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3rd Quarter Exam Terms to Know. Parable Apostle Disciple Messiah Truth The Way Faith Martyr Annas Christ. Kingdom of God Incarnation Herod Antipas Evangelist Resurrection Sadducees Essenes (Zealots) Nationalism Pontius Pilate. Synoptic Gehenna The Law Augustus Tiberius - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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1 THE NEW TESTAMENT
3rd Quarter Exam Terms to Know
Kingdom of GodIncarnationHerod AntipasEvangelistResurrectionSadduceesEssenes (Zealots)NationalismPontius Pilate
ParableApostleDiscipleMessiahTruthThe WayFaithMartyrAnnasChrist
SynopticGehennaThe LawAugustusTiberiusPompeiHerodPhariseesCaiaphas
2 THE NEW TESTAMENT
THENEW
TESTAMENT
3 THE NEW TESTAMENT
“Christ,” “title given to Jesus Based on Greek word ‘Christos,’ meaning “anointed one.”JN 14:6 Jesus said to him, “I am the way and the truth and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me.”
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TRUTH survives the test of time – that which is fake/false or based on a lie will not survive the test of time.
TRUTH is eternal.Jesus is the TRUTH.
JN 3:21 But whoever lives the truth comes to the light, so that his works may be clearly seen as done in God.
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“New Testament:”God’s self revelation in the person Jesus Christ
Faith testament of the early Church
Revelation varied and gradualOver time in salvation history.Over time in personal history.
6 THE NEW TESTAMENT
SOURCES
Biblical, “3 Fold Tradition:”Historical Event, Oral Tradition, Written Tradition.
7 THE NEW TESTAMENT
Did Jesus Really Exist?Did Jesus Really Exist?(Historical Sources)(Historical Sources)
AUTHENTICITY AND INTEGRITYOF THE NEW TESTAMENT
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JOSEPHUS (1st Century AD)Jewish historian
HISTORICAL SOURCES
“disturbances during the time of Pilot around a man names Jesus, wise doer of wonderful works, later condemned and crucified.”
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TACITUS (64 AD)Roman historianMentioned that Nero blamed “Christians” for burning of Rome.
HISTORICAL SOURCES
PLINY THE YOUNGER (110 AD)Roman governorSeeks advice on how to handle “Christians”Mentions Jesus.
10 THE NEW TESTAMENT
SUETONIUS (120 AD)Roman historian and lawyer
Mentions Claudius expelling Jews from Rome due to disagreements concerning a certain “Chrestus.”
HISTORICAL SOURCES
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Numerous sourcesVaried genreAuthenticity of JesusNo authenticated counter argumentsHuman nature & persecutionsAfter Resurrection, few followers turn back.
HISTORICAL SOURCES, Review
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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
War, Politics &War, Politics &Religious Conflicts Religious Conflicts
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300 B.C. Greece dominates
Alexander the Great conquers Mediterranean area and as far east as India
Conflicts within military & political ranks
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Conflicts deepen after death of AlexanderPalestine caught in middleSyrian Greeks dominate north - Egyptian Greek control southSyrian Greeks heavily influence north (“Gentile Galilee”)Egyptian Greeks leave south alone
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Religious toleration (in general) throughout Palestine
Eventually Syrian Greeks control all of Palestine
Romans defeat Greece in naval battleGreece must pay war retributions
Jewish people heavily taxed 2x (government and “Temple tax”)Age of religious toleration finished
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JewishFactions
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Sadducees - Aristocratic priestly class.Accommodating in politics.Conservative in religion. Great devotion to Temple.
Jewish Factions
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Pharisees - Originated from the "Hasadim” (“pious ones”).Not great friends of the Greeks. Committed more to "The Law" than the Temple.Applies Scriptures to everyday life.Thus, open to new developments in Jewish thought.
Jewish Factions
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Essenes - (Zealots) Reactionary Jewish community.Withdrew from Jewish society altogether to observe strict religious traditions.Possible Writers - “Dead Sea Scrolls”Judas Iscariot
Jewish Factions
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Numerous factions:Rome vs. GreeceNorth vs. SouthGreek vs. JewJew vs. Jew
Looking for power, money & influence.Alliances formed depending on needs & wants
Historical, Review
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Geography &Social
Aspects
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23 THE NEW TESTAMENT
Diverse Geography - UNIQUELakes (Sea of Galilee)Sea coast and ocean (Mediterranean)Rivers (Jordan) and fertile valleysMountains (E and W of Sea of Galilee, Golan Heights)Deserts.
GEOGRAPHY
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25 THE NEW TESTAMENT
Average temp from 60 - 72 with low humidity.
In desert, temperature range from 122 during day to sub 0 at night.Snow in mountains / Jerusalem
Rains and violent storms especially in October and March (seasons of change).
CLIMATE
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27 THE NEW TESTAMENT
Coast to Dead Sea = 70 miles (Philadelphia to NYC)
Sea of Galilee along Jordan River to Dead Sea = 65 miles directly.Jordan River actually 180 miles long with winding turns.
Damascus (Syria) - south Dead Sea = 200 miles (Boston - NYC).
DISTANCES
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29 THE NEW TESTAMENT
SOCIO-ECONOMICBACKGROUND
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SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUND
Occupations:Farmers (tending vineyards, fig- & olive trees)Shepherds and herdsmenFishermen (Sea of Galilee)Tradesmen (carpenters, merchants, tent makers, tax collectors, sandal makers, tanners, perfume salesmen).
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SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUND
Social Divisions:Large gap between “haves” & “have-nots”Slavery existedReligion played major roleUnderclass = women, lepers, children, widows.
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GEO-POLITICALSITUATION
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GEO-POLITICAL - Locally In The South
Judea settled by returning “Diaspora” from Persian Exile
Jerusalem religious, political center
Forced acceptance of Arab rule by the Romans (Herod)
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GEO-POLITICAL - Locally In Samaria
Immediate north - LocationConquered by Assyrians. Many not exiled by Babylon.Lost touch with southern cousins & developed own religious scriptures & ritesHighly suspect by Jerusalem Jews.
35 THE NEW TESTAMENT
GEO-POLITICAL - Locally In Galilee
Located in northMostly Jewish Because of heavy Greek influence, seen as “lower class.”
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GEO-POLITICALSITUATION
In Wider Roman World
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Roman World
300 - 150 BC, areas influenced by GreeceFactions appeal to RomeRome closes in for kill; and by 63 B.C. rules Palestine. General PompeiiHerod “The Great” and 3 sons appointed to rule Palestine areasLast one removed and eventually replaced by “procurator” (governor) named Pontius Pilot.
38 THE NEW TESTAMENT
Epilogue
Anti-Roman feelingsHope for another “united kingdom” (like David’s) led to Maccabeus-Type revolt in 66 A.D.Crushed and Temple destroyed by Romans in 70 - 72 A.D.
Diaspora
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JESUSIN THE
GOSPELSCode in Johns Gospel
Word, Light, Truth, WayTo Avoid Romans
40 THE NEW TESTAMENT
JESUS IN THE GOSPELS - Incarnation
JN 1:1 In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.
“In-carnation,” “en-fleshment”GOD BECAME MAN
Jesus has a human componentFULLY HUMAN
A faith that is alive must also have an active, human component..
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JESUS IN THE GOSPELS
JN 1:14 And the Word became flesh and made his dwelling among us, and we saw his glory, the glory as of the Father's only Son, full of grace and truth.
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JN 1:2 He was in the beginning with God.
JN 1:3-5 All things came to be through him, and without him nothing came to be. What came to be through him was life, and this life was the light of the human race; the light shines in the darkness, and the darkness has not overcome it.
JESUS IN THE GOSPELS
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JESUS IN THE GOSPELS - BAPTISM
JN 1:6-9 A man named John was sent from God. He came for testimony, to testify to the light, so that all might believe through him. He was not the light, but came to testify to the light. The true light, which enlightens everyone, was coming into the world.
BEGINNING OF PUBLIC MINISTRY
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JESUS IN THE GOSPELS - BAPTISM
1. THE BAPTISM OF JESUS SIGNALS THE BEGINNING OF JESUS’ PUBLIC MINISTRY
2. THE BAPTISM OF JESUS SIGNALS MEMBERSHIP IN A GREATER COMMUNITY
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Sacrament ofBaptism
Cleansing & Community
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PREPARATION
Baptisms once a year At the Vigil of Easter
2 - 5 year preparation. Reasons:
Requires Conversion Catechesis on the FaithProtection from backsliding
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BAPTISM
“Spirits of Good and Evil”First anointing, Oil of Catechumens:Protection against spirit of water = Protection against spirit of Satan..
OIL (exocisms) & WATER (baptism)
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Enter facing westSun sets in West ---Sign of darkness and death - “Plunges” into water 3 timesComes out facing eastSun rises in EastSymbol of light and life
THE SACRAMENTBAPTISM
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Candle - gives off light and heat…Symbols of wisdom and loveHeld by Godparent One of the Symbols of Church..
SYMBOLS
BAPTISM
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Alb - symbol of Resurrection Chrism - perfumed oilUsed to anoint royalty“Poured” on baptized
SYMBOLS
BAPTISM
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New surroundings (college, military, summer camp, …)“Mystagogia”Newly baptized vulnerableNeeded support of Church community..
AFTERWARDSBAPTISM
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Baptismof Jesus
The Encounter WithJohn The Baptist
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BAPTISM OF JESUS
Ritual purification common in many religions at time of “the Baptist”
“Outward sign” of membership
Change of mind, heart & spirit
BACKGROUND
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BAPTISM OF JESUS
Dove = Israel or (Holy) Spirit of God
Voice from Heaven = Yahweh
SYMBOLISM
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GOSPEL DIFFERENCES • MARK:• No disagreement• Jesus baptized• Jesus sees Spirit -
“like a dove”• Voice says YOU are
my beloved son..• No prayer of Jesus
mentioned..
• MATTHEW:• Disagreement• Jesus baptized• Jesus sees Spirit -
“like a dove”• Voice says THIS is
my beloved son...• No prayer of Jesus
mentioned..
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GOSPEL DIFFERENCES• LUKE:• Jesus Baptized• Jesus at prayer
afterwards• THEN Spirit
descends like dove• Voice says YOU
are my beloved son..
• JOHN:• No baptism
described• John gives
testimony about Jesus
• John says HE saw Spirit descend like a dove
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Why Are There Differences? • Development of
Scriptures over time• We develop over time• Mk straightforward, Mt
more careful and detailed• Time to be fast & direct, • ...time to take time...
58 THE NEW TESTAMENT
Why Is Jesus Baptized?• Jesus is Sinless
• John’s reluctance to Baptize Jesus (Mt)
• Not admission of sin
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JESUS & BAPTISM• Jesus - “Yahweh
saves”• Christ - “The
anointed one”• Sacrament -
“outward sign, instituted by Christ to give grace”
• Baptism, has two purposes:
• 1. Wash away original sin
• 2. Become member of the community
• Additional effect - grace strengthens us for the call.
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Why Is Jesus Baptized?• Self discovery• Understanding of mission• Teaches us to Say “yes!”• Receive power and strength • Immerse self into the
lifestyle• Accept responsibilities• Community
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Temptation In The Desert - Symbols
• “Turn these Stones Into Bread” • Economic Power• Jesus came to provide spiritual food.• We’re composite of mind, psyche, spirit.• All aspects need to be fed..
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• “Thrown From Temple,” Magical Power• Almost entice or force people to believe
in him.• Jesus allows us free will to do positive
acts, & to make our own mistakes.• God expects more from his gifted
children..
Temptation In The Desert - Symbols
63 THE NEW TESTAMENT
• “Worship The Devil,” and Gain Political Power
• JESUS RESPONDS:• Reign of God takes place in the hearts
of his people…• …not in power or coercion.
Temptation In The Desert - Symbols
64 THE NEW TESTAMENT
THE GOSPELS
The Story of JesusIn 4 Acts
65 THE NEW TESTAMENT
GOSPEL, Definitions
• “One of the four biblical accounts of the life, death and resurrection of Jesus and his teachings.”
• 4 accounts of the same event; the coming of Jesus as Messiah
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GOSPEL “TYPES”
• Same story, • by 4 authors, • to 4 audiences• in 4 distinct
situations
Matthew Mark
Luke John
Jesus
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GOSPEL OF MARK• First Gospel written and completed
– (Possibly 65-70 AD)• Symbol = Lion (Royal aspect of Jesus;
Jesus “reigns” over sin)• Audience = non Jewish, Gentile• Perspective=Nero Persecuting Church• Encouragement in midst of suffering
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GOSPEL OF LUKE• Possibly Written 70-85 AD• Symbol = Ox (Priestly aspect of Jesus)• Audience = Gentiles & Wealthy
Christians• Luke - well educated physician• Perspective = Gospel of Holy Spirit
(Luke also wrote Acts)• Inclusive - mercy & compassion of
Jesus for everyone.
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GOSPEL OF MATTHEW• Possibly Written 80-100 AD• Written later, thus more structured,
developed than Luke or Mark• Symbol = Angel or small child
(human aspect of Jesus)• Audience = Jews & Jewish converts• Thus emphasizes teaching Jesus
(RCIA)….• …also 130 OT references.
70 THE NEW TESTAMENT
Mark
Matthew Luke
“SYNOPTIC GOSPELS”• Matthew, Mark
and Luke• Similar, some
passages almost word-for-word
• Mathew and Luke may have had a copy of Mark + one other (the “Q”) source.
Jesus
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GOSPEL OF JOHN
• Last Gospel written – (Possibly 90-120 AD)
• Unique vs. Synoptics• THEOLOGY GOSPEL• Deeper, prayerful, reflective, spiritual• Possibly wrote the Book of Revelation• Written by “community” of John’s?
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SEARCH FOR THE HISTORICAL JESUS
What is Truth?
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TRUTH - Definition
““Conformity toConformity to fact and/or fact and/or reality..”reality..”
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TYPES OF TRUTH
• Historical truth• Mathematical and Scientific truth• Legal and Literal truth• Salvific truth - truth needed to achieve Salvific truth - truth needed to achieve
salvationsalvation• Biblical truth - truth about faith & Biblical truth - truth about faith &
morals contained in the Bible..morals contained in the Bible..
75 THE NEW TESTAMENT
SO WHAT IS THE BIBLE?• A Book of Geography?• Genealogy of royal families?• Book on relationships…• our relationships with God = faith• … with others = morals..
– Love God with all your heart, mind, soul, and strength. Love your neighbor as yourself.
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BIBLICAL TRUTH
• Bible contains historical Bible contains historical evidenceevidence
• Bible contains historical Bible contains historical factsfacts
• Bible is NOT pure historyBible is NOT pure history• Bible IS True!Bible IS True!• Esp. matters of faith and Esp. matters of faith and
morals.morals.
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Invitation of Jesus
Call to Discipleship
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INVITATION OF JESUS
• Called to Follow• Formed Into A Community• Sent to Serve…
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TEACHING IN TIME OF JESUS
• Rabbinical Office• Students roamed• Students chose teachers• (Mostly) taught in Synagogues or (less
often) “gathering places..”
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• Originally students went to Rabbi who they found interesting
• Students memorized Rabbi’s teachings word-for-word
• Became independent Rabbis themselves
• Sent forth as “student of Rabbi “N..”
TEACHING IN TIME OF JESUS
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DISCIPLESHIP- Called to Follow
• John 1:35-51
• Disciple - from Latin meaning “pupil” or “follower”
• *Evangelist - writer of one of the Gospels
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• Jesus called THEM (still does)Jesus called THEM (still does)• Relationship - not teachings - keyRelationship - not teachings - key• Shared his “mission,” not teachings.Shared his “mission,” not teachings.
DISCIPLESHIP- Called to Follow
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DISCIPLESHIP - Formed Into A Community
• Jewish roots of community in 10 Commandments
• Relationships - not rules - are primary…Relationships - not rules - are primary…
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• Church - also relationship and Church - also relationship and experience basedexperience based
• Community formed and transformed Community formed and transformed by experience of Jesus..by experience of Jesus..
DISCIPLESHIP - Formed Into A Community
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DISCIPLESHIP - Formed Into A Community
• Lk 18:28-30, those who have left all…Lk 18:28-30, those who have left all…• Christian morality:Christian morality:• ...living well ...living well • ...in relationship with “body” (physical ...in relationship with “body” (physical
and believers) and believers) • ...depends on relationship with ...depends on relationship with
Jesus…Jesus…
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• Jesus calls everyone to the Kingdom• Also called specific people for special
tasks• Apostles, (“The 12”) “one sent forth”• *Martyr - WITNESS usually die.
DISCIPLESHIP - Sent To Serve
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• Jesus sends us forward with the following command:– MT 5:48 So be perfect, just as your
heavenly Father is perfect.
DISCIPLESHIP - Sent To Serve
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DISCIPLESHIP - Sent To Serve
• Mt 20:20-28Mt 20:20-28• God expects more from gifted children.God expects more from gifted children.• Focus on Jesus, God will provide for Focus on Jesus, God will provide for
you.you.• Jn 13:1-15, Mandatum. How low will you Jn 13:1-15, Mandatum. How low will you
go.go.• Willing to risk, being lastWilling to risk, being last• Simple example to others..Simple example to others..
89 THE NEW TESTAMENT
Contemporary Application
• Disciples only understood their call Disciples only understood their call over timeover time..
• Our “identity” comes firstOur “identity” comes first• Our “call” comes laterOur “call” comes later• Realized over time, experiences both Realized over time, experiences both
positive and negative..positive and negative..
90 THE NEW TESTAMENT
REVIEW - Invitation of JesusInvitation of Jesus
• Called to Follow• Formed Into A Community• Sent to Serve…
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TEMPTATION
– Meaning of “40” - 40 Days
– Temptation after commitment
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MESSAGE OF JESUS
Preaching, Teaching & Praying
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MESSAGE OF JESUS - Preaching
Call to ConversionPromise of Salvation
Commandment of LoveLove God with all your heart,
mind, soul, and strength. Love your neighbor as yourself.
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SIN - Breaking Up
• QUESTION:• “What, exactly, is ‘sin?’”• “How far is too far?”• Is this the proper “measuring rod?”
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CALL TO CONVERSION - Sin
• Types of sin:• Original Sin: “state or condition into
which all people are born as a result of Adam and Eve’s act of disobedience to God”
• Actual Sin: sins acted out” by individual and/or society..
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• Mortal Sin:– Serious matter– Sufficient reflection– Full consent of will
• Effects forgiven only through sacramental Confession
CALL TO CONVERSION - Sin
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• Venial Sin• Damages relationship with God• Does not destroy relationship• Effects forgiven through:
– Sacramental Confession– Act of Contrition– Reception of Communion
CALL TO CONVERSION - Sin
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PROMISE OF SALVATION The Kingdom
• Mt 10:26-33• Reign or vision of Jesus• Not political or military based• Rooted in encounter & experience of
Jesus• Leading to the Law as well as “signs &
wonders..”
99 THE NEW TESTAMENT
COMMANDMENT OF LOVE Conversion
• Conversion - to physically change direction
• Spiritually - to change direction of one’s heart. 3 parts:
• Openness to help (aka, grace)• Healing of self,• Love of “others” (2 “Great
Commandments”)..
100 THE NEW TESTAMENT
COMMANDMENT OF LOVE
The Kingdom
How do you realize the kingdom in YOUR life?
101 THE NEW TESTAMENT
COMMANDMENT OF LOVE The Kingdom
• Self understanding • Self respect• Confidence• Freedom• Contentment• Peace• Joy• Happiness..
102 THE NEW TESTAMENT
• Rooted in Jewish idea of 10 Commandments & “2 Great Commandments”
• Love God & Love Neighbor• Kingdom is not just “God & me..”
COMMANDMENT OF LOVE The Kingdom
103 THE NEW TESTAMENT
COMMANDMENT OF LOVE – The Kingdom - The Problem
• 2 Issues:• Nationalism - “Jews
only need apply”• Legalism - strict
observance of Law & interpretations
• People become secondary consideration..
104 THE NEW TESTAMENT
COMMANDMENT OF LOVEThe Kingdom -The Solution
• Lk 10:25-37• Love without limits• Love in deeds:• Compassion, serving
others, forgiveness, reconciliation
• Rooted in faith relationship and grace…
105 THE NEW TESTAMENT
ParablesSermon on the Mount
Miracles..
TEACHING OF JESUS
106 THE NEW TESTAMENT
TEACHING OF JESUS - Types
• Instructions (Lord’s Prayer) • Pronouncements (“set-up,” Mk 2:23-28 -
man and Sabbath)• Parables (sower, prodigal son) • Short Sayings (Sermon on Mount)..
107 THE NEW TESTAMENT
TEACHING OF JESUS - Parables
• From Greek - “to compare”
• Genre - simile• From everyday life• Filled with surprises• Lk 15:11-32, Prodigal
Son..
108 THE NEW TESTAMENT
• Lk 15:25-30, What about the older brother?
• Lk 15:11-19, Younger son…What was so wrong?
• Lk 15: 20-24, What’s wrong with labels?
• Lk 15:20-24, Mean dads and moms• When you mess up…(tell, apologize,
mean it?)
TEACHING OF JESUS - Parables
109 THE NEW TESTAMENT
TEACHING OF JESUS
Short SayingsAnd Prayer
110 THE NEW TESTAMENT
TEACHING OF JESUS - Sermon on the Mount
• Example of “Short Sayings”• Kind of “proverb” or “word to the
wise”• “Already” and “not yet”
111 THE NEW TESTAMENT
• 3 main messages:• Kingdom’s fulfillment is yet to come• Kingdom is already our midst• Participation in Kingdom requires life
of love..
TEACHING OF JESUS - Sermon on the Mount
112 THE NEW TESTAMENT
PRAYER - Time
• Deepening the relationship• Daily, Weekly, Monthly, Yearly?• Daily prayer - liturgy of the hours• Weekly Prayer - Mass• Monthly - Liturgical Seasons• Yearly - Jubilee and Holy Days• Different prayer types develop and
deepen relationship..
113 THE NEW TESTAMENT
LORD’S PRAYER - Different settings - different purposes
• Only prayer “formula” of Jesus• Probably a combination of ideas
developed and spoken over time, then collected
• Luke - original setting. Request from disciples on “how to pray”
• Matthew - written later. Prayer of pagans vs. Christians…
114 THE NEW TESTAMENT
LORD’S PRAYER - Different audiences - different concerns• Luke - Prayer addressed to broader,
non-Jewish community • Refers to “Our Father - “Abba”
(”daddy”)• Matthew’s audience Jewish • Would be offended with familiar
“Abba” version - thus adds “in heaven”
• MT account longer - added phrases to help “teach” community..
• End of lesson