4. lect Germ RStO 01site.iugaza.edu.ps/sjendia/files/2011/09/Lecture-4.pdf · RStO 01 44. . LectureLecture 0505..1010 . . 20112011 Prof. DR.Prof. DR. Eng. Shafik Jendia Eng. Shafik

RStORStO 0101RStORStO 0101

44. . LectureLecture0505..1010 . . 20112011

Prof. DR.Prof. DR. Eng. Shafik JendiaEng. Shafik Jendia

Islamic University of GazaIslamic University of Gazayy

Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia

Standard and RegulationStandard and RegulationStandard and RegulationStandard and Regulation

““RichtlinienRichtlinien fuerfuer die die Standardisier ngStandardisier ng desdes Oberba esOberba esStandardisierungStandardisierung des des OberbauesOberbauesvon von VerkehrsflaechenVerkehrsflaechenAusgabeAusgabe ((RStORStO 20012001))””

German Guidelines for Standard Road DesignGerman Guidelines for Standard Road Design

20012001


Procedure General StepsProcedure General StepsProcedure General StepsProcedure General Steps

Selection of Pavement TypeSelection of Pavement Type

C l l ti f T ffi L dC l l ti f T ffi L dCalculation of Traffic LoadCalculation of Traffic Load

Determination of Pavement LayerDetermination of Pavement LayerDetermination of Pavement Layer Determination of Pavement Layer Thicknesses Thicknesses


PavementPavement TypesTypesPavementPavement TypesTypesR d S f With t Bi dR d S f With t Bi dRoad Surface Without Binder Road Surface Without Binder (Untreated Road Surface)(Untreated Road Surface)

Asphalt Pavement Asphalt Pavement (Flexible)(Flexible)( )( )

Cement Concrete PavementCement Concrete Pavement (Rigid)(Rigid)Cement Concrete Pavement Cement Concrete Pavement (Rigid)(Rigid)

Segmental PavementSegmental PavementSegmental PavementSegmental Pavement(Interlock or Concrete Block Pavement)(Interlock or Concrete Block Pavement)


Pa ement T pePa ement T pePavement TypePavement Type

Road Surface Without BinderRoad Surface Without BinderRoad Surface Without Binder Road Surface Without Binder (Untreated Road Surface)(Untreated Road Surface)

Country Roads

Bicycle/ Walk Sides


Road Surface Road Surface With t Bi dWith t Bi dWithout Binder Without Binder

(Untreated Road Surface)(Untreated Road Surface)


R d S fR d S fRoad Surface Road Surface Without BinderWithout BinderWithout Binder Without Binder

(Untreated Road (Untreated Road Surface)Surface)Surface)Surface)


Flexible (Flexible (AsphaltAsphalt) and) andRigid (Rigid (CementCement ConcreteConcrete) Pavements) PavementsRigid (Rigid (CementCement ConcreteConcrete) Pavements) Pavements


Flexible (Flexible (AsphaltAsphalt) and) andFlexible (Flexible (AsphaltAsphalt) and) andRigid (Rigid (CementCement ConcreteConcrete) Pavements) PavementsRigid (Rigid (CementCement ConcreteConcrete) Pavements) Pavements

wearing

binder


Flexible (Flexible (AsphaltAsphalt) and) andRigid (Rigid (CementCement ConcreteConcrete) Pavements) PavementsRigid (Rigid (CementCement ConcreteConcrete) Pavements) Pavements


Other Ex. For Rigid (Other Ex. For Rigid (CementCementCC ) P) PConcreteConcrete) Pavement) Pavement


Produce of Rigid Produce of Rigid ((CC CC ) P) P((CementCement ConcreteConcrete) Pavement) Pavement


Segmental PavementSegmental Pavementgg(Interlock or Concrete Block Pavement)(Interlock or Concrete Block Pavement)


Segmental PavementSegmental Pavementgg(Interlock or Concrete Block Pavement)(Interlock or Concrete Block Pavement)

Border between Netherlands and Belgi m

Prof. Dr. Eng Prof. Dr. Eng ShafikShafik JendiaJendia

Belgium

Segmental PavementSegmental Pavement( C )( C )(Interlock or Concrete Block Pavement)(Interlock or Concrete Block Pavement)



Criteria for Pavement Type SelectionCriteria for Pavement Type Selection

Function of Traffic Area (Pavement)

Traffic Load

S f CSituation of local Construction Material

Economic ConditionEconomic Condition



Function of Traffic AreaFunction of Traffic Area

Vehicles

Bicycle/ Walk Sides

Pedestrian Zones

Country RoadsCountry Roads


Traffic Load

Design Traffic Load (B) & Construction Classes of PavementsPavements

Construction ClassConstruction ClassTotal NumberTotal Number of Equivalent of Equivalent 100 100 kNkN ((10 10 t) t) Single Axle Load Applications During DesignSingle Axle Load Applications During DesignSingle Axle Load Applications During Design Single Axle Load Applications During Design Life Life (Millions(Millions) = ) = Design Traffic Load (B)Design Traffic Load (B)

SV (HT)SV (HT)Heavy Traffic Class

More than 32

IMore than 10 - 32 IIMore than 3 - 10 IIIMore than 0.8 - 3 IVMore than 0.3 - 0.8 VM th 0 1 0 3


VMore than 0.1 - 0.3VILess than 0.1

Design Traffic Load (B)Design Traffic Load (B)

There are two methods1. Method: From DTV(SV) ( ADTADT((HH)) )

DTVDTV(SV)(SV) = = AAverage verage DDaily aily HHeavy eavy TTraffic raffic ADTADT((HH))

Heavy Traffic (≥ Heavy Traffic (≥ 33,,55 t + Buses > t + Buses > 99 Seats)Seats)y (y ( ,, ))

B N ADTADT((HH)) f f f f f 365B = N ·ADTADT((HH)) · fA· qBM · f1 ·f2 · f3 · fz · 365

ffAA = Average Number of Axles per Vehicle of Heavy Traffic= Average Number of Axles per Vehicle of Heavy Traffic


N = Design Life (years)N = Design Life (years)

Average Number of Axles per Vehicle of HeavyAverage Number of Axles per Vehicle of HeavyTraffic Load

Average Number of Axles per Vehicle of Heavy Average Number of Axles per Vehicle of Heavy Traffic Traffic (Axle Number Factor (Axle Number Factor ffAA) = ) =

ΣΣ Actual Axles of Heavy Traffic /Actual Axles of Heavy Traffic / ( ADTADT((HH)) )ΣΣ Actual Axles of Heavy Traffic / Actual Axles of Heavy Traffic / ( ADTADT((HH)) )

Factor fARoad System4.2Principals Arterial SystemPrincipals Arterial System (Autobahnen)

Interstate, Freeways, Expressways

3.7Minor Arterial System Minor Arterial System (Bundesstrassen)

3.1Collector and Local SystemCollector and Local System


Traffic Load

Heavy Traffic


Traffic LoadFactor (qBm) =

ΣΣ 1010tt-- Equivalent Axles /Equivalent Axles / ΣΣ Actual Axles of Heavy TrafficActual Axles of Heavy TrafficΣΣ 1010tt Equivalent Axles / Equivalent Axles / ΣΣ Actual Axles of Heavy TrafficActual Axles of Heavy Traffic

1010tt-- Equivalent Axles = ESAL of Heavy TrafficEquivalent Axles = ESAL of Heavy Traffic

Factor qBmRoad System0.26Principals Arterial SystemPrincipals Arterial System (Autobahnen)




A H T k F t f R d fProf. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia

Average Heavy Truck Factor of Road= fA· qBM

Traffic Load

Lane Factor (f1)( 1)

Traffic SurveyTraffic SurveyTraffic SurveyTraffic Survey Traffic Survey Traffic Survey in Each in Each

DirectionsDirections

Traffic Survey Traffic Survey in Both in Both

DirectionsDirectionsNumberNumber of Lanesof Lanes

1.00-10 90 52 0.90.520.80.530 80 454 0.80.4540.80.4550 80 406 d M


0.80.406 and More

Traffic Load

Factor of Lane Width (f2)


Traffic Load

Factor of Lane Width (f2)( 2)

F t fF t fL WidthL Width (( )) Factor fFactor f22Lane Width Lane Width ((m)m)

2.00Less than 2.50

1.802.50 – Less than 2.75

1.402.75 – Less than 3.25

1.103.25 – Less than 3.75

1.003.75 and More


Traffic Load

Longitudinal Slope Factor (f3)g p ( 3)

Factor f3Slope (%)1.00Less than 2

1.022 – Less than 4 1.022 Less than 41.054 – Less than 51.095 – Less than 61.146 – Less than 71.207 – Less than 81.278 – Less than 91.359 – Less than 10


1.4510 and More

Average Annual Growth Factor of Heavy Traffic (fz)

Average Annual Growth Ratio of Heavy Traffic (P)

With a growth in the first year (P1 > 0 f 1 > 1)

No growth in the first year(P1 = 0 f 1 =1)

p N+ 1)1( p N+ 1)1(

(P1 > 0, fz1 > 1) (P1 = 0, fz1 =1)

NppfZ ⋅

−+=

1)1( ( )pNp

pfZ +⋅⋅

−+= 11)1(

Np Np

N = Design Life (years)Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia

N = Design Life (years)

Traffic Load

Average Annual Growth Ratio of Heavy Traffic (P)

PRoad System0.03Principals Arterial SystemPrincipals Arterial System (Autobahnen)





Traffic LoadAverage Annual Growth Factor of Heavy Traffic (Fz)

(P1 = 0)Average Annual Growth Ratio of HeavyAverage Annual Growth Ratio of Heavy

Traffic PYearsYearsNN

0.030.020.01 0.030.020.011.0621.0411.02051 1461 0951 04610 1.1461.0951.046101.2401.1531.073151 3441 2151 10120 1.3441.2151.101201.4581.2811.130251 5861 3521 15930


1.5861.3521.15930

Traffic LoadAverage Annual Growth Factor of Heavy Traffic (Fz)

(P1 > 0)Average Annual Growth Ratio of HeavyAverage Annual Growth Ratio of Heavy

Traffic PYearsYearsNN

0.030.020.01 0.030.020.011.0941.0621.03051 1811 1171 05710 1.1811.1171.057101.2771.1761.084151 3841 2391 11220 1.3841.2391.112201.5021.3071.141251 6331 3791 17130


1.6331.3791.17130

ExamplesExamplesTraffic Load

ExamplesExamplesExample Example 22Example Example 11ParameterParameter30303030D i LifD i Lif NN 3030 yearsyears30 30 yearsyearsDesign LifeDesign Life NN1166Number of LanesNumber of Lanes33..0033..7575 mmLane WidthLane Width3 3 %%4 4 %%Long. SlopeLong. Slope500 500 Veh/Veh/2424hh1900 1900 Veh/Veh/2424hh

In both directionsIn both directionsADT(H) in in 11. Year. Year

PP 00PP 00A A l PP11--6 6 == 00PP1 1 == 00PP22--4 4 = = 00..0202

Average Annual Growth Ratio of Heavy Traffic (Pi) PP77--3030 == 00..0303PP55--3030 == 00..0303Heavy Traffic (Pi)

44..2 2 Ax/VehAx/Veh44..2 2 Ax/VehAx/VehffAA


00..262600..2626qqBMBM

SolutionsSolutionsExample Example 1 1 (from (from 11. . –– 44. year). year)

B = N · ADT(H) · fA· qBM · f1 ·f2 · f3 · fz · 365B1-4 = 4 ·1900 · 4.2 · 0.26 · 0.4 · 1.0 · 1.05 · 1.03 ·

365

B1-4 = 1.31 · 106

(P1 = 0)N

pfN

Z−+

=−1)1(

)41( = 1.0304Np

fZ ⋅)41(

N = 4 P = 0 02Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia

N = 4 P2- 4 = 0.02


DTV (SV)PN190001 (P > 0)190001

A2=19000.02219380 023

(P1 > 0)

N 26 P 0 0319380.0231976,760.024

N = 26 P5 = 0.03

A = A (1+ p) n-2

A5=2016.30

0.035An = A2 (1+ p) n 2

A5 = A2 (1+ 0.02) 3

2076.780.0361 527( )pf

N −+ 11)1(

n = 2 or greater


= 1.527( )pNp

pf Z +⋅⋅

=− 1)(305


B = N · ADT(H) · fA· qBM · f1 ·f2 · f3 · f · 365B N ADT( ) fA qBM f1 f2 f3 fz 365B5-30 = 26 ·2016.3 · 4.2 · 0.26 · 0.4 · 1.0 · 1.05 · 5 30

1.527 · 365

B 13 40 106B1-4 = 13.40 · 106

B Total = 1.31 · 106 + 13.40 · 106 = 14.71·106


ExamplesExamplesTraffic Load

ExamplesExamplesExample Example 22Example Example 11ParameterParameter30303030D i LifD i Lif NN 3030 yearsyears30 30 yearsyearsDesign LifeDesign Life NN1166Number of LanesNumber of Lanes33..0033..7575 mmLane WidthLane Width3 3 %%4 4 %%Long. SlopeLong. Slope500 500 Veh/Veh/2424hh1900 1900 Veh/Veh/2424hh

In both directionsIn both directionsDTVDTV(SV)(SV) in in 11. Year. Year

PP 00PP 00A A l PP11--6 6 == 00PP1 1 == 00PP22--4 4 = = 00..0202

Average Annual Growth Ratio of Heavy Traffic (Pi) PP77--3030 == 00..0303PP55--3030 == 00..0303Heavy Traffic (Pi)

44..2 2 Ax/VehAx/Veh44..2 2 Ax/VehAx/VehffAA


00..262600..2626qqBMBM


B = N · ADT(H) · fA· qBM · f1 ·f2 · f3 · fz · 365B1-6 = 6 ·500 · 4.2 · 0.26 · 1.0 · 1.4 · 1.02 · 1.0 · 365

B1-6 = 1.71 · 106

fz1-6 = 1.0

N = 6 P1- 6 = 0



DTV (SV)PN DTV (SV)PN50001

(P1 > 0)

5000250003

N = 24 P= 0.035000350004 fz 7-30= 1.4775000550006

z 7 30

5000.0375150 038


5150.038


B N DTV(SV) f f f f f 365B = N · DTV(SV) · fA· qBM · f1 ·f2 · f3 · fz · 365B = 24 500 4 2 0 26 1 0 1 4 1 02 1 477 365B7-30 = 24 ·500 · 4.2· 0.26· 1.0· 1.4· 1.02 ·1.477· 365

B7 30 = 10 09 · 106B7-30 10.09 10

B Total = 1.71 · 106 + 10.09 · 106 = 11.8 · 106


Design Traffic Load (B)Design Traffic Load (B)

2. Method: From DTA(SV) = ADA(H)

DTA(SV) = = AAverage verage DDaily Number of aily Number of AAxles of xles of HHeavy Traffic eavy Traffic ADA(H)ADA(H)

B N (ΣADA(H) (L / L )4 ) f f f f 365B = N · (ΣADA(H) · (Lk / L0)4 )· f1 ·f2 · f3 · fz · 365

Lk = (Average) Axle Load

L = Standard Axle Load =10 t (100 kN)Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia

L0 = Standard Axle Load =10 t (100 kN)

Axle Load Equivalency Factor

0 t)

acto

r (10

(Lk / L0)4 = le

ncy

Fa

Load Equivalency

Equ

iva Equivalency

Factor

xle

Load

Ax

A l L d


Axle Load

Examples for Axle LoadsExamples for Axle Loadspp










Design Traffic Load (B)2 Method: From DTA(SV)2. Method: From DTA(SV)

Example

5050Veh.

7 t 19 t 14 t 20 t

100

7.5 t 11.5 t 24 t Veh.


Design Traffic Load (B)2 Method: From ADAADA(H)(H)2. Method: From ADAADA(H) (H)

Solution A

B = N · (ΣADA(H) · (Lk / L0)4 )· f1 ·f2 · f3 · fz · 365

(Σ ADA(H) · (Lk / L0)4 ) =50 [ (7/10)4 2(9 5/10)4 2 (7/10)4 3 (6 7/10)4]50 [ (7/10)4 + 2(9.5/10)4 +2 (7/10)4 +3 (6.7/10)4]

+ 100 [ (7.5/10)4 + (11.5/10)4 + 3 (8/10)4]

=50 [2.95] + 100 [3.29] =

476 5 Stand Axles (10t Equiv )Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik JendiaProf. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia

476.5 Stand. Axles (10t-Equiv.)

Design Traffic Load (B)2. Method: From ADAADA(H) (H)

Solution B

TotalTotalEF (LEF (Lk k //1010))44NumberNumberLoad ClassLoad Class

1919 444400 1296129633 505055tt 77tt 1919..444400..1296129633 x x 505055t t –– 77tt

225225 505000 414133 x x 5050 ++

77tt 99tt 225225..505000..41414 4 x x 100100

77t t –– 99tt

1001001122 505099tt 1111tt 1001001122 x x 505099t t –– 1111tt

207207..404022..07407411 xx 1001001111t t –– 1313tt

552552..3434Σ of Axles (10t-Equiv.)


Example for Example for Traffic LoadTraffic Load

Determine in the following table:

•the average truck factor (current)•the total ESAL for the design lane•the total ESAL for the design lane

h t d i lif 20where: pavement design life =20 years, number of lanes= 4, direction factor = 0.5


... Example for ... Example for Traffic LoadTraffic Load

VehicleDaily Curre

Annual Groth

Design Traffic

TruckFactor

Design ESALVehicle

Type(1)

Current

Traffic

GrothFactor

(3)

Traffic(4)

Factor(5)

ESAL(6)

(2) P (1) = 0 % P (2 10) = 2% ------------

Type 1 3000P (2-10) 2%-----------------P (11-20) = 3 %----------------

--------------

0.004

---------------- -

T 2 1500

P (1) = 0 % P (2-10) = 2 % ------------

0 4Type 2 1500 -----------------P (11-20) = 3 %-----------------

--------------

0.4


Other Ex. For Pavement Types and FunctionsOther Ex. For Pavement Types and Functionsypyp


Other Ex. For Rigid (Other Ex. For Rigid (CementCementConcreteConcrete) Pavement) Pavement


Documents

4. lect Germ RStO 01site.iugaza.edu.ps/sjendia/files/2011/09/Lecture-4.pdf · RStO 01 44. . LectureLecture 0505..1010 . . 20112011 Prof. DR.Prof. DR. Eng. Shafik Jendia Eng. Shafik