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Evolution

Zero Generation (0G 0.5G)

Mobile radio telephone systems preceded modern cellular mobile telephony technology.

Since they were the predecessors of the first generation of cellular telephones, these systems are

sometimes referred to as 0G (zero generation) systems. Technologies used in 0G systems

included PTT (Push to Talk), MTS (Mobile Telephone System), IMTS (Improved Mobile

Telephone Service), AMTS (Advanced Mobile Telephone System), OLT (Norwegian for

Offentlig Landmobil Telefoni, Public Land Mobile Telephony) and MTD (Swedish abbreviation

for Mobilelefonisystem D, or Mobile telephony system D).

First Generation (1G)

First generation (or 1G) cellular telecommunications were only capable of supporting voice

traffic. 1G was introduced in the early 1980s and was based upon an analog system comprising

Frequency Modulation (FM), Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Frequency Division

Multiple Access (FDMA). Combining these primary methods of radio transmission and

reception, several variants of the first cellular technologies merged to include NMT (Nordisk

MobilTelefoni or Nordiska MobilTelefoni-gruppen, Nordic Mobile Telephone in English),

AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System), Hicap, CDPD (Cellular Digital Packet Data, Mobitex

and DataTAC.

Second Generation (2G ,2.5G ,2.75G)

2G is short for second-generation wireless telephone technology. It cannot normally transfer

data, such as email or software, other than the digital voice call itself, and other basic ancillary

data such as time and date. Nevertheless, SMS messaging is also available as a form of data

transmission for some standards.2G services are frequently referred as Personal Communications

Service or PCS in the US. 2G technologies can be divided into TDMA-based and CDMA-based

standards depending on the type of multiplexing used. The main 2G standards are:

1) GSM (TDMA-based), originally from Europe but used worldwide.

2) IDEN (TDMA-based), proprietary network used by Nextel in the United States and Telus

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Mobility in Canada .

3) IS-136 aka D-AMPS, (TDMA-based, commonly referred as simply TDMA in the US), used

in the America .

4) IS-95 aka cdmaOne, (CDMA-based, commonly referred as simply CDMA in the US), used

in the America and parts of Asia.

5) PDC (TDMA-based), used exclusively in Japan

2.5G is a stepping stone between 2G and 3G cellular wireless technologies. The term "second

and a half generation" is used to describe 2G-systems that have implemented a packet switched

domain in addition to the circuit switched domain. ETSI first commercially released High-Speed

Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD) in 2000 and is the first of many upgrades to GSM. Its not

common to see HSCSD placed into a category of cellular generations, but typically we would see

it being placed into 2.5G.GSMinherently offers data throughput of up to 9.6Kbps and mandates

error control in transmission ensuring high-quality voice reception.HSCSD is capable of offering

data speeds of up to (approximately) 57.6Kbps, which is comparable with most analog modems.

The first notable upgrade to characterize the evolution of cellular communications was through

the introduction ofGeneral Packet Radio Service (or GPRS). Essentially, with GPRS we are at

2.5G; a true indicator that we are moving towards a better cellular communications experience.

GPRS differs to HSCSD in that it utilizes apacket-switched scheme. While the terms "2G" and

"3G" are officially defined, "2.5G" is not. It was invented for marketing purposes only. 2.5G

provides some of the benefits of 3G (e.g. it is packet-switched) and can use some of the existing

2G infrastructure in GSM and CDMA networks.. Some protocols, such as EDGE for GSM and

CDMA2000 1x-RTT for CDMA, officially qualify as "3G" services (because they have a data

rate of above 144kbps), but are considered by most to be 2.5G services (or 2.75G which sounds

even more sophisticated) because they are several times slower than "true" 3G services.

2.75G is the term which has been decided on for systems which don't meet the 3G requirements

but are marketed as if they do (e.g. CDMA-2000 without multi-carrier) or which do, just, meet

the requirements but aren't strongly marketed as such. (e.g. EDGE systems). Enhanced Data

Rates for GSM Evolution (or EDGE) was introduced in 2001 and is characterized as 2.75G. The

term 2.75G has not been officially defined anywhere, but as of 2004 is beginning to be used

quite often in media reports

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Third Generation (3G)

Not long after the introduction of 2G networks, projects began to develop third generation(3G) systems. Inevitably there were many different standards with different contenders pushing

their own technologies. Quite differently from 2G systems, however, the meaning of 3G has

been standardized in the IMT-2000 standardization processing. The rate at which new

telecommunication standards are being developed is phenomenal. Alongside the introduction of

HSCSD, GPRS and EDGE as standard methods of data connectivity, operators are eager to

deliver advanced methods for data-centric applications, such as broadcast quality video Within

the 3G arena an additional multiplexing technique is used called Code Division Multiple Access

(CDMA). This forms our third multiplexing scheme where our two previous methods were

FDMA and TDMA. An exception to the appearance of CDMA within 3G is cdmaOne ; its

widely deployed in the US and Korea and is classified as a second generation technology. It is

defined by IS-95 and is now superseded by IS-2000 (also called CDMA2000) and is very much

in competition with GSM. One other CDMA variant includes Universal Mobile

Telecommunications Service (UMTS) which is based upon WidebandCDMA (WCDMA); this is

perceived asthird generation.The services associated with 3G provide the ability to transfer both

voice data (a telephone call) and non-voice data (such as downloading information, exchanging

email, and instant messaging).

Fourth Generation (4G)

4G (or 4-G) is short for fourth-generation the successor of 3G and is a wireless access

technology. High-speed mobile wireless access with a very high data transmission speed, of the

same order of magnitude as a local area network connection (10 Mbits/s and up). It has been

used to describe wireless LAN technologies like Wi-Fi, as well as other potential successors of

the current 3G mobile telephone standards. One of the key expectations from 4G networks is theavailability of high quality audio and video that will render the mobile phone a portable

entertainment centre. Higher data transfer rates will also mean that a James Bond style video

conversation might finally be a reality.

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3G

3G stands for third-generation wireless technology and networks. 3G is based on an

International Telecommunication Union (ITU) initiative for a single global wireless standard

called International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000). This concept of a single

standard evolved into a family of five 3G wireless standards. The dream of 3G is to unify the

world's mobile computing devices through a single, worldwide radio transmission standard.

Imagine being able to go anywhere in the world secure in the knowledge that your mobile phone

is compatible with the local system, a scenario known as "global roaming".

According to the ITU and IMT-2000, a wireless standard must meet minimum bit-rate

requirements to be considered 3G:

1) 2 Mbps in fixed or in-building environments

2) 384 Kbps in pedestrian or urban environments

3) 144 Kbps in wide area mobile environments

4) Variable data rates in large geographic area systems (satellite)

In addition to providing faster bit rates and greater capacity over previous-generation

technologies, 3G standards excel by effectively:

1) Delivering mobile data

2) Offering greater network capacity

3) Operating with existing second-generation technologies

4) Enabling rich data applications such as VoIP, video telephony, mobile multimedia,

interactive gaming and more

As networks evolve, more content choices will be available to satisfy the cutomers needs.

3Gs high speed communications (upwards of 2Mbps) and broadband services such as enhanced

multimedia (voice, data and video) will attract many more customers. Put simply, 3G wireless

technology represents a shift from voice-centric services to multimedia-oriented services like

video, data and fax.

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Now , Let us look at how technology has evolved over the years and how it led to the

introduction of 3G and continued its work upto 4G.

EVOLUTION OF TELECOM NETWORKS OVER THE YEARS

Technolgy 1G 2G 2.5G 3G 4G

Design Began 1970 1980 1985 1990 2000

Implementation 1984 1991 1991 2002 2010?

Service Analoguevoice,synchronousdata up to 9.6

kbps

Digital voice,Short messages

Highercapacity,packetizeddata

Highercapacity,broadbanddata up to

2Mbps

Higher capacity,completely IP-oriented,,multimedia ,

data to hundredsof megabitsStandards AMPS, TACS,

NMT, etc.TDMA,CDMA,GSM, PDC

GPRS, EDGE,1xRTT

WCDMA,CDMA2000

Single standard

Data Bandwidth 1.9kbps 14.4 kbps 384 kbps 2 Mbps 200 MbpsMultiplexing FDMA TDMA,CDMA TDMA

CDMACDMA CDMA?

Core Network PSTN PSTN PSTN, packetnetwork

Packetnetwork

Internet

As already explained, the 3G standard was created by the International Telecommunication

Union (ITU) and is called IMT-2000. The aim of IMT-2000 is to harmonize worldwide 3G

systems to provide global roaming. However, as was explained in the introduction to this section,

harmonizing so many different standards proved extremely difficult. As a result, what we have

been left with is five different standards grouped together under the IMT-2000 label:

W-CDMA

CDMA2000

TD-CDMA/TD-SCDMA

DECT

UWC-136

The above mentioned CDMA variants can be explained well by looking at the diagram

below:

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(The range of derivative CDMA technologies, which are not necessarily Interoperable)

At this point, the definition of what is and what isn't "3G" becomes somewhat murky. Of these

five standards, only three allow full network coverage over macro cells, micro cells and pico

cells and can thus be considered as full 3G solutions: W-CDMA, CDMA2000, and TD-SCDMA.

Of the remainder, DECT is used for those cordless phones you have in the house, and could be

used for 3G short-range "hot-spots" (hence, it could be considered as being "part of a 3Gnetwork"), but it does not allow full network coverage so is not considered further here. And

UWC-136 is another name for EDGE which is generally considered to be a 2.5G solution. So

that leaves W-CDMA, CDMA2000, and TD-SCDMA - the bona fide 3G solutions which will

now be covered in more detail:

W-CDMA

The 3G standard that has been agreed for Europe and Japan (very important markets) is

known as UMTS. UMTS is an upgrade from GSM via GPRS or EDGE. UMTS is the European

vision of 3G, and has been sold as the successor to the ultra-successful GSM. The terrestrial part

of UMTS (i.e., non-satellite) is known as UTRA (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access - don't you

just love acronyms made from other acronyms!). The FDD component of UTRA is based on the

W-CDMA standard (a.k.a. UTRA FDD). This offers very high (theoretical!) data rates up to

2Mbit/sec (the rumour is that the achievable rate is far lower: W-CDMA systems have been

plagued with technical difficulties). The TDD component of UTRA is called TD-CDMA (or

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UTRA TDD).The standardisation work for UMTS is being carried-out under the supervision of

the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).W-CDMA has recently been renamed 3GSM

(to avoid confusion with CDMA2000).NTT DoCoMo has gone live with 3G in Tokyo. Its

service is called FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile Multimedia Access). This is the world's first IMT-

2000 W-CDMA service. Since the launch of the service, coverage has been extended to almost

100% of the Japanese population, and the release of new terminals with higher level

functionality continues to attract ever more subscribers - now exceeding 20 million users.

CDMA2000

The chief competitor to Europe's UMTS standard is San Diego-based Qualcomm'sCDMA2000 . The standardisation work for CDMA2000 is being carried-out under the

supervision of the Third Generation Partnership Project 2, (3GPP2). The CDMA Development

Group offers advice to 3GPP2. Even though "W-CDMA" and "CDMA2000" both have

"CDMA" in their names, they are completely different systems using different technologies.

However, it is hoped that mobile devices using the two systems will be able to talk to each other.

CDMA2000 has two phases: phase one is 1XRTT (144 Kbps) (also known as 1X). The next

evolutionary step is to the two CDMA2000 1X EV ("EV" = "Evolution") standards. CDMA2000

1X EV-DO ("Data Only") will use separate frequencies for data and voice. The following step is

to CDMA2000 1X EV-DV ("Data and Voice") which will integrate voice and data on the same

frequency band. South Korea's SK Telecom launched the world's first 3G system in October

2000. Their system is based on CDMA2000 1X. They were followed by LG Telecom and KT

Freetel (both Korean). Operational 3G systems based on CDMA2000 1X are now appearing

around the world.In the USA, Sprint has launched its nationwide CDMA2000 1X service called

Sprint Power Vision.

TD-CDMA/TD-SCDMA

The UMTS standard also contains another radio transmission standard which is rarely

mentioned: TD-CDMA (a.k.a. TDD UTRA because it is the TDD component of UTRA). TD-

CDMA was developed by Siemens. While W-CDMA is an FDD technology (requiring paired

spectrum), TD-CDMA is a TDD technology and thus can use unpaired spectrum (see the section

on 3G Technology for an explanation of TDD and FDD). TDD is well-suited to the transmission

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of internet data (see the section on symmetric transmission vs. asymmetric transmission for an

explanation). China has more mobile phone users than any other country in the world, so

anything China does in 3G cannot be ignored. The Chinese national 3G standard is a TDD

standard similar to TD-CDMA: TD-SCDMA. TD-SCDMA was developed by the China

Academy of Telecommunications Technology (CATT) in collaboration with Siemens.

Unfortunately, TD-SCDMA has performed poorly in trials, and Chinese network operators may

prefer W-CDMA over TD-SCDMA.

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Capabilities Of 3G

Key features of 3G systems are a high degree of commonality ofdesign worldwide, compatibility of services, use of small pocketterminals with worldwide roaming capability, Internet and othermultimedia applications, and a wide range of services andterminals.

3G System Capabilities

Capability to support circuit and packet data at high bit rates:

144 kilobits/second or higher in high mobility (vehicular) traffic

384 kilobits/second for pedestrian traffic 2 Megabits/second or higher for indoor traffic

Interoperability and roamingCommon billing/user profiles:

Sharing of usage/rate information between service providers Standardized call detail recording Standardized user profiles

Capability to determine geographic position of mobiles andreport it to both the network and the mobile terminalSupport of multimedia services/capabilities:

Fixed and variable rate bit traffic Bandwidth on demand Asymmetric data rates in the forward and reverse links Multimedia mail store and forward Broadband access up to 2 Megabits/second

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Why the Growth Spurt in 3G?

Improvements in infrastructure and increased cap-ex investments by carriers have laid the

groundwork for the burgeoning 3G market. At the other end of the value chain,3G is now

revolutionizing how cell phones are used and consumers are responding. Operators are now

providing advanced features and services, which means an enriched user experience for the

consumer 3G is about multimedia performance, driven by demand for mobile entertainment and

on-the-go productivity. Current 3G handsets feature high-resolution color displays, integrated

video cameras, streaming of audio and video content, internet access at broadband speeds,

location-based services, and multi-user 3D gaming. And these are only the beginning. To be

sure, 3G is succeeding by delivering user-rich, value-added services that are influencing

consumers to switch to 3G mobile phones and networks. However, 3Gssuccess wont occur in a

vacuum. There are three areas to consider for 3G to realize its full potential:

No. 1: Open standards drive rich value webs and interoperability.

Wide adoption of 3G will require introducing innovative services with cross-network

interoperability. Only a non-proprietary, open approach will foster innovation of new content,

services, and applications. Wireless operators must work together with handset manufacturers,

semiconductor partners and software providers to promote open standards for 3G networks andequipment.

No. 2: Economies of scale apply.

Deploying 3G comes with a price tag. Hence, economies of scale will help make the 3G UMTS

market main stream. Chip manufacturers must deliver higher performance, lower power, lower

cost and more integrated complete solutions through smaller process geometrics and innovative

silicon technologies.

No. 3: Multimedia-rich applications will define 3G, but not at the expense of the user

experience.

The underlying 3G technology platform must deliver upon user expectations in key areas that

may not have been as important in prior generations of wireless technology: multimedia quality

for pictures, video and audio. This trend will only increase, with the expected surge of even

higher performance multimedia applications and a strong trend to deliver a consumer electronics

experience to the cell phone.

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Issues Facing The Technology

In some countries the 3G technology has been introduced very successfully. However, in

some other countries there are various issues that prevent the technology being launched.

Introducing new technology is never smooth sailing. Here, we will give an overview of the

issues concerning rolling out 3G technology.

1) High Licensing Cost- One of the main reasons for the slow introduction of 3G

technology in Europe is the high licensing fee. European mobile phone companies spent

$129 billion six years ago to buy licenses for "third-generation" networks.

2) Billing- Current billing starts with the start of a call to the end of it. With 3G, pricing

formulas will need to encourage the use of 3G services. A slow down in adoption to 3G

will significantly affect handset manufacturers

3) Equipment and Infrastructure- There is a lack of available 3G phones initially and

consumers were slow to pick up the new phones. There is also the difficulty of rolling 3G

network which is based on a different platform while integrating it with the old 2G

network. Intermediate network such as 2.5G is one of the solutions to bring about a

gradual change

4) Content Provision and Marketing- Successful operators must be able to meet

expectations of providing new and innovative services. The main task at hand is to be

able to promote the idea of 3G technology rather than selling the product itself. Content

providers must market an attractive range ofmobile commerce, entertainment, banking,

shopping, information and other services that can cater to the needs of consumers

5) Malware- Technology is a double-edged sword. With the ease of connectivity, there is

also the increased risk of malware infection. Flexispy, a spyware billed as the

'world's most powerful spy software for mobile phones'. It can secretly records all activity

on a mobile phone. Symantec warned that mobile phones are potentially vulnerable to

spyware which can gather a user's information without their knowledge. Industry experts

also cautioned that increasing complexity of phones has its downsides.

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Market Rapid Drivers Towards 3G

1) growth in text, WAP and other data traffic- up to 50% of total mobile trafficwithin 5 years

2) Mobile & Internet penetration both growing rapidly3) Mobile penetration likely to exceed PCs & fixed4) Alliances forming between major mobile, IT and e-commerce players5) Mobile commerce and multimedia identified as key growth areas - but need bandwidthto deliver.

Technology Related Facts Upto 2002

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What Does 3G offers and Who benefits From It?

3G wireless services enable consumers and professionals to experience excellent voice

quality as well as a wide array of compelling data services, including:

Mobile Internet connectivity

Mobile email

Multimedia services, such as digital photos and movies taken by and shared via wireless

handsets

Wireless application downloading

Audio-on-demand

Video-on-demand and short-format Clipcast content

Real-time multiplayer gaming

Enhanced emergency and location-based services

Low-latency push-to-talk and push-to-video message services

Video Conferencing on mobiles

Secure mobile commerce transactions

For consumers, 3G quite simply means a more rewarding wireless experiencehigh-quality,

low-cost voice, and fun and useful data services whenever they want them, whenever they need

them and wherever they have mobile phone service.

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Enterprises can leverage 3Gs advanced data capabilities to gain critical competitive

advantages such as increased productivity, streamlined processes, improved customer service

and enhanced communications. Workforces can essentially work from anywhere at anytime.

3G technology also benefits the other participants in the wireless value chain. Wireless

network operators are able to capitalize on increased voice capacity, greater network efficiency,

lower costs per user served, increased ARPU (average revenue per user) and greater service

differentiation. Device manufacturers can leverage the enhanced capabilities of 3G networks to

sell premium wireless devices in volume. Finally, 3G technologys data capabilities open up an

enormous world of opportunity for application developers and content providers.

Now, Let us throw some light on various applications of 3G technology:

1) Mobile Internet Connectivity- Internet is the next big thing that provides us with

all the information and in todays fast paced world, everyone wants to have access

to information as it happens. Now days, we can access internet from our mobiles

as well but there is no reliability in connection. With the advent of 3G technology,

we can have a reliable connection in our hands and can access internet at a very

high speed of upto 2 Mbps. This helps in business to grow not only for mobile

manufacturers but also for those who use these services as these are readily

available. In India, it will take some time for these services to be launched but it is

not far when we using this service as India has emerged as fast growing mobile

phone user base.

2) Mobile E Mail- E mail is another application of internet. It is an important

application as there are many users who want only to check the mails they have

received. Using 3G will help those users not only accessing their mails but also

download the attachments with the mails they receive or want to send.

3) Multimedia Services- Today, almost every phone has camera or voice recording

software. Thus, people are very much interested in making these photos, videos or

sound files shared among themselves.2G limits this sharing as it can be send and

received only via MMS. But in 3G,with good connection speed, we can share

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these files over internet to wide people across the globe. Hence, it helps in making

contacts and provide information in an easy way.

4) Downloading and Uploading -With 2G, the technologies used does not provide

for downloading at very good speed. Even if we want to download a text

document it will take lot of time. But with 3G introduction, we can easily

download any amount of data over internet as we like because of the connection

speed. Thus, it helps in business as people can download and upload files easily

so that their work may not be pending and it can be done within seconds without

going to cybercafs or having PC access.

5) Video and Audio on Demand-Video and audio streaming is very common thesedays. Streaming videos or music can be very tedious as it requires a very good

speed to be able to have access to these videos or music.3G provides a good

connection so that you can have access to these videos. Businesses are growing

these days by having training programmes running online in a virtual environment

and to be able to understand the practical part, they provide with videos which

required to be streamed over the net in order to view them.So,3G makes it

possible for people to have actual feeling of working environment.

6) Enhanced emergency and location-based services-These services help you to

locate yourself in the area you are present right now so that you can know about

the places nearby in case of any emergency like accident or being run out of fuel

or the amount of traffic ahead, etc. such that you can able to reach your

destination on time.GPS systems have been recently launched in India but not all

phones are equipped with it. You have to buy separate equipment for it. But in 3G

such services are provided within the 3G enabled phones as these are the main

applications.

7) Real Time Multiplayer Gaming-For gamers 3G brings the fun on their hands.

As they have access to high speed internet, they can play multiplayer games

online with their friends as per their wish.

8) Video conferencing-Video Conferencing is an important part of business these

days. Without being physically present somewhere you will be able to interact

with the people there. Thus, it helps the business to grow, build favourable

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relationships and it is in your hands on your mobile handset. It really helps you to

stand out first in your business.

9) Secure mobile commerce transactions-Today, shopping on internet is a new

fashion in the country. But as it sometimes comes out unsafe to do shopping on

net, security is the main concern. With 3G, it has been guaranteed that it provides

some secure layers which helps in a safe transaction over your mobile so that you

can exchange your private information like credit card numbers while purchasing

anything. Thus, it helps various businesses to grow rapidly.

BUSINESS SCENARIO

Basically, 3G opens the door to anything you can imagine. You will be able to do a multitude

of things while going through your daily schedule, whether at work or at leisure. The scenarios

below demonstrate just a few applications for 3G and only hint at what will be on offer in the

future.

Scenario 1:

An executive at a client meeting realises that he has brought an outdated version of his

presentation. Its no problem though because one of his colleagues back at the office emails the

updated PowerPoint file directly to his 3G terminal. He transfers it to the laptop (wirelessly of

course) and is in no time ready to start the presentation.

Scenario 2:

This scenario is about three women who are trying to find a gift for their friend. Two of them

are out shopping, but they are out of ideas and use a web site that generates gift suggestions

based on personality profiles. They decide to buy a handbag at a shop situated somewhere near

the city centre (but at an unknown address to the women).

Not knowing exactly where the shop is, they use a map and positioning service to find it. The

map is displayed on their 3G terminal and shows them the shop location and their current

position.At the shop, they want to make sure that the third woman (who was unable to make it)

likes the gift. They take a digital picture of the bag and send it to her with a hand written note

seeking her approval.

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Scenario 3:

The grandparents are out travelling in Europe. Here you see them in front of the Eiffel tower.

(The tour guide took the picture of them admiring the magnificent building).

In order to share their experiences with their friends and family, they have created a virtual photo

album on their personal web site. This way, anyone with access to the Internet can follow them

on their trip.

But what about those without Internet access? Well, that's been taken care of by the WalkMail

network. The pictures are printed, together with the text, on high quality paper and delivered as

regular postcards within 24 hours.

Scenario 4:

A busy executive doing her grocery shopping hasnt had time to queue at a teller machine, but

cash is not needed. At the check-out, she uses her 3G terminal to pay for the groceries. It

automatically debits her bank account, and gives her an updated balance on request.

Scenario 5:

In this scenario, we see two men talking on their way from a meeting. They decide to go out

to dinner, but one of the men would like to invite his wife along so he checks her calendar on his3G terminal (their calendars are constantly in synch).

Scenario 6:

So far, there has not been an easy way to electronically communicate with character based

languages. But this drawback is over come with the white board application. The person in this

scenario is actually handwriting a message when a friend of his initiates a video call with him.

This way of creating a message makes the communication more personal than a regular e-mail

whether in Chinese, Japanese, English, French or any language.

Scenario 7:

This guy would like to catch up with his friends for a coffee. He uses the Seek Your Friends

service to find out who's on-line, and then sends a message telling his friends to meet him in a

groovy new caf that hes just discovered.

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Scenario 8:

A young traveller has once again missed the train. Luckily, he has downloaded some of his

favourite music from a web store. He's also got a pair of stereo headphones to use with the

communication device. Seeing that one of his friends is on-line, he invites the friend to a

peaceful game of chess.

Scenario 9:

A person out of the house gets an alert from the home monitor. The fish bowl alarm has gone

off! She brings up a view from the home camera on her 3G phone and sees that the two cats are

attacking the poor goldfish. To scare the cats off, she sounds the siren next to the fish bowl.

3G ROLLOUT IN INDIA

In order to keep pace with the world, India should adopt third-generation (3G) technology as

soon as possible. For this, cellular operators have to be issued 3G licences.

Earlier, The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) was planning to allocate the

PCS1900 spectrum to 2G operators. If the PCS1900 band were allocated to 2G operators,

evolution to the IMT2000 band for 3G services would not have been possible as the PCS1900

downlink frequency interferences with the IMT2000 bands uplink frequency.

According to Global Mobile Suppliers Association (GSA), any allocation of PCS1900

spectrum would have blocked the wide-band CDMA (WCDMA) evolution path for GSM

operators. The reason is that a CDMA network in the 1900MHz band and a WCDMA network in

the IMT2000 core band cannot be operated in the same geographical area due to interference.

Till now, no country has in parallel deployed the CDMA 1900MHz and IMT2000core band

systems in the same area. There is no trick to use the two technologies together. Even if a smallpart of PCS 1900band were allocated, the CDMA 1900 terminals would have started entering the

market . This would have made the introduction of WCDMA impossible without dismantling the

CDMA 1900 network and calling back the terminals. In short , allocation of the PCS1900 band

could have led to a waste of the full 60+60 MHz of the commercially viable IMT2000 core

spectrum.

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INDIA NOW GOING THE GLOBAL WAY

The TRAI has now recommended adoption of ITUs IMT 2004 (2GHz) band for 3G

services in India . In its May 2005 report, it supported IMT 2000 (3G) services in the 2GHz band

for both GSM and CDMA for reasons of spectrum availability. TRAI said that the US-PCS 1900

MHz band for CDMA operators cannot be vacated by defence, hence even CDMA services will

have to be allocated the spectrum in 2GHz band. Further, it recognised interference problems in

mixed allocation of 1900 MHz US-PCS and IMT2000 2GHz spectrums.

Last year, the GSMA had called on TRAI to remain within the global IMT2000 scheme for

harmonized 3G services and reject the US-PCS band and the mixed-band plan proposals which

would have led to isolation of Indias mobile and telecom sectors.

According to Tom Phillips, the GSMAs government &regulatory affairs officer, The

IMT2000 core band scheme will ensure that the Indian users benefit from significant economies

of scale, choice and value,all of which are critical market drivers in support of the governments

goal of reaching 200 million subscribers by 2007.

However, the GSMA also notes that some of the other recommendations of TRAI could

provide unfair advantages to CDMA operators over GSM. As part of its recommendations, TRAI

had suggested immediate release of additional spectrum for CDMA operates in 800MHz band-

which the GSMA views as preferential treatment with no set timetable for the release of

additional spectrum to operators of GSM- and future 3GSM-based services.

The GSM Association is therefore calling on the minister of telecom & IT and Indias

Telecom Commission to demonstrate fair and equal treatment for all players with regard to

timing of allocation of spectrum for 3G services (both EVDO and 3GSM (W-CDMA)) when the

final decision is made, and to ensure the simultaneous release of spectrum in the 2GHz (IMT-

2000 core band) and 800MHz frequency bands.

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Recommendations On Spectrum Related Issues

Objective

In order to achieve the government's objective of 200 mn mobile subscribers by 2007, a

considerable planning and definitiveness in spectrum allocation is required. For providing

catalyst to second phase of growth, spectrum should not act as a bottleneck and a relatively

liberal approach is desirable since the allocation of spectrum to Indian operators has been much

below international benchmarks and even availability of spectrum

is limited.

3G, an extension of 2G

The Authority recommends that 3G spectrum allocation to the existing operators should be

viewed as an extension of 2G spectrum allocations.

Constitution of a Group

To meet the target and at the same time insurmountable difficulties faced by the Defense in

vacating spectrum, TRAI recommends immediate constitution of a Group at the level of

Ministers of Union Government assisted by professionals from the Defense, DoT, and TRAI to

draw up a detailed, time-bound step-by-step program and monitor its implementation. The

mandate of the group would have to include identification of alternative band, accessing and

making available requisite funds, and assisting users on procedural aspects of quick procurement

and installation of new equipment.

3G Recommendations

The allocation of available carriers in the 800 MHz band will provide immediate relief to CDMA

operators but the problem will persist unless additional bands are identified. The authority is

keeping the option open for allocation of additional spectrum in 1,800 MHz to both CDMA and

GSM operators. It is appreciated that while the 1,800 MHz band is of immediate utility to GSM

operators, the exploitation of this band by CDMA operators will take longer in terms of

equipment availability. And it is expected that this band will contribute to the requirements in

India beyond 2007. Keeping that in view the authority recommends that CDMA operators should

be allocated additional spectrum in the 450 MHz band as and when they request. For GSM, the

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bands from which additional spectrum can be considered in this short time frame are 900 MHz in

circles, 1,800 MHz, and IMT-2000 band.

Trials for mixed band Allocations

It is not desirable to allocate spectrum both in IMT-2000 and 1,900 MHz US PCS band in a

mixed manner due to non-availability of 1,900 MHz US PCS band and interference issues.

No Charges for 3G Spectrum

The authority recommends that there will be no one time spectrum charges for allocation of IMT

2000 spectrum to existing service providers. Presently, in addition to license fees (which varies

from 0-15%), spectrum charges (2-6%, wherever applicable), the telecom service providers pay

service tax of 10%. Since service providers are charged service tax, it would make economic

sense to lower spectrum and license fee. So, no new spectrum charges for IMT 2000 band. For

the new entrants, the authority recommends that the one time spectrum charges would be equal

to UASL entry fee in that services area minus the component of registration charge based on the

entry fee paid by new BSO (entered in/after 2001), specified by TRAI in its recommendations on

unified licensing regime dated January 13, 2005.

Annual Spectrum Charges

As per the existing spectrum policy, the annual spectrum charges for GSM service providers are

as follows: 2% of adjusted gross revenue (AGR) for spectrum usage up to 2x4.4 MHz, 3% of

AGR for spectrum usage up to 2x6.2 MHz, 4% of AGR for spectrum usage up to 2x10 MHz, 5%

of AGR for spectrum usage up to 2x12.5 MHz, and 6% of AGR for spectrum usage up to 2x15

MHz. For CDMA operators the annual spectrum charges are 2% of AGR for spectrum usage of

up to 2x5 MHz. And beyond 2x5 MHz the charges shall be same for CDMA and GSM.

The authority recommends that the additional per MHz charge for IMT-2000 spectrum should be

on the basis of highest charge per MHz per annum paid by any operators in different service

areas. Authority also considers that these charges will be separate for different service areas.

Broadband Wireless Access

No specific recommendations possible as TRAI has not gathered enough information on BWA

technologies

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