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4 IPasolink Ethernet Functions 1-Libre
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iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
iPASOLINK
Ethernet Functions Overview
1
Latest NEC Radio Product
iPASO 1000
iPASO 400
iPASO 200
NEO HP
Hybrid ( Native Ethernet & TDM)
Packet Radio (PWE Inside)
QoS
VLAN
QoS/Diffserve
Policer/Shaper
All IP PWE(E1)
Clock Synch. Sync Ether IEEE1588V2
OAM
Ethernet OAM
Link Protection
Hot Standby(1+1)
RF Link Aggregation
E1 SNCP
RSTP
Ethernet Ring(G.8032)
What is new in iPASO Series Product ?
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
2
Hub, Bridge & Switches
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
3
Ethernet Frame and MAC Address
Ethernet Equipments (HUB / Switch / Bridge)
Terminal A MAC=111
Terminal B MAC=222
Data SA
MAC=111 DA
MAC=222
Data SA
MAC=222 DA
MAC=111 DA: Destination Address SA: Origination Address
Ethernet Frame
The Ethernet is the most popular LAN technology, and represents the protocol itself as well. Developed by DEC, Intel and Xerox corporations, the Ethernet is standardized by the IEEE 802.3. The most important technologies on the Ethernet are: Layer 2 based protocol and standards
IEEE 802.3 standard 48 bits MAC is used to identified the nodes Commonly known as the CSMA/CD protocol. Currently 4 data rates are defined for operation over optical fiber and twisted-
pair cables:
10Base-T Ethernet (10 Mbps)
Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps)
Gigabit Ethernet (1000 Mbps)
10 Gigabit Ethernet (10,000 Mbps)
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
4
HUB
HUB
Collision Domain
Collision Domain
HUB
Bridge / Switch / Router Collision Domain A Collision Domain B
Host A Host B Host C Host n
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
5
What is L2 Switch?
L2 Switch
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
PCA PCB PCC
Hub
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
PCA PCB PCC
Hub
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
PCA PCB PCC
Hub
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
PCA PCB PCC
Hub
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
L2 Switch performs the frame forwarding based on Ethernet MAC address of the L2 frame.
Each port of the L2 switch act like a bridge. Each port of a L2 switch is a collision domain.
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
6
Ethernet Frame and MAC Address
Preamble (7B)
SFD: Start of Frame Delimiter DA: Destination address SA: Source Address
FCS: Frame Check Sequence
1bit 1bit 3~24bit 25~48bit
Universal (0) / Local (1) address
Vender ID
Serial Number
Uni-cast (0) / Multi-cast (1) address
SFD (1B)
DA (6B)
SA (6B)
Length (2B)
Data (46 to 1500B)
FCS
Ethernet Frame Format
MAC Address Format
Usual untagged Ethernet Frame: Normal PC Max. MTU 1518 Byte
Broadcast Address: all 1, these frames sent out through all ports Multicast Address: these frames goes to some or all ports
Unicast Address: these frames goes to only one port
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
7
Port MAC address
1 A 00-00-00-00-00-01
4 D 00-00-00-00-00-04
MAC A
1 2 3 4
MAC Address Table
Forwarding Data Table (FDB)
FDB of iPASOLINK is 32K
Default FDB Aging Time 300 sec
Dst MAC: A
Src MAC: D
Dst MAC: D
Src MAC: A
Basic Ethernet Switching Procedure
Frame transmission on Ethernet switch is realized by MAC address learning
MAC B MAC C MAC D 00-00-00-00-00-01
00-00-00-00-00-04
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
What is VLAN?
8 iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
9
Broadcast frame is transmitted to all port
except received port
Broadcast frame is not transmitted to different VLAN group
VLAN setting
Advantages of VLAN (Virtual LAN)
Enables to make virtual group in LAN
But communication between different VLAN group can be processed by router
Enables to divide broadcast domain
Broadcast frame is transmitted to all port except port where broadcast frame was received when VLAN is not used
Broadcast frame is not transmitted to different VLAN group
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
10
Features of VLAN
Traffic Control In a network where no VLAN is introduced, large amount of broadcast data are delivered to
all network devices regardless of their necessity, which easily causes network congestion. Introducing VLANs allows to create small broadcast domains, which can limit communications among devices concerned, thus resulting in higher efficiency of the network bandwidth usage.
Improvement of Security Performance A device that belongs to a certain VLAN can communicate only with devices belonging to the same VLAN.
For example, communication between the VLAN of a marketing division and that of a commercial division must go through a router. Since direct communication is not possible between these two divisions, the security performance of the system can be enhanced a great deal.
Easily Replacing and Moving Network Devices Conventional networks require a lot of network administrators manpower for replacing and moving network devices. When a user moves to another subnet, it is necessary to reset all addresses of the users terminal devices. Introducing VLANs can exempt administrators from this kind of troublesome work for resetting.
For example, when moving a terminal in the VLAN of a marketing division to another network port and maintaining the subnet setting, it is sufficient only to change the setting of the port so as to belong to the VLAN of the marketing division.
VLAN Architecture
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
VLAN Architecture - 1
Conventional LAN
2nd Floor (Department B)
VLAN
2nd Floor
1st Floor
VLAN Switch
VLAN Switch
VLAN-1(Department A)
VLAN2 (Department B)
VLAN3 (Department C)
Router/L3 Switch Router
The VLAN (Virtual LAN) is a technology to construct a virtual network independent of
physical network structure. The conventional LANs centering around hubs and routers
take a lot of time and cost because of their physical restrictions encountered during the
initial designing or expansion stages. Introducing VLAN makes it possible to construct or
modify the network more easily and flexibly.
HUB
HUB
1st Floor (Department A)
Need to change physical connections
Just change setting, not physical connections
11 iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
12
Port Based VLAN and Tag Based VLAN
VLAN Switch 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
VLAN 1 VLAN 2 VLAN 3
(VLAN ID 10)
(VLAN ID 20)
VLAN SW
1 2
3
4
6 5
1 (VLAN ID 10)
(VLAN ID 20)
2
3
4
6 5
Tag 10 Tag 20
VLAN SW
Port Based VLAN
Tag Based VLAN
iPASO200 named
it as Access VLAN type
iPASO200 named
it as Trunk VLAN type
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
13
Why Jumbo Frame Support is necessary ?
1500 18
Max MTU Size = MTU1500bytes + 4 bytes VLAN Tag Max Frame Size = 1522 Bytes
Max 1518 Bytes
1500 18 4
Max 1526 Bytes
4
Efficient Through-put for application which supports jumbo MTU size (e.g. IP-SAN) Support Ethernet Expansion Frames like VLAN tag, QinQ, MPLS Label etc.. iPASO200 supports frame size of FE ports to 2000 Byte and GbE port to 9600 Byte
Usual Ethernet Frame
1500 18
Max 1522 Bytes 802.1q Ethernet Frame 4
Q in Q Ethernet Frame
Max MTU Size = 1500bytes (Ethernet Standard) Max Frame Size = 1518bytes
Max MTU Size = MTU1500bytes + (2 x 4 bytes VLAN Tag) Max Frame Size = 1526 Bytes
Ethernet Header 18Bytes
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
14
Extended VLAN ( Q in Q)
Extended VLAN is standardized by IEEE802.1ad
VLAN tag (4byte) is stacked to Ethernet frame
iPASO200 named the extended VLAN as Tunnel VLAN
Common Network
VLAN100
VLAN100
VLAN100
VLAN100
Company A
Company A Company B
Company B
Data 100
Data 100
Data 100 200 Data 100 300
Data 100
Data 100
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
15
Ethernet Packet Format
Tag VLAN is standardized by IEEE802.1q
VLAN tag (4byte) is inserted to Ethernet frame
IFG
12 Byte
Preamble
8 Byte
Destination
MAC
address
(DA)
6byte
Source MAC
address
(SA)
6byte
VLAN
tag
4byte
Length / type
2byte
Data
46 - 1500byte
FCS
4byte
802.1q tag type
2byte
TCI field
2byte
Priority
3bit
CFI
1bit
VLAN-ID
12bit
Range: 1 - 4094 (0, 4095 reserved)
IFG: Inter Frame Gap CFI: Canonical Format Indicator FCS: Frame Check Sequence TCI: Tag Control Information TOS: Type Of Service
7 (High) Traffic management
6 Voice
5 Video
4 Control signal
3 Excellent effort
2 Best effort
1 Reserved
0 (Low) Background
Example: traffic assignment
CoS value
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
QoS Bit Assignment in Ethernet Frame
To MAC
Address
Fm MAC
Address
TPID TCI Type IP Header IP data FCS
8100
Priority
bit
CFI VLAN
ID
2Bytes
CFI: Canonical Format Indicator
FCS: Frame Check Sequence
TCI: Tag Control Information
TOS: Type Of Service
COS: Class Of Service 802.1q Q-in-Q
VLAN Tag
DSCP: Differentiated Services Code Point
TPID: Tag Protocol Identifier
To MAC
Address
Fm MAC
Address
TPID TCI TPID TCI Type IP Header IP data FCS
8100
Priority
bit
CFI VLAN
ID
2Bytes
8100
Priority
bit
CFI VLAN
ID VLAN Tag-1 (inner) VLAN Tag-2(outer)
To MAC
Address
Fm MAC
Address
TPID TCI Type IP Header IP data FCS
8100
Priority
bit
CFI VLAN
ID
2Bytes
802.1ad Q-in-Q
VLAN Tag
To MAC
Address
Fm MAC
Address
TPID TCI TPID TCI Type IP Header IP data FCS
88a8
Priority
bit
CFI VLAN
ID
2Bytes
8100
Priority
bit
CFI VLAN
ID VLAN Tag-2(outer) VLAN Tag-1 (inner)
16 iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
17
Overall view of iPASOLINK L2 Switch
L2 SW
GbE
Trunk VLAN
1.Access 2.Trunk 3.Tunnel
FE1/GbE
FE1/GbE
FE1/GbE
FE1/GbE
GbE
Modem1
Modem2
L2 SW S-Trunk VLAN
1. C-Access 2. S-Trunk 3.C-Bridge
FE1/GbE
FE1/GbE
/GbE
GbE
Mod(slot1)
Mod (slot2)
MC-A4
Mod (slot3)
Mod (slot4)
L2 SW Trunk VLAN
1. Access 2. Trunk 3.Tunnel
FE1/GbE
FE1/GbE
/GbE
GbE
Mod(slot1)
Mod (slot2)
MC-A4
Mod (slot3)
Mod (slot4)
iPASOLINK 200 , 802.1q iPASOLINK 400 , 802.1q
iPASOLINK 400 , 802.1ad
iPASOLINK 200 , 802.1ad not available
In-band
NMS NE
In-band
NMS NE
NMS NE
In-band
In-band
Main Board
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
18
VLAN Setting (1) Types of VLAN setting at ports
Types of VLAN port supported in iPASO200 are named Access, Trunk and Tunnel
How to create Access type (port base) VLAN?
1. FE Port set to access port type VLAN
2. Modem port set to trunk type VLAN
FE Port 1: Access VLAN 10
Modem 1: Trunk VLAN 10
iPASO200
Data 100
Data Data 10
Drop
Send with VLAN 10
Default VLAN is 1 , here we set to 10 as example
Recommendation: To be used for base station with un-tag traffic
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
19
VLAN Setting (2) Types of VLAN setting at ports
1. FE port set to trunk port type VLAN (802.1q) and un-tag frame to be access
2. Modem port set to trunk port VLAN
FE Port 2: Access LAN 2 Trunk VLAN 20
Modem 1: Trunk VLAN 2, 20
iPASO200
Data 100
Drop
Send with VLAN 20 Data 20
Data Send with VLAN 2
Data
Data
20
Set for Un-tag packet
Recommendation: To be used for base station with VLAN tag interface
How to create tag base type (802.1q) VLAN and also supported with un-tag traffic?
2
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
20
VLAN Setting (3) Types of VLAN setting at ports
FE port set to tunnel port type VLAN (almost 802.1ad or Radio Hop Q in Q)
Modem port set to trunk port VLAN
All packets will be sent transparently with additional tag added on
FE Port3: Tunnel VLAN 30
Modem 1: Trunk VLAN 30
iPASO200
Add on tag VLAN 30
Add on tag VLAN30
No packets will be drooped
Data Data 20
Data Data
20
30
30
Recommendation: To be used when required Q in Q features
How to create tunnel type ( Q in Q ) VLAN?
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
21
VLAN Setting (4) Setting methods at Modem ports
Modem port parameter setting methods
Modem 1: Trunk VLAN 2,10,20,30
iPASO200
Data
Data 30
Data 20
Data 10
Data 40
Drop
2 Data
Data 30
Data 20
Data 10
2
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
22
VLAN Mode 802.1ad- Example of C-Access Port
P1 (FE)
Only Untagged frames and all
C-tag frames are processed on Port 1, and these frames are
assumed to belong to S-VLAN
ID = 200 any incoming S-VLAN
tag frames are dropped
FM-A
To-B
S-VLAN any
C-VLAN any
MSG
FM-A
To-B
C-VLAN any
MSG
FM-A
To-B
MSG FM-A
To-B
S-VLAN 200
MSG
FM-A
To-B
S-VLAN 200
C-VLAN Y
MSG
Modem port Type: S-Trunk
S-VLAN: 100, 200,300
802.1ad
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
23
VLAN Mode 802.1ad- Example of S-Trunk Port
P1 (FE) FM-A
To-B
S-VLAN other
C-VLAN any
MSG
FM-A
To-B
C-VLAN any
MSG
FM-A
To-B
MSG FM-A
To-B
S-VLAN 200
MSG
FM-A
To-B
S-VLAN 200
C-VLAN any
MSG
Modem port Type: S-Trunk
S-VLAN: 100, 200,300
FM-A
To-B
S-VLAN 100
C-VLAN any
MSG
FM-A
To-B
S-VLAN 300
C-VLAN any
MSG
FM-A
To-B
S-VLAN 100
C-VLAN any
MSG
FM-A
To-B
S-VLAN 300
C-VLAN any
MSG
At port 1, Frames without a S-Tag
will have S-VLAN ID 200 and forwarded (both untagged and
with any C-tag)
Frames with S-VLAN IDs
100,200,300 are only passed. Any
othe S-VLAN ID will be dr opped
802.1ad
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
24
VLAN Mode 802.1ad- Example of C-Bridge Port
Only frames with C-VLAN IDs, defined will pass at
port1 with corresponding S-VLAN inserted:
C-VLAN 10, 20 will be inserted with S-VLAN 100 and
forwarded
P1 (FE)
FM-A
To-B
MSG
Modem port Type: S-Trunk
S-VLAN: 100, 200,300
FM-A
To-B
S-VLAN 100
C-VLAN 10,20
MSG
FM-A
To-B
S-VLAN 300
C-VLAN any
MSG
FM-A
To-B
S-VLAN 200
C-VLAN 25,30
MSG
FM-A
To-B
C-VLAN 10,20
MSG
FM-A
To-B
C-VLAN 25,30
MSG
FM-A
To-B
S-VLAN 100
C-VLAN 10,20
MSG
FM-A
To-B
S-VLAN 200
C-VLAN 25,30
MSG
C-VLAN 25, 30 will be inserted with S-VLAN 200 and
forwarded
All the other C-VLANs are dropped
In the example shown: 802.1ad
Any S-VLANs are dropped
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
Quality of Service
25 iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
26
Classify/Policing Scheduling/Shaping
FE Port Modem Port Modem Port FE Port
Ingress
Egress
Summary of locations for Policing and Shaping
Default Setting Shaping: 4XSP
Default Setting of Policing : Nil
iPASOLINK iPASOLINK
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
Classify/Policing
Classify/Policing Scheduling/Shaping
Classify/Policing
Scheduling/Shaping
Scheduling/Shaping
27
QoS Bit Assignment in Ethernet Frame
To MAC
Address
Fm MAC
Address
Type TCI Type IP Header IP data FCS
Version Header
Length
TOS IP address etc.
Priority
bit (CoS)
CFI VLAN
ID
8bits
3bits
2Bytes CFI: Canonical Format Indicator FCS: Frame Check Sequence TCI: Tag Control Information TOS: Type Of Service COS: Class Of Service
EXP : experimental bits ( iPASO200 will supports in future)
MPLS
Label
MPLS
Label
IP Header IP data
Label Exp S TTL
3bits
1) IP Packet
2) MPLS Packet
VLAN Tag
(802.1q CoS)
ToS(3bit)
DSCP/Diffserve(6bit)
DSCP: Differentiated Services Code Point
IP ECN Explicit Congestion Notification
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
28
SP: Strict Priority, DWRR: Deficit Weighted Round Robin, WRED: Weighted Random Early Detection
Classify (Mapping) for Egress Queue with internal priority
Determine equipment internal priority VLAN CoS IPv4 precedence IPv4/v6 DSCP MPLS EXP
Ingress Policer
Class 3 queue
Class 2 queue
Class 1 queue
Class 0 queue
Egress Queue
Sent
frames
TDM
TDM
+ Packe
t
QoS
AMR with Advanced QoS
TDM
Packet
User can define TDM
bandwidth for each radio
modulation
Ether
Classification
Radio Capacity
TDM
Packet
Radio Capacity
TDM
Packet
Protected
Policing/Shaping
according to QoS
Token
bucket
Token
Two-Rate, Three-Color Metering
Token
bucket
Token
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
Scheduling & Shaping
Summary of iPASOLINK QoS Functions and Features
iPASOLINK series supports fully functioned QoS control Supported classification methods: CoS/IP Precedence/DSCP/EXP Internal Classification: 8 classes
(8 classes mapped to 4 classes (default) / 8 classes (option) for Egress Queue)
Internal Priority to CoS Mapping Ingress policing: CIR, EIR (Two-Rate Three-Color Marking) Profile based QoS management is supported Scheduling: SP, SP+3DWRR, 4DWRR (default) / SP+7DWRR, 2SP+6DWRR (option) Congestion Avoidance: Weighted Tail Drop / WRED Egress hierarchical shaping (Port + each QoS Class)
29 iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
Classification Modes
Port Based QoS Mode Port (Default Priority for each port can be set) CoS (C-Tag) ( use Port priority or CoS) DSCP IPv4/v6 (set DSCP to internal Priority)
Frame Classification Mode & Internal Priority
Port CoS (C-Tag) DSCP IPv4/v6
Untag IP packet Default Port Priority Default Port Priority DSCP IPv4/v6
Non-IP packet Default Port Priority Default Port Priority Default Port Priority
Tagged IP packet Default Port Priority CoS DSCP IPv4/v6
Non-IP packet Default Port Priority CoS Default Port Priority
Equipment Based QoS Mode Profile Based ( one profile for the equipment)
30 iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
31
Classification
VLAN CoS Internal
priority
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
IP
Precedence
Internal
priority
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
DSCP Internal
priority
63 7
: :
47 5
: :
31 3
: :
15 1
0 0
Classification profile is configurable.
Profile No.0 (ex) Profile No.1 (ex) Profile No.2 VLAN CoS IPv4
precedence IPv4/v6 DSCP MPLS EXP
Determine equipment internal priority
Classification process of distinguishing one kind of traffic from another by examining the Layer 2 through Layer and QoS fields in the packet
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
Port Base QoS Mode (Port classification)
Classifies according to ingress physical port
IP packet DA SA VLAN Tag
(CoS0)
iPASOLINK
Port No. Default Port
priority
1 7
2 6
3 5
4 4
MODEM 1 3
MODEM 2 2
MODEM 3 1
MODEM 4 0
IP packet DA SA
IP packet DA SA VLAN Tag
(CoS7)
IP packet DA SA VLAN Tag
(CoS7)
Port 1 (access/
trunk)
Modem (trunk)
Port mode
Update CoS value to
Default port priority value
32 iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
Port Base QoS Mode (CoS classification)
Classifies according to CoS value
IP packet DA SA VLAN Tag
(CoS0)
iPASOLINK
IP packet DA SA
IP packet DA SA VLAN Tag
(CoS0)
IP packet DA SA VLAN Tag
(CoS1) Port 1 (access+
trunk)
Modem (trunk)
CoS (C-Tag) mode Default Port priority = 1
Update CoS value to Default port priority value
No update CoS value
33 iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
Port Base QoS Mode (DSCP classification)
Classifies according to DSCP value even if the frame is VLAN tagged frame
IP packet DA SA VLAN Tag
(CoS7)
IP header (DSCP=47)
DSCP Internal
priority
63 7
: :
47 5
: :
31 3
: :
15 1
0 0
Classifies by this value
IP packet DA SA VLAN Tag
(CoS5)
IP header (DSCP=0)
Update CoS value to
internal priority value
iPASOLINK IP packet DA SA DA SA
VLAN Tag
(CoS5)
Port 1 (access/
trunk)
Modem (trunk)
IP header (DSCP=0)
IP packet IP header (DSCP=0)
Non-IP packet DA SA Non-IP packet DA SA VLAN Tag
(CoS1)
Update CoS value to
default port priority value
DSCP IPv4/v6 mode Default Port priority = 1
DSCP Classification Mapping
Non-IP packet DA SA VLAN Tag
(CoS7) Non-IP packet DA SA
VLAN Tag
(CoS1)
Update CoS value to
internal priority value
34 iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
35
What is CIR, EIR?
CIR Conformant
Traffic CIR
EIR Conformant
Traffic CIR
No traffic
Traffic PIR
CIR (Committed Information Rate) - Minimum BW guaranteed for an Ethernet service.
Policing is enforcement of CIR Zero CIR means Best effort (no BW is guaranteed)
EIR (Exceeded Information Rate) - Service frames colored yellow may be delivered but with no performance commitment.
PIR (Peak Information Rate) - Maximum rate at which packets are allowed to be forwarded.
PIR = CIR + EIR (greater or equal to the CIR) Service frames exceeding PIR are red packets and are unconditionally dropped
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
36
Dual Token bucket (TRTCM)
Dual rate token bucket with a programmable CIR and EIR, as well as CBS and EBS. It also named as Two rate ,Three-Colour Metering
Example: consider the extreme case
One bucket is used: CIR=2Mbps, CBS=2KB, EIR=0,EBS=0 Case 1: Two 1518 byte frames coming back to back First frame take 2000-1518 token remain 482 byte, the second frame is immediately Discarded Case 2: One frame 1518 is sent, 8 ms later, another 1518 byte arrive, since token bucket Refill with CIR/8=250Kb/s The token bucket is full again and able to
sent the second frame out with green color.
CBS/EBS should be set depend on traffic
type 1. Bursty TCP-based traffic 2. UDP based type such as VoIP
Our Recommendations:
Note: Color Blind and Color Aware Rate Metering ( iPASO200 is color blind system)
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
37
Service Provider Business Oriented Parameter in iPASO
Voice
Data / VPN
Video Conf.
iPASO200
Recognize the service according to DSCP/TOS/IP and prioritize it.
VLAN 20
Business Package:
30Mbps PIR
15Mbps CIR
15Mbps EIR
0 Mb
10 Mb
20 Mb
30 Mb
CIR
EIR
PIR
iPASO400
iPASO400
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
38
Scheduling or Queuing Methods
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
39
Methods of Scheduling
FIFO
Strict Priority
WFQ(WRR)
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
40
Control the output sequence and bandwidth of frames from each queue according to Output condition defined by Marker/Priority Determination. Strict Priority Queuing (SPQ), Weighted Control (WRR) can be used as queuing method.
Round Robin (RR)
ETC Car
ETC Car
High Priority
Police Car
Elements of QoS - Scheduling /Queuing
ETC System Electronic Toll Collection System
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
41
Deficit Round Robin
50 50 50
50 50 50
150
75 50 100
75
75
75
Credits
50 50 50
50 50
50
150
75 50 100
25
25
75
Credits
150
50 50
50 50
150
50 100
100
100
150
Credits
Tim
e
Credit counter: Initially the counter start or reset from zero. For this example, it was set to size value of 75 for all the queue. When the queue is not serve to send any packet, the credit counter will be increased with another 75
1st round: The first and fourth queue packet size is bigger than credit counter value, these two queue will hold back and not sending any packets, but second and third queue sent out 50 packets. And their credit counter reduce to 25.
2nd round: The first and fourth queue counter credit increase to 150 byte The result is Q1 send 150 byte Q2 send 100 byte Q3 send 100 byte Q4 send 150 byte
50 50
50 50
150
50 100
75 75
75
75
3rd round: All credit counter with value 75 byte
Credits
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
Egress Scheduling and Shaping (4 Class queue)
SP
Class 3
DWRR
Class 0 Divided throughput by weighted condition
Class 3 absolute priority
Shaper Class 2
Class 1
Classify (Mapping) for Egress Queue with internal priority
Scheduling and Shaping
Mapping table is Configurable.
SP or 1SP + 3 DWRR or 4 DWRR
Shaper
Shaper
Shaper
Shaper
WTD/WRED discard based on
color (Green/Yellow)
42 iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
43
Egress Scheduling and Shaping ( 8 class queue)
SP
Class 7
DWRR
Class 0
Divided throughput by weighted condition
Class 7 absolute priority
Shaper
Class 5
Class 2
Classify (Mapping) for Egress Queue with internal priority
Scheduling and Shaping
Mapping table is Configurable.
1SP + 7 DWRR or 2SP + 6 DWRR
Shaper
Shaper
Shaper
Shaper
WTD/WRED discard based on color
(Green/Yellow)
Class 4
Class 1
Class 3
Class 5
Class 6
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
44
Strict Priority mode
1. Operation of the output port shaper function
2. The total value 70 Mbps of class-a to class-d will be shrank to 60 Mbps by the output shaper function when it is output.
3. The total value 70 Mbps of output frames class-a to class-d will be shrank by the output port shaper function to 60 Mbps (class-a 25 Mbps; class-b 20 Mbps; class-c 10 Mbps; class-d 5 Mbps) in the order of the priority from the lowest class to be output (when the frame length for the output bandwidth for each input frame is 1500 bytes).
[Breakdown] Class-a 25 Mbps Class-b 20 Mbps Class-c 10 Mbps Class-d 5 Mbps
How it works?
iPASO200
Class-a 25 Mbps
Class-c 10 Mbps
Class-d 15 Mbps
Class-b
Class-c
Output port shaper function
Rate 60 Mbps
Class-b 20 Mbps
Rate 25 Mbps
Class-a
Rate 20 Mbps
Rate 10 Mbps Rate 15 Mbps
Class-d
Strict Priority Scheduling :The queue with the highest priority that contains packets is always served (packet from that queue are de-queued and transmitted). Packets within a lower priority queue will not transmit until all the higher-priority queues become empty
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
45
Out port control -- SP + D-WRR mode How it works?
Class-a 42 Mbps
Class-c 50 Mbps
Class-d 50 Mbps
class-c DWRR
Output port shaper function
Rate 60 Mbps Class-b 50 Mbps
iPASO200
Rate42 Mbps class-a SP (Strict Priority)
Rate 9 Mbps
Rate 6 Mbps
Rate 3 Mbps
[Breakdown] class-a 42 Mbps class-b 9 Mbps class-c 6 Mbps class-d 3 Mbps
class-b DWRR
class-d DWRR
Weighted Round Robin uses a number that indicates the importance (weight) of each queues. WRR scheduling prevents the low-priority queues from being completely neglected during periods of high-priority traffic. The WRR scheduler transmits some packets from each queue in turn. The number of packets it transmits corresponds to the relative importance of the queue.
WRR only fair and good solution for data traffic with rather fixed packet length, instead D-WRR will be perfect fair for variable packet size oriented data traffic, iPASO support with D-WRR scheduling or shaping
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
46
Determines whether the current frame to be queued or discarded, depending on the packet priority and the state of the queue.
Not connected well
Too Late!!
Little slow..
Comfortable!!
Average Utilization
Average Utilization
Traffic Concentration
Window Size decrease globally
Ban
dw
idth
Time
Ban
dw
idth
Early detect and restrain
Effective Window size variation
Elements of QoS ( Discard Control)
Time
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
47
Congestion Avoidance ( Discard Control)
iPASO200 support Weight Tail Drop at Release 1.07and later with WRED Congestion avoidance techniques on the egress queues.
Both techniques will drop packets when pre-configured thresholds on the egress queues have been reached.
Weighted Tail Drop (WTD), with thresholds Setting on each queue, for congestion avoidance
Threshold2 (75%)
Threshold1 (50%)
Threshold3 (100%)
Queuing Priority2: 0 discard Queuing Priority3: 0% discard
Queuing Priority1: 0% discard
Queueing Priority1:100%discard
Queuing Priority2: 0 discard Queuing Priority3: 0% discard
Queueing Priority1:100%discard
Queuing Priority2: 100 discard Queuing Priority3: 0% discard
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
Operation Administration & Maintenance (OAM)
48 iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
49
Fault Management CC (Continuity Check) LB (Loop Back) It corresponds to ping in IP. LT (Link Trace) It corresponds to trace route in IP.
To maintain the service availability and quality for the packet networks, powerful OAM toolset is required.
Provide Fault management by
Ethernet OAM (ITU-T Y.1731 and CFM or IEEE 802.1ag).
BTS/Node-B BSC/RNC Operator A Operator B
Provider X
CC
LB
LT
Ethernet OAM
Y.1731 Performance Management not yet supported By iPASO200
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
50
Ethernet OAM
Function Y.1731 802.1ag Mechanism
Connectivity Fault Management
Fault Detection CCM Fault verification-Loop back LBM / LBR Fault isolation LTM / LTR Discovery LTM / LTR Fault Notification - AIS RDI
Performance Monitor
Frame Loss - CCM, LTM, LTR Frame Delay - DM(1 way) DMM, DMR Delay Variation - DM(1 way) DMM, DMR
CCM : Continuity Check Message
LBM: Loopback Message
LBR: Loopback Reply
LTM: Link Trace Message
LTR: Link Trace Reply
DM: Delay Measurement
DMM: Delay Measurement Message
DMR: Delay Measurement Reply
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
51
Customer Customer
Operator Level (0-2)
Service Provider Level (3-5)
Customer Level (5-7)
Operator A Operator B
1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9
Maintenance Entity Points
Maintenance Intermediate Points Maintenance Entities
Provider X
Example of Maintenance Entities
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
52
To Establish OAM connections on the Ethernet-based networks. To understand fault detection by sending and receiving ETH-CC frames between MEPs
periodically
Each MEP transmits ETH-CC frames periodically If MEP does not receive any ETH-CC frames for 3.5 times of the ETH-CC frame transmission interval, it provide alarm indication (loss of connectivity)
1 2 3 4
: MEP : CCM : CCM
Legend
Objectives
Operations
ETH-CC (Fault Detection)
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
53 NEC Corporation 2010
To verify the connectivity between multiple equipments
Unicast ETH-LB verification between the designated 2 equipments Multicast ETH-LB verification the existence of the nodes in the same MEG
MEP#1 sends a Unicast ETH-LBM frame to MEP#4
MIP(#2,3) forwards the ETH-LBM frame to the far-end
MEP#4 terminates the ETH-LBM frame and reply a ETH-LBR frame
MEP#1 receive the ETH-LBR frame
1 2 3 4
:MEP:MIP:LBM:LBR
Legend
ETH-LB (Fault Verification)
Objectives
Operations
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
54
To verify the route status and localization of the fault
MEP#1 sends a ETH-LTM frame to MEP#4
Each MIP (#2,#3) sends a reply ETH-LTR to MEP#1, and forwards the ETH-LTM frame with the decreased TTL value to the far-end
MEP#4 terminates the ETH-LTM frame and reply a ETH-LTR frame
MEP#1 receives the ETH-LTR frames which have the different TTL value.
ETH-LT (Fault Isolation)
Objectives
Operations
1 2 3 4
: MEP : MIP
Legend
: LTM : LTR
TTL=n
TTL=n
TTL=n-1
TTL=n-1
TTL=n-2
TTL=n-2
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
55
iPASO200 #1
MODEM LAN
MODEM LAN
Reply frame NG Reply frame OK
ETH-CC/LB/LT
Reply frame NG
For this application, ETH-CC/LB/LT reply frame only at iPASO #1MODEM port The MEP of IPASO #1should be set only at Modem port
iPASO200 #2
iPASO200 Ethernet OAM functions (2)
iPASOLINK200 supports only Down MEP/MIP Ether OAM reply frame from Switch to LAN/MODEM port outward direction is okay But from LAN/MODEM toward Switch directional is not supported
L2SW
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
56
OAM Parameter Setting and Testing Example (1)
By external OAM Test Set Left Access One MEP Index: 1 Right Access One MEP Index: 2 MEG ID: ABC (Domain Name) MEG Level: 0 VLAN ID: 20
MEP 2
MEP 1
VLAN ID 20
Use Access One test set to perform OAM Test Check ETH CC ETH LB/LT results
Note: Create VLAN 20 before setup OAM
Access One
OAM Test Set
Access One
OAM Test Set
Set as MIP
MIP MIP MIP MIP MIP MIP MIP MIP
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
57
OAM Parameter Setting and Testing Example (2)
MEP Index: 1 MEG ID: ABC (Domain Name) MEP ID: 1 at IDU1 MEP ID: 2 at IDU4 MEG Level: 0 VLAN ID: 20 Peer MEP ID: 2 at IDU1
VLAN ID 20
1
2
Note: Create VLAN 20 before setup OAM
From left to right perform ETH LB/LT control to check result
From right to left perform ETH LB/LT control to check result
2 1
SW SW SW SW
2 1
Modem port set as MEP1
Modem port set as MEP2
MIP MIP MIP MIP
1 2 MEP
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
What is STP/RSTP?
58 iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
59
Problems of L2 Loop
(1)Storming: Broadcast / Multicast Storm DLF (Destination Lookup Failure)/Unknown Uni-cast Storm (2)MAC Mis-Learning Storm Frames rewrite MAC Table. It caused flapping of Mac Learning Table.
MAC A
MAC A -- Port# 1 MAC A -- Port# 2
??
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
60
STP Parameter - Bridge ID & Path Cost
Path Cost is accumulated Cost between a Bridge to Root Bridge. Root Bridge
100Base-Tx 1000Base-T
100Base-Tx
Link Speed Cost
10Gbps 2
1Gbps 4
100Mbps 19
10MBps 100
Path Cost defined in IEEE802.1d
0+4=4
4+19 =23
0+19 =19
19+100 =119
10Base-T
*Port Cost is manually configurable
Bridge ID is main Parameter for
Spanning Tree Algorithm,
The Bridge with lowest Bridge ID
is selected as Root Bridge
Bridge ID (STP, RSTP)
Bridge Priority Bridge MAC Address
Bridge ID (8 Bytes)
2bytes 6bytes
Default Bridge Priority = 32768 (IEEE 802.1d)
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
61
Root Port
Designated Port
Data Flow
Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)
Loop#1
Root Bridge
Disabled Redundant Path
Blocking Port
1- Root Bridge- one root bridge per network ( lowest BID)
2- One root Port per non root bridge. (port forwarding to root bridge)
3- Designated port per segment
Blocking Port
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
62
Difference between STP and RSTP
STP RSTP
STABLE TOPOLOGY
ONLY THE ROOT SEND BPDU AND OTHERS RELAY THEM.
ALL BRIDGES SEND BPDU EVERY HELLO (2SEC) AS A KEEP ALIVE MECHANISM.
PORT ROLES
ROOT (FORWARDING) DESIGNATED (FORWARDING) NON-DESIGNATED (BLOCKING)
ROOT (FORWARDING) DESIGNATED (FORWARDING) ALTERNATE (DISCARDING) BACKUP ( DISCARDING)
PORT STATES DISABLED , BLOCKING, LISTENING, LEARNING FORWARDING
DISCARDING (DISABLED, BLOCKING, LISTENING) LEARNING, FORWARDING
TOPOLOGY
CHANGES
USE TIMERS FOR CONVERGENCE INFORMED FROM THE ROOT.
HELLO (2SEC) MAX AGE (20SEC) FORWARDING DELAY TIME (15SEC)
PROPOSAL AND AGREEMENT PROCESS FOR SYNCHRONIZATION (LESS THAN 1 SEC)
HELLO, MAX AGE AND FORWARDING DELAY TIMERS USED ONLY FOR BACKWARD COMPATIBILITY WITH STP. ONLY RSTP PORT RECEIVING STP
TRANSITION
SLOW: (50SEC), BLOCKING (20SEC)=> LISTENING (15 SEC) => LEARNING (15SEC) => FORWARDING.
FASTER: NO LEARNING STATES. DOESNT WAIT TO BE INFORMED BY OTHERS, INSTEAD, ACTIVELY LOOKS FOR POSSIBLE FAILURE BY A FEED BACK
MECHANISM. (RLQ)
TOPOLOGY CHANGE
WHEN A BRIDGE DISCOVER A CHANGE IN THE NETWORK IT INFORM THE ROOT. THEN ROOT INFORMS THE OTHER BRIDGES BY SENDING BPDU AND INSTRUCT THE OTHERS TO CLEAR THE DB ENTRIES AFTER THE FORWARDING DELAY
EVERY BRIDGE CAN GENERATE TOPOLOGY CHANGE AND INFORM ITS NEIGHBORS WHEN IT IS AWARE OF TOPOLOGY CHANGE AND IMMEDIATELY DELETE OLD DB
CHANGE ROOT
IF A BRIDGE (NON-ROOT) DOESN'T RECEIVE HELLO FOR 10X HELLO TIME, FROM THE ROOT, IT START CLAIMING THE ROOT ROLE BY GENERATING ITS OWN HELLO.
IF A BRIDGE DOESNT RECEIVE 3X HELLOS FROM THE ROOT, IT START CLAIMING THE ROOT ROLE BY GENERATING ITS OWN HELLO
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
63
Bridge: A Bridge ID 32768 MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-01
Bridge: B Bridge ID 32768 MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-03
Bridge: C Bridge ID 32768 MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-02
Port 1
Port 2
Port 1 Port 2
Port 1
Port 2
Step 1: All bridges will send BPDU packets to each other to elect who will be the Root bridge How to decide: Smallest ID win Smallest MAC Address win Step 2: Result: Bridge A is the Root bridge Bridge B, Bridge C are non Root bridge
STP IEEE 802.1D - Theory background (1)
1- Root Bridge- one root bridge per network ( lowest BID)
2- One root Port per non root bridge. (port forwarding to root bridge)
3- Designated port per segment
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
64
Root Bridge Bridge: A Bridge ID 32768 MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-01
Port 1 as Root port
Non Root Bridge Bridge: C Bridge ID 32768 MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-02
Port 1
Port 2
Port 2
Port 2
Step 3 Every non root bridge must select one root port to send traffic to root Bridge based on best root path cost Suppose all connections are 100M FE speed for this example
Non Root Bridge Bridge: B Bridge ID 32768 MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-03
Port 1 as Root port
RP
RP
STP IEEE 802.1D - Theory background (2)
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
65
Root Bridge Bridge: A Bridge ID 32768 MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-01
Port 1 as Root port
Non Root Bridge Bridge: C Bridge ID 32768 MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-02
Port 1
Port 2
Port 2
Port 2
Step 4 Selections of Designated Ports Port provided the least parth cost from the segment to the root is elected as designated port Result: Since the ports on Bridge A are directly connected to the root bridge, these ports become the DP for S1 and S2 Port 1 of Bridge A as Designated port for Segment 1 Port 2 of Bridge A as Designated port for Segment 2
Non Root Bridge Bridge: B Bridge ID 32768 MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-03
Port 1 as Root port
RP
RP
Segment 3
Segment 1
Segment 2
DP
DP
STP IEEE 802.1D - Theory background (3)
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
66
Root Bridge Bridge: A Bridge ID 32768 MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-01
Port 1 as Root port
Non Root Bridge Bridge: C Bridge ID 32768 MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-02
Port 1
Port 2
Port 2
Port 2
Continue on Step 5: Election of Designated Ports for segment 3 The path cost to the RB is the same for Bridge B and Bridge C The tie breaker is the lower MAC address of bridge C Result: Port 2 of Bridge B as DP Step 6: RP and DP ports go into the forwarding states Step 7: Ports that are not DP or RP go to the blocking state
Non Root Bridge Bridge: B Bridge ID 32768 MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-03
Port 1 as Root port
RP
RP
Segment 3
Segment 1
Segment 2
DP
DP
STP IEEE 802.1D - Theory background (4)
DP
BP
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
67
Root Bridge Bridge: A Bridge ID 32768 MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-01
Port 1 as Root port
Non Root Bridge Bridge: C Bridge ID 32768 MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-02
Port 1
Port 2
Port 2
Port 2
Step 8 At this point STP has fully converged Bridge C continuous to send BPDU advertising its superiority Over Bridge B As long as this condition remain good The port 2 of Bridge-B remain blocked For any reason if Bridge B port2 not Receive a BPDU for max. 20 sec It will start to transition to forwarding mode
Non Root Bridge Bridge: B Bridge ID 32768 MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-03
Port 1 as Root port
RP
RP
DP
DP
STP IEEE 802.1D - Theory background (5)
DP
Forwarding
Blocked
Forwarding
Forwarding
Forwarding
Forwarding
BPDU
BP
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
68
Root Bridge Bridge: A Bridge ID 32768 MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-01
Port 1 as Root port
Non Root Bridge Bridge: C Bridge ID 32768 MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-02
Port 1
Port 2
Port 2
Port 2
Spanning Tree Failure The blocked port has gone into Forwarding
Non Root Bridge Bridge: B Bridge ID 32768 MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-03
Port 1 as Root port
RP
RP
DP
DP
STP IEEE 802.1D - Theory background (6)
Forwarding
Was Blocked Now forwarding
Forwarding
Forwarding
Forwarding
Summary of STP Port States 1. Blocking 2. Listening 3. Learning 4. Forwarding 5. Disabled
BPDU
DP
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
69
How STP and RSTP works (1)?
2
2
1
1
1
111
222 333
444
1
2 2
B
Designated
Root Port
Blocked
FOR STP CASE
2
2
1
1
1
222
444
1
2 2
Switch 222 and 444 wait for 20 seconds for Max Age Time + 15 seconds (listening) + 15 seconds ( learning) Total 50 seconds to converge
111
333
B
R
D
D
D
D D
R
R R
R
R
R
D
D
D
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
How STP and RSTP works (2)?
2
2
1
1
1
111
222 333
444
1
2 2
FOR RSTP CASE
2
2
1
1
1
222
444
1
2 2
When 222 loses it connection to 111, it immediately Start it port 2 to inform 444, then 444 place it P2 to Forwarding. 444 perform a hand shake with 222 Called sync operation The sync required a BPDU Exchange, but does not use timers, and therefore Perform fast switching!
111
333
B
Designated
Root Port
Blocked
R
D
B
D
D
D
D
R
R R
R
R
R
R
D
D
D
70 iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
Ether Ring Protection
71 iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
72
G.8032 Ethernet Ring Protection Switching
ETH-CC
Client #1 Signal
Client #2 Signal
Traffic separation with VLAN Tag
RPL
(Ring Protection Link)
Utilizing widely-deployed Ethernet (802.1,3) with OAM (802.1ag/Y.1731) Loop-free protection mechanism Protection Switching Time
73
G.8032 is an ITU Recommendation Defines the APS (Automatic Protection Switching ) protocol and protection switching
mechanisms for ETH layer ring topologies. Use of standard 802 MAC and OAM frames around the ring Uses standard 802.1Q , but with xSTP disabled. Prevents loops within the ring by blocking one of the links Monitoring of the ETH layer for discovery and identification of Signal Failure (SF)
conditions. Protection and recovery switching within 50 ms for typical rings.
Submission of FDB Flush, Unblock blocking Port
Blocking Port
Unblock blocking Port
1) Normal Condition
2) Failure Event 3) Switchover Condition
Client Traffic
G.8032 Ethernet Ring Protection
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
74
Synchronization in iPASOLINK
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
75
Type of Synchronization
System A
System Bt
t
Timing signal of system B
Timing signal of system A
00:00:00
00:00:00
00:00:01
00:00:01
00:00:03
00:00:03
00:00:04
00:00:04
System A
System Bt
t
Timing signal of system B
Timing signal of system A
00:00:00
00:00:00
00:00:01
00:00:01
00:00:03
00:00:03
00:00:04
00:00:04
Frequency Synchronization all nodes align in both clock and radio channel frequencies generated by the same frequency source.
Time Synchronization all nodes have access to the information on
the reference time. The time synchronization is also referred to as time-of-day synchronization or wall-clock synchronization, where the clocks in question are traceable to a time-base such as UTC. Usually, this can be used as an alternate of phase synch. ToD( time of day) signals are applied for this synch..
Phase Synchronization all nodes have access to a reference timing signal whose rising edges occur at the same instant in time. This process is also referred to as relative-time synchronization or adaptive frame alignment in 3GPP mobile system. In phased 1PPS (pulse per second) signal is applied for phase synchronization of 3GPP2(cdmaOne/cdma2000and WiMAX.
T A =1/f A
T B =1/f B
t
t
T iming signal of system A
T iming signal of system B
T A =1/f A
T B =1/f B
t
t
T iming signal of system A
T iming signal of system B T B =1/f B
t
t
T iming signal of system A
T iming signal of system B
t
t T iming signal of system B
T iming signal of system A
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
76
Synchronous Ethernet Concept
Uses the PHY clock
Generates the clock signal from bit stream Similar to traditional SONET/SDH/PDH PLLs
Each node in the Packet Network recovers the clock
Performance is independent of network loading
There are four quality levels for clocks in SDH:
Primary Reference Clock G.811 SSU Slave clock (transit node) G.812
SSU Slave clock (local node) G.812 SDH network element clock (SEC) G.813
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
77
IEEE1588v2 End-to-End Synchronization Concept
(1) Boundary Clock (BC)
(2) Transparent Clock (TC)
M :Time synchronization Master
S :Time synchronization Slave
Intermediate node doesnt terminate messages but add delay information node-by-node.
All intermediate node terminates messages link-by-link.
CX2200 CX2600
PRC (Primary Reference
Clock)
M S M S M S M S
Sync Sync Sync Sync
CX2200 CX2600
PRC
Clock (PDU Information)
Timestamp = t
A B C Forwarding
delay = tA
Forwarding delay = tB
Forwarding
delay = tC
t1 = t tA t2 = t1 tB t3 = t2 tC t
M S
Sync Defined on version 2
(3) Slave Clock (SC)
CX2200 CX2600
A B C
Defined on version 2
S
M
PTP Server
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
78
Circuit Emulation pseudo wire
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
79
Packet Network
TDM(PDH/SDH)
Node
Data over E1
Data over Packet
PWE
Circuit Emulation /Pseudo Wire Emulation
PWE3 (Pseudo Wire Emulation Edge to Edge)
TDM ATM
TDM ATM
TDM ATM
TDM ATM
Node Node
PWE Node
Pseudo Wire Emulation (PWE)
E1 TDM
TDM -> CES SAToP/
CESoPSN E1
ETH
E1 TDM
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
TS-31
.
TS-2
TS
-1
E1 F
RA
ME
80
PWE-SAToP
TS-31
.
TS-2
TS
-1
E1 F
RA
ME
..
CTRL W
ORD
RT
P
PW
HE
AD
ER
..
TS-31
.
TS-2
TS
-1
E1 F
RA
ME
..
CTRL W
ORD
RT
P
PW
HE
AD
ER
CTRL W
ORD
RT
P
PW
HE
AD
ER
PW PAYLOAD PW PAYLOAD PW PAYLOAD
E1 F
RA
ME
E1 F
RA
ME
SUITABLE FOR UNSTRUCTURED TDM, IGNORE IF THERE IS A STRUCTURE
SAToP ENCAPSULATED N BYTES OF TDM STREAM IN EACH PACKET IGNORING ANY TDM FRAME ALIGNMENT
THE ENTIRE E1 IS PACKETIZED INCLUDING ALL TIME SLOTS WHETHER USED OR NOT.,
THE E1 STREAM IS SLICED INTO FIXED SIZE BLOCKS OF EQUAL SIZE FOR PACKETIZATION. THE SLICE POSITION IS
RANDOM AND NOT RELATED TO THE E1 FRAMING BITS (TS0)
PSEUDO WIRE REQUIRE AN OVERHEAD TYPICALLY 10 TO 20 % OVER THE NATIVE TDM BANDWIDTH.
CESoP
Header Header
Frame/Packet
E1 Payload Transport Packet Header
(IP/VLAN/MPLS)
CES
Ch32
Header Header
Ch32
TDM
ch0
Ch32 ch0 ch0 Ch32 ch0
Ch32 ch0 Ch32 ch0
RFC4553 - Structure-Agnostic Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)over Packet (SAToP)
- whole E1/T1 Frame based packetization (Unstructured)
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
TS-31
.
TS-2
TS
-1
E1 F
RA
ME
81
PWE-CESoPSN
TS-31
.
TS-2
TS
-1
E1 F
RA
ME
..
CTRL W
ORD
RT
P
PW
HE
AD
ER
..
TS-31
.
TS-2
TS
-1
E1 F
RA
ME
..
CTRL W
ORD
RT
P
PW
HE
AD
ER
CTRL W
ORD
RT
P
PW
HE
AD
ER
PW PAYLOAD PW PAYLOAD PW PAYLOAD
UN
US
ED
TS
UN
US
ED
TS
UN
US
ED
TS
UN
US
ED
TS
UN
US
ED
TS
UN
US
ED
TS
CESoPSN IS STRUCTURE AWARE TRANSPORT CONSIDER THE TDM STRUCTURE INTO ACCOUNT
THE FRAME ALIGNMENT SIGNAL (FAS) IS MAINTAINED AT PSN EGRESS POINT.
ENTIRE E1 STREAM CAN BE PACKETIZED, INCLUDING ALL TIME SLOTS USED OR NOT USED
IT IS ALSO POSSIBLE NOT TRANSPORT UNUSED TIME SLOTS IN THE PAYLOAD SAVING BANDWIDTH
Header Header
Ch2 Ch2 Ch2 Ch2
Header Header
Ch2 Ch2 Ch1 Ch1 Ch32 Ch2 Ch2 Ch1 Ch1
CESoP
Payload
Header Header
Ch2 Ch2 Ch32 Ch2 Ch2
Header Header
Ch2 Ch2 Ch1 Ch1 Ch2 Ch2 Ch1 Ch1
CES
E1
Ch32 ch0
Ch32 ch0
Transport Packet Header (IP/VLAN/MPLS)
Ch32
Ch32
RFC5086 - Structure-aware TDM Circuit Emulation Service over Packet Switched Network (CESoPSN) - NDS0 based packetization (structured)
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
About ACR (Adaptive Clock Recovery)
Inserts clock information to packet header (Control Word or RTP) Recover clock information at clock slave node
Customer Premises
Central Office
Master Node TDM
Equipment
Slave Node TDM
Equipment
Filter
Queue
Service Service
E1 T1/E1
Clock Encode
Carrier PSN
Time Stamp
TDM to Packet
Packet to TDM
In-Band
Primary Reference
Source
fReference
Time Stamp
ACR is used at slave node E1 Line sync or NE clock is used at master node
82 iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
iPASOLINK PWE configuratgion
ACR is used at slave node E1 Line sync or NE clock is used at master node
STM-1 -Chanellized
MSE L2SW
XC
MB
16E1
Modem-2 Modem-1
PWE CH1
PWE CH64
E1 Ethernet BUS
Modem
FE / GbE Ports
83 iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
84
Ethernet Cables
Ethernet Specification Speed Cable Type Distance
10BASE-T 10M UTP cable (CAT3) 100m
10BASE2 10M Coaxial cable (50 ohms, diameter of 5mm) 185m
10BASE5 10M Coaxial cable (50 ohms, diameter of 10mm) 500m
100BASE-T
100BASE-X 100BASE-FX 100M Fiber optic cable (1300nm MMF) 2000m
100BASE-TX 100M UTP cable (CAT5) 100m
100BASE-T4 100M UTP cable (CAT3) 100m
100BASE-T2 100M UTP cable (CAT3) 100m
1000BASE-X
1000BASE-FX
1000BASE-LX 1000M Fiber optic cable (1300nm MMF) 550m
1000M Fiber optic cable (1300nm SMF) 5000m
1000BASE-SX 1000M Fiber optic cable (850nm MMF) 550m
1000BASE-CX 1000M Coaxial cable 25m
1000BASE-T 1000M UTP cable (CAT5 e/CAT6) 100m
10GBASE-X 10GBASE-TX1 10G Fiber optic cable (1310nm MMF) 300m
10G Fiber optic cable (1310nm SMF) 10km
10GBASE-R
10GBASE-SR 10G Fiber optic cable (850nm MMF) 65m
10GBASE-LR 10G Fiber optic cable (1310nm SMF) 10km
10GBASE-ER 10G Fiber optic cable (1550nm SMF) 40km
10GBASE-W
10GBASE-SW 10G Fiber optic cable (850nm MMF) 65m
10GBASE-LW 10G Fiber optic cable (1310nm SMF) 10km
10GBASE-EW 10G Fiber optic cable (1550nm SMF) 40km
10GBASE-LW4 10G Fiber optic cable (1310nm SMF) 10km
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Ethernet Standards
Layer 7 Application Layer
IEEE802.1
Layer 6 Presentation Layer
Layer 5 Session Layer
Layer 4 Transport Layer
Layer 3 Network Layer
Layer 2 Data Link Layer
LLC IEEE802.2
MAC
IEEE802.3 ..
Layer 1 Physical Layer
Standard Working Group
IEEE802.1 Higher Layer LAN Protocols
IEEE802.2 Logical Link Control
IEEE802.3 Ethernet
IEEE802.4 Token Bus
IEEE802.5 Token Ring
IEEE802.6 Metropolitan Area Network
IEEE802.7 Broadband
IEEE802.8 Fiber Optic
IEEE802.9 Isochronous LAN
IEEE802.10 Security
IEEE802.11 Wireless LAN
IEEE802.12 Demand Priority
IEEE802.14 Cable Modem
IEEE802.15 Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN)
IEEE802.16 Broadband Wireless Access (WiMAX)
IEEE802.17 Resilient Packet Ring
IEEE802.18 Radio Regulatory
IEEE802.19 Coexistence
IEEE802.20 Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA)
The standardization of LAN is conducted by the IEEEInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. It has already standardized many LAN-related technologies that we are familiar with in everyday life. They includes IEEE802.3, standards on the Ethernet, and IEEE802.11a/b/g, standards on the Wireless LAN.
Ethernet - 2
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Thank you
This training document describes the current version of the equipment. The specifications or configuration contained in this document are subject to change without notice.
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions