3． 海外研修（インドネシア研修） 資料

１． インドネシアの森林林業分野における気候変動政策（英語） 233

Ms. Puspa（インドネシア林業省森林保安自然保全総局 担当官）

２． 世界の森林カーボン市場と環境サービスへの対価の支払い（英語） 237

Dr. Beria Leimona（ICRAF 研究員)

３． 東ジャワ州ブロモ・トゥングル・スメル国立公園内生態系回復 CSR プロジェクト（英語） 244

Ms. Emy Endah Suwarni（ブロモ・トゥングル・スメル国立公園事務所 担当課長）

４． 地域住民の生計向上のための牧畜飼料林・薪林の造成（英語） 254

Dr. Sri Tejowulan（マタラム大学 講師）

５． CDM 植林の基本ルール（英語） 261

仲摩 栄一郎（国際緑化推進センター 研究員）

６． 炭素蓄積量の測定方法、CO2 吸収量の推定方法（英語） 269

森 徳典（国際緑化推進センター 主任研究員）

７－１．樹木中の炭素蓄積量の推定方法（英語） 274

仲摩 栄一郎（国際緑化推進センター 研究員）

７－２．マツ造林地におけるプロット調査データを基に CO2 吸収量の計算（英語） 277

森 徳典（国際緑化推進センター 主任研究員）

８－１．南カリマンタン州“エプソン環境と友好の森”の植林地概要（英語） 278

Mr. Rudianto（林業省造林社会林業総局バリトー流域管理署 造林担当官）

８－２．南カリマンタン州“エプソン環境と友好の森”の住民参加概要（英語） 281

Mr. Mahrus Aryadi（ランブン・マンクラット大学 講師）

９． 西ヌサテンガラ州ロンボック島における“小規模 CDM 植林モデル林”の概要（英語） 284

Mr. Baderun Zainal（前西ヌサテンガラ州林業局長）

１０． 森林カーボンプロジェクトにおける CDM 植林と REDD の統合アプローチ（英語） 287

Dr. Rizaldi Boer（ボゴール農科大学、東南アジア太平洋気候変動リスク管理セ

ンター所長）

１１．西スマトラ州“パニンガハン村友好の森”と VER 植林事業（英語） 292

Dr. Alimin Djisbar（シンカラ湖基金）

１２．南カリマンタン州“エプソン環境と友好の森”CO2 吸収量のモニタリング調査（英語） 298

森 徳典（国際緑化推進センター 主任研究員）

233

NATIONAL POLICY ON CLIMATE CHANGE IN FORESTRY SECTOR

• PRESENTED BY• PUSPA DEWI LIMAN, DEPUTY DIRECTOR FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES,• DIRECTORATE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES AND NATURE TOURISM• DG OF FOREST PROTECTION AND NATURE CONSERVATION, MOFR• AT THE SEMINAR ON AR/CDM BROMRO TENGGER NP‐JIFPRO• 27 –29 OCTOBER 2009

• Some of the energies are reflected to the outer space by earth in infra red wave light  form

Some of the infra redwave lightare trapped in an atmospherelayer, and then heat the earth

Most of this radiation areabsorbed by earth andwarm the earth

The increase of earth temperature we face

CLIMATE CHANGE PATTERN  THAT HAS HAPPENEDD

BACKGROUND

1. INDONESIA IS A SENSITIVE COUNTRY TO THE EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE

2. CONCERN TO THE COLLECTIVE EFFORTS OF GLOBAL WARMING MITIGATION.

3. CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATIONIS AN INTEGRATIVE EFFORT WITHTHE NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM

4. NEED TANGIBLE PLANS TO OVERCOMETHE CLIMATE CHANGETHAT WILL  AFFECT:

1. FOREST RESOURCE CONSERVATION

2. VILLAGERS AROUND THE FOREST

3. FOREST BUSINESS CONTINUANCE

235

Climate change and

Climate variability 

Impacts

Responses

AdaptationMitigation

… maintaining and increasing … maintaining and increasing ecosystem C pools and C sequestration ecosystem C pools and C sequestration –– reducing emissions from biospherereducing emissions from biosphere

… maintaining and increasing … maintaining and increasing ecosystem resilience ecosystem resilience –– reducing reducing vulnerabilityvulnerability

FOREST & CLIMATE CHANGEFROM FOREST WE MAY :- INCREASE ECOSYSTEM ENDURANCE (= adaptation),- RECOVER & STORE CARBON (= mitigation)

Mitigation

Adaptation

• POTENTIAL FOREST AREA  IS 137,09 MILLIONHA &PEAT FOREST IS 17 MILLIONHA (ABOUT 10% OF THE COUNTRY AREA)

• FOREST AS SOURCES OFEMISSION& CARBON ABSORBER

• FOREST PLAYS ROLE IN ECONOMICAL COMMUNITY& INDONESIA IS RESPONSIBLE TO RECOVER THE ENVIRONMENT

• IPCC (2007) RECORDED THE CONTRIBUTIONFROMDEFORESTATION17 % TO TOTAL EMISSION OFGHGS GLOBAL (~ 8 GTON CO2 PER YEAR), ANDOTHER 75 % COME FROMDEFORESTATIONIN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.

FOREST AND CLIMATE CHANGE

Opening peat land in the future will increase carbonemission

Opened peatland at present

Opening peat landin the future

No. Period Deforestation Rate

(million ha/year)

1 1982 – 1990 0,90

2 1990 – 1997 1,80

3 1997 – 2000 2,83

4 2000 – 2005 1,08

DEFORESTATION RATE 1980-2005

Source: the Ministry of Forestry (2007)

RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE

236

FORESTRY  SECTOR

REVITALITATION,PARTICULARLY

FOREST  INDUSTRIES

ELIMINATION OF

ILLEGAL LOGGING (IL) 

& ILLEGAL TIMBER 

TRADE (IT)

EMPOWERMENT OFCOMMUNITY ECONOMY

IN & AROUND THEFOREST AREA

REHABILITATION ANDFOREST RESOURCECONSERVATION

FOREST AREA

STABILIZATION

PPMF2005-2009

1

3 4

5

5

5 PRIORITY POLICIES OFTHE MINISTRYOF FORESTRY2005 ‐ 2009

WORK GROUP OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE MINISTRY OF FORESTRY

• THE DECREE OF MINISTER OF FORESTRY NO. 13/2009 TGL2 JANUARI 2009

• SUPERVISOR : ECHELON I• LEADER : SAM BID KEMITRAAN• SECRETARY I : SEKRETARIS BADAN LITBANG KEHUTANAN• SECRETARY II : DIREKTUR PERENCANAAN KAWASAN• MEMBERS : SEKRETARIS DITJEN PLANOLOGI, PHKA,• RLPS, BPK, KARO HO, KEUANGAN, DIREKTUR• BINA PENGEMBANGAN HUTANALAM,• HUTANTANAMAN, PJLWA, PENGELOLAAN DAS,• INV & PEMANTAUANINFO SDH, KAPUS KLN

• TASKS : GIVING INPUT, EVALUATING POLICIES, MANAGING DATA& INFORMATION, FACILITATING INISIATIVES, DEALING WITHCLIMATE CHANGE ACTIVITIES (ADAPTATION, MITIGATION ANDTECHNOLOGY TRANSFER) IN THE MINISTRY OF FORESTRY

COORDINATIONAMONGOTHER SECTORS

O ther Sectors: Forestry:

Agriculture Syncronization of agricultural land extensivication andplantation

Health Indication of desease break out due to land opening/conversion of mangrove forests

Energy Forest conversion to prepare alternative energy andgeothermal lands in forest area

Water Resources Rehabilitation handling of critical Cathment Area, developing water infrastructure in or passing forest area

Fishery Coordination of Ocean National Park management andintergrated mangrove forest management

Transportation Transportation infrastructure development in or passing forest area

Industry Providing raw materials for wood industries

MITIGATION OF FORESTRY SECTOR

1. CAPACITY IMPROVEMENT OF CARBON ABSORBTION:Plantation Estate Forest,  Community Pantation Forest, People Forest, Conservation Forest, Rehabilitation Forest and Land Movement,1 million and 100 million trees  planting movements, One Man One Tree Movement, and Clean Development Mechanism.

2. CARBON STOCK IMPROVEMENT : Releasing permits  of Forest Concession for Restoration

3. EMISSION PREVENTION ORREDUCTIONFROM FOREST DEFORESTATIONANDDEGRADATION: Illegal logging elimination, forest fire mitigation, forest recource consrvation, community empowermentand forest area stability

4. REDD MECHANISM (REDUCING EMISSION FROMDEFORESTATION AND FOREST DEGRADATION)

1. IMPROVEMENT OF FOREST RESOURCE CONSERVATION : Improvement of function and carrying capasity of cachment area, selected superior spceies, application of forest conservation management.

2. COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AROUND THE FOREST : Improvement of social economic of community around the forest, alternatives ofmeans of livelihoodbeyond forest area

3. IMPROVEMENT OF FOREST BUSINESS CONTINUANCE : Forest industry revitalization, forest business diversification,  the use of industrial cesspool for forest industrial substances

4. INTEGRATED MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE THROUGH THE ACTIVITIES OF REHABILITATION, PLANTING, AND ADAPTED SPECIES TO CLIMATE CHANGE

ADAPTATION EFFORTS

1. CONTRIBUTING INNATIONAL COMMUNICATIONDELIVERY2. IMPLEMENTING INVENTORIZATION OFGRK; TO GAINGRK 

EMISSION LESS THAN PROJECTION OF THE LAST PERIOD EMISSIONBASELINE

3. MONITORING GRK STATUS (USINGREVISED 1996 IPPC THAT ISCATEGORI ZED AS LULUCF OR AFOLU BASED ON2006 IPPC GUIDELINES)

4. BUILDING FOREST RESOURCES INFORMATION SYSTEM ANDNATIONAL CARBON ACCOUNTING SYSTEM

MONITORING,REPORTING,AND EVALUATING

237

FURTHER STEPS

1. TO FORM POSITIONAL KOHERN IN NEGOTIATING TO COPENHAGEN, AND TO DEVELOP JOINT VENTURES (F‐11, PEAT LAND DEVELOPED COUNTRIES)

2. TO DEVELOP EXPERIMENTS/DEMONSTRATION ACTIVITIES AT THE SELECTED LOCATIONS (FOR DIFFERENT FOREST FUCNTIONS)

3. TO IMPROVECOMMUNITY AWARNESS OF BENEFITS AND RISKS FROM CLIMATE CHANGE TENDENCY

4. TO COMPLETEREDD NATIONAL STRATEGY PLAN

5. TO COORDINATETHE INTERELATED STAKEHOLDERS TO OPTIMALIZED THEMITIGATION AND ADAPTATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE

CLOSURE

• FORESTRY SECTOR POLICIES’ PROGRAMS  RESEMBLE 

ADAPTATION & MITIGATION  EFFORT PROGRAMS OFFORESTRY SECTOR TOWARDS CLIMATE  CHANGE, 

EVENTHOUGH THOSE PROGRAMS ARE NOT ECSPLISITLYMAKE IN THE EXIST POLICIES’ PROGRAMS

• CLIMATE CHANGE HAS A GLOBAL CHARACTERISTIC, AND THE SUCCEED OFMITIGATION‐ADAPTATION  EFFORTS  IN 

FORESTRY SECTOR CANNOT BE SEPERATED  FROM THE OTHER EFFORTS

238

REWARDS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES REWARDS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES AS THE BASIS FOR CARBON MARKET: AS THE BASIS FOR CARBON MARKET:

ITS CONCEPT AND IMPLEMENTATION IN ITS CONCEPT AND IMPLEMENTATION IN INDONESIAINDONESIA

Beria Leimona and Meine v an Noordwijk

Training and Seminar on Afforestation and Reforestation CDM (A/R CDM)Japan International Forestry Promotion and Cooperation Center (JIFRO)

Malang, 27 October 2009

Carbon sequestration and its payment scheme are parts of larger scale and integrated with the overall environmental services and their schemes: their natural resource management and supporting institutions.

The CDM and REDD scheme including the voluntary carbon market are multi-scale: local, national international.

Each scale has different but inter linked problems, pr ior ities, institutions.

Problems that need resolving: local governance, policy gaps and ‘carbon r ights’.

Rewards/payment for ES has positive impacts for its participants and non-participants, especially the non-financial benefits.

The role of government is indeed very important despite its market character istic of carbon trading.

PESAN KUNCIPESAN KUNCI

Landscape Dynamic

Providers of Environmental

service

Land management

Stewards

Terrace, agroforestry

Guardians

Forest protection efforts

Env ironmental Serv ice Function

• Biodiv ersity conserv ation

• Landscape beauty

• Water quantity and quality

• Carbon stock

Direct benefit

Beneficiaries of

Environmental Service

Recognition and Rewards

• Opportunity cost• Land control and access

Policy and Institution• Transaction cost• Supports and challenges

Natural Capital

Financing Mechanisms for Ecosystem Services

(1)Public Financing Schemes (subsidies

& tax-incentiv es)-agri-env. measures-employ ment progr.

-lower taxes on GreenInv estment funds

(2)Priv ate payments(a)user f ees &private deals – eg eco-tourism(b) Eco-labelling & social pricing – FSC, Fair Trade

(3) Government supported market creation (eg. offset & trading schemes („eco-assets“) - carbon credits, -wetland banking, etc

“Private Commercial Schemes”: Banks, Pension Funds, Micro-Credits, inf ormal lending

(4) Voluntary Priv ate non-market mechanismsLotteries; Donations, Adoption & Friend-schemes, etc

PES/RES• An operational scheme to link

ES providers & beneficiaries

• Financing mechanism is a source of fund for PES scheme

• PES should be conditional, realistic, voluntary and [pro-poor]

Regulation, compensation or reward?Lessons learned from RUPES

CES1: Polluter pay s compensation for damage inf licted

CES2a: Tradable pollution and ES-use rights as ‘of f sets'

CES2b: Tradable pollution and ES-use rights bought f or conservation sake

RES1: Rewards f or ES enhancement through ‘stewardship’

RES2: Rewards f or ES maintenance (av oided degradation) by guardians

Minimum acceptable behaviour and its effect

on ES is set by regulation

Baseline of ‘business as usual’

under current driver conditions

REDUnacceptable env ironmental

degradation

AmberCurrent practice and

‘rights to pollute’

GreenMaintenance and

enhancement of ES

Public policy context Actor position Trend Mechanism

(van Noordw ijk et al 2006)

Markets for ES at Different Scales 

ES Macro Meso Micro

Global Regional trans-

boundary

National Inter community

(province, district)

Intra-community

Carbon sequestration +++ ++ + - --

Biodiversity +++ + + -- -

Watershed function --- - - + +++Landscape beauty ++ ++ +++ - --

239

Four criteria in developing reward for environmental services mechanisms (van Noordwijk  et al 2006)

• Realistic: – reward slightly exceeds the willingness to accept for land managers to 

take actions in providing ES but less than the willingness and ability to pay of ES beneficiaries

– based on real cause‐effect relations between land use and environmental services to ensure its sustainability

• Conditional: mechanism should include conditions for rewards which relate to the actual goals

• Voluntary: schemes are  adaptive and reflect effective  voice of communities and balanced negotiation power at all levels

• Pro‐poor: schemes to understand the  relations between poverty and ES provis ion and to develop pro‐poor mechanisms

Landscape Dynamic

Providers of Environmental

service

Land management

Stewards

Terrace, agroforestry

Guardians

Forest protection efforts

Env ironmental Serv ice Function

• Biodiv ersity conserv ation

• Landscape beauty

• Water quantity and quality

• Carbon stock

Direct benefit

Beneficiaries of

Environmental Service

Recognition and Rewards

• Opportunity cost• Land control and access

Policy and Institution• Transaction cost• Supports and challenges

Natural Capital

Vo

lun

tary

Vo

lun

tary

–ad

apti

ve a

nd

eff

icie

nt

ConditionalConditional – sustainable, effectiv e and transparent

RealisticRealistic

ProPro--poor poor – equity

Four stages in developing ES reward mechanisms

Stage Providers, Sellers of ES

Intermediaries Beneficiaries, Buyers of ES

Scoping Rapid Assessment of Marketable ES

Identifying partners

Negotiations

Monitoring agreements

II

I

III

IV

Stage Providers, sellers of environmental services

Intermediaries Beneficiaries, buyers of environmental services

Scoping What do we hav e that is of interest to outside stakeholders?

What are the down-sides to us of ef f orts to conserve/ enhance the serv ice?

What are the positiv e sides to us of maintaining watershed f unctions?

What ‘willingness to pay ’ can we expect?

‘Rapid ES assessment tools’

Dev elop common understanding,

criteria & indicators

Where are the areas/ communities controlling the most urgent conserv ation needs?

Who is ef f ectively controlling these areas?

What ‘willingness to enhance & conserv e’ can we expect for what price?

Is it worth it f or us?

Identifying Partners

Who should we talk to?

What documentation or ‘projectization’ do we need?

Brokerage; Reducing

transaction costs

Who can ef fectively represent all local ‘actors’?

Negotiation How do we balance restrictions imposed on us with substantive rewards?

Process support; Liv ing examples

How do we know we can trust the ‘sellers’?

What guarantees are built in?

Monitoring Agreements

How can we deal with def ectors & f ree riders in the community?

How do we know the buy er is satisf ied?

Monitoring, ev aluation, audit

What guarantees are built in? How are ‘compliance’ (at output

lev el) & outcome monitored?

Four stages in the development of a viable RUPES reward mechanism

F,P,N,H,S capital F,P,N,H,S capital

Goods & services         Investment, payments

At every scale transition we need to consider:

Realistic: Is it ‘additive’ or non‐linear scaling?Voluntary: Does the currency need to change?

If so, what exchange rate?Conditional: How to ‘derive’ flow from stock and

build up stock through flows?

Crossing borders:

Passport –legitimacy

Currency 

Language

Timezone

Trans‐

action costs

‘NestedBaseline’

CO2 benefits: reducing emissions 

that are due to:

Planned change

Legitimate local actions

‘Illegal’ activities

CO‐benefits:

Sustainable livelihood 

options for the longer term, 

enhancing buffering of water 

flows and conservation of 

biodiversity

Actual emissions (or chan‐

ges in stock) in relation to Reference Emission Level

Additionality: difference 

with ‘business as usual’ development pathway

Leakage: effects on 

emissions elsewhere

Permanence: effects on 

future emissions (~ insu‐rance & spreading risk)

certification

Registry and ‘rights  to in‐vest’, 

attribution

Sale and use as  off‐sets

Local 

actors (incl 

private 

sector, 

NGO’s,C

BO’s)

Dis‐ trist 

& 

provin‐ce govt

Natio‐

nal

Interna‐tional

Independent verification

Rules  of the game, eligibility of types  of emission reduction

Transac‐

tion costs

rights 

to land use

Fairness& 

efficiency

240

RUPESRUPES –– Rewards for, Use of and Shared Rewards for, Use of and Shared 

Investment in ProInvestment in Pro‐‐poor Environmental Servicespoor Environmental Services((PhasePhase‐‐II)II)

• Goal: Rewards  for provision of environmental services  flow to poor people in an Asian context. 

A. National policy framework:  participation  by national  policy makers 

in international  fora; and development  and  improvement  of policy 

frameworks for voluntary, realistic,  conditional  and pro‐poor  RES. 

B. International and national buyer and  investor engagement: 

‘business case’ for  investment  in pro‐poor  environmental  service 

schemes.

C. Environmental service intermediaries enabled: good practices 

and capacity building  for  intermediaries 

D. Innovations  in effective, efficient and pro‐poor RES 

mechanisms: rural  poor  as ES local  providers  and conditions  for 

success of established  and new types of RES mechanisms.

E. Mainstream RES into  IFAD rural development  initiatives:  awareness of 

the potential  for RES  in rural  development.

RUPESworking with the rural poor to benefit from rewards for the 

provision of environmental services 

and through the adoption of more productive and sustainable  land 

management systems. 

• RUPES is  working in a wide variation of landscapes in Indonesia, the 

Philippines, India, Nepal, Vietnam and Chinawith solid collaboration with RUPES‐II partners for testing of new in‐kind rewardsand their 

mechanisms, such as  bundling local benefits on watershed protection

and global carbon payments, bio‐rights schemes, micro‐hydro reward 

projects and market access for organic products derived from well‐

managed landscapes.

RUPESRUPESincrease the ecosystem services and human well-being

Bac Kan

Landscape level:

1.Watershed functions of the overall Singkarak catchment

Commitment of 12 Nagar i surrounding the lake to conserve the environment

2.Landscape beauty: potential ecotour ism of Lake Singkarak

Nagari level:

1.Kopi Ulu organic market2.Small scale voluntary market CDM

Bundle ES at different scale of Bundle ES at different scale of the the SingkarakSingkarak

Bundle ES at different scale of the Singkarak

Nagari Paninggahan

Landscape level:

1. Watershed functions of the overall  Singkarak catchment

Commitment of 12 Nagaris

surrounding the lake to 

conserve the 

environment2. Landscape beauty: potential 

ecotourism of Lake Singkarak

Nagari level:

1.Kopi Ulu organic market2.Small scale voluntary market 

CDM

Annex 1 Countries to reduce their carbon emission through:

1.Joint Implementation2.Carbon Trading3.Clean Development Mechanism

A/R CDM includes:

• Afforestation is the conversion of land that has not contained a forest for at least 50 years to forested land.

•Reforestation is the conversion of land that was not forested on 31 December 1989 to forested land.

Kyoto Protocol Kyoto Protocol Commitment in 1997Commitment in 1997

241

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation Reducing Emissions from Deforestation in Developing Countries (REDD)in Developing Countries (REDD)

Introduced in the Conference of Parties (on Climate Change) in Montreal (Dec 2005)

Addressing the issue of reducing emission from deforestation

Supporting efforts and actions to reduce deforestation and to maintain and conserve forest carbon stocks in developing countr ies.

This will imply complex problems, different national circumstances and multiple dr ivers or deforestation and forest degradation

Bukit Panjang

Bukit Labi

Rasak Tajongkang

Bukit Kapalo Labi

Talago Data

Bukit Tambang Manyiak

Batu Manangih

Kumulau, Guguak Gadang, Koto Basi

1200 mdpl

Jalan Kebun

Potential Site for CDM Potential Site for CDM ((ImperataImperataGrassland since 1990)Grassland since 1990)

How much carbon? When?How much carbon? When?

• Target for CO2  credit 

contract: 2,045 ton over 5 years OR 112 

ton C yearly

• Realistic C‐

sequestration rate by an agroforestry 

system: 1.6 ton C per 

ha yearly

• This requires about 

28K trees planted 

• The investment fund 

is  EUR 20K or about Rp. 10,318 per tree 

planting

ton CO2 emission 

Year

Year 5: 1,779 ton CO2 Year 6: 2,229 ton Co2

Communities’ offered price for tree planting

No Group NameReal price per tree 

(Rp)Lowest  WTA per 

tree (Rp)

1 Pinang Satandan 23,920                             20,290                      

2 Beringin 25,978                             14,815                      

3 Talago Jajaran 23,545                             18,699                      

4 Rasak Saiyo 38,651                             18,349                      

5 Talago Indah 16,664                             15,413                      

6 Batu Manangih Indah 15,738                             not determined

7 Sumua Buaian Indah 28,689                             not determined

8 Batu Basi Sejuk 12,075                             10,060                      

9 Anak Aia 27,714                             29,412                      

10 Bukik Panjang 47,022                             not determined

How much is local benefit  from trees?

No  Species  Product Satuan 

(Unit) 

Estimated 

no of tree per ha 

Yearly 

production   Price/unit   

Harvested 

year 

Maximum 

age of harvest 

Estimated income per year 

after 5 year (Rupiah) 

1  Cengkeh (Eugenia Aromatica)   Fruit  Kg  291  10  45,000  5  10 ‐ 30  130,500,000 

2  Coklat  (Cacao)  Seed  Kg  167  5  20,000  3  7 ‐  20  16,600,000 

3  Alpokat  (Persea Americana) Fruit  

Kg  44  50  4,000  4  7 – 30  8,800,000 

4  Manggis (Garcinia mangostana) Fruit  

Kg  13  150  8,000  12  15 – 50  15,600,000 

5  Durian (Durio zibethinus) Fruit  

Kg  14  100  2,500  10  15 – 50  3,250,000 

6  Mahoni (Mahogany)  Wood  m3   50  0.5  2,200,000  25  30  88,000 

7  Surian (Casearia grewiaefolia)   Wood  m3   57  0.5  1,800,000  25  30  72,000 

8  Pinang (Pentace sp.)  Seed  Kg  145  10  3,000  6  7 – 25  4,320,000 

9  Jati (Tectona grandis)  Wood  m3   4  0.5  2,500,000  25  30  100,000 

10  Bayur (Aglaia argentea)   Wood  m3   5  0.5  1,500,000  25  30  60,000 

 Total 

   787 

     

Rp. 179,390,000 

 EUR  12,800  

New Order (pre-1998): standardizing the subjects of development in the interest of legibility and control (Scott, 1998) shifted the control of local institutions and

resources to the centre.

Reformation Era (1999- 2004): resurgence of local claims to author ity and resources “people power” politics but unsettled balance of power between central, regional and local political and economical arenas.

Post Reformation era (2005 – now) Government Regulation Number 6/2007

opening the opportunity for provincial and distr ict government to engage more in forest management.

Indonesian policies and legal frameworkIndonesian policies and legal framework

242

Government Regulation Number 6/2007 opening the opportunity for provincial and distr ict government to engage more in forest management. Appointed Forest Management Units on

their regions (cr iter ia and standards determined by the Central government)

Published forestry permits for utilizing timber and non-timber products

Provincial Regulation Number 2/2007 on Nagar i structure and governance and Number 2/2007

Post Reform situations Post Reform situations Legal and policy framework on climate changeLegal and policy framework on climate change

Law Number 17/2004: Ratifying Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

Government Regulation Number 68/2008 –implementation of demonstration activities of REDD

Government Regulation Number 30/2009 – the procedures for implementing Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation.

Government Regulation number 36/2009 – the procedures for applying permits of A/R CDM and REDD.

The attachment mentioned about allocation of carbon payment in percentage to government (40% centr al, 20% pr ovincial, and 40% district), community and developer.

Despite of good pr ogress towards the forest co-management, unsolved problems on for est management & owner ship (due to decentralization) impacted on unclear ‘car bon r ights’.

Customar y forest should be r ecognized as an independent entity not as a par t of state-forest not r ecognized rights of customary people. One-way appointment of state-forestland and its

per mits to other stakeholders.

Claim’s fr om NGOS: car bon contr act can limit the access of these people to for est

State dominated but lack of coor dination

Unclear r esolution for vertical customary land conflicts.

Some analysis of Indonesian policy and Some analysis of Indonesian policy and legal framework on NRMlegal framework on NRM

Unmanaged citizenship administration: expired ID cards or even rural citizen without ID cards;

Unclear land boundary and land-ownership administratively Constraints to contract development and

administration, even they are represented by the Nagar i.

Decentralization’s failure: decentralized power to distr ict and regional does not solve micro problems in information management, i.e. population data, land-ownership data, etc.

Lesson 1. Local governance problemsLesson 1. Local governance problems

Active (and administratively and customarily recognized) role of Nagari (Wali Nagari and its KAN – Nagari’s Customary Board)

• Good access to community for self-coordinating and managing the contract implementation, minimizing transaction cost (cutting ‘value chain’ effect), reducing conflicts.

• Strong self-decision making on the implementation, such as the distr ibution and allocation of payment for Nagar i, public investments related to the contract implementation, i.e. irr igation and transportation path, individual/group owners.

Lesson 2. Bonding social capital Lesson 2. Bonding social capital

• Unclear government regulation on permit (and coordination at higher level, i.e. district, provincial, even national level) for implementing private (in broader term, including customary lands), voluntary carbon market.

• Legal gaps exist.

• Current regulations on carbon market are mostly government regulation from Ministry of Forestry thus only regulating state-forest lands (existing – but unclear – for REDD but not A/R CDM).

Lesson 3. Mismatch jurisdiction Lesson 3. Mismatch jurisdiction

243

Some conclusions: Some conclusions:

The ex pectation of financial incentives for carbon emission reduction has led to the concept of ‘car bon r ights’- new arena for contest and potential inducement to cooper ation.

For est policies and r egulations in Indonesia have not been designed to deal w ith the cur rent issues of car bon emission in global climate debate, but it fr ames r ights and responsibilities that apply.

Many actor s and agents have de jur e and de facto r ights, power and authority. They interpreted ‘carbon r ights’ based on the benefits currently derived from ‘business as usual’. This situation involves r isk of selectively empowering some parts of the ‘status quo’, which at the end pr oviding no benefits for local stakeholder s.

Some conclusions: Some conclusions:

Enfor cing for mal r ights to carbon for local stakeholder s r equires changes in the balance of power. Neglect to this situation leads to conflict and sabotage as ultimate way for local agents to make their points.

It is cr ucial to enhance the under standing of multiple inter actions between existing rights and regulations.

A number of legal issues of owner ship and rights need to be r esolved befor e Indonesia can fully par ticipate in the segment of inter national market for certified car bon emission reduction.

Fact fr om the site: international pressures can potentially incr ease both the urgency and challenges of for est tenur e reform and cr oss-scale governance.

THE LIVELIHOOD IMPACTS OF INCENTIVE PAYMENTS FOR WATERSHED MANAGEMENT IN WEST JAVA, INDONESIA

Beria Leimona, Rachman Pasha, np Rahadian

Acara Semiloka Nasional di Cilegon, 12 Agustus 2009

IntiInti makalahmakalah

describes the process of initiating PES scheme and its design, and reviews the impacts of the five year scheme on local l ivelihoods

contribute to knowledge about social impacts of PES to strengthen the future design of PES schemes, particularly for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation in Developing Countries (REDD).

Method: a series of focus group discussions with the participants and non-participants and interviews with implementing agencies.

The livelihood issues discussed in focus groups The livelihood issues discussed in focus groups

Modal (Capital) Tipe informasi yang didiskusikan

Financial Sources of income over the three per iods

Human What (if any) capacity/skills/knowledge were gained through the

scheme?

Social •What was the nature and degree of trust with other stakeholders

dur ing the three per iods?

•What norms or standards of behavior did the community set itself in

connection with the scheme (e.g. sanctions etc)?

•What were community’s networks like dur ing the three per iods?

Natural What benefits did they gain from the watershed and its protection?

Physical Had any investments been made as a result of the scheme (e.g.

infrastructure)?

ManfaatManfaat bagibagi masyarakatmasyarakat

The Cidanau PES scheme had livelihood impacts for both PES participants and non-participants.

Benefits were mostly non-financial nature: : expanded social networks with

external stakeholders,

knowledge and capacity of the

community, and

small-scale public infrastructure inv estment.

Direct financial benefits were limited (3.33% of total income). The per-capita income from PES is more as additional income to support secondary needs.

Manfaat finansial dan non-finansial akan lebih berpengaruh jika dikombinasikan dengan pengakuan

244

Capacity building for PES concept at the local level has been impor tant.

Futur e capacity building focused on tangible aspects of the PES scheme and pr oblems that put barriers at the local level in implementing PES such as lack of infor mation of good planting mater ials and know-how on tree management

The PES scheme cr eated new standards and mechanisms for managing behavior ar ound natural resources: suppor ts the establishment of new

wr itten and unwritten rules sanctions r elated to the natural

r esource management and land-use pr actices.

Capacity Building and Social Mobilization Capacity Building and Social Mobilization

Signs of jealousy among non-participants towards the participants due to their exclusion from the PES scheme

Not so far destroyed social r elationships in communities because the scale payment is still insignificant and has not cr eated inequality

Investment of PES income in public infr astr ucture, such as water supply and mosques or meeting halls

Recognition and investment fr om local gover ment

Social InteractionsSocial Interactions

a)

b)

c)

Sellers/ providers of ES

Buyers/ beneficiaries of ES

Government as ‘market regulator’

Sellers/ providers of ES

Buyers/ beneficiaries of ES

Government acting as international ‘seller’

Sellers/ providers of ES

Buyers/ beneficiaries of ES

Government acting on be-half of ‘downstream’

3 Possible Government’s Roles…

RUPES ProgramC/o The World Agroforestry Centre, Southeast Asia Regional OfficeJl. CIFOR SItu Gede, SIndang Barang, Bogor Barat, West Java, Indonesia 16680TEL: +62 251 8625415FAX: +62 251 8625416Email: rupes@cgiar.org

TERIMA KASIH

Makalah ini merupakan bagian dari bab buku yang dikoordinasi oleh Australian National University, terpilih sebagai salah satu dari sepuluh studi kasus di Afrika, Asia dan Amerika Latin untuk pembelajaran REDD secara global.

RUPES ProgramC/o The World Agroforestry Centre, Southeast Asia Regional OfficeJl. CIFOR SItu Gede, SIndang Barang, Bogor Barat, West Java, Indonesia 16680TEL: +62 251 8625415FAX: +62 251 8625416Email: rupes@cgiar.org;

Beria Leimona LBeria@cgiar.org

THANK YOUTHANK YOU

245

Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park

Ecosystem Revitalization Project

in GENERAL INFORMATION

33

BTS NP is protected area with the management purposes as protection of life support system, biodiversity conservation and sustainable utilization

Managed by the implementation unit Eselon II (Balai Besar Taman Nasional).

Located in 4 districts (Pasuruan, Probolinggo, Lumajang, Malang) covering the area of 50.276,20 ha

44

Could be reached from : Pasuruan : Pasuruan ±± 45 km, 45 km, Probolinggo Probolinggo ±± 37 km37 km, Malang Malang ±± 30 km,30 km,Lumajang Lumajang ±± 23 km23 km

There are caldera (Bromo) inside the caldera (Tengger), Tengger Sand Sea, and the highest active volcano in Java (G. Semeru 3.676 m asl.)

The average number of visitor yearly is about130.000 people, consist of foreigner (10 %) and domestic (90 %).

Penanjakan area to enjoy SUNRISE

55

Declared by Agricultural Minister through the Decree number 736/Mentan/X/1982 dated 14 October 1982, covering the area of 58.000 Ha

Pointed through Ministerial decree number 278/Kpts-VI/1997 dated 23 May 1997 covering the area of 50.276,20 Ha

Stated through the Decree number 178/Menhut-II/2005 dated 29 June 2005 covering the area of 50.276,20 Ha.

THE STATUS OF THE KAWASAN

66

oo CoreCore ZoneZone ((2222..006006 Ha)Ha)oo WildernessWilderness ZoneZone ((2323..485485,,2020Ha)Ha)oo IntensiveIntensive UtilizationUtilization ZoneZone ((425425 Ha)Ha)oo TraditionalTraditional UtilizationUtilization ZoneZone ((22..360360 Ha)Ha)oo RehabilitationRehabilitationZoneZone ((22..000000 HaHa).

Based on Decree of DG of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation number 68/Kpts/DJ-V I/1998 dated 4 May 1998

MANAGED INTO ZONE SYSTEM

246

Ba ta s K ab u pa te n

Ba ta s R es o rt

Z o na s i

In ti

Pe ma nf aa ta n In te ns if

Pe ma nf aa ta n Tr ad is io

Reh ab il ita si

Rimba

KE TERA NG AN :

700000

700000

705000

705000

710000

710000

715000

715000

720000

720000

725000

725000

730000

730000

735000

735000

9095000

9095000

9100000

9100000

9105000

9105000

9110000

9110000

9115000

9115000

9120000

9120000

9125000

9125000

9130000

9130000

P E T AP E T A

NGADAS

RANU PANI

Zonas i

In ti (22.006 Ha)

Pem anfaatan In tensi f (425 Ha)

Pem anfaatan Tradis ional (2 .360 Ha)

Rehabi l i tas i (2 .000 Ha)

Rim ba (23.485,2 Ha)

K E T E R A N G A N :

Batas ResortBatas Kabupaten

AREA AND LOCATION

Kab. Pasuruan : 4.642,52 Ha

Kab. Probolinggo : 4.642,52 Ha

Kab. Lumajang : 23.340,35 Ha

Kab. Malang : 18.692,96 Ha

88

National Park type B (Balai Besar TN)(2 regional offices, 4 field sections, 12 Resorts)

Number of personnels: 113 people (14 Structural position, Non Structural position 59 persons, 23 Forest rangers, 11 functional staffs)

Education level: elementary school, junior high school, senior high school, University.

ORGANISATION AND HUMAN RESOURCE

ORGANISATION(Permenhut No P.03/ Menhut-II/ 2007)

9

ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE KEPALA BALAI

KEPALA BAGIAN TATA USAHA

SUB BAGIAN UM UM

SUB BAG EVLAP DAN HUM AS

SUB BAGIAN PERENCANAAN &

KERJASAM A

SUB BAGIAN TEKNIS KONSERVASI

BIDANG PENGELOLAAN TAM AN NASIONAL WILAYAH II

BIDANG PENGELOLAAN TAM AN NASIONAL WILAYAH I

SUB BAGIANTATA USAHA

RESORT PENANJAKAN

RESORT SUM BER

RESORT KECIRI

KELOM POK JABATAN FUNGSIONAL

BIDANG TEKNIS KONSERVASI TN

SEKSI PEM ANFAATANDAN PELAYANAN

SEKSI PERLINDUNGAN, PENGAWETAN &

PERPETAAN

SEKSI PENGELOLAAN TAM AN NASIONAL

WILAYAH I

SEKSI PENGELOLAAN TAM AN NASIONAL

WILAYAH II

RESORT PATOK PICIS

RESORT KUNCI

RESORT NGADAS

RESORT JABUNG

SUB BAGIAN TEKNIS KONSERVASI

RESORT GUCIALIT

SUB BAGIANTATA USAHA

RESORT SENDURO

RESORT PASRUJAM BE

RESORT RANUPANI

SEKSI PENGELOLAAN TAM AN NASIONAL

WILAYAH III

SEKSI PENGELOLAAN TAM AN NASIONAL

WILAYAH IV

RESORT CANDIPURO

RESORT PRONOJIWO

RESORT TAM AN SATRIYAN

RESORT TENGGER LAUT

PASIR

1010

V I S I O N:V I S I O N:Performing BTS NP as international eco-tourism destination which contribute to community welfare

M I S S I O N :M I S S I O N :1. Strengthening the function and the status of the area

2.2. Developing environmental services and recreation Developing environmental services and recreation

3.3. Optimizing nature resource protection and Optimizing nature resource protection and biodiversity conservation biodiversity conservation

4.4. Strengthening institution and developing cooperative in Strengthening institution and developing cooperative in managing the parkmanaging the park..

VISION, MISSION & PROGRAMMES

1111

5. Forest fire management 5. Forest fire management

1. Management of the area1. Management of the area

2. Strengthening the institution and improving the 2. Strengthening the institution and improving the capacity of human resource capacity of human resource

3. 3. Developing community empowerment living in Developing community empowerment living in surrounding area surrounding area

4. Strengthening protection and conservation of the area

6. Rehabilitation and conservation of the biodiversity 6. Rehabilitation and conservation of the biodiversity

7. Species conservation 7. Species conservation

8. Developing environmental services and eco8. Developing environmental services and eco--tourismtourism

9. 9. Improving information system and database managementImproving information system and database management

10. Developing cooperative in managing the area.10. Developing cooperative in managing the area.

PROGRAMMES:PROGRAMMES:

1212

II. POTENCYII. POTENCYEcoEco--tourism objectstourism objectsEcoEco--touurismtouurism attractionattractionEnvironmental servicesEnvironmental servicesBiodiversity Biodiversity Communities Communities

247

13

Kawah G. Bromo Kawah G. Bromo

1. Vulcano

G. Bromo (2.392 m dpl.)G. Bromo (2.392 m dpl.)

A. ECOA. ECO--TOURISM OBJECTSTOURISM OBJECTS

Eruption of Eruption of BromoBromo 8 8 JuniJuni 20042004

G. SemeruG. Semeru(3.676 m.dpl.)(3.676 m.dpl.)

14

LAUT PASIR TENGGERLAUT PASIR TENGGER

Watu KuthoWatu Kutho

2. Sand Sea 2. Sand Sea TenggerTengger

15

YadnyaYadnya KasadaKasadaceremonial ceremonial

in Sand Sea and in Sand Sea and crater G. crater G. BromoBromo

3. OWA Budaya3. OWA Budaya

16SunriseSunrise

4. Scenery 4. Scenery

Top Top MahameruMahameru (3.676 (3.676 m.dpl.)m.dpl.)

Natural view from G. Natural view from G. PenanjakanPenanjakan

17

Coban Tr isula

5. Water falls

18

Ranu ReguloRanu Regulo

RanuRanuKumboloKumbolo, ,

and and PrasastiPrasasti

Ranu PaniRanu Pani

6. Lakes 6. Lakes

248

19Sand Sea TENGGERSand Sea TENGGER

Gua LavaGua LavaSAVANA

Soft Ecotourism

Outbound

Berkemah

Giri Wana Rally

Berkuda/Berkendara

Bird Watching

Education Tourism

Event lomba :

Pacuan Kuda, layang-

layang, l intas alam

Malam Tahun Baru

di Bromo

Agenda Tahunan

- Upacara Yadnya

Kasada

- Upacara 17 Agustus di

Puncak Semeru

B . B . ECOECO--TOURISM ATTRACTION TOURISM ATTRACTION

20

Yadnya Kasada CeremonialIn Sand Sea and crater G. Bromo

21G. SEMERU (3.676 m dpl.)G. SEMERU (3.676 m dpl.)

SEMERU MOUNTAINSEMERU MOUNTAIN-- independent day celebrationindependent day celebration

22

PDAM di Ireng-ireng

Tower Repeater di Penanjakan

C. C. ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES

25 sungai25 sungai 28 sumber air28 sumber air 4 Danau/ranu4 Danau/ranu

21 Tower Repeater21 Tower Repeater

23

Water instalation

24

Water User

249

25

15 m

Elevation (TOWER REPEATER)

26

2727

11. Location identification for A/R CDM

2. Planting endemic 2. Planting endemic speciesspecies

28

Flora :1.025 of flora, 226 of orchids , 260 ornamental/medicinal plants.

Endemic species of plants: Cemara Gunung, Akasia, Pasang, Edelweiss, Mentigi,Adas,Blarang, Putih dada, etc.

158 Orchids in South Semeru, 40 rare orchids species 3 of them are endemic in Java, 15 orchids endemic in East Java: Malaxis purpureonervosa, Meleola wetteana, and Liparis rhodocila.

D. Biodiversity conservation

29

Fauna :158 species of fauna consist of 22 mammals, 130 aves, and 6 Reptiles.

Mammals: Kijang, macan tutul, landak,trenggiling, bajing tanah, dll.

Aves: Elang, Merak,Ayam Hutan, etc.

30

Flora, Fauna Richness

MentigiMentigi

Bunga AbadiBunga Abadi

Ayam HutanAyam Hutan

Kera AbuKera Abu--abuabu Macan Tutul

Anggrek TanahAnggrek Tanah

250

31

Forest ecosystemsForest ecosystems

HUTAN CEMARA,HUTAN CEMARA,Tropical rain forestTropical rain forest

Bamboo forestBamboo forestsavannasavanna 32

HUTAN AKASIA.HUTAN AKASIA.

PERAIRAN / PERAIRAN /

DANAUDANAU

LAUT PASIR

3333

III. Existing cooperativesIII. Existing cooperativesKerjasama Rehabilitasi di Blok ArgowulanKerjasama Rehabilitasi di Blok Argowulan

5 years for 150 Ha

Recreation facilitiesRecreation facilities

for 5 tahun

3636

1000 ha for 20 years

CDM

251

3737

-- PenelitianPenelitian-- PendidikanPendidikan KonservasiKonservasi

-- PelatihanPelatihan TeknologiTeknologi TepatTepat GunaGuna

3838

-- Mitigasi BencanaMitigasi Bencana-- Wisata GeologiWisata Geologi-- Pemantauan Rawan GempaPemantauan Rawan Gempa

Pos Volkanologi

Pemantauan Kegempaan

Seismograf

3939

Cooperative in ecosystem Cooperative in ecosystem revitalization revitalization ARGOWULANARGOWULAN( TO Y O TA B OSH OKU ( TO Y O TA B OSH OKU –– JIFPROJIFPRO --TNBTS)TNBTS)

40

1. Information a. MoU between DG PHKA and Toyota Boshoku –

JIFPRO dated 31 July 2006b. Location: Blok Argowulan (Resort Pananjakan-

SPTN I – Bidang Wilayah I)c. area : 150 Ha ( 30 Ha/th)d. Period : 5 years (2006/2007 – 2010/2011)e. Plants : cemara gunung (casuarina junghuhniana),

akasia (acacia decurens), mentigi

40

41

a. Maintain water catchment

b. Preventing soil erosion

c. Revitalizes ecosystem through planting

d. Providing work for local communities and improving welfare

2.Purposes of the Project

4242

2.2. Scopes of worksScopes of works

a.a. Planning Planning b.b. PlantingPlantingc.c. ReplantingReplantingd.d. Field facilities (road inspection; Field facilities (road inspection;

equipment)equipment)e.e. Area protectionArea protectionf.f. Forest fire managementForest fire managementg.g. Community empowerment Community empowerment

252

4343

3. The parties involved3. The parties involveda.a. TOYOTA BOSHOKU Co and PT ABA ( Donor) TOYOTA BOSHOKU Co and PT ABA ( Donor) b.b. JIFPRO (as facilitator between donor and JIFPRO (as facilitator between donor and

TNBTS, monitoring)TNBTS, monitoring)c.c. TNBTS ( location, human resource, TNBTS ( location, human resource,

implementation, protection, reporting)implementation, protection, reporting)d.d. Community (workers in planting and Community (workers in planting and

participate in protection)participate in protection)e.e. NGO (community empowerment/capacit y NGO (community empowerment/capacit y

building)building)f.f. University (University (penilaianpenilaian bibitbibit dandan tanamantanaman))

4444

3.3.REALIZATIONREALIZATIONA.A. PLANTING :PLANTING :

-- YEAR I YEAR I : 30 Ha ( 50.000 bibit: 50% A,50% C): 30 Ha ( 50.000 bibit: 50% A,50% C)-- YEAR IIYEAR II : 33 Ha ( 55.000 bibit: 55% A,45% C): 33 Ha ( 55.000 bibit: 55% A,45% C)-- YEAR IIIYEAR III : 33 Ha ( 55.000 bibit: 60% A,40% C): 33 Ha ( 55.000 bibit: 60% A,40% C)

B. PROSENTASE TUMBUH TANAMANB. PROSENTASE TUMBUH TANAMAN

TAHUN JUMLAH CEMARA AKASIA

I 50.000

II 55.OOO

III 55.000

4545

4. Problems 4. Problems a.a. SulphureSulphure and and embunembun upasupasb.b. FireFirec.c. Facility destruction, Facility destruction, vandalismevandalisme of hut of hut d.d. Community empowerment: need intensive Community empowerment: need intensive

NGO NGO

46

5. Activities

Inv olving local communities in protecting the area

Inv olving local communities in planting activ ities

Discuss any field problems with experts.

46

47

continued

Selecting other species with high struggling to sulphure and embun upas, such as : mentigi (start in y ear-4; 1500 bibit by stek)

Replacing the LEM 21 with Paramitra to handle community empowerment

School v isit the field

Of f ering research opportunities for students

4748

6. Development planning

Combined with beautif ul scenery, this location is designated as rehabilitation area f or recreation and education purposes, with sev eral activities, such as:

- memorial planting;

- nursery

- tree adoption - research and education

48

253

49

V. DO KUMENTATIO NV. DO KUMENTATIO N

50

51 52

53 54

254

5555

255

LAYERED LIVE FENCESA Model of an Integrated Dry Land Development based on Local Community  Resources

R. Sri TejowulanA Lecturer of Agriculture Faculty, Mataram 

UniversityCraken Foundation

Dedication of Technologyfor

Indonesian People

PHILOSPHY

• Agricultural development has been being done sinceIndonesia got it’s independence.

• The results are still dissapointed.• Rice, corns, soy beans, flour, sugar, livestocks, meat, milk,

catle’s skins, vegetable, and fuit are still imported.• Indonesia is the biggest market and consument of products

for foreign countries.• Consequently, Agricuture of Indonesia is less developed.• Lost means of livelihood and weak food products’ capabilty.• Poverty, jobless, and land degradation have been

continuing.• The future of Indonesia’s Agriculture is uncertain.

WHAT IS WRONG???

• Indones ia is granted a g reat deal of natura lresources.

• The lands are huge and vertile, water and lightare unlimitted, agricultural terchnologies a reavailable.

• Agricultural implementation is technically nota big deal in this country.

• Why Indones ian people cannot fullfil theirown food by themselves?

EINSTEIN• The question is more important thantheanswer.

• There is an answer if wewant to ask.

Have we asked, why this countrycannot fullfil their own food bythemselves?

LOUIS PASTEUR• Change favours only prepared mind.

• In the otherwords, our future depends on ourthought.

• The wrong tought/policy will not be a solution.

.........Allah will not change the fate of anynations, if they do not want to change theirown fate by themselves.

256

WHAT SHOULD THEY THINK?

Constructively rethink our point of view in local agricultural development.

Have we done anything right, well, used, and important for agricultural development and community’s  

wellfare?

IT’S EASY TO JUDGE

Has agricultural  development  succeeded  to prosper, or  increase  poverty, or make a status 

quo the  society?

IN FACT

The farmers are still  living  in poverty and nothing  changed.

CHALLANGES• Agricultural development based onmono cultureplantation does not promise a wellfare to thesociety.

• Cross subsidized, high production costs, policiesof price and food import products suffer thefarmers losses.

• Insuficient infrastructures, unavailable market,and high transportation costs, desperate thepeople in transmigration areas.

• Agriculture is seemingly plotted as adiscriminated development.

Let us review the conditions of forestry and 

agricutural lands as the impacts of agricutural policies in Indonesia.  The 

degraded lands has sharply increased as 

well as the poverty of the society

IN WEST NUSA TENGGARA528,000 hectars are degraded

Forest land is 169,000 hectarsAgricultural land is 359,000 hectars

Annual  rate of the degraded land is20,000 –25,000 hectars/year (2007)

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Constant dry land areasbecome the poverty reasons

due to unpromised wellfare of bad agricultural programs

Solutions

What should we do?

Applications

New Paradigms

Agricultural Development in Indonesia

Integrated Agricultural Development

based on Local Community Resources

(IADBLCR)

FOCUS OF IADBLCR DEVELOPMENT

• Involving local society

• Creating profitable incomes forlocal society, private companies,and local government.

• Continuesly assisting andsupervising the programs

WHAT FORMS ARE  IADBLCR?

MODELS

Economical & Continuity Agriculture System

Good models  should be able to syncronize components of l iving 

continuity

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When the agricultural  efforts of 

food plantation are not profitable

The most suitable practice of agricultural model is 

Agroforestry or  Integrated Farming

LAYERED LIVE FENCESor

LLF TECHNIQUE (TEJO FENCES)

Might be used as a strategy alternative to succeed Agricutural 

Development Programs in Indonesia

LLF TECHNIQUE

• Food plant species for livestocks (woods, clumps,shrubs, bushes, and grasses) are layeredlyplanted with East – West headings (2 m x 3 mspacing).

• Livestocks and woods are the most neededproducts.

• Other food plant species and high economicalagricutural plant spesies are planted betweenlayered fences to create national food productionendurances (additional products).

LLF TECHNIQUE

• High income promising.

• Applicable for a ll kinds of lands (dry, unvertile,

balled, wet, peat lands, etc).

• Livestock’s food, livestocks, and woods as the

main income of the society.

• Food plant species, horticultural plant species,

industrial plant species, and or agricultura lplantation as mixed or secondary plants

LLF TECHNIQUE

Must meet the chriteria to create income and 

economics development at the center of agricultural lands and transmigration 

areasThe main superiority of LLF Technique is the capability 

of sycronizing the continuity live components

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The Objectives of LLF• Income

• Economy

• Food

• Energy

• Environment

• Job opportunities

Designed to Create Food Production Endurance and to Start Eliminating Poverty in 6 months

Insya Allah

LLF based on Agroforestry (Integrated Farming) : Improving productsof livestock’s food, livestocks, andwoods.

Accocmodating food plant species, energy plant species, industrial pant species,horticulturalplantsspecies, etc.

LLF CHANGES DEGRADED LANDS TO PRODUCTIVE LANDS

LLF CONSERVES & IMPROVES LEVEL OF NATURAL RESOURCES

260

THE ADVANTAGES OF LLF TECHNIQUE• Produces abundant livesctok’s food for the wholeyear.

• No necessity forwatering and vertilizing.• Applicable for all kinds of landscapes and soil’stypes (sand, ash, clay, rocked soil, and soiledrock).

• Can be used for techniques of soil & waterconservation, land rehabilitation, and forestprotection.

• Produces credit emission reduction (CER) forcarbon trading and reduces global warmingeffects

Role of LLF Technique in improving economy and food production endurance

ADVANTAGES OF OTHER ECONOMICS

• Fire woods (renewable energy).

• Corn, canola, and jatropha(renewable energy).

• Woods for Buildings

• Manure (organic agriculture)

• Job opportunities

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NATURAL/ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION

• Decreases runoff and erotion• Improve the quality of waterresources

• Improves soil biodiversity

• Improves micro climate

• Mitigates and adapts climatechanges, etc.

Conclusions & recommendations

• Preparing abundant livestock’s g reen food forthe whole year.

• Increasing products of livestocks, woods, foodplant species, and business scale energy.

• Improving food production endurance, energy,and creating economica l endurance as soon aspossible.

• Improving protection and level of natura lresources.

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1

Basic rule for

Eiichiro Nakama

Afforestation / ReforestationClean Dev elopment Mechanism (A/R CDM)

2

worldwide carbon markets

regulatory (compliance)

markets

v oluntary markets

EU-ETSJI under KP (Kyoto

Protocol)CDM under KP AAUs under KPRegional Greenhouse

Gas Initiatives (RGGI)

Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX), legally binding cap-and-trade system

broader, non-binding “Over-the-Counter” (OTC) offset market

3

United Nations Framework Conv entionon Climate Change (UNFCCC)

Parties with commitments under the Kyoto Protocol (Annex B Parties) have accepted targets for limiting or reducing emissions for the 5-year period of 2008 – 2012 (1st commitment period).

E.g. : Japan (-6%), EU (-8%), Australia (+7%),

The base-year emissions are the Party’s GHG emissions in 1990.

Assigned amounts (cap) for each Party are calculated from the base-year emissions and emission reduction targets.

Kyoto Protocol (KP)

4

Emission reduction efforts only in eachAnnex B Parties (dev eloped countries)

is low cost-benef it performance

meeting the Kyoto target is difficult

Flexibility mechanisms (Kyoto-mechanisms)International high cost-benefit performancePromoting emission reduction in non-Annex I

countries (dev eloping countries)

How to meet the Kyoto target?

5

Annex B Parties can achieve their emission reduction targets in a cost-effective manner, using three Mechanisms.

Besides Parties, private and/or public entity can participate in the Kyoto Mechanisms, provided that authorized by a Party.

Joint Implementation (JI), article 6 of the KP

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), article 12 of the KP

International Emission Trading (IET), article 17 of the KP

Kyoto mechanisms

6

InternationalEmission

Trading (IET)

JointImplementation (JI)

Clean DevelopmentMechanism (CDM)

project activitiesKyotomechanism

263

7

actualemissions

actualemissions

country A

spareunitA

ssign

edam

ou

nt

country B

Assig

ned

amo

un

t

spareunittrade cap

cap

cap-and-trade system

Excessemission

of Party Ballowed

International Emission Trading (IET)

8

Emissions trading allows countries that have emission units to spare - emissions permitted them but not "used" - to sell this excess capacity to countries that are ov er their targets.

Thus, a new commodity was created in the f orm of emission reductions or removals.

Since carbon dioxide is the principal greenhouse gas, people speak simply of trading in carbon. Carbon is now tracked and traded like any other commodity. This is known as the "carbon market."

Basic rule of emission trading (ET)

9

actualemissions

assign

ed am

ou

nts

cap

baseline-and-credit

system

emissio

ns

baselinescenario

actual

emissio

ns

projectscenario

ERs

emissionreductions

byproject

activities

credits

credits

country B

Excessemission

of Party Ballowed

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)

10

The Clean Dev elopment Mechanism (CDM) allows a country with an emission-reduction or emission-limitation commitment under the KP (Annex B Party) to implement an emission-reduction project in dev eloping countries.

Such projects can earn saleable certified emission reduction (CER) credits, each equivalent to one tone of CO2, which can be counted towards meeting Ky oto targets.

Basic rule of CDM

11

Types of Kyoto credits

AAUs (Assigned Amount Unit): allowed emissions

RMUs (Removal Unit): GHG removals by sinks

ERUs (Emission Reduction Unit): by JI

CERs (Certified Emission Reduction): by CDM

tCERs (temporary CER): by A/R CDM

lCERs (long-term CER): by A/R CDM

International effortsK

yoto m

echanisms

National

efforts

12

= AAUs + RMUs + JI/CDM credits (ERUs、CERs、tCERs、lCERs) + AAUs by ET

Total emissions allowed in an Annex B Party

Total amountsof emissions

allowed inan Annex B Party

AAUs

＝ RMUs

ERUs, CERs, tCERs, lCERs by JI/CDM

AAUs by ET

264

13

Executive Board (EB)The mechanism is overseen by the EB

A/R working groupTechnical assistance/ recommendations

to the EB

Operating details of the CDM

14

Executive Board (EB)

An entity designated by the COP/MOP, based on the recommendation by the Executive Board, as qualified to validate proposed CDM project activities as well as verify and certify reductions in anthropogenic emissions by sources of greenhouse gases (GHG) and net anthropogenic GHG removals by sinks.

Designated Operational Entity (DOE)

15

Project Participants(a) a Party involved, and/or (b) a private and/or public entity authorized by a Party involved to

participate in a CDM project activity.

Designate National Authority (DNA)The projects must qualify through a rigorous and

public registration and issuance process. Approval is given by the DNA

Parties ratified KP

16

Sectoral scopes and registered projects of CDM

Sectoral Scope Registered Projects

reductions in

anthropogenic

emissions by sources

(01) Energy industries (renewable -/ non-renewable sources)

1,367

(02) Energy distribution 0

(03) Energy demand 25

(04) Manufacturing industries 105

(05) Chemical industries 59

(06) Construction 0

(07) Transport

(08) Mining/minera l production

(09) Metal production

(10) Fugitive emissions from fuels (solid, oil and gas)

2

17

Sectoral scopes and registered projects of CDM

Sectoral Scope Registered Projects

reductions in

anthropogenic

emissions by sources

(11) Fugitive emissions from production and consumption of halocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride

22

(12) Solvent use 0

(13) Waste handling and disposal 401

(15) Agriculture 123

net anthropoge

nic GHG removals by

sinks

(14) Afforestation and reforestation

8

18

What is Afforestation/reforestation CDM ?

on non-forest land

through human-induced planting

to forest landby afforestation or

reforestation activities

265

19

“Forest” definition under the CDM

A Party not included in Annex I may host an A/R CDM project activity if it has selected values and reported tothe EB through its DNA for the CDM

minimum area of land of 0.05-1.0 ha

with tree crown cover (or equivalent stockinglevel) of more than 10 - 30 %

with trees with the potential to reach a minimum height of 2 - 5 m at maturity in situ

3 indicators

20

Eligible land forreforestation

non-forestland

Reforestation: on those lands that did not contain forest on 31 December 1989 and start of the project

Eligible land forafforestation

Land eligibility for A/R CDM project activ ities

西暦（年）

start of the project50 years ago

non-forestland

continue

Afforestation: conversion of land that has not been forested for a period of at least 50 years to forested land

non-forestland

non-forestland

20001980197019601950 2020 203020101990

21

Eligible land, mosaic of grassland & degraded forest

Not eligible

22

純人為的吸収量-10Net anthropogenic GHG remov als by sinks

Baseline net actual net

baselinescenario

projectscenario

leakage

23

-200

0

200

400

600

800

2006 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031 2036

- 200

0

200

400

600

800

2006 201 1 2016 2021 2026 2031 2036

project activity

（to

n C

O2-

equi

vale

nt）

differen

ces

credit

baseline scenario

year

Net anthropogenic GHG remov als by sinks

24

The baseline scenario for an A/R CDM project activity is the scenario that reasonably represents the sum of the changes in carbon stocks in the carbon pools within the project boundary that would occur in the absence of the A/R CDM project activity.

Baseline scenario

in the absence of theA/R CDM project activity

森林へ森林へ森林へ

266

25

An A/R CDM project activity is an afforestation or reforestation measure, operation or action that aims atachieving net anthropogenic GHG removals by sinks.

The Kyoto Protocol and the CDM modalities andprocedures use the term “project activity” as opposed to “project”.

Project activity (project scenario)

project activity26

Net anthropogenic GHG removals by sink (N) is the theamount of CO2 removed by the project activity and isequal to the amount of credit issued by the project.It is calculated as; (N) = (A) - (B) - (L)

How to calculatenet anthropogenic GHG remov als by sink

actual net GHG

removals by sink

leakage

baseline net GHG

removals by sink

(B) (A) (L) (N)

netanthropogenic

GHG removalsby sink

credit

27

Actual net GHG removals by sinks

Leakage

Baseline net GHG removals by sinksis the sum of the changes in carbon stocks in the carbon pools within the project boundary that would have occurred in the absence of the A/R CDM project activity.

is the increase in GHG emissions by sources which occurs outside the boundary of an A/R CDM project activity which is measurable and attributable to the A/R CDM project activity.

is the sum of the verifiable changes in carbon stocks in the carbon pools within the project boundary, minus the increase in emissions of the GHGs by the sources that are increased as a result of the implementation of the A/R project activity within the project boundary, attributable to the A/R CDM project activity.

28

A B C

Project boundarys for A/R CDM

The “project boundary” geographically delineates the A/R CDM project activity under the control of the project participants.

An A/R CDM project activity may contain more than one discrete areas of land. If an A/R CDM project activity contains more than one discrete area of land

29

“Stratification” is for facilitating field operations and increasingthe accuracy of calculation and estimation of Carbon stock

project boundary

strata 1strata 2

strata 4

strata 3

階層の境界線

Stratification for A/R CDM

30

There are five Carbon poolsto be considered (1) above-ground

biomass

Carbon pools for A/R CDM

(5) soil organic carbon

(4) litter

(3) dead wood

(2) below-groundbiomass

267

31

Crediting period for A/R CDM

The project participants may choose between two options for the length of a crediting period: (i) fixed crediting period or(ii) renewable crediting period

2040 2050 20602030202020102000 2070year

Maximum 60 years

(ii)

Project start1st crediting period start

1st CPterminated

20 years

2nd CDterminated

Renewable20 years

Project terminated3rd CP terminated

Renewable20 years

Project terminatedFixed CP terminated

30 years

Project startFixed CP start

(i)

32

Issuance of tCERs or lCERs for A/R CDMThe initial verification and certification of an A/R CDM may be undertaken at a time selected by the project participants.Thereafter, every five years until the end of the crediting period.

0 5 10 15 20

IssuancetCERs

year

crediting period

n n+5 n+10 n+15

N （

tCO

2-e）

0 5 10 15 20

IssuancelCERs

year

crediting period

n n+5 n+10 n+15

equal to the verifiedam

ount of N

equal to the verified am

ount of N

since the previous certification

33

Expiration of tCERs or ｌCERs for A/R CDM

2012 2017 2022 2027 2032

crediting period

tCERsexpire

crediting period

lCERsexpire

tCERs: shall expire at the end of the Commitment Period (CP) subsequent to the CP for which it was issued

lCERs: shall expire at the end of the crediting period

2008CP1 CP2 CP3 CP4 CP5

n n+5 n+10 n+15

N （

tCO

2-e）

34

2012 2017 2022 2027 2032

crediting period

tCERs:no need to be replaced

crediting period

lCERs:shall be replaced

If reversal of net anthropogenic GHG removals by sinks since the previous certification occured

2008CP1 CP2 CP3 CP4 CP5

N（

tCO

2-e）

n n+5 n+10 n+15

35

Replacement of tCERs or ｌCERs for A/R CDM

tCERs:

To replace an exipre tCER, the concerned Party shall transfer AAU, CER, ERU, RMU or tCER.

lCERs:

To replace an expire lCER, the concerned Party shall transfer AAU, CER, ERU or RMU.

To replace an reversal lCER a Party shall transfer one AAU, CER, ERU, RMU or lCER from the same project activity

36

Additionality required in A/R CDM

Demonstration and Assessment of Additionality in A/R CDM Project Activities

Comparing the project scenario to the baseline scenario, will the net GHG removals by sink be additionally increased?

= Explain why the increase would not occur without the A/R CDM project activity

Assessing by Investment Analysis and/or Barrier Analysis.

268

37

The required rate of return (RRR) on equity is 12%for agricultural investment projects in China

Fin

anci

al

Inte

rnal

Rat

e of

Ret

urn

(FIR

R)

without carbon benefits

Benchmark of an investor12.00%

8.33%

is not financiallyattractive

with carbon benefits

sale ofCERs

14.47%

is financiallyattractive

Sub-step 2c. Calculation and comparison of financial indicators

Additonality: Inv estment Analysis

38

Additonality: Barrier analysis

Project participants shall provide an explanation to show that the project activity would not have occurred anyway due to at least one of the following barriers without registered as a A/R CDM project activity.

Investment barriers, other than the economic/financ ia l barriers

Institutional barriers

Technologica l barriers

Barriers related to local tradition

Barriers due to prevailing practice

Barriers due to local ecological conditions

Barriers due to social conditions

Lack of organization of local communities

Barriers relating to land tenure, ownership, inheritance, and property rights

39

Environmental impacts

Analysis of Environmental Impacts on;

Biodiversity and natural ecosystemsImpacts outside the project boundaryHydrologySoilsRisk of fires,Pests and diseases...etc

Environmental Impact

Assessment(in accordance

with theprocedures required by

the host party)

If any negativeimpact isconsidered,

40

Socio economic impacts

Analysis of Socio-economic Impacts on;

Local communityIndigenous peoplesLand tenureLocal employmentFood productionCultural and religious siteAccess to fuelwood and other forest...etc

Environmental Impact

Assessment(in accordance

with theprocedures required by

the host party)

If any negativeimpact isconsidered,

41

Stakeholders’ comments

For implementation of an A/R CDM project activities, various stakeholders will be involved.

e.g. Public or private entities, local community etc.

Project participants shall collect comments from local stakeholders in an open and transparent manner.

And explain how due account has been taken of comments received from stakeholders.

e.g. Whether stakeholders agree to the AR-CDM project activity or not., the impact on each stakeholder, output to be desired by the project ...etc.

42

CDM Proposed new methodologyfor AR (CDM-AR-NM)

CDM Project Design Documentfor AR (CDM-AR-PDD)

(Propose a new methodology,) Making a PDDaccording to the A/R CDM Modalities & Procedures

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43

Procedures for A/R CDM project activities

Verification & Certificaion

Monitoring

Project implementation

Registration

Validation

Making PDD

Apply approved methodology

Project formulation

Issuance of tCERs or lCERs

ProjectParticipants

(PP)

DesignatedOperational

Entity(DOE)

CDMExecutive

Board(EB)

44

Thank you for your kind attentionTerima kasih = Arigatou

270