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214 Optometry & Vision Development

It all started around 300 BC when Euclid frstobserved that each eye sees an image rom a slightlydierent perspective. Italian Maestro, Leonardo daVinci in the 1500s then realized that having two eyesgave us a sense o depth and an ability to perceivedistance. Later in the 1800s Sir David Brewster (o theBrewster Stereoscope ame), Sir Charles Wheatstone(o the Wheatstone Stereoscope ame) and Americanjurist, author and inventor, Oliver Wendell Holmes

(who brought 3D to the masses with his inexpensiveStereopticon) made it possible or many to experiencesimulated 3D images.

As our ascination with the 3D images created byadvances in technology continued, the frst eaturelength 3D movie (Te Power o Love) was shown in1922 while the frst 3D television was invented byJohn Logie Baird in 1928. It wasnt until the 1950sthat the inaugural Golden Age o 3D burst upon thebig screen with Bawana Devil, a ull length eatureflm directed by Arch Oboler and starring Robert

Stack, Barbara Britton and Nigel Bruce. About 2 yearslater, the flm Dial M for Murderby Alred Hitchcockwas seen by thousands. Many critics and moviegoersalike thought this movie to be the best 3D flm evermade even with Hitchcocks signifcant resistance tousing 3D techniques in this movie.

3D movies during this time oten used anaglyphtechniques as more o a gimmick than story tellingenhancement. Vincent Price, an actor amous or hisscary movies were always un, but Te House of Waxin 3D was even more so. Other movies o a similar

vein included the original 13 Ghostsand Te Mask.Tese were usually un to watch, sometimes scary, butseldom considered as a serious flm genre.

Everything changed, when in 2009, DavidCamerons Avatar literally exploded on the big 3Dmovie screen. Tis movie almost single-handedlybrought to the world the next Golden Age o 3Dviewing. Te technology had improved to the level sothat it did not interere with the telling o the story, butrather enhanced the overall moviegoing experience.

Editorial

3D in the Classroom: See Well, Learn Well

Dominick M. Maino, OD, MEd, FAAO, FCOVD-A

Editor

Correspondence regarding this editorial should be emailed [email protected] or sent to Dominick M. Maino, OD, MEd, Illinois

College of Optometry, 3241 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago, IL 60616. Allstatements are the authors personal opinion and may not reect the opinionsof the College of Optometrists in Vision Development, Optometry & VisionDevelopment or any institution or organization to which the author maybe aliated. Permission to use reprints of this article must be obtained fromthe editor. Copyright 2011 College of Optometrists in Vision Development.OVD is indexed in the Directory of Open Access Journals. Online access isavailable athttp://www.covd.org.

Maino D. 3D in the classroom: see well, learn well. Optom Vis Dev2011;42(4):214-218

The 3Ds of Viewing 3Da

Discomort [Since 3D viewing is basedon the eyes converging in ront o orbeyond the screen, viewing 3D imagescan potentially create eyestrain andheadaches.]

Dizziness [3D technology can exaggeratevisual motion hypersensitivity (VMH),which can cause motion sickness, andvergence-accommodation conict, causingindividuals to eel dizzy or nauseous duringor ater viewing 3D content.]

Lack oDepth [A viewer lacking binocularvision, simply wont see 3D. While thisdoesnt pose any problem viewing thescreen, it serves as a vision screening that

something is abnormal with the viewersbinocular vision.]aAdapted from the American Optometric AssociationsTe 3Ds of Viewing 3D

Keywords: 3D, 3dathome, 3deyehealth, 3d visionsyndrome, classroom, convergence insuciency, visionrelated learning problems
mailto:dmaino%40ico.edu?subject=OVD%2042-3%20Editorial%2C%203D%20in%20the%20Classroomhttp://www.covd.org/http://www.covd.org/mailto:dmaino%40ico.edu?subject=OVD%2042-3%20Editorial%2C%203D%20in%20the%20Classroom

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Volume 42/Number 4/2011 215

Hundreds o 3D movies have now been produced,many with great stories to tell. (Unortunately, all toooten these stories were told badly and created with3D technology that made the viewing experience lessthan desirable.)

Tis new Golden Age o 3D, however, has providedan innovative, ascinating, inexpensive, expansive and

un way to highlight a major public health problemthat has been ignored or decades. Te AmericanOptometric Associations (AOA) publication, 3D inthe Classroom: See Well, Learn Welland their multipleseminars and webinars, Internet webpages, AOAtelevision programs, other public relations eortsand doctor 3D Practice Kits are telling the story thatthe College o Optometrists in Vision Developmentcould not have told quite so successully or decadesto come.

We have known since the time o Skengton

and Alexander, when in 1928 they ormed theOptometric Extension Program Foundation (OEPF),that vision is learned. It hasalso been known to those ous in OEPF and the Collegeo Optometrists in VisionDevelopment (COVD) that3D has been in the classroomall along, we just called itbinocular vision!

A disruption o 3D

(AKA binocular visionunction) is associated witha host o symptoms andsigns that impede whateverthe individual wants to do. Te American OptometricAssociation notes that i you experience The 3Ds of Viewing 3D: Discomfort, Dizziness and lack of Depthyou should (and this is where I put in the 4thD) see your Doctor of Optometryi you experienceany o the above. (An appropriate fth D thatshould be added might be to See aFellow of COVD!)

Over the decades vision problems have beenshown to be associated with academic dicultiesthat include reading disabilities and dyscalculia.1,2,3,4Te research also shows that i these vision problemsare addressed, academic perormance improves.5Although some o those in education, psychologyand medicine reuse to accepted the presence o avision based learning problem, the research usuallydemonstrates that vision does play a vital role in theeducational process and i these various unctional

vision disorders are treated not only does academicperormance improve6,7,8,9 but as an added bonussymptoms are eliminated.10,11,12,13 Even children withsevere genetic anomalies can show improved readingability by enhancing accommodative unctioningwith the application o biocals.14

Many elementary schools, high schools, colleges

and graduate programs are now incorporating3D into their curriculum. Tese schools are alsotaking a close look at procedures and outcomes. Iyou are not amiliar with the use o simulated 3Das a part o the educational process, you shouldconsult the various 3D classroom research15 andindustry case studies now available16 as well as, visitthe Future alk 3-D blog o Len Scrogan.17 Mr.Scrogan is a digital learning architect, past Directoro Instructional echnology or the Boulder ValleySchool District, Adjunct Proessor or the University

o Colorado-Denver and Lesley University andeducational technology speaker and consultant. He

also was an AOA teammember with me on the 3Din the Classroom project.When I have a question abouteducation, teaching andhow students learn within aclassroom involved in the 3Dsimulated experience, I alwaysseek out his advice.

Schools at all levels oeducation are using spatialthinking and 3D to improvethe educational experience

and outcomes.18 Early research19,20 suggests thatchildren learn better when the educational programs

If students are currently ata disadvantage if they have abinocular vision dysfunction,what will happen whensimulated 3D movies and

interactive educational toolsbecome commonplace?

Child with eyestrain while using 3D in the classroom. Photo courtesy ofthe American Optometric Association.

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incorporate various 3D technologies. I students arecurrently at a disadvantage i they have a binocularvision dysunction, what will happen when simulated3D movies and interactive educational tools becomecommonplace within the educational environment?Will the end result be more students who ail?

Te utilization o 3D within the academicenvironment generates many questions including:

1. Will some educators, psychologists, pediatri-cians and ophthalmologists continue to sayvision has nothing to do with learning?

2. Will those with dysunctional simulated 3Dabilities grow up to be adults with problemsassociated with learning and any workenvironments that uses simulated 3D?

3. Will there be enough optometrists to diagnose

and treat those with classroom related,simulated 3D anomalies?

I certainly do not haveall the answers that mustbe sought by the questionsposed above, but heres whatmay occur:

Tose who believe that vision has nothing todo with learning will continue to do so until theirresearch unding dies o rom lack o support.

Research supports the concept that those adultswho had problems as children, have problems asadults. Tis tends to be true no matter the area oconcern21,22 including vision dysunction.23

Will we have enough doctors trained to diagnoseand treat the unctional vision disorders oten at thecore o learning related vision problems and those

Children enjoying 3D learning in the classroom. Photo courtesy of theAmerican Optometric Association.

that will cause major issues or educating withinthe simulated 3D environment? Tat question issomewhat more dicult to answer.

Heres what I suspect will happen i current trendscontinue.

1. Te Optometric proession will continue

to expand its scope. Tis will fnally includea mandate or all specialty areas to have aresidency and board certifcation associatedwith the speciality.

2. Even beore residencies in general are mandated,our pediatric/binocular vision/vision therapy/rehabilitation residency programs will increas-ingly include not only academic based institu-tions, but also high level pediatric, binocularvision and optometric vision therapy privatepractice based situations.

3. A small but signifcant number o previousIts all about the pathology doctors will

realize that all thoughpathology is important: visionunction, improving outcomesand being able to give ourpatients a better quality olie will become paramount

within their approach to patient care. Teseindividuals will be the unctional visionevangelists or the 21st century and beyond.

4. Optometry students will, over time, tend togravitate towards the side o the proessionthat is more people oriented and less towardsthe model o patient as the disease approachto care.

5. Various proessions, such as those involved inoccupational therapy, physical therapy, athletickinesiology and others concerned with neuro-rehabilitation; will give

their patients the care they must have i we do not

do so. Optometrists and these proessions shouldwork together without any detrimental tur battlesinterering with appropriate care.

Although this editorial started out about thecreation and the evolving use o simulated 3D, itended up where we as a proession really began. Tisinitial starting point, and now a new imperative or theproession as a whole, is the importance o single, clear,comortable, binocular, and pathology ree vision.

3D has been in theclassroom all along, we justcalled it binocular vision!

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Volume 42/Number 4/2011 217

Use all the resources now being made available toyou by our American Optometric Association (AOA)to tell your patients and others about the importanceo 3D vision. Let all you know that binocular visiondysunction is a major public health concern thatmust be addressed, diagnosed and treated. Supportthe AOA so they can support you.

Use the resources o the Optometric ExtensionProgram and the College o Optometrists in VisionDevelopment to help tell this story as well. Go toyour schools and colleges o optometry, and tell themhow important 3D is or the welare, individual andeconomic success o our patients at all age levels.Personally and fscally support your school andcollege o optometry, so that they can do the researchthat provides a solid base or the diagnostic andtherapeutic approaches we use.

It is an incredible time to be practicing unctional

optometry. Te appropriate supportive science isthere. Te acceptance o what we do by our patientsis growing, in act, many o our patients deliberatelyseek us out because we are the only ones that canprovide the care they need.

As always, organized medicine continues to sayNO (i it hurts to watch a 3D movie do not watch a3D movie); while optometry is the proession o YES(i it hurts, we can fx it and YES, then you can watchyour 3D movie).

Use all the resources available so that you can be

that doctor who says, YES!

Resources

Note: In the online version the ollowing underlinedlines o text are unctional hyperlinks to internetaddresses.

You Can Help Your Patients See 3D!24

3D Vision Eye Health Symposium Highlights25

Experts Explain 3D26

Kids @ Play 3D Moms Consumer Electronics Show3D27

3-D V and Movies Look to Attract Viewers But NotEveryone Can See What All the Hype is About28

What is 3D Vision Syndrome?29

Te AOA 3D Practice Kit30

Exploring a New Dimension31

3Ds o Stereoscopic 3D Viewing32

Optometrists describe eects o 3D viewing on eyehealth33

Te Visual System and Virtual 3D34

3D: Te User Experience Story35

3D V & Movies May Reveal Hidden VisionProblems36

AOA Spokesperson discusses 3 D Vision Syndrome37

ReferencesNote: URLs are unctional hyperlinks to internet addresses.

1. Fischer B, Gebhardt C, Hartnegg K. Subitizing and Visual Counting inChildren with Problems in Acquiring Basic Arithmetic Skills. Optom VisDev 2008:39(1):24-29. Available rom http://tinyurl.com/85urnul

2. Fischer B, Kngeter A, Hartnegg K. Eects o Daily Practice onSubitizing, Visual Counting, and Basic Arithmetic Skills. Optom Vis Dev2008:39(1):30-34. Available rom http://tinyurl.com/875kzou

3. Fischer B, Hartnegg K. Saccade control in dyslexia: Development, defcits,training and transer to reading. Optom Vis Dev 2008:39(4):181-190.

Available rom http://tinyurl.com/72qgkq

4. Groman S. Subitizing: Vision therapy or math defcits. Optom Vis Dev2009;40(4):229-238. Available rom http://tinyurl.com/y8mggb8

5. annen B. Research update on Visually-Based Reading Disabilityhttp://tinyurl.com/75mu7sd

6. Dusek WA, Pierscionek BK, McClelland JF. BMC Ophthalmol. Anevaluation o clinical treatment o convergence insuciency or children

with reading diculties. 2011 Aug 11;11:21.

7. Atzmon D, Nemet P, Ishay, A., Karni, E. A randomized prospective maskedand matched comparative study o orthoptic treatment versus conventionalreading tutoring treatment or reading disabilities in 62 children. BinocularVision & Eye Muscle Surgery Quarterly1993; 8(2):91-106.

8. rudell R. Research and clinical studies on vision, learning and optometricvision therapy (OV) available rom http://tinyurl.com/y9hycau

9. Lawton, . Improving magnocellular unction in the dorsal streamremediates reading defcits. Optom Vis Dev. 2011;42(3):142-154 availaberom http://tinyurl.com/d4wdds9

10. Scheiman M, Cotter S, Kulp M, et al. reatment o AccommodativeDysunction in Children: Results rom a Randomized Clinical rial. OptomVis Sci. 2011 Nov;88(11):1343-1352.

11. Scheiman M, Cotter S, Mitchell GL et al. Randomized Clinical rial oreatments or Symptomatic Convergence Insuciency in Children.

Archives o Ophthalmology, Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126(10):1336-1349.Available rom http://tinyurl.com/d9cs7zp

12. Fischer B, Hartnegg K. Instability o fxation in dyslexia: development defcits training. Optom Vis Dev 2009;40(4):221-228. Available romhttp://tinyurl.com/btdue2d

13. Current research in behavioral and developmental optometry. Availablerom http://tinyurl.com/7jnxsk

14. Nandakumar K, Evans MA, Briand K, Leat SJ. Biocals in Downsyndrome study (BiDS): analysis o video recorded sessions o literacy andvisual perceptual skills. Clin Exp Optom. 2011 Nov;94(6):575-85. doi:10.1111/j.1444-0938.2011.00650.x. Epub 2011 Sep 21.

15. Annetta LA, Murray MR, Laird SH, Bohr SC, Park JC. SeriousGames: Incorporating Video Games in the Classroom available romhttp://tinyurl.com/4ypvjnr

16. 3D Classroom Case Studies available rom http://tinyurl.com/bspy8qd

17. Future-alk 3D available at http://edtechuture-talk.blogspot.com/

18. NS Neucombe. Picture Tis: Increasing Math and Science Learning byImproving Spatial Tinking. American Educator, Summer 2010. Availablerom http://tinyurl.com/bm2eaab
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19. 3D Classroom Research. exas Instruments.Available rom http://tinyurl.com/6cke68d

20. AOA Project eam. 3D in the Classroom: See well, Learn Well. 2011Available rom http://tinyurl.com/cdab5e

21. Brown, . E. Attention defcit disorder: Te unocused mind in childrenand adults. 2005: New Haven,C: Yale University Press.

22. Murphy, K. & Barkley, R. A. Prevalence o DSM-IV symptoms o ADHDin adult licensed drivers: Implications or clinical diagnosis. J AttentionDisorders 1996;1:147-161.

23. Maino D. Te 3D Vision Syndrome: A Case Report. Poster presentedat the American Academy o Optometry meeting 2010. Available romhttp://tinyurl.com/comxmr5

24. http://tinyurl.com/d8owwgj

25. http://tinyurl.com/85k9h2j

26. http://www.3deyehealth.org/news.html

27. http://tinyurl.com/6soou2u

28. http://tinyurl.com/82lsepe

29. http://tinyurl.com/d4w5z35

30. http://tinyurl.com/88upr68

31. http://tinyurl.com/7nnovnd

Acknowledgements

New JRB MemberOVD is pleased to announce that Patrick

Quaid, BSc(Hons)Optom, PhD, FCOVD is nowa member o our Journal Review Board. Dr. Quaidis in private practice in Guelph, Ontario Canada,an Adjunct Clinical Lecturer at the University oWaterloo, School o Optometry, a Research AssociateMount Allison University, Dept. o Mathematicsand Computing, New Brunswick and a Member oCollege o Optometrists o Ontario Quality AssuranceCommittee. In 2011 he completed his Fellowship inCOVD. He has published several articles includingDiagnosing Extraocular Muscle Dysunction inClinic: Comparing Computerized Hess analysisand a Novel 3-step Method in Optometry & VisionDevelopment. His many other publications haveappeared in Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics,Vision Research, and Optometry & Vision Science.Please welcome Dr. Quaid as a new Fellow o COVDand member o the JRB.

Thank You Dr. WrightDr. Mark Wright has resigned rom his position as

editor o the Practice Management section o OVD.Mark has done an excellent job in this position andhas always written the most timely articles on how wecan keep our practices thriving. Tank you Mark orall you have done or OVD!

CorrectionIn the article, Lawton, . Improving magnocellular

unction in the dorsal stream remediates readingdefcits. Optom Vis Dev. 2011;42(3):142-154, thecorrespondence inormation should be emailed to:[email protected] or sent to Dr. eri Lawton, P.O.Box 2206, Del Mar,CA 92014. (www.pathtoreading.com andwww.pathtoinsight.com).

Dominick M. Maino, OD, MEd, FAAO, FCOVD-A; Editor

See oni Bristols practice management article inthis issue oOptometry & Vision Development, Bristol. 3D echnology: Increasing the Need for OptometricVision Terapy. Optom Vis Dev 2011;42(4):237-238, oradditional inormation on all the tools now available orthe optometrist so that you can communicate to all how todiagnose and treat and/or reer the disorders o binocularvision oten ound with those who have diculty viewing3D content.

32. http://tinyurl.com/6sekyhq

33. http://tinyurl.com/7sb3nua

34. http://tinyurl.com/7tgjb

35. http://tinyurl.com/7cr96ul

36. http://tinyurl.com/bto4ttz

37. http://tinyurl.com/6ls5ya9
http://tinyurl.com/6cke68dhttp://tinyurl.com/cfdab5ehttp://tinyurl.com/comxmr5http://tinyurl.com/d8owwgjhttp://tinyurl.com/85k9h2jhttp://www.3deyehealth.org/news.htmlhttp://tinyurl.com/6soou2uhttp://tinyurl.com/82lsepehttp://tinyurl.com/d4w5z35http://tinyurl.com/88upr68http://tinyurl.com/7nnovndmailto:tlawton%40cs.ucsd.edu?subject=Improving%20Magnocellular%20Function%20in%20the%20Dorsal%20Stream%20articlehttp://www.pathtoreading.com/http://www.pathtoreading.com/http://www.pathtoinsight.com/http://tinyurl.com/6sekyhqhttp://tinyurl.com/7sb3nuahttp://tinyurl.com/7tffgjbhttp://tinyurl.com/7cr96ulhttp://tinyurl.com/bto4ttzhttp://tinyurl.com/6ls5ya9http://tinyurl.com/6ls5ya9http://tinyurl.com/bto4ttzhttp://tinyurl.com/7cr96ulhttp://tinyurl.com/7tffgjbhttp://tinyurl.com/7sb3nuahttp://tinyurl.com/6sekyhqhttp://www.pathtoinsight.com/http://www.pathtoreading.com/http://www.pathtoreading.com/mailto:tlawton%40cs.ucsd.edu?subject=Improving%20Magnocellular%20Function%20in%20the%20Dorsal%20Stream%20articlehttp://tinyurl.com/7nnovndhttp://tinyurl.com/88upr68http://tinyurl.com/d4w5z35http://tinyurl.com/82lsepehttp://tinyurl.com/6soou2uhttp://www.3deyehealth.org/news.htmlhttp://tinyurl.com/85k9h2jhttp://tinyurl.com/d8owwgjhttp://tinyurl.com/comxmr5http://tinyurl.com/cfdab5ehttp://tinyurl.com/6cke68d