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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Asphalt InstituteAsphalt Institute
Lectures of Lectures of 44., ., 55., ., 66. Week. Week44. Week . Week 2828. . 09 09 -- 0404. . 10 10 . . 2013201355. Week . Week 0505. . 10 10 -- 1111. . 10 10 . . 20132013
66. Week . Week 1212. . 10 10 -- 1818. . 10 10 . . 2013 2013 (Adha holiday)(Adha holiday)77. Week . Week 1919. . 10 10 -- 2525. . 10 10 . . 20132013
Prof. DR.Prof. DR. Eng. Shafik JendiaEng. Shafik Jendia
Islamic University of GazaIslamic University of Gaza
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Standard and RegulationStandard and Regulation
THICKNESS DESIGN THICKNESS DESIGN Asphalt PavementsAsphalt Pavementsfor Highways & Streetsfor Highways & Streets
MANUAL SERIES NO. (MS-1)FEBRUARY 1991
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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Design ConsiderationsDesign ConsiderationsClassifications of Highways and Streets
Selection of Design Input Variables
Stage Construction
Economic comparisons
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Classifications of Highways and Classifications of Highways and StreetsStreets
Urban Functional Urban Functional SystemsSystems
Rural Functional Rural Functional SystemsSystems
Principals Arterial SystemPrincipals Arterial SystemInterstateInterstateOther freeways & expresswaysOther freeways & expresswaysOther principal arterialsOther principal arterials
Principals Arterial SystemPrincipals Arterial SystemInterstate Interstate (free ways)Other principal arterialsOther principal arterials
Minor Arterial Street SystemMinor Arterial Street SystemMinor Arterial SystemMinor Arterial System
Collector Street SystemCollector Street SystemCollector SystemCollector SystemMajor collectorMajor collectorMinor collectorMinor collector
Local Street SystemLocal Street SystemLocal SystemLocal System
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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Rural Functional SystemsRural Functional Systems
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Urban Functional SystemsUrban Functional Systems
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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Relationship Between Road Systems And Relationship Between Road Systems And Their FunctionsTheir Functions
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Compare between the American and European classification systems of
highways and streets
Classifications of Highways and StreetsClassifications of Highways and StreetsHome work
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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Selection of Design Input Selection of Design Input VariablesVariables
All variables used in design should be based All variables used in design should be based on Studies of actual data.on Studies of actual data.
The Design Variables are:The Design Variables are:Subgrade PropertiesMaterial PropertiesTraffic ValuesEnvironmental Factors
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Design PrinciplesDesign PrinciplesBasis for DesignBasis for Design
Design CriteriaDesign Criteria
Material CharacteristicsMaterial Characteristics
Environmental ConsiderationsEnvironmental Considerations
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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
BasisBasis for Designfor Design
The Pavement is regarded as a multiThe Pavement is regarded as a multi--layered elastic system.layered elastic system.The material in each of the layers are The material in each of the layers are characterized by a modulus of elasticity characterized by a modulus of elasticity and a Poisson’s ratio.and a Poisson’s ratio.Traffic is expressed in terms of repetitions Traffic is expressed in terms of repetitions of an equivalent of an equivalent 80 80 kNkN ((1818,,000 000 lb) lb) singlesingle--axle load.axle load.
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
The The subgradesubgrade, the , the lowest layer, is lowest layer, is assumed infinite assumed infinite in the vertically in the vertically downward and downward and in the horizontal in the horizontal directions.directions.
… … Basis for DesignBasis for Design
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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
… … Basis for DesignBasis for Design
BoussinesqVertical and Horizontal Stresses
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
+−×=
322
3
)(1
zazPzσ
( ) ( )( )
++
+
×+−+×= 3
22
3
22
12212 za
zza
zPh
µµσ
( )hzv σστ −=21
Boussinesq Vertical and Horizontal Stresses
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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Boussinesq Vertical and Horizontal Stresses
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
E-Modulus of Soil (MN/m2)
Soil
Def
lect
ion
(mm
)
semi infinite massm ,E
Daa
mass
m ,E
D
a a
… … Basis for DesignBasis for Design
EaPD ××
=5.1
BoussinesqRelationship
Contact Pressure (p),
Modulus of Soil or Subgrade (E)
andDeflection (D)
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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Environmental ConsiderationsEnvironmental ConsiderationsSubgrade modulus variation for the conditions where
freeze-thaw occurs
Frozen Subgrade Modulus
Normal Subgrade Modulus
Thaw (Reduced) Subgrade Modulus
… … Basis for DesignBasis for Design
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
… … Basis for DesignBasis for Design
The other layers, of finite thickness, are The other layers, of finite thickness, are assumed infinite in extent in the horizontal assumed infinite in extent in the horizontal directions. directions. Full continuity (“full friction”) is assumed at the Full continuity (“full friction”) is assumed at the interfaces between each of the layers.interfaces between each of the layers.
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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Design CriteriaDesign Criteria
In the methodology adopted for this manual, In the methodology adopted for this manual, loads produce two strains which, are critical for loads produce two strains which, are critical for design purposes. design purposes.
They are:They are:-- the horizontal tensile strain on the underside of the horizontal tensile strain on the underside of
the lowest asphaltthe lowest asphalt--bound layer.bound layer.
-- the vertical compressive strain at the surface the vertical compressive strain at the surface of the of the subgradesubgrade..
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Design CriteriaDesign Criteria
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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Material CharacteristicsMaterial CharacteristicsAll Material were characterized by a All Material were characterized by a modulus of elasticity and Poisson's ratio.modulus of elasticity and Poisson's ratio.
Modulus of ElasticityModulus of Elasticity= dynamic modulus for asphalt mixture.= resilient modulus for untreated granular or soil (subgrade) materials.The dynamic modulus of asphalt mixtures
is highly dependent upon pavement temperature.
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
… … Material CharacteristicsMaterial CharacteristicsUntreated Granular MaterialsUntreated Granular Materials
Resilient Modulus of untreated granular Resilient Modulus of untreated granular materials vary with stress conditions in the materials vary with stress conditions in the pavement.pavement.
Values used in developing the design Values used in developing the design charts given in the Appendix of the charts given in the Appendix of the manual vary from fewer than manual vary from fewer than 103 103 MPaMPa((15000 15000 psi) to more than psi) to more than 345 345 MPaMPa((5050,,000 000 psi) psi)
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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Environmental ConsiderationsEnvironmental ConsiderationsMean Annual Air Temperature (MAAT)
Three sets of Three sets of environmental environmental conditions are conditions are selected to selected to represent the represent the range of range of conditions to conditions to which the which the manual should manual should apply.apply.
Frost Frost EffectsEffects
Mean Annual Air Mean Annual Air Temp.Temp.
yesyesLess than or equal Less than or equal
77oo C (C (4545oo F)F)
PossiblePossible= = 1515..5 5 oo CC
((6060oo F) F)
NoNoGreater than or Greater than or
equal equal 2424oo C (C (7575oo F)F)
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Soil Stresses and deflectionSoil Stresses and deflectionHome work
1- Calculate the vertical and horizontal stresses
at depth 0.1a, 0.3a, 0.5a, a, 5a, 10a. Draw the curves, which show the relationship between
all stresses and the depth (z). Where wheel load = 40 kN
2- Calculate the deflection on the surface of soil (subgrade E 30 MN/m2) caused by a wheel load of 40 kN. Plot the relationship between deflection and E-Modulus of
different Soils (E = 10, 20, 40, 60, 100, 150, ... MN/m2).
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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Traffic AnalysisTraffic Analysis
Traffic Volume EstimatesTraffic Volume Estimates(initial and future traffic volume, analysis period, classification and (initial and future traffic volume, analysis period, classification and number of trucks, design lane, design period, traffic growth, etc..)number of trucks, design lane, design period, traffic growth, etc..)
Estimating EEstimating ESSALAL
Determining Design EDetermining Design ESSALAL
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Traffic AnalysisTraffic AnalysisTraffic Volume EstimatesTraffic Volume Estimates
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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Traffic AnalysisTraffic Volume Estimates
Percentage of Percentage of Trucks in Trucks in
Design LaneDesign Lane
Number of Number of Traffic LanesTraffic Lanes
((Two Directions)Two Directions)5050
45 45 ((3535--4848)*)*40 40 ((3535--4848)*)*
2244
6 6 or moreor more
Percentage of Total Truck Traffic in Design Lane
* Probable range
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Traffic AnalysisTraffic AnalysisTraffic Volume EstimatesTraffic Volume Estimates
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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Traffic AnalysisTraffic AnalysisEstimating EALEstimating EAL
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Traffic AnalysisTraffic AnalysisEstimating EALEstimating EAL
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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Traffic AnalysisTraffic AnalysisEstimating EALEstimating EAL
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Traffic AnalysisTraffic AnalysisEstimating EALEstimating EAL
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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Traffic AnalysisTraffic AnalysisEstimating EALEstimating EAL
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Traffic AnalysisTraffic AnalysisEstimating EALEstimating EAL
Example of U.S. axle-load distribution (based on truck count and weight data for typical U.S. Interstate rural highways)
2065
184.7
231
757
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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Traffic AnalysisTraffic AnalysisEstimating EALEstimating EAL
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Traffic AnalysisTraffic AnalysisDetermining Design EALDetermining Design EAL
Example worksheet for traffic
Analysis
2000
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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Traffic AnalysisTraffic AnalysisHome work
In the previous Table
1- How can you determine / calculate the number of vehicle per year.
2- Classify the road according to its average truck factor.
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Material EvaluationMaterial EvaluationSubgrade SoilsSubgrade Soils
Improved SubgradeEvaluation MethodsSampling and TestingSelection of Design Subgrade Resilient ModulusSubgrade Compaction
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Improved Subgrade
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
An improved subgrade is any course or courses of improved material between the native subgrade soil and the pavement structure. It may be a treated in-
place material, or an imported material.
Evaluation Methods
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
A subgrade resilient modulus can be determined from a laboratory test in accordance with procedures described
in the Asphalt Institute's Soils Manual (MS-10).
The resilient modulus may be approximated from the CBR test values according to the relationship
Mr (MPa) = 10.3 CBR orMr (psi) = 1500 CBR.
The resilient modulus may be approximated from the Resistance R-value test results according to the relationship
Mr (MPa) = 8.0 + 3.8 (R-value) orMr (psi) = 1155 + 555 (R-value).
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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Subgrade Soils Tests and Sample Sizes
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Selection of Design Subgrade Resilient Modulus
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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Selection of Design Subgrade Resilient Modulus
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Selection of Design Subgrade Resilient Modulus
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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
From the graph, determine the design subgrade Mr value for the different design EAL values.
Design Subgrade Mr. Mpa PSi
Design Percentile Value
EAL
100006960104
930064,175105
825056.987.5106
Selection of Design Subgrade Resilient Modulus
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Untreated Aggregate Base and Subbase Quality Requirements
Material EvaluationMaterial Evaluation
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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Material EvaluationMaterial Evaluation
Untreated Aggregate Base and Subbase Quality Requirements
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Material Evaluation Home work
U- Tubes1- Sand Equivalent Test
2- Field Density Test
3- R-Value Test
4- Resilient Modulus Test
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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Structural Design ProcedureStructural Design ProcedureDesign ProcedureDesign Procedure
Select or determine input data- traffic value, EAL,- subgrade resilient modulus, Mr,- surface and base types.Determine design thicknesses for the specific conditions described by the input data.Prepare stage construction design, if appropriate.Make an economic analysis of the various solutions arrived at the design problemSelect final design.
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
…..…..Structural Design ProcedureStructural Design Procedure
Design ProcedureDesign Procedure
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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
…..…..Structural Design ProcedureStructural Design Procedure
Minimum Thickness of Asphalt concrete
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
… … Material CharacteristicsMaterial CharacteristicsEmulsified Asphalt MixesEmulsified Asphalt Mixes
The emulsified asphalt mixes included in this The emulsified asphalt mixes included in this manual are characterized by three types, manual are characterized by three types, depending on the type of aggregate.depending on the type of aggregate.
They are:They are:-- Type I: made with processed, denseType I: made with processed, dense--graded graded
aggregates.aggregates.-- Type II: made with semi-processed, crusher-run,
pit-run or bank-run aggregates.-- Type III: made with sand or silty sands.
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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
…..…..Structural Design ProcedureStructural Design Procedure
Thickness Determination For Full-Depth Asphalt Concrete Pavements
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
…..…..Structural Design ProcedureStructural Design Procedure
Example 1
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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
…..…..Structural Design ProcedureStructural Design Procedure
Example 1
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
…..…..Structural Design ProcedureStructural Design Procedure
Thickness Determination For Emulsified Asphalt Base Pavements
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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
…..…..Structural Design ProcedureStructural Design Procedure
Example 2
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
…..…..Structural Design ProcedureStructural Design Procedure
Example 2
240 mm
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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
…..…..Structural Design ProcedureStructural Design Procedure
Minimum Thickness of Asphalt concrete
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
…..…..Structural Design ProcedureStructural Design Procedure
Example 2
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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
…..…..Structural Design ProcedureStructural Design Procedure
Thickness Determination For Pavements with Asphalt concrete Over Untreated Aggregate Base
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
…..…..Structural Design ProcedureStructural Design Procedure
Example 3
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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
…..…..Structural Design ProcedureStructural Design ProcedureExample 3
140 mm
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
…..…..Structural Design ProcedureStructural Design ProcedureExample 3
100 mm
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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
…..…..Structural Design ProcedureStructural Design Procedure
Minimum Thickness of Asphalt concrete over Untreated Aggregate Base
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Pavement Design Pavement Design Home work1- Design a pavement with full depth asphalt concrete
Subgrade Modulus: Mr. = 50 MPa (7140 PSI)MAAT = 7o C, 15,5o C and 24o C
ESAL = 5x106
Comparison is required
2- Design a pavement with emulsified asphalt base Subgrade Modulus: Mr. = 50 MPa (7140 PSI)
MAAT = 7o C, 15,5o C and 24o CESAL = 5x106
Comparison is required
3- Design a pavement with untreated aggregate base Subgrade Modulus: Mr. = 50 MPa (7140 PSI)
MAAT = 7o C, 15,5o C and 24o CESAL = 5x106
Comparison is required
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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
…..…..Structural Design ProcedureStructural Design Procedure
Thickness Determination For Pavements with Emulsified Asphalt Mixes Over Untreated Aggregate Base
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
…..…..Structural Design ProcedureStructural Design Procedure
Thickness Determination For Pavements with Emulsified Asphalt Mixes Over Untreated Aggregate Base
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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
…..…..Structural Design ProcedureStructural Design ProcedureExample 4
Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
…..…..Structural Design ProcedureStructural Design ProcedureExample 4
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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia
Pavement Design Pavement Design Home work
1- Design a pavement with: - an asphalt concrete surface
- an emulsified asphalt base and - an untreated aggregate base
Given:Subgrade Modulus: Mr. = 50 MPa (7140 PSI)
MAAT = 7o C, 15,5o C and 24o CESAL = 5x106
Comparison is required