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8/21/2019 4 Cold Fuel Management
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COCESNA March 2005
• Introduction/Opportunities
• FAA Guidance Material
• Operational Considerations
–
En Route Alternate Airports – Cold Fuel Management
– Navigation
– Communications
– Cosmic Radiation – Additional Considerations
• Route Development Status
•Summary
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Why is a Cold Fuel ManagementProcess Needed?
Fuel freeze maybecome an issue when
Temperatures drop
below -65 deg. C
-45 to -49 C
-50 to -55 C
-55 to -59 C
-60 to -64 C
<-65 C
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Cold Fuel ManagementA Planned Operational Capabil i ty
• FAA Guidance Material
• Fuel Properties
• Airplane Operation
• Fuel Temperature Prediction Program
• Freeze Point Measurement
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FAA Guidance MaterialFuel Freeze Strategy and Monitor ing
• Fuel freeze analysis program may be used in lieuof standard minimum fuel freeze temperatures
• Monitoring program must be acceptable to theFAA
• Maintenance, dispatch, and flight crew proceduresmust be in place
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FAA Guidance MaterialFuel Freeze Strategy and Monito ring
• The operator may wish to develop a fuel freezeanalysis program in lieu of using the standardminimum fuel freeze temperatures for specifictypes of fuel used.
• In such cases, the operator’s fuel freeze analysisand monitoring program for the airplane fuel loadmust be submitted and acceptable to the FAA.
• The operator should have procedures established
that require coordination between maintenance,dispatch, and assigned flightcrew of thedetermined fuel freeze temperature of the actualfuel load on board the airplane.
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Fuel Properties
• Fuel freezing point is the temperature atwhich wax crystals, formed in the fuelas it is cooled, completely disappear
when warmed.
– Wax crystals can restrict the flow of fuelthrough filter screens to the engines
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Airplane Operation
• Airplane will provide advisory message “FUEL TEMPLOW” 3o C above fuel freeze point
• Default value for annunciation is -37o C (Freeze point forJet A is –400C)
• Actual freeze point may be entered into the 777 FMC(PERF INIT page)
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• Fly around the cold air,
• **Descend to a lower, warmeraltitude, or
• Increase aircraft speed to increaseaerodynamic warming
**(to be revised)
Flight Crew Action Required for
Note: In extreme cases it may be necessary to do all three
FUEL TEMP LOW
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Fuel Freeze Point Determination
• Measure freeze point of fuel actually loaded aboardaircraft
• Several airlines are using local Jet Fuel Quality Analyzers
• On average the delivered freezing point of Jet A has been4oC better than the specification maximum
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Fuel Freeze Point Measurement Survey
The Phase Technology Program
Delivered fuel freezing point (
C), Jet A
Avg. Temp Temp range
Dallas-Ft. Worth -43 -40.2 to -47.0 New York -45 -41.5 to -47.5
Los Angeles -50 -46.8 to -58.2 Miami -47 -41.1 to -52.5 Chicago -43 -41.5 to -44.7 San Francisco -45 -44.0 to -56.1
Atlanta -43 -41.5 to -46.6
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Fuel Temperature Prediction
• Boeing has developed a fuel temperatureprediction program (FTPP) for use on the 747
• Program can interface with airlines flight planningsystem
• The FTPP has not been calibrated with 747 flighttest data
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FTPP Allows Airlines to Address ColdFuel in the Dispatch Process
Fuel Temperature PredictionProgram calculates fueltemperature based on flight
plan data
MAS 777 Flight Plan - m as6203kg
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
Flight Time - Minutes
T e m p e r a t u r e - D e g r e e s C
TAT - C
Fuel T - C
PLAN 6203 MAS5405 KPAE TO WMKK 777C M84/F IFR 04 /25/01
NONSTOP COMPUTED 1737Z FOR ETD 1900Z PROGS 2512ADF WB173 KGS
FTPP - MAS V1.0 04/25/2001 AT 11:24:35
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FTPP Output Plot
MAS 777 Flight Plan - mas6203kg
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Flight Time - Minutes
T e m p e r a t u r e - D e g r e e s C
SAT - C
TAT - C
Fuel T - C
Act Fuel T - C
PLAN 6203 MAS5405 KPAE TO WMKK 777C M84/F IFR 04/25/01
NONSTOP COMPUTED 1737Z FOR ETD 1900Z PROGS 2512ADF WB173 KGS
FTPP - MAS V1.0 04/25/2001 AT 11:24:35
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Fuel Freeze Dispatch Process
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Example Dispatch Process
• Prepare Flight Plan usingforecast winds andtemperatures.
• Predict fuel temperatures(Boeing FTPP) usingspecification fuel freeze pointand historical fueltemperature.
• Fuel Temp. > 3 deg. C. abovefreeze point, proceed with
current flight planning.
• If fuel temp is < 3 deg. Cabove freeze point, go to step2.
Cold Fuel Management Process Step 1
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Example Dispatch Process
• Prepare new Flight Plan
• Predict fuel temperatures(Boeing FTPP) using historicalmeasured fuel freeze point and
historical fuel temp.
• Fuel Temp. > 3 deg. C. abovefreeze point, proceed withflight planning and notifyfuelers of special fuelingprocedures to validate
historical data.
• If fuel temp is < 3 deg. C abovefreeze point, go to step 3.
Cold Fuel Management Process Step 2
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Example Dispatch Process
Cold Fuel Management Process Step 3(When required)
• Prepare New Flight Plan with:
– New Routing; or
– New Altitude Profile; or
– Higher Mach
• Repeat Steps 1 & 2 as
required
New Routing; or
New Altitude
Profile; or
Higher Mach
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Special Fueling Procedure
Fuel Freeze Point Measurement(When required)
• Transfer fuel from wing tanksto center tank or use fuelcommingling charts in
cooperation with dispatch.
• Sample fuel uploaded toairplane.
• Analyze fuel samples todetermine actual freeze pointof fuel for each sample.
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Special Fueling Process
• Determine highest
measured fuel freeze pointfor the uplifted fuel
• Forward fuel freezetemperature:
– Flight Planning
– Flight Crew
– Fuel Manifest, or
– Log Book
Cold Fuel Management Process Step 2.A(When required)
Flight XYZ
Truck 1 -44.8
Truck 2 -44.6
Truck 3 -44.9Truck 4 -44.5
Truck 5 -44.7
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SummaryCold Fuel Management
• Fuel freeze strategy and monitoring is required byFAA
• Cold Fuel Management Process allows airlines toaddress fuel freeze issues during the dispatchprocess to prevent fueling delays
• Fuel freeze point measurement provides 3 to 18 deg.C additional margin