3_Data Resource Management

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Data ResourceData ResourceManagementManagement

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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

Explain the importance ofExplain the importance ofimplementing data resourceimplementing data resourcemanagement processes andmanagement processes and

technologies in an organization.technologies in an organization.

Understand the advantages of aUnderstand the advantages of a

database management approachdatabase management approachto managing the data resources ofto managing the data resources ofa business.a business.

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Explain how database managementExplain how database managementsoftware helps business professionalssoftware helps business professionalsand supports the operations andand supports the operations and

management of a business.management of a business. Illustrate each of the following concepts:Illustrate each of the following concepts:

Major types of databasesMajor types of databases

Data warehouses and data miningData warehouses and data mining

Logical data elementsLogical data elements Fundamental database structuresFundamental database structures

Database access methodsDatabase access methods

Database developmentDatabase development

Learning Objectives (continued)Learning Objectives (continued)33


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Section ISection I

Managing Data ResourcesManaging Data Resources

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Data Resource ManagementData Resource Management

A managerial activityA managerial activity

Applies information systemsApplies information systems

technology to managing datatechnology to managing dataresources to meet needs ofresources to meet needs ofbusiness stakeholders.business stakeholders.

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Logical Data ElementsLogical Data Elements

33 Foundation Data ConceptsFoundation Data Concepts


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Levels of dataLevels of data

CharacterCharacter

Single alphabetical, numeric, or otherSingle alphabetical, numeric, or other

symbolsymbol

FieldField

Groupings of charactersGroupings of characters

Represents an attribute of some entityRepresents an attribute of some entity

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Foundation Data Concepts (continued)Foundation Data Concepts (continued)

RecordsRecords

Related fields of dataRelated fields of data

Collection of attributes that describe anCollection of attributes that describe an

entityentity FixedFixed--length or variablelength or variable--lengthlength

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Files (table)Files (table)

A group of related recordsA group of related records

Classified byClassified by

Primary usePrimary use Type of dataType of data

permanencepermanence

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DatabaseDatabase

Integrated collection of logically relatedIntegrated collection of logically related

data elementsdata elements

Consolidates records into a common poolConsolidates records into a common poolof data elementsof data elements

Data is independent of the applicationData is independent of the application

program using them and type of storageprogram using them and type of storagedevicedevice

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Types of DatabasesTypes of Databases

OperationalOperational

Supports business processes andSupports business processes and

operationsoperations

Also called subjectAlso called subject--area databases,area databases,

transaction databases, andtransaction databases, andproduction databasesproduction databases

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Types of Databases (continued)Types of Databases (continued)

DistributedDistributed

Replicated and distributed copies orReplicated and distributed copies or

parts of databases on networkparts of databases on networkservers at a variety of sites.servers at a variety of sites.

Done to improve databaseDone to improve databaseperformance and securityperformance and security

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ExternalExternal

Available for a fee from commercialAvailable for a fee from commercial

sources or with or without charge onsources or with or without charge on

the Internet or World Wide Webthe Internet or World Wide Web

HypermediaHypermedia

Hyperlinked pages of multimediaHyperlinked pages of multimedia

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Data Warehouses and Data MiningData Warehouses and Data Mining

Data warehouseData warehouse

Stores data extracted fromStores data extracted from

operational, external, or otheroperational, external, or other

databases of an organizationdatabases of an organization

Central source of structured dataCentral source of structured data

May be subdivided into data martsMay be subdivided into data marts

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Data Warehouses and Data Mining (continued)Data Warehouses and Data Mining (continued)

Data miningData mining

A major use of data warehouseA major use of data warehouse

databasesdatabases

Data is analyzed to reveal hiddenData is analyzed to reveal hidden

correlations, patterns, and trendscorrelations, patterns, and trends

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Database Management ApproachDatabase Management Approach

Consolidates data records andConsolidates data records and

objects into databases that can beobjects into databases that can be

accessed by many differentaccessed by many different

application programsapplication programs

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Database Management Approach (continued)Database Management Approach (continued)

Database Management SystemDatabase Management System

Software interface between users andSoftware interface between users and

databasesdatabases

Controls creation, maintenance, andControls creation, maintenance, anduse of the databaseuse of the database

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33 Database Management Approach (continued)Database Management Approach (continued)


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Database InterrogationDatabase Interrogation

QueryQuery

Supports ad hoc requestsSupports ad hoc requests

Tells the software how you want toTells the software how you want to

organize the dataorganize the data

SQL queriesSQL queries

Graphical (GUI) & natural queriesGraphical (GUI) & natural queries



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Report GeneratorReport Generator

Turns results of query into a useableTurns results of query into a useable

reportreport

Database MaintenanceDatabase Maintenance

Updating and correcting dataUpdating and correcting data



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Application DevelopmentApplication Development

Data manipulation languageData manipulation language

Data entry screens, forms, reports, orData entry screens, forms, reports, or

web pagesweb pages



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Implementing Data Resource ManagementImplementing Data Resource Management

Database AdministrationDatabase Administration

Develop and maintain the dataDevelop and maintain the data

dictionarydictionary

Design and monitor performance ofDesign and monitor performance of

databasesdatabases

Enforce database use and securityEnforce database use and security

standardsstandards

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Implementing Data Resource ManagementImplementing Data Resource Management(continued)(continued)

Data PlanningData Planning

Corporate planning and analysisCorporate planning and analysis

functionfunction

Developing the overall dataDeveloping the overall dataarchitecturearchitecture

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Data AdministrationData Administration

Standardize collection, storage, andStandardize collection, storage, and

dissemination of data to end usersdissemination of data to end users

Focused on supporting businessFocused on supporting business

processes and strategic businessprocesses and strategic business

objectivesobjectives

May include developing policy andMay include developing policy andsetting standardssetting standards

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ChallengesChallenges

Technologically complexTechnologically complex

Vast amounts of dataVast amounts of data Vulnerability to fraud, errors, andVulnerability to fraud, errors, and

failuresfailures

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Section IISection II

Technical Foundations ofTechnical Foundations ofDatabase ManagementDatabase Management

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Database StructuresDatabase Structures

HierarchicalHierarchical

TreelikeTreelike

OneOne--toto--many relationshipmany relationship Used for structured, routine types ofUsed for structured, routine types of

transaction processingtransaction processing

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Database Structures (continued)Database Structures (continued)

NetworkNetwork

More complexMore complex

ManyMany--toto--many relationshipmany relationship

More flexible but doesnt support adMore flexible but doesnt support ad

hoc requests wellhoc requests well

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RelationalRelational

Data elements stored in simple tablesData elements stored in simple tables

Can link data elements from variousCan link data elements from varioustablestables

Very supportive of ad hoc requestsVery supportive of ad hoc requests

but slower at processing largebut slower at processing large

amounts of data than hierarchical oramounts of data than hierarchical ornetwork modelsnetwork models

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MultiMulti--DimensionalDimensional

A variation of the relational modelA variation of the relational model

Cubes of data and cubes within cubesCubes of data and cubes within cubes

Popular for online analyticalPopular for online analytical

processing (OLAP) applicationsprocessing (OLAP) applications



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ObjectObject--orientedoriented

Key technology of multimedia webKey technology of multimedia web--

based applicationsbased applications

Good for complex, highGood for complex, high--volumevolumeapplicationsapplications



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Accessing DatabasesAccessing Databases

Key fields (primary key)Key fields (primary key)

A field unique to each record so it canA field unique to each record so it can

be distinguished from all other recordsbe distinguished from all other records

in a tablein a table

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Accessing Databases (continued)Accessing Databases (continued)

Sequential accessSequential access

Data is stored and accessed in aData is stored and accessed in a

sequence according to a key fieldsequence according to a key field

Good for periodic processing of a largeGood for periodic processing of a large

volume of data, but updating with newvolume of data, but updating with new

transactions can be troublesometransactions can be troublesome

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Direct accessDirect access

MethodsMethods

Key transformationKey transformation

IndexIndex

Indexed sequential accessIndexed sequential access

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Database DevelopmentDatabase Development

Data dictionaryData dictionary

Directory containing metadata (dataDirectory containing metadata (data

about data)about data)

StructureStructure

Data elementsData elements

InterrelationshipsInterrelationships

Information regarding access and useInformation regarding access and use

Maintenance & security issuesMaintenance & security issues

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Database Development (continued)Database Development (continued)

Data Planning & Database DesignData Planning & Database Design

Planning & Design ProcessPlanning & Design Process

Enterprise modelEnterprise model

Entity relationship diagrams (ERDs)Entity relationship diagrams (ERDs)

Data modelingData modeling

Develop logical framework for the physicalDevelop logical framework for the physical

designdesign

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Discussion QuestionsDiscussion Questions

How should an eHow should an e--business enterprisebusiness enterprise

store, access, and distribute data &store, access, and distribute data &

information about their internal operationsinformation about their internal operations

& external environment?& external environment?

What roles do database management,What roles do database management,

data administration, and data planningdata administration, and data planning

play in managing data as a businessplay in managing data as a businessresource?resource?

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Discussion Questions (continued)Discussion Questions (continued)

What are the advantages of aWhat are the advantages of a

database management approach todatabase management approach to

organizing, accessing, and managingorganizing, accessing, and managing

an organizations data resources?an organizations data resources?

What is the role of a databaseWhat is the role of a database

management system in an emanagement system in an e--business information system?business information system?

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33 Discussion Questions (continued)Discussion Questions (continued)

Databases of information about a firmsDatabases of information about a firmsinternal operations were formerly the onlyinternal operations were formerly the onlydatabases that were considered to bedatabases that were considered to beimportant to a business. What otherimportant to a business. What other

kinds of databases are important for akinds of databases are important for abusiness today?business today?

What are the benefits and limitations ofWhat are the benefits and limitations of

the relational database model forthe relational database model forbusiness applications?business applications?


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Why is the objectWhy is the object--oriented databaseoriented databasemodel gaining acceptance formodel gaining acceptance fordeveloping applications and managingdeveloping applications and managingthe hypermedia databases at businessthe hypermedia databases at business

websites?websites?

How have the Internet, intranets,How have the Internet, intranets,extranets, and the World Wide Webextranets, and the World Wide Web

affected the types and uses of dataaffected the types and uses of dataresources available to business endresources available to business endusers?users?

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ReferencesReferences

James A. O'Brien; George M. Marakas.

Management Information Systems:

Managing Information Technology in the

Business Enterprise 6th Ed., Boston:McGraw-Hill/ Irwin,2004

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Documents

3_Data Resource Management