s chuyn i n v

V : H s khi tnh n gii hn v cao

D : H s phn hy c dng tnh ti s bin i ha hc n giny, z : H s pht tn ngang v h s pht tn ng, m

u: Vn tc gi ti cao thi, m/s

2.1.2.2 S liu u vo cho phn mm ISC-ST3

S liu v kh tng bao gm:+ Nhit khng kh (oK).

+ Tc gi (m/s) cng chiu cao thit b o gi.

+ Hng gi.

+ n nh kh quyn (c gi tr 1-6 ng vi cp A-F).

+ Chiu cao lp khng kh xo trn (m).

Nhm s liu ny do trung tm nghin cu kh tng cung cp, xem bng

phn ph lc

S liu v ngun thi bao gm:+ V tr ng khi: c to (x,y), n v m.

+ Chiu cao ng khi (m).

+ ng knh trong ca ng khi (m).+ Nhit kh thi (oK).

+ Vn tc kh thi (m/s).

+ Ti lng kh thi (g/s).

2.2 M hnh Streepter Phelps [9]

Trong nc thi thng cha cc cht hu c d b oxy ho sinh ho, khi

nc thi x vo sng s din ra qu trnh tiu th oxy oxy ho cc cht hu c.

Qu trnh ny s gy thiu ht oxy trong sng h v s khuyn tn oxy vo trong

nc c din ra. Qu trnh tiu th oxy c c trng bng m hnh Streeter

Phelps I:



31/102


1 .t

t

dLK L

dt= (2.16)

Hay Lt = La . e-K1.t (2.17)

Qu trnh ho tan v tiu th oxy c c trng qua m hnh Streeter Phelps II

tt DKLKdt

d21

tD= (2.18)

Tch phn phng trnh (3.18) ta c:

( ) tKatKtKa

t eDeeKK

LKD 221

12

1 +

= (2.19)

Trong :

Da : thiu ht xy ban u, mg/l

Dt : thiu ht oxy ti thi im t, mg/l

K1: Hng s tc tiu th oxy, ngy-1

K2: Hng s tc bo ha oxy, ngy-1

La: BOD ban u trong hn hp nc sng v nc thi, mg/l.

Lt: BOD ca nc sng v nc thi sau thi gian t, mg/l

K1 = K1,20 (1,05)t-20, vi K1,20 = 0,05 0,15 (1/ngy) (2.21)

2/3

2/1)20(2/1

2

])037,1[(.9,3

H

VK

T

= (2.22)

Vi:

v(m/s): l vn tc dng chy ca nc sng v H(m) l su ca lng

sng.

Thi im tmax v thiu ht oxy cc i Dmax ( tc l oxy ha tan cc tiu

DOmin) c tnh nh sau:

tKa eL

K

KD 1

2

1max

= (2.23)

=a

a

LK

KKD

K

K

KK

t

1

12

1

2

12

max

)(1ln

1(2.24)



32/102


Hnh 2.2 Biu m t ng st gim xy theo cng thc Streeter- Phelps

s dng m hnh Streepter Phelps cn xc nh cc thng s u vo nh

lu lng dng sng, lu lng dng thi, su v vn tc dng chy trong sng,

hng s tc tiu thu oxy, hng s ho tan bo ho oxy. D liu u ra l tm L t,

Dt, tmax, DOmin.

Qua qu trnh phn tch trn phn mm ISC-ST3 v m hnh Streeter

Phelps cn b s liu y v chnh xc. n ny s dng phn mm ISC-ST3v m hnh Streeter Phelps tnh kim tra ch tiu cht lng mi trng kh v

kh nng pht tn cc cht nhim trong mi trng nc ngun tip nhn do qu

trnh pht thi ti cc bi tp kt v bi chn lp cht thi rn Quy Nhn. Cc kt

qu ny c th p dng nhm quy hoch v pht trin thnh ph Quy Nhn theo

hng thn thin vi mi trng v to iu kin mi trng thun li cho cc

doanh nghip n u t pht trin.



33/102


Chng 3 NH GI QUY TRNH QUN L CHT THI RN

THNH PH QUY NHN

3.1 nh gi cng tc thu gom, vn chuyn cht thi rn Quy Nhn

3.1.1 S h thng qun l cht thi rn ti Quy Nhn

CTR t cc trnghc, cng s...

Xe y tay

Cc im tp kt rc

Xe t vn chuyn rc

Bi x l v chn lpCTR Long M

CTR t h gia nh vcc c s kinh doanh

CTR t ccch

im tp kt tich

Hnh 3.1 S cng ngh thu gom v vn chuyn rc thi ca Quy Nhn

Cc ngun cht thi rn ca thnh ph c thu gom ban u bng xe y

tay, tip theo rc c chuyn t xe y tay n bi tp kt rc. Cc xe ti v xe p

rc ch rc chuyn dng s n bi tp kt rc tm thi vn chuyn rc n bi

chn lp rc Long M.

3.1.2 Quy trnh thu gom

Cht thi rn ca thnh ph khi thu gom khng c phn loi t u ngun,

khng qua trm trung chuyn rc s tuyn, phn loi rc m trc tip vn chuynn chung cc loi rc ti bi rc ca thnh ph.

Thu gom rc trn ng ph, ng xm, khu tp th:- Rc t h gia nh thu gom bng xe y tay loi 0,35m3

- Khi thu gom c 5 -6 h gia nh, ngi thu gom dng li g kng vo gi

quy nh (17-20 gi). Ngi dn mang rc b vo xe thu gom.

- Hu ht cc ng ph chnh trong thnh ph u c cng nhn qut rc,

thi gian chnh t 3 7 gi sng v 15 18 gi chiu m bo ng ph lun

sch p.



34/102


- Trong a bn 16 phng ni thnh c 16 im thu gom cht thi rn tp

trung, mi im c khi lng t 10 27m3/ngy, cht thi rn c tp trung ti

lng ng v gii ta vo 2 thi im bui sng t 5 9 gi, bui chiu t 17 21

gi.

- Rc c tp kt ti cc bi tp kt tm thi, chuyn ti ln xe ti hoc xe prc sau vn chuyn thng n bi rc , khng qua trm trung chuyn phn

loi rc.

Thu gom ti cc nh my, x nghip: cc xe vn chuyn rc thu gom rc, sau

vn chuyn trc tip n bi rc, thu gom 1 ln/ngy.

Hin nay c 28214 b pht h gia nh c x vo h thng thot ncchung chim 60% ca cc khu vc chnh ca thnh ph. Cng ty mi trng s hu

2 xe ti trng 3 tn ht phn bn t cc h gia nh theo hp ng.

Cng ty v sinh mi trng c nhiu c gng trong cng tc

thu gom, vn chuyn cht thi rn, b tr lao ng hp l, khon qun n nhm

ngi lao ng, ci tin cng c sn xut, tng ca tuyn ng trn cc ng ph

chnh ni thnh. Cng tc v sinh mi trng gn y tt hn, song thc ti cn

nhiu bc xc trong cng tc v sinh mi trng thnh ph l:

+ Vic thu gom vn chuyn cht thi rn cng ch mi lm trit c cc phng ni thnh trng im, cn nhiu tuyn ng cha vn ti

lm c nh cc ng hm. Cc khu vc ng dn khng c phc v c htnh dc cc b sng. Chnh nhng khu vc ng dn ny cha c phc v m

cht thi rn c thi ra thnh tng ng ti bi trn b sng dc ng thi ra gy

nhim mi trng.

+ Tc xy dng ca cc c quan x nghip, cc h dn ngy

cng ln song lng cht thi rn xy dng cha c c quan qun l no chu trch

nhim thu gom, lng cht thi ny thi trc tip ra ng hoc bi t

trng, lm mt m quan thnh ph, nh hng ti vic i li ca ngi dn.

+ Phn bn t cc h gia nh hin ang c thi b ti bichn lp Long M m khng x l.

Cc phng tin thu gom nh sau:- Thu gom bng thng ri: thng ri c th tch 3,5 6,5m3 c t nhng

im thun tin cho cng tc thu gom nh trong cc khu tp th, chung c, ng

xm, dc ng phcho n khi y th cng ty cho xe vn chuyn ti bi rc.

- Thu gom bng xe y tay: mi xe c th tch 0,3 0,35m3 do 1 hoc 2 ngi

iu khin v c a n ni quy nh.



35/102


- Thu gom bng xe chuyn dng: xe cun p rc c th tch 8,4 10m3 hiu

qu hot ng kh cao do kh nng c ng v t phi sa cha, ph hp vi tt c

ng ph ni thnh, gim c s nhn cng lao ng v cng lao ng, m

bo m quan thnh ph, pht huy tnh tch cc ca cng ngh thu gom rc.

- Thu gom bng xe ti (xe thng): l loi xe cha c lng rc ln nht, rcc xc ln xe ti t cc bi tp kt rc v vn chuyn v bi chn lp.

Nhn lc thu gom: s cng nhn cng ty trc tip tham gia thu gom vn

chuyn cht thi rn hin c 458 ngi, c chia l 5 i, gm 4 i v sinh mi

trng 1, 2, 3, 4 v mt t mi trng mt nc vi tng cng 254 xe y tay

0,35m3.

3.1.3 Cng tc vn chuyn

Ti cc ga cha, b phn vn chuyn xc rc ln xe t; ln xe p rc hoc

xe chuyn dng ch Container. Cht thi t cc t vn chuyn, xung bi theo

hng dn ca b phn qun l vn hnh bi rc.

- Vic thu gom v vn chuyn cht thi rn trn a bn thnh ph, ch yu

dng phng tin th s, cng ngh lc hu, khng hp v sinh cho ngi thu gom,

vn chuyn, cha c quy hoch hp l cho cng tc ny: cc ga cn nm trong khu

dn c gy nhim nghim trng. Thnh ph cha c gii php v vic u t cc

thng cha rc hp v sinh (c np y) t ti cc khu dn c, sau vn chuyn n

trm trung chuyn phn loi.Vic vn chuyn rc qu lc hu (dng xng a rc ln xe ti), xe chuyn

rc khng c thit b che chnthnh ph cng c u t ban u cho cng tc

ny nh: xe p rc nhng cha p ng c yu cu nhim v hin nay.

- V vn chuyn cht thi rn:

Vn chuyn rc Quy Nhn c thit k cho phng n thu gom rc bng

cch t cc thng rc nh. Cc phng tin chuyn dng y l cc loi xe p

rc c trng ti ln, cc xe c cn nng vn chuyn thng cha rc h v xe ti

Benz c cn trc.Trong cc phng tin vn chuyn trn xe ti c cn nng l loi xe c hiu

qu nht ly rc v vn chuyn rc hng ngy t 30 thng cha rc h c cng

sut ti a l 2,5m3/thng. Thi gian tng cng thu gom rc s c gim ng

k. Ly rc (loi rc ch) bng xe p rc mt nhiu thi gian hn so vi ly rc t

thng rc. y l l do bt u p dng xe c cn nng, hn na khi s dng loi

xe ny v mt v sinh s c ci thin.



36/102


Nh vy, vic xc nh v la chn cc thit b thu gom rc v cng ngh

vn chuyn rc thch hp nht i vi iu kin Quy Nhn l mt vn chin

lc quan trng.

Phng tin thu gom, vn chuyn rc: c 33 xe t cc loi trong c 16

xe vn chuyn rc c ti trng 2,5 - 5 tn; 6 xe p rc c dung tch 7m3 15m3; 6 xevn chuyn phn; 2 xe i san gt ti bi rc; 3 xe Zin vn chuyn nc.

Hin nay cc xe hu ht hot ng trung bnh mi ngy 2 ca v hng nm

vn chuyn c khong 300000 m3/nm.

Hng ngy xe c t chc n 16 im hn chuyn cht thi ln. Vic

vn chuyn cht thi ln xe rc bng xe rc bng tay cho nn thi gian xe ti ngng

qu lng ph xc rc ln loi xe thng cao gy khng hp v sinh cho cng nhn,

cng tc vn chuyn cht thi t ni thnh ra bi rc Long M cn phi i sut qua

trung tm thnh ph gy mt m quan th.

Tm li, cng tc thu gom vn chuyn cht thi rn th Quy

Nhn cng cn nhiu hn ch:

+ n nay thnh ph c 16 im tp kt cht thi rn do s

im tp kt cn thiu, ti cc im tp kt cht thi rn gii phng chm do thiu

phng tin vn chuyn. Cc khu ng dn, cc nh cao tng khng c thng cha

rc, ngay c cc c quan x nghip cng thiu phng tin cha rc nn hu ht

c thi ba bi ra ng.+ Cng nhn khi lm vic thu gom, trong vn hnh bi chac trang b y dng cu lao ng nh gng tay, khu trang, ng chng c

s nguy c e da sc khe ca cng nhn.

+ Khi cng nhn i thu gom rc a ln xe p rc,c nhiu

phng tin xe c qua li cng c th dn n cc tai nn do bn thn cc xe c

ny. Khng thc hin tt cc quy nh v an ton lao ng khi lm vic.

+ Khi cng nhn lm vic vo nhng ngy ma th kh nng gy

ra tai nn lao ng cn c th tng cao.+ H thng trung chuyn rc cn km hiu qu v thi gian xe

phi ch i cng nhn y xe thu gom ti.

+ Cc loi cht thi cha c phn loi ngay t ngun, cht thicng nghip, cht thi y t c thu gom chung vi cht thi sinh hot gy kh

khn trong vic x l.

+ Cha trang b y cc thng rc hp v sinh v b tr cha

hp cc thng rc ti nhng ni cng cng nh ng ph, cc khu chung c, cngvin, khu vui choi gii trkhng t gy mt quan th.Vin Khoa Hc v Cng Ngh Mi Trng (INEST) HBKHN. Tel:(84.43)8681686 Fax:(84.43)8693551

36


37/102


+ thc ca ngi dn v gi gn v sinh chung cha cao nntnh trng x rc ba bi vn din ra thng xuyn.

+ Cc trm trung chuyn, cc rc cng cng trong thnh phkhng c che y m h hon ton. y l ngun pht sinh ra dch bnh v

kh, bi rt ln nh hng n sc khe dn c quanh khu vc ny.+ Thiu cc ch ti bt buc cc nh sn xut to ra cht thi

cng nghip nguy hi phi tr chi ph x l.

+ i vi cht thi bnh vin, ch khong 80% cc c s y tthc hin phn loi cht thi t ngun nhng cn km an ton, cha trit v cha

hiu qu.

3.2 nh gi cng tc x l cht thi rn thnh ph Quy Nhn

Rc thu gom chun b chuynvo

Rc cng nghipkhng nguy hi

Bi tp kt rc vphn loi

Ti ch

Sn xut phnCompost

Rc y t

Cn o

Cc l chn lp CTR cngnghip khng nguy hi

Ti ch

Cc l chn lp CTRsinh hot

X l (t)

tro

Trm x l nc r rc v kh thi

Khu iu hnhKhu ph tr

Rc sinh hot

Hnh 3.2 S khu x l cht thi rn Long M

3.2.1 Cng tc ti ch, ti s dng cht thi rn



38/102


Hin ti Quy Nhn cha c nh my ch bin, ti ch rc thi nn hu ht

nhng vt liu c th ti ch c i qun ng nt thu gom. Ph thi c thu

nht l giy, nha, kim loi, chai l v mt s hn tp khc. a bn hot ng ca

h l trn cc ng ph, cc khu dn c, bi rc

Theo bo co Cng ty th mi trng Quy Nhn nm 2008, c tnh tnglng vt liu ti ch thu gom l 14 tn/nm.

3.2.2 Cng tc x l cht thi rn

3.2.2.1 X l cht thi bng phng php t

c s gip ca B Y t v cc ban ngnh c lin quan, S Y t s

dng vn vay u i t ngun vn h tr pht trin chnh thc (ODA) ca Chnh

ph o, lp t l t HOVAL MZ4 ti Bnh vin Chuyn khoa Lao vi tng

kinh ph c tnh khong 2,5 t ng. L hot ng theo cng ngh t a vng

(Thy S) vn hnh bng in, t bng du DO c phun trong l dng sng

m nhit t gn 1200oC, c thit b lm sch kh thi v theo di pht x. Sau

khi x l xong, bi tro rt t nn sng lc chuyn n ni cui cng khng bay pht

tn vo khng kh. Vi cng sut 300kg/ngy, l t phc v cho gn 2200 ging

bnh.

Tnh t cui nm 2001 n nay, l t x l c 42000kg rc thi ca

18 c s y t, mc trung bnh trong ngy t 100 n 120 kg.

Hin nay l t vn hot ng n nh, tuy nhin trong thi gian gn y ctnh trng qu ti do lng rc thi y t pht sinh trn a bn tng nhanh.

3.2.2.2 Ch bin cht thi hu c lm phn vi sinh

Cn c vo lng rc thi hng ngy do Cng ty mi trng th thu gom

a vo vn chuyn n khu x l rc Long M v da vo thnh phn rc thi ca

Quy Nhn cng sut ca dy chuyn ch bin phn hu c t rc thi tnh vo nm

2010 l 94645 (tn/nm)

p ng nhu cu x l rc thi trn, Quy Nhn u t nh my x l rc

vi cng sut x l 93000 rc thi/nm tng ng vi 250 tn/ngy; sn xutc 30616 tn hu c cho 1 nm hoc tng ng 84 tn/ngy.

Tuy nhin do kinh ph c hng nn mt s hng mc cng trnh xy dng

cha hon chnh nn h thng phn loi rc hin ti chy ti a ch t 100

tn/ngy. Nh my chy ht cng sut thit k s gim lng rc chn lp, tng

lng sn xut phn bn, tng thi gian s dng bi rc.

3.2.2.3 X l cht thi rn bng phng php chn lp hp v sinh



39/102


Trong quy hoch tng th qun l cht thi rn th v khu cng nghip

trn a bn tnh n nm 2020 c UBND tnh Bnh nh ph duyt ti Quyt

nh s 637/Q-UBND ngy 27/08/2009 th bi chn lp cht thi rn Long M c

nhim v x l cht thi rn sinh hot, cht thi cng nghip khng nguy hi v

cht thi y t cho thnh ph Quy Nhn; ch bin cht thi rn hu c thnh phnhu c cho thnh ph Quy Nhn.

Khu vc chn lp rc c din tch 4,8ha s c tip tc nng chiu cao

rc t 10 15m, va ng ca bi rc c v xy dng l cha rc mi. Khu vc

quy hoch cch sng H Thanh 3,5km v pha Ty Bc v cao hn y sng H

Thanh 18 20m. T v tr nhn nc t khu vc bi rc chy xung sng H Thanh

n cc ging ly nc ngm cung cp cho thnh ph Quy Nhn khong 1km. Nu

vic chng thm y v thnh bi rc khng tt v vic x l nc rc khng t

tiu chun quy nh th v lu di s nh hng n cht lng nc ngm khu vc

ging khai thc dc sng H Thanh ca nh my nc Quy Nhn.

C s b tr cc hng mc cng trnh v tnh ton cc thng s k thut ca

bi chn lp cht thi rn sinh hot v cht thi rn cng nghip khng nguy hi

c cn c vo Thng t lin tch s 01/2001/TTLT-BKHCNMT-BXD ngy

18/01/2001 ca B khoa hc cng ngh v mi trng v B xy dng; TCXDVN

261:2001 Bi chn lp cht thi rn Tiu chun thit k.

Bi chn lp chia 5 l, nhm hn ch ma ri vo khu chn lp rc ln, dnn phi x l nc rc tn km v pht tn mi khi rc trn din rng. Trong

mi l chn lp rc c chia thnh cc nh khi chn lp rc ch tin hnh trn

mt no n khi chn lp y th ng ca hoc t cao quy nh th ph

lp t (0,2m) ri mi c chuyn sang rc mi. Bi rc Long M thuc

loi ln nn chn din tch mi ti a l 1ha. Nhm hn ch nc ma ri vo b

mt khu rc, trn mi khi chn lp rc cn chia cc khonh nh khong

2000m2 rc dy khong 2,0m ph ln b mt rc lp t i dy 0,2m ri mi

chuyn n rc khonh khc.

H thng thu gom kh gas c b tr thnh mng li hnh tam gic ukhong cch gia cc ng thu kh khong 50m. Cc ng thu gom c lp t trong

qu trnh vn hnh, ni ghp nng cao theo cao vn hnh ca bi rc. on ng

lp ghp phi c hn gn chc lin kt vi nhau. Phn ng nm trong lp ph b

mt v phn nh cao trn mt bi rc s dng ng thp trng km c sc bn c hc

v ha hc theo thi gian. S lng ging thu kh gas trung bnh 5 ging/ha.



40/102


Bi chn lp cht thi rn Long M nm bn trn khu khai thc nc ngmcung cp thnh ph Quy Nhn, nn trm x l nc rc t loi A theo TCVN.

Nc r rc sau khi x l t loi A s ra sui nm cch trm x l 70m v chy

v sng H Thanh, ni y c cc ging khai thc nc ngm cung cp cho thnh

ph Quy Nhn.

Khu t quy hoch bao gm c bi rc ang s dng nhng b nhim khnghim trng nn khi xy dng bi rc mi s kt hp khc phc nhim mi

trng ca bi rc c. ng thi ngn nc ma thm vo bi rc c trn ra xung

quanh gy nhim. Xy dng trm x l nc r rc, x l nc rc mi v

lng nc rc ng trong bi rc c m lu nay cha c x l v ang gy

nhim mi trng. ( Hnh 3.3)

Phng php x l cht thi rn th thnh ph Quy Nhn bng phngphp chn lp hp v sinh l k hoch trong quy hoch tng th qun l cht thi

rn th v cng nghip, ang ch y ban nhn dn tnh ph duyt.

Thnh ph Quy Nhn v ang p dng c ba phng php trn, ph hp

vi iu kin ca thnh ph, gii quyt mt lng ng k cht thi rn pht sinh

trn a bn, gp phn gim thiu nhng nh hng khng c li n mi trng v

con ngi. Tuy nhin, do iu kin kinh ph, hay cc iu kin khch quan khc

trong qu trnh qun l, x l cht thi rn cn nhng hn ch, do vy gy

nhim n mi trng khng kh, nc v t.



41/102


H cha nc rc

Lc rc tinh

B iu ha 1

Lng s b

B k kh 1

B k kh 2

B trung ha

Thp kh Nit

B trung gian

B Aeroten

B lng sinh hc

Cm b Fenton

B lng ha cht

B lc ct

B kh trng

Ngun tip nhn

B cha bn

My p bn

BnPolymer

BnFe2SO4

BnChlorine

Dinh dng

Bn H 2O2

BnCa(OH)2

bm

bm

bm

bm

bm

bm

bm

bm

bm

bm

bm

bm

bm

bm

Bn kh thi b

My thi kh

Qut

Ch thch :ng ncng bnng ha cht

Hnh 3.3 S cng ngh x l nc r rc



42/102


3.3nh gi tc ng ca cc cht nhim n mi trng t cng tc qun l

cht thi rn th thnh ph Quy Nhn

3.3.1 Qu trnh hnh thnh cht thi ti bi tp kt v khi chn lp

Hp cht hu c dng rn

Hp cht hu c dng ha tan

axetat

H2S CO2

axetonAxit bo + ru

Hp cht ha tan hon ton

Metan ha(giai on axit )

Kh sunphat

Metan ha(giai on thy phn )

H2

Ln men

Thy phn

Sunphat ha

CH4

Hnh 3.4 C ch sinh ha ca qu trnh phn hy sinh hc trong bi chn lp

3.3.1.1 Qu trnh hnh thnh v thnh phn nc rc

a) Qu trnh hnh thnh nc rc

Nc rc l sn phm ca qu trnh phn hy cht thi bi qu trnh l, hav sinh hc din ra trong lng bi chn lp. Nc rc l loi nc cha nhiu cht

nhim ha tan t qu trnh phn hy rc v lng xung di y chn lp. Lng

nc rc c hnh thnh trong bi chn lp ch yu do cc qu trnh sau:

- Nc thot ra t m rc: cht thi th lun cha mt hm lng m.

Trong qu trnh m nn lng nc tch ra khi cht thi v gia nhp vo nc

rc.

- Nc t phn hy sinh hc cc cht hu c: nc l mt trong nhng sn

phm ca qu trnh phn hy sinh hc.



43/102


- Nc gia nhp t bn ngoi vo l nc ma thm t trn xung qua lp

ph b mt.

- Nc ngm thm qua y/thn chn lp vo bn trong ni cha rc.

i vi cc bi chn lp hp v sinh (c lp lt y bng cc vt liu chng

thm bng t st hoc lp vi a k thut HDPE, c h thng tch nc mt, hthng thu gom v x l nc rc, kh thi v khi ng bi c ph pha trn bng vt

liu chng thm) th lng nc rc thng t hn so vi khng p dng cc bin

php trn. Nh vy lng nc rc sinh ra ph thuc vo:

- iu kin t nhin khu vc chn lp (lng ma, bc hi, nc ngm).

- m cht thi chn lp.

- K thut x l y bi chn lp v h thng kim sot nc mt.Lng nc rc sinh ra trong bi chn lp ph thuc vo s cn bng nc

trong mt chn lp. Cc thnh phn tc ng ti qu trnh hnh thnh lng nc

rc ( Hnh 4.5)Nc thm pha trn bi

rc xung

Vt liu ph trung gian

Nc tiu th trongqu trnh hnh thnhkh thi

Nc bay hi

Rc c phnhy

Nc thot ra t phay

Nc t vtliu ph b

mt

Nc ngmtrong cht thi

Nc trongbn thi

Hnh 3.5 S cn bng nc rc

b) Thnh phn nc rc

Thnh phn nc rc thay i theo cc giai on khc nhau ca qu trnh

phn hy sinh hc. Ban u l qu trnh phn hy hiu kh, xy ra trong thi gian

ngn, ri n qu trnh phn hy ym kh ty tin to axit v qu trnh phn hy

ym kh tuyt i to kh metan.



44/102


Bng 3.1 Thnh phn nc rc t bi chn lp mi v lu nm [3]

Thnh phn n vThi gian rc c chn lp

Di 2 nm Trn 10 nmBOD

5mg/l 2000 30000 100 200

TOC mg/l 1500 20000 80 160COD mg/l 3000 45000 100 500SS mg/l 200 1000 100 400

N hu c mg/l 10 600 80 120Amoniac mg/l 10 800 20 40

Nitrat mg/l 5 40 5 10Tng photpho mg/l 1 70 5 10Photphat mg/l 1 50 4 8 kim mgCaCO3/l 1000 10000 200 1000

pH 5,3 8,3 6,6 7,5Ca mg/l 200 3000 50 200Clorua mg/l 100 3000 100 400Tng st mg/l 100 1500 20 200Sunphat mg/l 50 600 20 50

3.3.1.2 Qu trnh hnh thnh v thnh phn kh gas

a) Qu trnh hnh thnh kh gas

Kh thi t bi chn lp v nc rc l sn phm ca qu trnh phn hy sinh

hc xy ra trong bi chn lp. Qu trnh sn sinh kh thi t bi chn lp cng phthuc:

- c tnh ca cc cht hu c

- Lng nc thm vo bi

- Mi trng phn hy cht hu c trong bi chn lp

- Thi gian chn lp

Phn ln lng kh t bi chn lp c sinh ra do phn hy sinh hc k kh

cc cht hu c. Thnh phn kh bi rc khng nhng ph thuc vo thnh phn rc

thi m cn ph thuc vo mi trng phn hy (thi gian chn lp). Kh metan v

cacbonic chim t phn th tch ln nht trong kh bi chn lp, H2S, mercaptan v

NH3 chim t phn thp nhng li l nguyn nhn chnh gy ra nhim mi.



45/102


Bng 3.2 Thnh phn c trng kh thi t bi chn lp cht thi [3]

Thnh phn % th tchMetan 45 60CO

240 60

Nit 2 5Oxy 0,1 1,0H2S, CH3SH 0 1,0Amoni 0,1 1,0H2 0 0,2CO 0 0,2Cc kh vi lng khc 0,01 0,6

Thnh phn kh ny dao ng rt ln cng vi thi gian chn lp v thnh

phn cc cht em chn lp. Thng thng s chuyn ha cc cht din ra trong bi

chn lp gm bn giai on sau:

- Giai on phn hy hiu kh.

- Giai on axit ha

- Giai on to cc axit hu c

- Qu trnh metan ha.

Giai on phn hy hiu kh ban u: Trong khong thi gian ny oxy tkhng kh khuch tn xm nhp vo cht thi hoc oxy tn ti trong cht thi cs dng cho phn hy hiu kh cc cht hu c. Trong iu kin ny cc cht hu

c d phn hy b phn hy hiu kh v kh CO2 c sinh ra cng vi s gia tng

nhit trong cht thi, nhiu khi nhit trong rc thi tng t 10 15oC .

Qu trnh phn hy sinh hc cc cht hu c l mt qu trnh tng hp c s

tham gia ca vi khun, nm men. Phn ng sinh ha qu trnh phn hy cht hu c

nh sau:

Cht hu c + O2 + dinh dng VK t bo sinh hc mi + cht hu c bn +2

2 2 3 4CO H O NH SO + + + + nng lng

Nh vy, sn phm ca qu trnh phn hy sinh hc hiu kh rc thi hu c

l nhng t chc t bo sinh hc mi, cht hu c bn, kh CO2, kh NH3 v nhit

nng. Trong iu kin bnh thng vi s c mt ca oxy th NH3 sinh ra do c

oxy ha thnh 3NO , lng oxy cn thit cho qu trnh ny din ra nh sau:

NH3 + 2/3 O2 HNO2 + H2O

HNO2 + O2 HNO3

NH3 + 2 O2 HNO3 + H2O



46/102


Giai on axit hat: Gi tr pH bin i trong khong t 4 6 do s hnh

thnh cc axit hu c m ban u l axit bo c bin i thnh cc axit bo bay

hi (axit acetic), qu trnh ny thng kt thc t vi tun ti vi thng.

Giai on to axit hu c: Trong giai on ny vi khun to kh metan bt

u pht trin v bt u chu trnh chuyn ha cc axit n gin nh axit acetichoc axit formic v metanol thnh khi metan (CH4). iu kin ti u qu trnh

metan ha din ra c s pH bin ng t 6,7 7,5.

Qu trnh metan ha: l qu trnh chuyn ha cc axit hu c do vi khun k

kh to thnh CH4, qu trnh nh sau:

2 2 2 4 2 4ONS VKCH H O H O CO CH H NH HS + + + + + +

Sn phm kh ca qu trnh ny c th tm thy trong nc rc v kh thi

bi chn lp. Trong pha ny th metan v kh CO2 chim 45 65% th tch, nhng

kh khc c nng thp hn.

b) Mi v qu trnh hnh thnh mi

nhim mi do qu trnh vn hnh chn lp rc sinh hot l mt trong

nhng vn bc xc trong cng tc qun l cht thi th hin nay nc ta. Do

kh hu nng m, nn rt thun li cho qu trnh phn hy cc cht hu c trong

cht thi v gy ra mi kh chu. Pht sinh mi xy ra ngay c khi lu gi cht thi

tm thi ti cc bi tp kt, ti ni t

Documents

37252490 Do an Tot Nghiep of Ngoc