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3D Cadastre Dream or Reality? Nick Land

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Context

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20 Years

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Cadastral Trends Security of tenure (ownership) Support for land markets (value) Sustainable development (use) - Rights and restrictions Efficient & effective land administration Extending the use & value of the cadastre

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Why do we need a 3D cadastre? Address the trends in cadastre Urbanisation Complexity of structures & related rights - On & above ground - Sub-surface

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Not a new concept

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No true 3D cadastres exist Register volumes in land (public) registers, but not included in cadastral map Register only a subset of objects - Apartment blocks - Utilities Register new constructions only No widely accepted definition of 3D cadastre

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Definition (FIG) A 3D parcel is defined as the spatial unit against which (one or more) unique and homogeneous rights (e.g. ownership right or land use right), responsibilities or restrictions (RRRs) are associated to the whole entity Homogeneous = the same combination of rights equally apply within the whole 3D spatial unit Unique = the largest spatial unit for which this is true

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GIS Technology How to Implement?

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GIS Functionality Continues to Improve Mapping & Editing Imagery LiDAR Mobile Cloud Apps 3-D 4-D & Real Time

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CollectManage Visualise & Analyze Share ArcGIS is a 3D GIS

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3D Data types in the Geodatabase Vector feature classes with X,Y,Z geometry - 3D Points - 3D Lines - 3D Polygons Elevation grid rasters (DTM/DEM) Terrains (TIN, Point cloud, surface) Mosaics of LAS LiDAR datasets Multipatch (volumetric bodies)

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Introducing Multipatch A geodatabase feature type for 3D objects. A geodatabase feature type for 3D objects. Collection of triangles, triangle strips, triangle fans, and rings Collection of triangles, triangle strips, triangle fans, and rings Stores texture image, colour, transparency, and lighting vector information within the geometry Stores texture image, colour, transparency, and lighting vector information within the geometry

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Triangles & Rings Basic units are 3D triangles and 3D rings (polygons) Basic units are 3D triangles and 3D rings (polygons) Triangles Rings

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Triangle Strips & Fans Efficient storage of sets of triangles Efficient storage of sets of triangles Triangle Strips Triangle Fans

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Collections can be complex A single composite multipatch can contain multiple patches of varying types A single composite multipatch can contain multiple patches of varying types

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Textures can be applied Two rings and one triangle strip Two rings and one triangle strip Different textures for roof, floor and walls Different textures for roof, floor and walls

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3D Cadastre

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Concepts of 3D Cadastre Full 3D cadastre 3D tagging Hybrid 3D Cadastre 4D Cadastre Time as the fourth dimension

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The hybrid solution All in one database Supports the identification of a land unit Supports boundary definitions Supports and maintains topological relationships Allows maintenance in both 2D and 3D Allows display of complex spatial relationships Allows spatial analysis Allows maintenance of other types of objects 2D 3D Survey network Identification Boundary Definition Data Maintenance Spatial relationships Spatial analysis Identification

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3D Cadastre Hybrid Solution 2D Parcels; 3D Objects Legal & Physical Objects Above & below ground

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3D Cadastre Visualisation

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3D Cadastre Spatial Analysis e.g for objective, market valuation

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Esris 3D Urban Information Model Simplifies the creation, maintenance and usage of 3D cities Built Environment Buildings & Building Interiors Transport & Utility Networks Installations Trees Legal Environment 3D Zoning 3D Land Ownership Natural Environment Land Cover Atmosphere Geology Template for download

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2D to 3D: Data Collection Photogrammetric data collection direct into ArcGIS

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2D to 3D: Add Heights to 2D Building Footprints Point clouds from aerial LiDAR and from new sources like oblique imagery stereomatching LiDAR point cloudGeoprocessing to extrude footprints Best practice 3D workflows, example models and sample data, available at http://resources.arcgis.com/en/communities/city-engine/, and at http://resources.arcgis.com/en/communities/3d/. http://resources.arcgis.com/en/communities/city-engine/ http://resources.arcgis.com/en/communities/3d/

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2D to 3D: Procedural modeling 3D model creation using rules / algorithms iteratively refine a design by creating more and more detail Base geometry Procedural rules Base geometry Final 3D modelIterative refinement

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3D models: CityEngine WebScene http://www.arcgis.com/apps/CEWebViewer/viewer.html ?3dWebScene=9c0e319bfaff4d33a0fe2da97c2c3fd7

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Analyze 3D routing Maximum visible building height Volumetric Shadows Skyline analysis Volumetric Glare Security camera coverage

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Share Create screenshots Post to ArcGIS.com WebGIS Publish Virtual Cities as 3D services KML Export video animations Mobile 3D CityEngine Web Scenes

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Extending use of Cadastre Urban planners / Emergency Response / Public safety City of Portland Sydney Rotterdam Singapore Philadelphia Brisbane Masdar city Pasadena

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Other (non-technical) considerations Legal Institutional Needs Costs and benefits

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Conclusions Todays GIS technology allows us to: - Model the world in 3D - Collect, manage, edit, visualise, analyse & share 3D models - Hybrid 2D/3D Cadastre offers cost effective solution The bigger questions are: - What are the real needs? - Are the costs justified by the benefits? - What changes are required to the legislation?

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For more information: FIG Com. 3 & 7 Working Group on 3D Cadastre - http://www.gdmc.nl/3DCadastres/ http://www.gdmc.nl/3DCadastres/ www.esri.com Nick Land: nland@esri.comnland@esri.com

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Links City Engine The live CityEngine web scene in the browser of Esri HQ: http://www.arcgis.com/apps/CEWebViewer/viewer.html?3d WebScene=9c0e319bfaff4d33a0fe2da97c2c3fd7 http://www.arcgis.com/apps/CEWebViewer/viewer.html?3d WebScene=9c0e319bfaff4d33a0fe2da97c2c3fd7 Downtown Redlands is at: http://www.arcgis.com/apps/CEWebViewer/viewer.html?3d WebScene=69e86e856b4845189d1d5de3101d8503 http://www.arcgis.com/apps/CEWebViewer/viewer.html?3d WebScene=69e86e856b4845189d1d5de3101d8503 And if you go to ArcGIS.com and search for content as CityEngine Web Scene, there are several others.