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PLMN 3G Radio Planning Essentials
RN3154EN10GLA00
PLMN 3G Radio Planning Essentials
RN3154EN10GLA00 2009 Nokia Siemens Networks
II
Legal notice
Intellectual Property Rights
All copyrights and intellectual property rights for Nokia Siemens Networks training documentation, product documentation and slide presentation material, all of which are forthwith known as Nokia Siemens Networks training material, are the exclusive property of Nokia Siemens Networks. Nokia Siemens Networks owns the rights to copying, modification, translation, adaptation or derivatives including any improvements or developments. Nokia Siemens Networks has the sole right to copy, distribute, amend, modify, develop, license, sublicense, sell, transfer and assign the Nokia Siemens Networks training material. Individuals can use the Nokia Siemens Networks training material for their own personal self-development only, those same individuals cannot subsequently pass on that same Intellectual Property to others without the prior written agreement of Nokia Siemens Networks. The Nokia Siemens Networks training material cannot be used outside of an agreed Nokia Siemens Networks training session for development of groups without the prior written agreement of Nokia Siemens Networks.
Indemnity
The information in this document is subject to change without notice and describes only the product defined in the introduction of this documentation. This document is not an official customer document and Nokia Siemens Networks does not take responsibility for any errors or omissions in this document. This document is intended for the use of Nokia Siemens Networks customers only for the purposes of the agreement under which the document is submitted. No part of this documentation may be used, reproduced, modified or transmitted in any form or means without the prior written permission of Nokia Siemens Networks. The documentation has been prepared to be used by professional and properly trained personnel, and the customer assumes full responsibility when using it. Nokia Siemens Networks welcomes customer comments as part of the process of continuous development and improvement of the documentation.
The information or statements given in this documentation concerning the suitability, capacity or performance of the mentioned hardware or software products are given as is and all liability arising in connection with such hardware or software products shall be defined conclusively and finally in a separate agreement between Nokia Siemens Networks and the customer.
IN NO EVENT WILL Nokia Siemens Networks BE LIABLE FOR ERRORS IN THIS DOCUMENTATION OR FOR ANY DAMAGES, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL OR ANY LOSSES SUCH AS BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF PROFIT, REVENUE, BUSINESS INTERRUPTION, BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY OR DATA, that might arise from the use of this document or the information in it.
THE CONTENTS OF THIS DOCUMENT ARE PROVIDED "AS IS". EXCEPT AS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE MANDATORY LAW, NO WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT, ARE MADE IN RELATION TO THE ACCURACY, RELIABILITY OR CONTENTS OF THIS DOCUMENT. NOKIA SIEMENS NETWORKS RESERVES THE RIGHT TO REVISE THIS DOCUMENT OR WITHDRAW IT AT ANY TIME WITHOUT PRIOR NOTICE.
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The wave logo is a trademark of Nokia Siemens Networks Oy. Nokia is a registered trademark of Nokia Corporation. Siemens is a registered trademark of Siemens AG.
Other product names mentioned in this document may be trademarks of their respective owners, and they are mentioned for identification purposes only.
RN3154EN10GLA00 Export Control Marks: N / 5E991 This course is subject to the European Export Control Restrictions.
2009 Nokia Siemens Networks. All rights reserved. The reproduction, transmission or use of this document or its contents is not permitted without express written authority. Offenders will be liable for damages. All rights, including rights created by patent grant or registration of utility model or design, are reserved. Technical modifications possible. Technical specifications and features are binding only insofar as they are specifically and expressly agreed upon in a written contract.
PLMN 3G Radio Planning Essentials
RN3154EN10GLA00 2009 Nokia Siemens Networks
III
Sub-sections
PLMN 3G Radio Planning Essentials RN3154EN10GLA00
Introduction 1
WCDMA Fundamentals 2
RNWP Fundamentals 3
NSN RNW Solution 4
RNP Process 5
Coverage Dimensioning 6
Capacity HW Dimensioning 7
Coverage Capacity Planning 8
Configuration Planning 9
Initial Parameter Configuration 10
PLMN 3G Radio Planning Essentials
RN3154EN10GLA00 2009 Nokia Siemens Networks
IV
Warnhinweise In elektrischen Anlagen stehen zwangslufig bestimmte Teile der Gerte unter Spannung. Einige Teile knnen auch eine hohe Betriebstemperatur aufweisen. Eine Nichtbeachtung dieser Situation und der Warnungshinweise kann zu Krperverletzungen und Sachschden fhren. Deshalb wird vorausgesetzt, dass nur geschultes und qualifiziertes Personal die Anlagen installiert und wartet. Beachten Sie bitte die ntigen Sicherheitsanforderungen und leisten Sie durch ein problembewusstes Verhalten Ihren Beitrag zur Verhtung von Unfllen jeglicher Art. Gefahren fr Leib und Leben / Leben und Gesundheit bzw. Verletzungen, die aus sicherheitswidrigem Handeln resultieren knnen, sind von einer Haftung durch das Nokia Siemens Networks Training Institute ausgeschlossen.
Warnings High voltages are present in certain parts of this equipment. Some parts can also have high operating temperatures. Non-observance of these conditions and the safety instructions can result in personal injury or in equipment damage. Therefore only trained and qualified personnel may install and maintain the system. Please ensure the necessary safety requirements are met and, by demonstrating a responsible attitude, play your part in avoiding accidents of any kind. Danger to life and limb, life and well being or injuries that could result from actions adverse to safety are excluded from any liability on the part of the Nokia Siemens Networks Training Institute.
Atencin Algunos elementos de este equipo presentan tensiones altas. Incluso algunos componentes pueden presentar alta temperatura. No observar estas condiciones y las instrucciones de seguridad puede causar daos personales, as como daos al equipo. Por lo tanto el sistema debe ser instalado y mantenido por personal cualificado. Tenga presente los requerimientos de seguridad y contribuya a la prevencin de accidentes de toda ndole, actuando consciente de los problemas que pudieran surgir. El ' Nokia Siemens Networks Training Institute' no se responsabiliza por daos y perjuicios resultantes de actuaciones contrarias a los aspectos de seguridad y que pongan en peligro la salud y la vida de las personas involucradas.
Attention Des tensions leves sont inevitablement prsentes des points spcifiques de cet quipement lectrique. Certains lments peuvent aussi avoir en service des temperatures leves. La non-observation de ces conditions et des instructions de scurit peut engendrer des dgats personnelles ou un endomagement du matriel. Pour ces raisons seulement le personnel form et qualifi est permi dinstaller et de maintenir le systme. Veuillez tenir compte des exigences de scurit ncessaires et contribuer la prvention des accidents de toutes sortes par un comportement conscient des risques. L'Nokia Siemens Networks Training Institute dcline toute responsabilit pour les dangers menaant le corps et la vie / la vie et la sant et/ou les blessures pouvant rsulter d'actes contraires la scurit.
PLMN 3G Radio Planning Essentials
RN3154EN10GLA00 2009 Nokia Siemens Networks
V
Sub-section reference Sub-section identification
1 RN31541EN10GLA0 Introduction 1 - 32 RN31542EN10GLA0 WCDMA Fundamentals 1 - 683 RN31543EN10GLA0 RNWP Fundamentals 1 - 674 RN31544EN10GLA0 NSN RNW Solution 1 - 505 RN31545EN10GLA0 RNP Process 1 - 276 RN31546EN10GLA0 Coverage Dimensioning 1 - 887 RN31547EN10GLA0 Capacity HW Dimensioning 1 - 998 RN31548EN10GLA0 Coverage Capacity Planning 1 - 899 RN31549EN10GLA0 Configuration Planning 1 - 74
10 RN3154AEN10GLA0 Initial Parameter Configuration 1 - 42
This document consists of 607 pages.
PLMN 3G Radio Planning Essentials
RN3154EN10GLA00 2009 Nokia Siemens Networks
VI
Foreword The training materials that are handed out are meant for training purposes only. The accompanying document is not a replacement for the official system documentation, and is not meant for self-study. The official system documentation is the only licensed reference work for carrying out work in the field. This student file is your own property.
At the end of the course, your course conductor will give you some course evaluation sheets. We ask you to fill out these sheets and would be pleased to receive suggestions for course improvement regarding the carrying out of the courses and materials used.
We at Nokia Siemens Networks wish you successful training.
Training management
PLMN 3G Radio Planning Essentials
RN3154EN10GLA00 2009 Nokia Siemens Networks
VII
Declaration
I confirm, that the software made available to me during the courses from the Nokia Siemens Networks Training Institute for training and practice purposes, will not be further copied outside of the training.
Furthermore I assure that no software will be copied on to the training PCs, without the explicit consent of the trainer.
With my signature on the attendance list, I confirm that I will adhere to both of the above requests.
PLMN 3G Radio Planning Essentials
RN3154EN10GLA00 2009 Nokia Siemens Networks
VIII
RN31541EN10GLA0
Introduction
1
1 Nokia Siemens Networks RN31541EN10GLA0
3G Radio Planning Essentials3GRPESS - Introduction
RN31541EN10GLA0
Introduction
2
2 Nokia Siemens Networks RN3154EN10GLA00
AGENDA Course Modules
M01 WCDMA fundamentals M02 Radio network planning fundamentals M03 NSN radio network solution M04 Radio network planning process M05 Coverage dimensioning M06 Capacity and HW dimensioning M07 Coverage and capacity planning M08 Configuration planning M09 Initial parameter configuration
RN31541EN10GLA0
Introduction
3
3 Nokia Siemens Networks RN3154EN10GLA00
COURSE OBJECTIVES
Give participant knowledge and competence to perform fundamental radio network planning tasks
Radio network planning process Base station configuration planning Cell range and load estimation Network dimensioning Site selection and design Initial parameter configuration
RN31542EN10GLA0
WCDMA fundamentals
1
1 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0
WCDMA Fundamentals3GRPESS MODULE 1
RN31542EN10GLA0
WCDMA fundamentals
2
2 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0
Module 1 WCDMA Fundamentals
Objectives After this module the participant shall be able to:- Understand the main cellular standards and allocated
frequency bands Understand the main properties of WCDMA air interface
including HSPA technology Recognize the main NSN RRM functions and their main
tasks
RN31542EN10GLA0
WCDMA fundamentals
3
3 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0
Module Contents
Standardisation and frequency bands
Main properties of UMTS Air Interface
Overview of NSN Radio Resource Management (RRM)
HSPA technology
RN31542EN10GLA0
WCDMA fundamentals
4
4 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0
Module Contents
Standardisation and frequency bands Standardisation of 3G cellular networks IMT-2000 frequency allocations UMTS FDD Frequency band evolution
Main properties of UMTS Air Interface
Overview of NSN Radio Resource Management (RRM)
HSPA technology
RN31542EN10GLA0
WCDMA fundamentals
5
5 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0
Standardisation of 3G cellular networks
ITU (Global guidelines and recommendations) IMT-2000: Global standard for third generation (3G) wireless communications
3GPP is a co-operation between standardisation bodiesETSI (Europe), ARIB/TTC (Japan), CCSA (China), ATIS (North America) and TTA (South Korea)
GSM EDGE
UMTS WCDMA - FDD WCDMA - TDD
TD-SCDMA 3GPP2 is a co-operation between standardisation bodies
ARIB/TTC (Japan), CCSA (China), TIA (North America) and TTA (South Korea) CDMA2000
CDMA2000 1x CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications-2000) is the global standard for third generation (3G) wireless communications as defined by the International Telecommunication Union.
TD-SCDMA (Time Division-Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access) is a 3Gmobile telecommunications standard, being pursued in the People's Republic of Chinaby the Chinese Academy of Telecommunications Technology (CATT), Datang and Siemens AG
RN31542EN10GLA0
WCDMA fundamentals
6
6 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0
IMT-2000 frequency allocations2200 MHz20001900 1950 2050 2100 21501850
JapanIMT-2000PHS IMT-2000
ITU
Mob
ile
Sate
llite
IMT-2000 IMT-2000
EuropeUMTS(FDD)DEC
T
UM
TS (T
DD
)
GSM1800
UM
TS (T
DD
)UMTS(FDD)
USA
PCS
unlic
ense
d
PCSPCS
UM
TS (T
DD
)IM
T-20
00 (T
DD
)
Mob
ile
Sate
llite
Mob
ile
Sate
llite
Mob
ile
Sate
llite
Mob
ile
Sate
llite
Mob
ile
Sate
llite
Mob
ile
Sate
llite
Mob
ile
Sate
llite
RN31542EN10GLA0
WCDMA fundamentals
7
7 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0
UMTS FDD Frequency band evolution
Release 99 I 1920 1980 MHz 2110 2170 MHz UMTS only in Europe, Japan II 1850 1910 MHz 1930 1990 MHz US PCS, GSM1900
New in Release 5 III 1710-1785 MHz 1805-1880 MHz GSM1800
New in Release 6 IV 1710-1755 MHz 2110-2155 MHz US 2.1 GHz band V 824-849MHz 869-894MHz US cellular, GSM850 VI 830-840 MHz 875-885 MHz Japan
New in Release 7 VII 2500-2570 MHz 2620-2690 MHz VIII 880-915 MHz 925-960 MHz GSM900 IX 1749.9-1784.9 MHz 1844.9-1879.9 MHz Japan
Not supported by RU10 RAN
The allocation of frequency bands for FDD WCDMA is specified by 3GPP in TS25.104.3GPP release 99 specifies operating bands I and II. Release 5 specifies operating bands I, II and III. Release 6 specifies operating bands I, II, III, IV, V and VI.Operating band I is at 2100 MHz and represents the core 3G spectrum allocation. Operating band II is at 1900 MHz and helps to satisfy the requirements of America. Operating band V is at 850 MHz and represents an extension band for future use.Duplex spacings vary from 45 MHz for operating bands V and VI, to 400 MHz for operating band IV. Larger spacings increase the importance of treating the uplink and downlink propagation separately.NSN supports WCDMA 2100 with RAN1.5.2.ED2, WCDMA 1900 with RAN04 (Node B software WN2.ED2) and WCDMA 850 with RAS05 (Node B software WN3).The UARFCN identifies the RF carrier on a 200 kHz raster. The 200 kHz raster can be used for fine tuning the position of the RF carrier. Operating bands II and IV, V and VI have additional RF carrier positions defined with a different UARFCN numbering scheme.Directed Emergency Call Inter-System Handover (EMISHO) is supported by NSN for WCDMA 1900 and 850. EMISHO allows GSM location based services to be used in American markets where there are stringent location based service requirements for emergency calls.NSNs solution for WCDMA 2100 supports both 20 W and 40 W WPA. NSNs solution for WCDMA 1900 and 850 supports only 40 W WPA.The majority of link budget assumptions are the same for all operating bands. Antenna gains and feeder losses tend to be lower at lower frequencies. Building penetration losses and indoor standard deviations can be assumed to be equal for each of the frequency bands although these assumptions tend to be country specific. The use of 40 W WPA for WCDMA 1900 and 850 means that downlink transmit powers are typically 3 dB greater. MHA may not be used in band V as a result of the reduced feeder loss at 850 MHz.The air-interface propagation loss is less for the lower operating bands. In the case of Okumura-Hata, the frequency dependant terms result in approximately 12 dB difference between the WCDMA 2100 and 850 path loss figures for a specific cell range. Propagation model, clutter dependant correction factors may be assumed to increase at lower frequencies, i.e. for WCDMA 850.
The NSN Flexi WCDMA Base Station will be available for frequencies 2100 MHz, 1700 MHz, 1800 MHz and 1700/2100 MHz in the second half of 2006. In the first half of 2007, further frequencies, including 850 MHz, 900 MHz and 1900 MHz will be available, where after other frequencies will be added based on market need.
RN31542EN10GLA0
WCDMA fundamentals
8
8 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0
Module Contents
Standardisation and frequency bands
Main properties of UMTS Air Interface UMTS Air interface technologies WCDMA FDD WCDMA vs. GSM CDMA principle Processing gain WCDMA codes and bit rates
Overview of NSN Radio Resource Management (RRM)
HSPA technology
RN31542EN10GLA0
WCDMA fundamentals
9
9 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0
UMTS Air Interface technologies
UMTS Air interface is built based on two technological solutions WCDMA FDD WCDMA TDD
WCDMA FDD is the more widely used solution FDD: Separate UL and DL frequency band
WCDMA TDD technology is currently used in limited number of networks
TDD: UL and DL separated by time, utilizing same frequency
Both technologies have own dedicated frequency bands
This course concentrates on design principles of WCDMA FDD solution, basic planning principles apply to both technologies
RN31542EN10GLA0
WCDMA fundamentals
10
10 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0
WCDMA FDD technology
Multiple access technology is wideband CDMA (WCDMA) All cells at same carrier frequency Spreading codes used to separate cells and users Signal bandwidth 3.84 MHz
Multiple carriers can be used to increase capacity Inter-Frequency functionality to support mobility between frequencies
Compatibility with GSM technology Inter-System functionality to support mobility between GSM and UMTS
RN31542EN10GLA0
WCDMA fundamentals
11
11 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0
WCDMA Technology
5 MHz
3.84 MHz
f
5+5 MHz in FDD mode5 MHz in TDD mode
Freq
uenc
y
TimeDirect Sequence (DS) CDMA
WCDMA Carrier
WCDMAWCDMA5 MHz, 1 carrier5 MHz, 1 carrier
TDMA (GSM)TDMA (GSM)5 MHz, 25 carriers5 MHz, 25 carriers
Users share same time and frequency
RN31542EN10GLA0
WCDMA fundamentals
12
12 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0
UMTS & GSM Network Planning
GSM900/1800: 3G (WCDMA):
RN31542EN10GLA0
WCDMA fundamentals
13
13 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0
Differences between WCDMA & GSM
WCDMA GSMCarrier spacing 5 MHz 200 kHzFrequency reuse factor 1 118Power controlfrequency
1500 Hz 2 Hz or lower
Quality control Radio resourcemanagement algorithms
Network planning(frequency planning)
Frequency diversity 5 MHz bandwidth givesmultipath diversity with
Rake receiver
Frequency hopping
Packet data Load-based packetscheduling
Timeslot basedscheduling with GPRS
Downlink transmitdiversity
Supported forimproving downlink
capacity
Not supported by thestandard, but can be
applied
High bit rates
Services withDifferent qualityrequirements
Efficient packet data
RN31542EN10GLA0
WCDMA fundamentals
14
14 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0
Multiple WCDMA carriers Layered network
F1
F2
F2
F3
F3
F3
Micro BTSMacro BTS
Pico BTSs
1 - 10 km
50 - 100 m200 - 500 m
RN31542EN10GLA0
WCDMA fundamentals
15
15 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0
Spreading Code
Spread Signal
Data
Air Interface
Bits (In this drawing, 1 bit = 8 Chips SF=8)
Baseband Data
-1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
-1
-1
-1
-1
ChipChip
Despreadi
ngDesp
reading
CDMA principle - Chips & Bits & Symbols
RN31542EN10GLA0
WCDMA fundamentals
16
16 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0
Energy Box
Freq
uenc
y Ban
d
Duration(t = 1/Rb)
Pow
er/H
z
Originating Bit Received BitEnergy per bit = Eb = const
Higher spreading factor Wider frequency band Lower power spectral densityBUT
Same Energy per Bit
RN31542EN10GLA0
WCDMA fundamentals
17
17 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0
FrequencyPow
er d
ensi
ty (W
atts
/Hz)
Unspread narrowband signal Spread wideband signal
Bandwidth W (3.84 Mchip/sec)
User bitrateR
sec84.3MchipconstW ==
[ ]RWdBGp =Processing gain:
Spreading & Processing Gain
RN31542EN10GLA0
WCDMA fundamentals
18
18 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0Frequency (Hz)
Voice user (R=12,2 kbit/s)
Packet data user (R=384 kbit/s)
Pow
er d
ensi
ty (W
/Hz)
R
Frequency (Hz)
Gp=W/R=24.98dB
Pow
er d
ensi
ty (W
/Hz)
R
Gp=W/R=10 dB
Spreading sequences have a different length Processing gain depends on the user data rate
Processing Gain Examples
RN31542EN10GLA0
WCDMA fundamentals
19
19 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0
Transmission Power
Frequency
5MHz
Power density
Time
High bit rate user
Low bit rate user
RN31542EN10GLA0
WCDMA fundamentals
20
20 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0
WCDMA Codes
In WCDMA two separate codes are used in the spreading operation
Channelisation code Scrambling code
Channelisation code DL: separates physical channels of different users and common channels,
defines physical channel bit rate UL: separates physical channels of one user, defines physical channel bit
rate
Scrambling code DL: separates cells in same carrier frequency UL: separates users
RN31542EN10GLA0
WCDMA fundamentals
21
21 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0
DL Spreading and Multiplexing in WCDMA
User 3
User 2
User 1
BCCH
Pilot X
CODE 1
X
CODE 2
X
CODE 3
X
CODE 4
X
CODE 5
+
X
SCRAMBLINGCODE
RF
SUM
User 2
User 1
BCCH
Pilot
Radio frame = 15 time slots
Time
User 3
3.84 MHzRF carrier
3.84 MHz bandwidth
CHANNELISATION codes:
P-CPICH
P-CCPCH
DPCH1
DPCH2
DPCH3
RN31542EN10GLA0
WCDMA fundamentals
22
22 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0
DL & UL Channelisation Codes
Walsh-Hadamard codes: orthogonal variable spreading factor codes (OVSF codes)
SF for the DL transmission in FDD mode = {4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512} SF for the UL transmission in FDD mode = {4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256}
Good orthogonality properties: cross correlation value for each code pair in the code set equals 0
In theoretical environment users of one cell do not interfere each other in DL In practical multipath environment orthogonality is partly lost Interference between
users of same cell Orthogonal codes are suited for channel separation, where synchronisation
between different channels can be guaranteed Downlink channels under one cell Uplink channels from a single user
Orthogonal codes have bad auto correlation properties and thus not suited in an asynchronous environment
Scrambling code required to separate signals between cells in DL and users in UL
RN31542EN10GLA0
WCDMA fundamentals
23
23 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0
Channelisation Code Tree
C0(0)=[1]
C2(1)=[1-1]
C2(0)=[11]
C4(0)=[1111]
C4(1)=[11-1-1]
C4(2)=[1-11-1]
C4(3)=[1-1-11]
C8(0)=[11111111]
C8(1)=[1111-1-1-1-1]
C8(2)=[11-1-111-1-1]
C8(3)=[11-1-1-1-111]
C8(0)=[1-11-11-11-1]
C8(5)=[1-11-1-11-11]
C8(6)=[1-1-111-1-11]
C8(7)=[1-1-11-111-1]
C16(0)=[............]C16(1)=[............]
C16(15)=[...........]
C16(14)=[...........]
C16(13=[...........]
C16(12)=[...........]
C16(11)=[...........]
C16(10)=[...........]
C16(9)=[............]
C16(8)=[............]
C16(7)=[............]
C16(6)=[............]
C16(5)=[............]
C16(4)=[............]
C16(3)=[............]
C16(2)=[............]
SF=1
SF=2
SF=4
SF=8
SF=16
SF=256
SF=512
...
RN31542EN10GLA0
WCDMA fundamentals
24
24 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0
Spreading factor
Channel symbol
rate (ksps)
Channel bit rate
(kbps)
DPDCH channel bit rate range
(kbps)
Maximum user data rate with -
rate coding (approx.)
512 7.5 15 36 13 kbps 256 15 30 1224 612 kbps 128 30 60 4251 2024 kbps 64 60 120 90 45 kbps 32 120 240 210 105 kbps 16 240 480 432 215 kbps 8 480 960 912 456 kbps 4 960 1920 1872 936 kbps
4, with 3 parallel codes
2880 5760 5616 2.3 Mbps
Half rate speechFull rate speech
128 kbps384 kbps
2 Mbps
Symbolphyb RR = 2_SFWRSymbol =
(QPSK modulation)
Physical Layer Bit Rates (DL)
Rb_phy includes DPDCH (User data + L3 control) + Error protection + DPCCH (L1 control)
RN31542EN10GLA0
WCDMA fundamentals
25
25 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0
Physical Layer Bit Rates (DL) - HSDPA
3GPP Release 5 standards introduced enhanced DL bit rates with High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) technology
Shared high bit rate channel between users High peak bit rates Simultaneous usage of up to 15 DL channelisation codes (In HSDPA SF=16) Higher order modulation scheme (16-QAM) Higher bit rate in same band
16-QAM provides 4 bits per symbol 960 kbit/s / code physical channel peak rate
Coding rateCoding rate
QPSKQPSK
Coding rateCoding rate
1/41/4
2/42/4
3/43/4
5 codes5 codes 10 codes10 codes 15 codes15 codes
600 kbps600 kbps 1.2 Mbps1.2 Mbps 1.8 Mbps1.8 Mbps
1.2 Mbps1.2 Mbps 2.4 Mbps2.4 Mbps 3.6 Mbps3.6 Mbps
1.8 Mbps1.8 Mbps 3.6 Mbps3.6 Mbps 5.4 Mbps5.4 Mbps
16QAM16QAM
2/42/4
3/43/4
4/44/4
2.4 Mbps2.4 Mbps 4.8 Mbps4.8 Mbps 7.2 Mbps7.2 Mbps
3.6 Mbps3.6 Mbps 7.2 Mbps7.2 Mbps 10.7 Mbps10.7 Mbps
4.8 Mbps4.8 Mbps 9.6 Mbps9.6 Mbps 14.4 Mbps14.4 Mbps
HSDPA
RN31542EN10GLA0
WCDMA fundamentals
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26 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0
Physical Layer Bit Rates (UL) - HSUPA
3GPP Release 6 standards introduced enhanced UL bit rates with High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSUPA) technology
Fast allocation of available UL capacity for users High peak bit rates Simultaneous usage of up to 2+2 UL channelisation codes (In HSUPA SF=2
4)
Coding rateCoding rate
1/21/2
3/43/4
4/44/4
1 x SF41 x SF4 2 x SF42 x SF4 2 x SF22 x SF2 2 x SF2 + 2 x SF4 2 x SF2 + 2 x SF4
480 kbps480 kbps 960 kbps960 kbps 1.92 Mbps1.92 Mbps 2.88 Mbps2.88 Mbps
720 kbps720 kbps 1.46 Mbps1.46 Mbps 2.88 Mbps2.88 Mbps 4.32 Mbps4.32 Mbps
960 kbps960 kbps 1.92 Mbps1.92 Mbps 3.84 Mbps3.84 Mbps 5.76 Mbps5.76 Mbps
RN31542EN10GLA0
WCDMA fundamentals
27
27 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0
DL & UL Scrambling Codes
DL Scrambling Codes Pseudo noise codes used for cell separation
512 Primary Scrambling Codes
UL Scrambling Codes Two different types of UL scrambling codes are generated
Long scrambling codes of length of 38 400 chips = 10 ms radio frame Short scrambling codes of length of 256 chips are periodically repeated to
get the scrambling code of the frame length Short codes enable advanced receiver structures in future
Long scrambling codes created from the Gold pseudo-noise sequence (lengthof 38 400 chips)Short scrambling codes generated by the quaternary S(2) pseudo-noisesequence (256 chips are periodicaly repeted to get the scrambling code of theframe length)
For the common physical channels long scrambling codes must be usedFor the dedicated channels both long and short scrambling codes can be used
RN31542EN10GLA0
WCDMA fundamentals
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28 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0
Scrambling Codes & Multipath Propagation
Scrambling code C1
Scrambling code C2
C 1+ 3
C1+2C1+1
C2
UE has simultaneous connection to two cells (soft handover)
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29 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0
RAKE Receiver
Combination or multipath components and in DL also signals from different cells
Del
ay
1Code usedfor the
connection
Rx
Output
Finger
t
Cell-1
Cell-1
Cell-1
Cell-2
Rx
Rx
Rx
Finger
Finger
Finger
Del
ay
2
Del
ay
3
Code is the combines scrambling (cell 1 or 2) and spreading code (physical channel)
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Channelisation code Scrambling code
Usage Uplink: Separation of physical data (DPDCH) and control channels (DPCCH) from same terminal
Downlink: Separation of downlink connections to different users within one cell
Uplink: Separation of mobile
Downlink: Separation of sectors (cells)
Length 4256 chips (1.066.7 s) Downlink also 512 chips
Different bit rates by changing the length of the code
Uplink: (1) 10 ms = 38400 chips or (2) 66.7 s = 256 chips Option (2) can be used with advanced base station receivers
Downlink: 10 ms = 38400 chips
Number of codes Number of codes under one scrambling code = spreading factor
Uplink: 16.8 million
Downlink: 512
Code family Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor Long 10 ms code: Gold code
Short code: Extended S(2) code family
Spreading Yes, increases transmission bandwidth No, does not affect transmission bandwidth
Channelisation and Scrambling Codes
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Module Contents
Standardisation and frequency bands
Main properties of UMTS Air Interface
Overview of NSN Radio Resource Management (RRM) Load control Admission Control Packet Scheduler Resource Manager Power Control Handover Control
HSPA technology
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Radio Resource Management
RRM is responsible for optimal utilisation of the radio resources: Transmission power and interference Logical codes
The trade-off between capacity, coverage and quality is done all the time
Minimum required quality for each user (nothing less and nothing more) Maximum number of users
The radio resources are continuously monitored and optimised by several RRM functionalities service quality
cell coverage cell capacity
Optimizationand Tailoring
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RRM Functionalities
LC Load Control
AC Admission Control
PS Packet Scheduler
RM Resource Manager
PC Power Control
HC HO Control
PC
HCFor each connection/user
LC
ACFor each cell
PS
RM
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34 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0
LC performs the function of load control in association with AC & PS
LC updates load status using measurements & estimations provided by AC and PS
Continuously feeds cell load information to PS and AC; Interference levels (UL)
BTS power level (DL)
LC
AC
PSNRT load
Load change info
Load status
Load Control (LC)
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35 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0
Load Control Load Status
Load thresholds set by radio network planning parameters
Overloadthreshold x
Load Targetthreshold y
Pow
er
Time
Load Margin
Overload
Normal load
Measured loadFree capacity
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36 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0
Checks that admitting a new user will not sacrifice planned coverage or quality of existing connections
Admission control handles three main tasks Admission decision of new connections
Take into account current load conditions (from LC) and load increase by the new connection
Real-time higher priority than non-real time In overload conditions new connections may be rejected
Connection QoS definition Bit rate, BER target etc.
Connection specific power allocation (Initial, maximum and minimum power)
Admission Control (AC)
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37 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0
Packet Scheduler (PS)
PS allocates available capacity after real-time (RT) connections to non-real time (NRT) connections
Each cell separately Based on QoS priority level of the connection In overload conditions bit rates of NRT connections decreased
PS selects allocated channel type (common, dedicated or HSPA)
PS relies on up-to-date information from AC and LC
Capacity allocated on a needs basis using best effort approach RT higher priority
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38 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0
Resource Manager (RM)
Responsible for managing the logical radio resources of the RNC in co-operation with AC and PS
On request for resources, from either AC(RT) or PS(NRT), RM allocates:
DL spreading code UL scrambling code
Code Type Uplink DownlinkScrambling codes
Spreading codes
User separation Cell separation
Data & control channels from same UEUsers within one cell
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39 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0
Power control (PC) in WCDMA
Fast, accurate power control is of utmost importance particularly in UL;
UEs transmit continuously on same frequency Always interference between users
Poor PC leads to increased interference reduced capacity Every UE accessing network increases interference
PC target to minimise the interference Minimize transmit power of each link while still maintaining the link quality (BER)
Mitigates 'near far effect in UL by providing minimum required power for each connection
Power control has to be fast enough to follow changes in propagation conditions (fading)
Step up/down 1500 times/second
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40 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0
Uplink power control target
Minimise required UL received power minimised UL transmit power and interference
UE1 UE2
min(Prx1)
min(Prx2)&
About equal whenRb1 = Rb2
Target:
Ptx1Ptx1
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41 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0
Power Control types
Power control functionality can be divided to three main types
Open loop power control Initial power calculation based on DL pilot level/pathloss measurement by UE
Outer (closed) loop power control Connection quality measurement (BER, BLER) and comparison to QoS
target RF quality target (SIR target) setting for fast closed loop PC based on
connection quality
Fast closed loop power control Radio link RF quality (SIR) measurement and comparison to RF quality
target (SIR target) Power control command transmission based on RF quality evaluation Change of transmit power according to received power control command
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42 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0
UL Outer LoopPower Control
Open Loop Power Control (Initial Access)
Closed Loop Power Control
RNC
BS
MS
DL Outer LoopPower Control
Power Control types
BLER target
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43 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0
Power control in HSPA
In HSDPA (DL) the transmit power from base station is kept constant and the signal modulation and coding is adapted according to the channel conditions
2 ms interval 500 Hz
In HSUPA (UL) The power control of HSUPA channels in UL utilises both
Fast closed loop power control Outer loop power control
Both work according to similar principles as the R99 power control
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44 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0
Handover Control (HC)
HC is responsible for: Managing the mobility aspects of an RRC connection as UE moves around the
network coverage area Maintaining high capacity by ensuring UE is always served by strongest cell
Soft handover MS handover between different base stations
Softer handover MS handover within one base station but between different sectors
Hard handover MS handover between different frequencies or between WCDMA and GSM
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45 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0
Soft/softer handover
UE is simultaneously connected to 2 to 3 cells during soft handover Soft handover is performed based on UE cell pilot power measurements and
handover thresholds set by radio network planning parameters Radio link performance is improved during soft handover Soft handover consumes base station and transmission resources
BS1
BS2
BS3Rec
eive
d sig
nal s
tren
gth
BS3Distance from BS1
Threshold
Soft handover
BS2
BS1
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46 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0
Hard handover
Hard handovers are typically performed between WCDMA frequencies and between WCDMA and GSM cells
GSM/GPRSGSM/GPRSGSM/GPRSGSM/GPRS
f1f1
f2f2
f1f1
f2f2f2f2f2f2
Inter-System handovers (ISHO)
Inter-Frequency handovers (IFHO)
HHO also applies to same frequency Inter-RNC HO without Iur
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47 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0
Module Contents
Standardisation and frequency bands
Main properties of UMTS Air Interface
Overview of NSN Radio Resource Management (RRM)
HSPA technology
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48 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0
Module Contents
HSPA technology Channel types Physical Channels Principle of HSPA
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49 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0
Node BU
plin
kan
d D
ownl
ink
Ded
icat
edC
hann
els
The introduction of 3G made use of uplink and downlink dedicated channels to transfer user plane and control plane data in CELL_DCH
Applicable to All 3GPP Releases
Uplink air-interface capacity defined by maximum planned increase in uplink interferenceDownlink air-interface capacity defined by downlink transmit power capability
Cell_DCH
CS and PS services
Channel Types for User Plane Data (R99)
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50 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0
Node B
In R5 3G evolved to include HSDPA for transferring packet switched user plane data in the downlink direction
Applicable to
3GPP Release 05 NSN RAS05, RAS05.1HSDPA makes use of a downlink transmit power allocation and so has a direct impact upon downlink capacity
The resource shared between multiple HSDPA users is the HSDPA downlink transmit powerThe Node B scheduler assigns timeslots & codes to specific UE to allow access to the HSDPA downlink transmit power
Upl
ink
Ded
icat
edC
hann
els
Cell_DCH
HSD
PA
PS services CS services continue to use R99 dedicated channels
Channel Types for User Plane Data (R5)
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51 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0
Node B
3G has further evolved to include HSUPA for transferring packet switched user plane data in the uplink direction
Applicable to 3GPP Release 06 NSN RAS06, RU10
HSUPA makes use of a uplink interference allocation and so has a direct impact upon uplink capacity
The resource shared between multiple HSUPA users is the uplink interference
The Node B scheduler assigns transmit power ratios to specific UE to allow a contribution towards the total increase in uplink interference
HSU
PA
Cell_DCH
HSD
PA
PS services CS services continue to use R99 dedicated channels
Channel Types for User Plane Data (R6)
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52 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0
Module Contents
HSPA technology Channel types Physical Channels Principle of HSPA
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53 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0
Node B
DPD
CH
DPC
CH
UL CHANNELSDPCH includes
DPDCH DPCCH Pilot, TFCI, FBI, TPC
DPDCH encapsulates Signalling radio bearers User plane radio bearers
DL CHANNELSDPCH includes
DPDCH DPCCH - Pilot, TFCI, TPC
DPDCH encapsulates Signalling radio bearers User plane radio bearers
DPD
CH
DPC
CH
R99 DPCH
Dedicated
Physical Channels for R99 UE
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54 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0
Node B
UL CHANNELSDPCH includes
DPDCH DPCCH Pilot, TFCI, FBI, TPC HS-DPCCH CQI, ACK/NACK
DPDCH encapsulates Signalling radio bearers User plane radio bearers
DL CHANNELSDPCH includes
DPDCH DPCCH - Pilot, TFCI, TPC
DPDCH encapsulates Signalling radio bearers
HS-PDSCH encapsulates User plane radio bearers
HS-SCCH provides Channelisation code set, modulation scheme,
transport block size, HARQ process, redundancy and constellation version, new data indicator, UE identity
1-15
x H
S-PD
SCH
1-4
x H
S-SC
CH
DPD
CH
DPC
CH
HS-
DPC
CH
DPD
CH
DPC
CH
HSDPAAssociated DPCH
Dedicated Common
Physical Channels for Rel5 / Rel6 HSDPA UE
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55 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0
Node B
1-15
x H
S-PD
SCH
1-4
x H
S-SC
CH
DPD
CH
DPC
CH
HS-
DPC
CH
1,2,
4 x
E-D
PDC
HE-
DPC
CH
F-D
PCH
Dedicated Common
E-D
CH
RG
CH
E-D
CH
AG
CH
E-D
CH
HIC
H
UL CHANNELSE-DPCH includes
E-DPDCH E-DPCCH E-TFCI, RSN, Happy Bit
DPCH includes DPDCH DPCCH Pilot, TFCI, FBI, TPC HS-DPCCH CQI, ACK/NACK
E-DPDCH encapsulates User plane radio bearers
DPDCH encapsulates Signalling radio bearers
Physical Channels for Rel6 HSPA UE (UL)
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56 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0
Node B
1-15
x H
S-PD
SCH
1-3
x H
S-SC
CH
DPD
CH
DPC
CH
HS-
DPC
CH
1,2,
4 x
E-D
PDC
HE-
DPC
CH
F-D
PCH
Dedicated Common
E-D
CH
RG
CH
E-D
CH
AG
CH
E-D
CH
HIC
H
DL CHANNELSDPCH includes
F-DPCH TPC E-DCH RGCH E-DCH HICH
E-DCH AGCH encapsulates Absolute grant value, absolute grant scope
HS-PDSCH encapsulates User plane radio bearers
HS-SCCH provides Channelisation code set, modulation
scheme, transport block size, HARQ process, redundancy and constellation version, new data indicator, UE identity
Physical Channels for Rel6 HSPA UE (DL)
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Module Contents
HSPA technology Channel types Physical Channels Principle of HSPA
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HSxPA Motivation and General PrincipleImproved performance and spectral efficiency in DL and UL by introducing a shared channel principle: Significant enchancement with peak rates up to 14.4 Mbps (28 Mbps in Rel7) in DL, and 2
Mbps (11.5 Mbps with 16QAM) in UL Huge capacity increase per site; no site pre-planning necessary Improved end user experience: reduced delay/latency, high response time
HSDPA (3GPP Rel5)Fast pipe is shared among UEs
Sche
dulin
g A,B,
CHSUPA (3GPP Rel6)
Dedicated pipe for every UE in ULPipe (codes and grants) changing with timeE-DCH scheduling
E-DCH
- A
E-DCH
- B
E-DCH
- C
Rel. 99
DCH -
A
DCH -
B
DCH -
C
Dedicated pipe for every UE
HSDPA
HSDPA stands for High Speed Downlink Packet Access. As the name suggests, this is a piece of UMTS functionality designed to deliver downlink packet data at very high data rates. It is a release 5 feature. It achieves its aim by using the following techniques:
Use of shared channel conceptRather than constantly allocating and deallocating dedicated channels to individual users, users share a high bandwidth channel the HS-DSCH (High Speed Downlink Shared Channel). This allows the system to operate with a fat pipe
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HSDPA Overview
15 CodeShared
transmission
16QAMModulation
TTI = 2 ms Hybrid ARQwith incr. redundancy
Fast Link Adaptation
AdvancedScheduling
BenefitHigher Downlink Peak rates: 14 Mbps
Higher Capacity: +100-200%Reduced Latency: ~75 ms
HSDPA
HSDPA stands for High Speed Downlink Packet Access. As the name suggests, this is a piece of UMTS functionality designed to deliver downlink packet data at very high data rates. It is a release 5 feature. It achieves its aim by using the following techniques:
Use of shared channel conceptRather than constantly allocating and deallocating dedicated channels to individual users, users share a high bandwidth channel the HS-DSCH (High Speed Downlink Shared Channel). This allows the system to operate with a fat pipe
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60 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0
HSDPA power is limited by the PtxMaxHSDPA parameter
Cell maximum TX power
Common chs
HSDPA
Maximum HSDPA power (PtxMaxHSDPA)
Non-HSDPA power
Ptx
Time
Cell maximum TX power
Common chs
HSDPA
Non-HSDPA power
Ptx
Time
HSDPA power is not limited, all available power can be allocated to HSDPA
Still PtxMaxHSDPA can be used to limit
HS-PDSCH Transmit powerThe Packet Scheduler is responsible for determining the transmission power on the HS-PDSCH channels Dynamic HSDPA power allocation is always used in BTS
HSDPA power can be limited with PtxMaxHSDPA HSDPA Dynamic Resource Allocation feature is activated with RNC parameter
HSDPADynamicResourceAllocation Disabled: PtxMaxHSDPA sent to BTS and used to limit the maximum HSDPA power Enabled: No power limitation sent to BTS, all available power allocated to HSDPA
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Maximum code allocation for HSDPA
SF=1
SF=2
SF=4
SF=8
SF=16
SF=32
SF=64
SF=128
SF=256
15 HS-PDSCH codes15 HS-PDSCH codes
Up to three HS-SCCH codesUp to three HS-SCCH codesCodes for common channels in the cellCodes for common channels in the cell
Codes for associated DCHs and non-HSDPA users
Codes for associated DCHs and non-HSDPA users
Used by 2 HSDPA UEs no SF256 available for the 3rd UE for
associated DCH
Used by AMR user only one SF128 code remains for associated
DCH
Used by HSDPA UE as associated DCH and HS-SCCH
Case1:
Case2:
Case1+2:
Code tree limitation makes it hard to have 15 codes allocated for HSDPA Still commonly 14 or 12 or lower amounts are easily available Note that current terminals support only 10 codes so 15 codes means more than 1 users per TTI
15 codes is available but not commonly for cells where has reasonable high traffic (noticing terminal limitation 10 codes, thus fully utilise 15 codes needs minimum 2 HSDPA users)
Case 1: Allocation of 15 is not possible when more than 2 HSDPA users are active (i.e. 3 HSDPA users) Case 2: Allocation of 15 is not possible (with two HSDPA users) when 1 AMR12.2 user exists in the cell
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HSDPA - UE Categories QPSK and 16QAM modulation with multicode transmission used to achieve high data rates 12 different UE categories defined, categories are characterised by
Number of parallel codes supported Minimum inter-TTI interval
Theoretical peak bit rate up to 14.4 Mbps for category 10 UE using 15 codes and 16QAM
HSDPA
HSDPA stands for High Speed Downlink Packet Access. As the name suggests, this is a piece of UMTS functionality designed to deliver downlink packet data at very high data rates. It is a release 5 feature. It achieves its aim by using the following techniques:
Use of shared channel conceptRather than constantly allocating and deallocating dedicated channels to individual users, users share a high bandwidth channel the HS-DSCH (High Speed Downlink Shared Channel). This allows the system to operate with a fat pipe
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HS-PDSCHHS-PDSCHHS-PDSCHHS-PDSCH
HSDPA Code Multiplexing
With Code Multiplexing, maximum of three UEs can be scheduled during one TTI from single cell
Multiple HS-SCCH channels (max 3 in RAS06) One for each simultaneously receiving UE
Available HS-PDSCH codes and HS-PDSCH power of cell are divided between UEs
HS-PDSCH codes actually used depends on the channel conditions of a UE
Important when cell supports more codes than UEs do
Cell supports 15 HS-PDSCH codes, Cat6 and Cat8 UEs => 3 users can be scheduled on TTI
BTS must also be capable of 10/15 codes in order to dynamically adjust HS-PDSCH codes
HS-PDSCH
cat 6
HS-PDSCHHS-PDSCHHS-PDSCHHS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH
HS-SCCH
HS-SCCH
cat 6 cat 6 cat 6cat 8
HS-SCCH
HS-PDSCHHS-PDSCHHS-PDSCHHS-PDSCHHS-PDSCH
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HSUPA Overview
TTI = 10 ms1-4 CodeMulti-Code
transmission
FastPower Control
Hybrid ARQwith incr. redundancy
NodeBControlledScheduling
BenefitHigher Uplink Peak rates: 2.0 Mbps
Higher Capacity: +50-100%Reduced Latency: ~50-75 ms
HSDPA
HSDPA stands for High Speed Downlink Packet Access. As the name suggests, this is a piece of UMTS functionality designed to deliver downlink packet data at very high data rates. It is a release 5 feature. It achieves its aim by using the following techniques:
Use of shared channel conceptRather than constantly allocating and deallocating dedicated channels to individual users, users share a high bandwidth channel the HS-DSCH (High Speed Downlink Shared Channel). This allows the system to operate with a fat pipe
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65 NSN Siemens Networks RN31542EN10GLA0
HSUPA - UE Categories BPSK modulation with multicode transmission used to achieve high data rates 6 different UE categories defined, categories are characterised by
Number of parallel codes supported Support of 2ms TTI - 10ms TTI supported by all the HSUPA UEs
Theoretical peak bit rate up to 5.74 Mbps for category 6 UE using 2 ms TTI No coding and no retransmissions - all bits must be delivered correctly over the air
11484
20000
20000
5772
20000
14484
2798
14484
7110
Transport Block size
2 Mbps102 x SF24
2.89 Mbps22 x SF24
1.45 Mbps102 x SF42
1.40 Mbps22 x SF42
2 Mbps102xSF2 + 2xSF46
6
5
3
1
HSUPACategory
2
10
10
10
TTI
2xSF2 + 2xSF4
2 x SF2
2 x SF4
1 x SF4
Codes x Spreading
5.74 Mbps
2 Mbps
1.45 Mbps
0.71 Mbps
Data rate
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HSPA mobility
HSDPA Soft handover on associated DCH channels (signalling, UL data) Serving cell change for HSDPA data channel
Connected only to one cell at a time
HSUPA Soft handover utilised for uplink channels as required due to near-far problem Only Serving Cell can allocate more UL capacity/power
HS-SCCHHS-PDSCH
DPCH
DPCHServing HS-DSCH cell
Notice that soft/softer handoveris not supported for HS-SCCH/HS-PDSCH
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UL DCH vs HSDPA vs HSUPA Concepts
HSDPAHSDPA HSUPAHSUPA
ModulationModulation QPSK and 16-QAMQPSK and 16-QAM BPSK and Dual-BPSKBPSK and Dual-BPSK
Soft handoverSoft handover NoNo YesYes
HSUPA is like reversed HSDPA, except
Fast power control
Fast power control NoNo YesYes
SchedulingScheduling Point tomultipointPoint to
multipoint Multipoint to pointMultipoint to point
Non-scheduled transmission
Non-scheduled transmission NoNo Yes, for minimum/guaranteed bit rate
Yes, for minimum/guaranteed bit rate
Required for near-far avoidance
Efficient UE power amplifier
Scheduling cannot be as fast as in HSDPA
Similar to R99 DCH but with HARQ
HSUPA could be better described as Enhanced DCH in the uplink than reversed HSDPA
Feature
Variable spreading factor
Fast power control
Adaptive modulation
BTS based scheduling
DCH
Yes
Yes
No
No
HSUPA
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Fast L1 HARQ No Yes
HSDPA
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Multicode transmission Yes(No in practice) Yes Yes
HSUPA (E-DCH) is an uplink DCH with BTS-based HARQ and scheduling and true multicode support
Soft handover Yes Yes No(associated DCH only)
HSDPA
HSDPA stands for High Speed Downlink Packet Access. As the name suggests, this is a piece of UMTS functionality designed to deliver downlink packet data at very high data rates. It is a release 5 feature. It achieves its aim by using the following techniques:
Use of shared channel conceptRather than constantly allocating and deallocating dedicated channels to individual users, users share a high bandwidth channel the HS-DSCH (High Speed Downlink Shared Channel). This allows the system to operate with a fat pipe
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Module 1 WCDMA Fundamentals
Summary Radio interface technology of UMTS is WCDMA with FDD and TDD
versions WCDMA networks can be built on European, US-based and
Asian/Japanese frequency bands WCDMA air interface utilises combination of two spreading codes Radio Resource Management is responsible of efficient utilisation of
radio resources while offering required quality of service to users HSPA technology can provide higher air interface efficiency
RN3154EN10GLA0
Radio network planning fundamentals
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1 NSN Siemens Networks RN31543EN10GLA0
Radio network planning fundamentals3GRPESS Module 2
RN3154EN10GLA0
Radio network planning fundamentals
2
2 NSN Siemens Networks RN31543EN10GLA0
Module 2 Radio propagation fundamentals
Objectives After this module the participant shall be able to:- Understand basic radio propagation mechanisms Understand fading phenomena Calculate free space loss Understand basic concepts related to base station
end mobile station performance
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3 NSN Siemens Networks RN31543EN10GLA0
Module Contents
Propagation mechanisms
Multipath And Fading
Propagation Slope And Different Environments
Base station configuration and performance
Base station antenna line configuration
Mobile station performance
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4 NSN Siemens Networks RN31543EN10GLA0
Module Contents
Propagation mechanisms Basics: deciBel (dB) Radio channel Reflections Diffractions Scattering
Multipath And Fading Propagation Slope And Different Environments Base station configuration and performance Base station antenna line configuration Mobile station performance
RN3154EN10GLA0
Radio network planning fundamentals
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5 NSN Siemens Networks RN31543EN10GLA0
deciBel (dB) Definition
Power
Voltages
dB PP
PlinP dB
=
=10 100
10log [ ].( )
dB EE
ElinE dB
=
=20 100
20log [ ].( )
Plin.=Elin. / 2
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deciBel (dB) Conversion
Calculations in dB (deciBel) Logarithmic scaleAlways with respect to a reference dBW = dB above Watt dBm = dB above mWatt dBi = dB above isotropic dBd = dB above dipole dBV/m = dB above V/mRule-of-thumb: +3dB = factor 2 +7 dB = factor 5 +10 dB = factor 10 -3dB = factor 1/2 -7 dB = factor 1/5 -10 dB = factor 1/10
-30 dBm = 1 W-20 dBm = 10 W
-10 dBm = 100 W-7 dBm = 200 W-3 dBm = 500 W0 dBm = 1 mW+3 dBm = 2 mW+7 dBm = 5 mW
+10 dBm = 10 mW+13 dBm = 20 mW+20 dBm = 100mW
+30 dBm = 1 W+40 dBm = 10W
+50 dBm = 100W
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Radio Channel Main Characteristics
Linear In field strength
Reciprocal UL & DL channel same (if in same frequency)
Dispersive In time (echo, multipath propagation) In spectrum (wideband channel)
amplitude
delay time
direct path
echoes
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Free-space propagation Signal strength decreases exponentially with
distance
ReflectionSpecular reflectionamplitude A a*A (a < 1)phase f - fpolarisation material dependant
phase shift
Diffuse reflectionamplitude A a *A (a < 1)phase f random phasepolarisation random
specular reflection
diffuse reflection
D
Propagation Mechanisms (1/2)
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Propagation Mechanisms (2/2)
Absorption Heavy amplitude attenuation Material dependant phase shifts Depolarisation
Diffraction Wedge - model Knife edge Multiple knife edges
A A - 5..30 dB
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Scattering Macrocell
Scattering local to mobile Causes fading Small delay and large angle
spreads Doppler spread causes time
varying effects
Scattering local to base station No additional Doppler spread Small delay and angle spread
Remote scattering Independent path fading No additional Doppler spread Large delay spread Large angle spread
Scattering localto mobile
Scattering localto base station
Remote scattering
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Scattering Microcell
Many local scatterers: Large angle spread Low delay spread Medium or high Doppler spread
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Module Contents
Reflections, Diffractions And Scattering
Multipath and Fading Delay Time dispersion Angle Angular Spread Frequency Doppler Spread Fading Slow & Fast
Propagation Slope And Different Environments Base station configuration and performance Base station antenna line configuration Mobile station performance
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Multipath propagation
Radio signal propagates from A to B over multiple paths using different propagation mechanisms
Multipath Propagation Received signal is a sum of multipath signals
Different radio paths have different properties Distance Delay/Time Direction Angle Direction & Receiver/Transmitter Movement Frequency
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Delay Time dispersion
Multipath delays due to multipath propagation 1 s 300 m path difference
WCDMA Rake receiver to combine multipath components Components with delay separation more than 1 chip (0.26 s = 78 m) can be
separated and combined Standardized delay profiles in 3GPP specs:
TU3 typical urban at 3 km/h (pedestrians) TU50 typical urban at 50 km/h (cars) HT100 hilly terrain (road vehicles, 100 km/h) RA250 rural area (highways, up to 250 km/h)
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t
P
4.3.2.
1.1.
2.=>
f1
f1
f1
f1
BTS
1st floor
2nd floor
3rd floor
4th floor
Delay Spread
Multipath propagation
Channel impulse response
Delayed components in DAS (Distributed antenna systems)
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Delay Spread
Typical values
Environment Delay Spread (s)
Macrocellular, urban 0.5-3
Macrocellular, suburban 0.5
Macrocellular, rural 0.1-0.2
Macrocellular, HT 3-10
Microcellular < 0.1
Indoor 0.01...0.1
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Angle Angular Spread
Angular spread arises due to multipath, both from local scatterersnear the mobile and near the base station and remote scatterers
Angular spread is a function of base station location, distance and environment
Angular Spread has an effect mainly on the performance of diversity reception and adaptive antennas
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Macrocellular Environment= Macrocell Coverage Area
Microcellular Environment= Microcell Coverage Area
Microcell Antenna
Macrocell Antenna
Angular Spread
5 - 10 degrees in macrocellular environment >> 10 degrees in microcellular environment < 360 degrees in indoor environment
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Frequency Doppler Spread
With a moving transmitter or receiver, the frequency observed bythe receiver will change (Doppler effect)
Rise if the distance on the radio path is decreasing Fall if the distance in the radio path is increasing
The difference between the highest and the lowest frequency shift is called Doppler spread
fcvvfd ==
v: Speed of receiver (m/s)c: Speed of light (3*10^8 m/s)f: Frequency (Hz)
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Fading
Fading describes the variation of the total pathloss ( signal level) when receiver/transmitter moves in the cell coverage area
Fading is commonly categorised to two categories based on the phenomena causing it
Slow fading: Caused by shadowing because of obstacles Fast fading: Caused by multipath propagation
Time-selective fading: Short delay + Doppler Frequency-selective fading: Long delay Space-selective fading: Large angle
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time
power
2 sec 4 sec 6 sec
+20 dB
mean value
- 20 dB
lognormal fading
Rayleighfading
Fading Slow & Fast
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Slow Fading Gaussian Distribution
Measurement campaigns have shown that slow fading follows Gaussian distribution
Received signal strength in dB scale (e.g. dBm, dBW) Gaussian distribution is described by mean value m, standard
deviation 68% of values are within m 95% of values are within m 2
Gaussian distribution used in planning margin calculations
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Slow Fading Gaussian Distribution
d
Normal / Gaussian Distribution
Standard Deviation, = 7 dB
0.00000
0.01000
0.02000
0.03000
0.04000
0.05000
0.06000
0.07000
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25
Normal / Gaussian Distribution
22
1
+
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Fast Fading
Different signal paths interfere and affect the received signal Rice Fading the dominant (usually LOS) path exist
Rayleigh Fading no dominant path exist
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Fast Fading Rayleigh Distribution
It can be theretically shown that fast fading follows Rayleigh Distribution when there is no single dominant multipath component
Applicable to fast fading in obstructed paths Valid for signal level in linear scale (e.g. mW, W)
+10
0
-10
-20
-300 1 2 3 4 5 m
level (dB)
920 MHzv = 20 km/h
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Fast Fading Rician Distribution
Fast fading follows Rician distribution when there is a dominantmultipath component, for example line-of-sight component combined with in-direct components
Sliding transition between Gaussian and Rayleigh Rice-factor K = r/A: direct / indirect signal energy
K = 0 RayleighK >>1 Gaussian
K = 0(Rayleigh)
K = 1K = 5
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Module Contents
Reflections, Diffractions And Scattering Multipath And Fading
Propagation Slope And Different Environments Free Space Loss Received power with antenna gain Propagation slope
Base station configuration and performance Base station antenna line configuration Mobile station performance
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Free Space Loss
Free space loss proportional to 1/d2 Simplified case: isotropic antenna Which part of total radiated power is found within surface A? Power density S = P/A = P / 4 d2
Received power within surface A : P = P/A * A Received power reduces with square of distance
dSurface A = 4 * d2
assume surfaceA= 1m2
2d4d
A = 4*AA = 16*A
A
d
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Received power with antenna gain
Power density at the receiving end
Effective receiver antenna area
Received power
Reff GA 4
2
=
ss Gd
PS 24=
PP
G Gd
r
ss r=
4
2
PsAsGs
PrArGr
d
SAP effr =
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Propagation slope
The received power equation can be formulated as
Where C is a constant is the slope factor
Free space = 2 Practical propagation = 2.5 ... 5
2
4
=
C
= dCGGPP rssr
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Module Contents
Reflections, Diffractions And Scattering Multipath And Fading Propagation Slope And Different Environments
Base station configuration and performance
Base station antenna line configuration Mobile station performance
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Base station tasks
WCDMA base station is responsible of Common channel generation (Pilot, BCCH etc.) Physical layer processing
RF reception RF transmission Signal reception, de-spreading (Rake-receiver) Signal generation (spreading), channel multiplexing Error correction coding/de-coding Data detection
Fast closed loop power control Iub transmission Air interface load measurement, reporting to RNC
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Base station (RF) configuration options
The main options for the base station configuration are Number of sectors/cells Number of carriers per sector Number of Linear Power Amplifiers
E.g. multiple carriers per Linear Power Amplifiers Linear Power Amplifier transmit power Base band signal processing capacity
Required signal processing capacity depends on maximum number ofconnections and connection type (bit rate)
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Base station performance
Base station performance is related to its capability to transmit and receive radio signals
Transmit capability Total transmit power Transmit losses
Reception capability Minimum required signal level = Sensitivity
RF performance Baseband/algorithm performance
HW Capacity Signal processing capacity Transmission capacity
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WCDMA base station transmit power
In WCDMA base stations the transmit power is shared in cell level between All transmitted physical channels (Common channels, Users) Carriers, if multiple carriers are used Sectors
WCDMA signal requires linear power amplifier (PA) Linear modulation (QAM/16-QAM) Transmitted signal sum of multiple signals High peak to average ratio
Typical maximum PA output power levels are between 10 and 50 W In base station configuration large part of output power can be lost to external
antenna line losses (e.g. 2 6 dB) To be minimised Physical channel (user) specific maximum power is limited by
Total base station transmit power and amount of DL traffic (DL load) Channel specific power limitations defined by the system (In NSN RNC/AC)
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WCDMA base station transmit power HSDPA
Available DL power can be allocated to HSDPA transmission Depends on DL load conditions Maximum HSDPA power can be limited by RNC parameters
Base station transmit power can be fully utilised HSDPA No power control headroom required for HSDPA
Same power for all users Maximise DL capacity
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WCDMA base station sensitivity
Base station sensitivity depends on base station reception RF and base band performance
Base station reception RF performance is measured by receiver chain noise figure (NF)
Base station NF is typically measured at the base station input NF describes how much the signal quality (C/I) is degraded in the receiver
chain NF is affected by all noise figures, gains and losses in the receiver chain
Base station reception base band performance in measured by required signal quality (Eb/N0) for a given connection quality (BER, BLER)
Theoretical limit defined by channel conditions and signal configuration (e.g. channel coding)
Improvement can be achieved by efficient algorithms, e.g. Rake receiver performance, and implementation
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WCDMA base station sensitivity
The required received signal power can be calculated when the external noise and interference power IEXT is known
NFIPGN
EIICP EXTbTOTRX ==
1
0
min
)(0
min dBNFIPGIP EXTNETOTICRX b ++=+=
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Base station reception performance Eb/N0
In order to meet the defined quality requirements (BLER) a certain average bit-energy divided by total noise+interference spectral density (Eb/N0) is needed
Eb/N0 is defined at bit detection in the receiver baseband Eb/N0 depends on
Service and bearer Bit rate, BER requirement, channel coding
Radio channel Doppler spread (Mobile speed, frequency) Multipath, delay spread
Receiver/connection configuration Handover situation Diversity configuration Fast power control usage
Typically given Eb/N0 includes also overhead due to physical layer control signalling Higher bit rates Less overhead Lower Eb/N0
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Required Eb/N0
PGIC
RW
IC
NEb
==
0
NothownDL PIII ++= )1( NothownUL PIII ++=
Where:C = received powerR = bit rate (typically service bit rate)W = bandwidthPG = processing gainIown = total power received from the serving cell (excluding own signal)Ioth = total power received from other cellsPN = noise power = orthogonality factor
Energy per chip
Total power spectral density
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Required UL Eb/N0 Specifications and NSN
Specification requirements for UL for different Speeds Services Channel conditions
3GPP models With 2-port UL antenna
diversity Fast closed loop power
control used Include some NSN
corrections forimplementation margin,effect of speed, power controletc.
REF: Dimensioning and Configuring WCDMA RAN, dn0450427x4x0xen
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Required UL Eb/N0 - HSUPA
New set of Eb/No figures generated from link level simulations
Include the E-DPDCH, E-DPCCH and DPCCH
Eb/No values are included for Bit rates 32 kbps to 1920 kbps Target BLER 1, 5 and 10 % Propagation channels Pedestrian A 3
km/h and Vehicular A 30 km/h Target BLER figures are applicable to
each MAC-e transmission 10 % Target BLER corresponds to a
BLER of 0.01 % after 4 transmissions
Eb/No look-up tables
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Required Ec /I0
Required Ec/I0 is the required RF C/I needed in order to meet the baseband Eb/N0 criteria
Ec/N0 used often instead of Ec/I0 in same context NOTE: Pilot Ec/N0 different measure
Ec/I0 depends on the bit rate and Eb/N0
IC
WR
NE
IE bc
==
00
Energy per chip
Total power spectral density
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Base station performance in different frequency bands The specification requirements for base station sensitivity and transmit power is
same in all frequency bands
In reality we will have some changes on our overall performance via frequency change:
Node B noise figure (e.g. Flexi ~2 GHz 2 dB, ~900 MHz 2.3 dB), Node B antenna gain, same size (e.g. ~2 GHz =17.5 dBi, ~900MHz = 14.5 dBi), Cable loss (e.g. ~2 GHz = 5.9 dB/100 m, ~900MHz = 3.7 dB/100 m), User equipment noise figure, specification (e.g.~2 GHz 8 dB, ~900 MHz 11 dB) Propagation, lower frequency has better propagation performance. Thus carrier
frequency is affecting a lot on cell range calculations.
Operating Band
UL Frequencies UE transmit, Node B receive
DL frequencies UE receive, Node B transmit
I 1920 1980 MHz 2110 2170 MHz II 1850 1910 MHz 1930 1990 MHz III 1710-1785 MHz 1805-1880 MHz IV 1710-1755 MHz 2110-2155 MHz V 824 849 MHz 869-894 MHz VI 830-840 MHz 875-885 MHz VII 2500-2570 MHz 2620-2690 MHz VIII 880 915 MHz 925 960 MHz IX 1749.9-1784.9 MHz 1844.9-1879.9 MHz
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Base station HW capacity
Base station HW capacity can be limited by signal processing andtransmission capacity
Signal processing capacity is shared between all users and common control channels under the same base stations
In NSN base stations the main signal processing capacity unit is a Channel element
Channel element corresponds signal processing power required for a speech call (
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Module Contents
Reflections, Diffractions And Scattering Multipath And Fading Propagation Slope And Different Environments Base station configuration and performance
Base station antenna line configuration
Mobile station performance
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Antenna System
The WCDMA UltraSite Antenna System contains the following components
Antennas WCDMA Masthead Amplifiers (MHA) Bias-T EMP Protector, lightning protection (only
needed if no Bias-T is used) Diplexers
combines/divides two bands such as WCDMA and GSM to a common feeder line)
Triplexers combines/divides three bands such as
WCDMA, GSM1800 and GSM900 to a common feeder line)
Feeder and Jumper cables, Grounding kits
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Antenna types
Vertical polarised antennas and cross-polarised antennas Omni-directional and 33/65/88 degree antennas WCDMA/GSM dual-band antennas (e.g. GSM900 & WCDMA2100)
Separate element for both bands, separate tilt possible Separate or common antenna connectors (internal duplexer)
WCDMA/GSM broadband antennas (e.g. GSM1800 & WCDMA2100) Antenna is designed to cover multiple frequency bands Single element and connector for multiple bands, same tilt
WCDMA/GSM triple-band antennas (e.g. GSM900&1800 & WCDMA2100) Smart Radio Concept (SRC) antennas
Antennas with two wideband X-pol elements Electrically tilted antennas
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Antenna structures Dual/single band
Two separate antenna arrays in dual-band antenna
900 MHz & 1800 MHz Different element sizes
Dual Single
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Antenna specification
Gain Antenna gain is proportional to the physical size, signal frequency and antenna
vertical and horizontal beamwidth Large size & High frequency Narrow beam High gain
In WCDMA2100 typical gains are between 12 dBi 20 dBi Horizontal beamwidth
Selection of horizontal frequency depends mainly on number of sectors Omni directional = 360 degrees 3-sectors = 60 90 degrees 6-sectors = 30 degrees
Vertical beamwidth Vertical beamwidth depends on the vertical dimension of the antenna
2 m 4.3 degrees 19.5 dBi, 1.3 m 6.7 degrees 18.5 dBi, 0.34 m 28 degrees 12.3 dBi
Narrow beamwidth antennas have higher gain and also tilting has more effect Electrical downtilt
Downtilt improves the dominance of the cell (more in coverage and capacity enhancement)
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WCDMA Panels
WCDMA Broadband Antennas
Antenna TypeDimensions
[mm]Weight
[kg]Frequency
Range [MHz]Gain [dBi]
Beam Width
Downtilt
CS72761.01 Xpol F-panel 342/155/69 2.0 1710-2170 12.5 65 2CS72761.02 Xpol F-panel 1302/155/69 6.0 1710-2170 18.5 65 2CS72761.05 Xpol F-panel 1302/155/69 7.5 1710-2170 17 88 0...8CS72761.07 Xpol F-panel 1942/155/69 10.0 1710-2170 19.5 65 0...6CS72761.08 Xpol F-panel 662/155/69 7.5 1710-2170 18 65 0...8CS72761.09 Xpol F-panel 1302/155/69 3.5 1710-2170 15.5 65 0...10
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WCDMA Panels
WCDMA Narrowbeam Antennas
Antenna TypeDimensions
[mm]Weight
[kg]Frequency
Range [MHz]Gain [dBi]
Beam Width
Downtilt
CS72762.01 Xpol F-panel 1302/299/69 12 1900-2170 21 30 0...8
WCDMA Omni Antennas
Antenna TypeDimensions
[mm]Weight
[kg]Frequency
Range [MHz]Gain [dBi]
Beam Width
Downtilt
CS72760 Omni 1570/148/112 5.0 1920/2170 11 360 --
WCDMA Dual Broadband Antennas (WCDMA/GSM 1800 or SRC)
Antenna TypeDimensions
[mm]Weight
[kg]Frequency
Range [MHz]Gain [dBi]
Beam Width
Downtilt
CS72764.01 Xpol F-panel 1302/299/69 12.0 1710-2170 18.5/18.5 85/85 0..8/0..8CS72761.09 Xpol F-panel 1302/299/69 12.0 1710-2170 17/17 65/65 0..8/0..8
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WCDMA panels in different frequency bands
BTS antenna gain is lower in WCDMA900 than in WCDMA2100 if the antenna physical sizes are kept the same
Vertical size limiting Vertical beam width increases when frequency decreases
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Upgrades to Current GSM Antennas
space diversity
space +
polarizationdiversity
polarization
diversity
2 x polarization
diversity within
one radome
1300 mm
150 mm 150 mm
260 mm
UpgradeUpgradeCurrent
Space diversity improves performance 0.5..1.0 dB compared to single radome. The gain of 2.5 dB assumes single radome.
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-119 dBm / 200 kHz-37 dBm / 200 kHz
ANT port in-band 5 dBmout-of-band 20 dBm
BTS port avg 46 dBm in-bandpeak 62 dBm in-band
65 dB71 dB
65 dB
200 - 300 mA100 msec
UMTS RX, 1920-1980
Alarm Setting ConditionsAlarm current range
Switch time
Critical Input RX filter rejections
Critical TX filter rejectionsUMTS TX, 2110-2170GSM1800, 1805-1880
Passive Intermodulation Products
PIM level in TX bandPIM level in RX band
Rated Power at Ports
+/- 0.5 dB room+/- 0.9 dB all temps
Insertion Loss 0.6 dB
Response, other freqs 0 dB within 20 MHz of passband
3rd-order intercept 10 dBm1dB compression -5 dBm
Noise Figure 2 dB
RX band 16 dBTX band 18 dB
Group delay distortion 20 ns over 5 MHZ
7.0 - 8.6V, UltraSite/MetroSite11 - 13 V , CoSited BTS
Nominal current 190 mAMax. current 350 mA
Insertion Loss 3 dBReturn Loss 12 dB
Voltage
Return Loss, ANT and BTS ports
MHA Input Dynamic Range
Bypass Mode
Nominal gain of 12 dBGain, RX band
Ripple
DC Power supplied
Mast Head AmplifierImproves base station system noise figure
Technical Data Sheet:
TX
RX
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