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C C o om m b bu us s t t i i o on n C C y y c c l l e e s s R Re e v v i i s s i i o o n n C Co o u u r r s s e e

4-Stroke and 2-Stroke Cycles - 123seminarsonly.com€¦ · In 2-stroke engine construction, the air for combustion enters the cylinder through holes in the side of the cylinder liner

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Page 1: 4-Stroke and 2-Stroke Cycles - 123seminarsonly.com€¦ · In 2-stroke engine construction, the air for combustion enters the cylinder through holes in the side of the cylinder liner

CCCooommmbbbuuussstttiiiooonnn CCCyyycccllleeesss

RRReeevvviiisssiiiooonnn CCCooouuurrrssseee

Page 2: 4-Stroke and 2-Stroke Cycles - 123seminarsonly.com€¦ · In 2-stroke engine construction, the air for combustion enters the cylinder through holes in the side of the cylinder liner

Page 1 of 32 MARINE TRAININGCCCooommmbbbuuussstttiiiooonnn CCCyyycccllleeesss

II NN TT RR OO DD UU CC TT II OO NN

D u r i n g t h e o p e r a t i n g c y c l e o f a n e n g i n e , e v e n t s m u s t t a k e p l a c e a t

t h e c o r r e c t t i m e a n d w i th t h e c o r r e c t r e l a t i o n s h i p t o e a c h o t h e r .

T h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n a l l t h e v a r i o u s e v e n t s i s k n o w n a s t h e

EE NN GG II NN EE TT II MM II NN GG .

T h e e n g i n e t i m i n g c o v e r s w h e n i n t h e c y c l e a p a r t i c u l a r t h i n g

s h o u l d h a p p e n . T h i s i n c l u d e s :

• T h e o p e n i n g a n d c l o s i n g o f t h e i n t a k e v a l v e .

• T h e o p e n i n g a n d c l o s i n g o f t h e e x h a u s t v a l v e .

• T h e i n j e c t i o n o f t h e f u e l o n a d i e s e l e n g i n e .

I f t h e t i m i n g o f a n y o f t h e a b o v e i s n o t a s s e t o u t i n t h e

m a n u f a c t u r e r ’ s m a n u a l , t h e e n g i n e w i l l n o t p e r f o r m a t i t s m o s t

e f f i c i e n t .

T h i s m o d u l e w i l l e xp l a i n e n g i n e c y c l e s a n d h o w t h e c o r r e c t t i m i n g

i s a c h i e v e d o n a 2 - S t r o k e c y c l e a n d 4 - S t r o k e c y c l e e n g i n e .

Page 3: 4-Stroke and 2-Stroke Cycles - 123seminarsonly.com€¦ · In 2-stroke engine construction, the air for combustion enters the cylinder through holes in the side of the cylinder liner

Page 2 of 32 MARINE TRAININGCCCooommmbbbuuussstttiiiooonnn CCCyyycccllleeesss

DD II EE SS EE LL EE NN GG II NN EE OO PP EE RR AA TT II NN GG CC YY CC LL EE SS

22 -- SS tt rr oo kk ee CC yy cc ll ee

A s i t s n a m e s u g g e s t s , a d i e s e l e n g i n e w o r k i n g o n t h e 2- s t r o k e

p r i n c i p l e u s e s t w o s t r o k e s o f t h e p i s t o n ( o n e u p w a r d s t r o k e a n d

o n e d o w n w a r d s t r o k e ) t o c o m p l e t e i t s c y c l e .

A c y c l e i s c o m p l e t e w h e n t h e p i s t o n h a s f i n i s h e d o n e f u l l d u t y

o p e r a t i o n a n d h a s r e t u r n e d b a c k t o t h e s t a r t i n g p o i n t t o b e g i n

a n o t h e r .

T o e x p l a i n h o w t h e 2- s t r o k e d i e s e l e n g i n e w o r k s , w e m u s t p i c k a

p o i n t i n t h e c y c l e a n d f o l l o w t h e p r o g r e s s o f t h e p i s t o n f r o m t h a t

p o i n t .

W e w i l l c o n s i d e r , f o r o u r e x a m p l e t h a t t h e p i s t o n i s a t t h e v e r y

b o t t o m o f i t s s t r o k e . T h i s p o s i t i o n i s k n o w n i n a l l t y p e s o f e n g i n e s

a s BB OO TT TT OO MM DD EE AA DD CC EE NN TT RR EE a n d o f t e n r e f e r r e d t o a s BB DD CC ..

Page 4: 4-Stroke and 2-Stroke Cycles - 123seminarsonly.com€¦ · In 2-stroke engine construction, the air for combustion enters the cylinder through holes in the side of the cylinder liner

Page 3 of 32 MARINE TRAININGCCCooommmbbbuuussstttiiiooonnn CCCyyycccllleeesss

I n 2- s t r o k e e n g i n e c o n s t r u c t i o n , t h e a i r f o r c o m b u s t i o n e nt e r s t h e

c y l i n d e r t h r o u g h h o l e s i n t h e s i d e o f t h e c y l i n d e r l i n e r . T h e s e

PP OO RR TT SS a r e c o n n e c t e d t o t h e a i r b o x t h a t i s s u p p l i e d w i t h a i r f r o m a

c h a r g e r . T h e e x h a u s t l e a v e s t h e c y l i n d e r u n i t t h r o u g h v a l v e s i n

t h e c y l i n d e r h e a d . S e e f i g u r e 1 .

F i g u r e 1

E X H A U S T V A L V E E X H A U S T V A L V E

B L O W E R A I R B O X

P O R T S I N C Y L I N D E R

W A L L

Page 5: 4-Stroke and 2-Stroke Cycles - 123seminarsonly.com€¦ · In 2-stroke engine construction, the air for combustion enters the cylinder through holes in the side of the cylinder liner

Page 4 of 32 MARINE TRAININGCCCooommmbbbuuussstttiiiooonnn CCCyyycccllleeesss

F i g u r e 2

• W i t h t h e p i s t o n a t B D C , t h e i n t a k e p o r t s a n d t h e e x h a u s t

v a l v e s a r e o p e n .

• A i r i s b l o w n f r o m t h e c h a r g e r i n t o t h e a i r b o x a n d t h r o u g h

t h e p o r t s i n t h e l i n e r .

• T h e a i r e n t e r i n g i s a t a h i g h e r p r e s s u r e th a n t h e g a s e s i n

t h e c y l i n d e r .

• E x h a u s t g a s e s f r o m t h e p r e v i o u s c y c l e a r e p u s h e d o u t

t h r o u g h t h e e x h a u s t v a l v e s .

• E v e n t u a l l y , t h e c y l i n d e r i s f i l l e d w i t h c l e a n , f r e s h a i r .

Page 6: 4-Stroke and 2-Stroke Cycles - 123seminarsonly.com€¦ · In 2-stroke engine construction, the air for combustion enters the cylinder through holes in the side of the cylinder liner

Page 5 of 32 MARINE TRAININGCCCooommmbbbuuussstttiiiooonnn CCCyyycccllleeesss

F i g u r e 3

• A s t h e p i s t o n m o v e s u p t h e c y l i n d e r , t h e e x h a u s t v a l v e s

c l o s e a n d t h e p i s t o n c o v e r s t h e i n l e t p o r t s .

• T h e c l e a n a i r i n t h e c y l i n d e r i s c o m p r e s s e d a s t h e p i s t o n

c o n t i n u e s t o m o v e u p t h e c y l i n d e r .

• T h e a i r t h a t i s s q u e e z e d i n t o a v e r y s m a l l v o l u m e i n c r e a s e s

i n t e m p e r a t u r e , t o a r o u n d 4 5 0 ° C ( 8 5 0 ° F ) .

• J u s t b e f o r e t h e p i s t o n r e a c h e s t h e v e r y t o p o f i t s s t r o k e ( a

p o s i t i o n k n o w n a s TT OO PP DD EE AA DD CC EE NN TT RR EE a n d o f t e n r e f e r r e d t o

a s TT DD CC ) t h e f u e l i n j e c t o r s p r a y s d i e s e l i n t o t h e c y l i n d e r .

Page 7: 4-Stroke and 2-Stroke Cycles - 123seminarsonly.com€¦ · In 2-stroke engine construction, the air for combustion enters the cylinder through holes in the side of the cylinder liner

Page 6 of 32 MARINE TRAININGCCCooommmbbbuuussstttiiiooonnn CCCyyycccllleeesss

F i g u r e 4

• T h e f u e l m i x e s w i t h t h e h o t a i r a n d s t a r t s t o b u r n .

• A s t h e b u r n i n g c o n t i n u e s , t h e p r e s s u r e i n t h e c y l i n d e r

i n c r e a s e s .

• T h e p r e s s u r e p u s h e s d o w n o n t h e p i s t o n , w h i c h t u r n s t h e

c r a n k s h a f t .

Page 8: 4-Stroke and 2-Stroke Cycles - 123seminarsonly.com€¦ · In 2-stroke engine construction, the air for combustion enters the cylinder through holes in the side of the cylinder liner

Page 7 of 32 MARINE TRAININGCCCooommmbbbuuussstttiiiooonnn CCCyyycccllleeesss

F i g u r e 5

• W h e n t h e p i s t o n i s a b o u t t h r e e - q u a r t e r s o f t h e w a y d o w n ,

t h e e x h a u s t v a l v e s b e g i n t o o p e n .

• E x h a u s t g a s e s b e g i n t o l e a v e t h e c y l i n d e r .

• W h e n t h e p i s t o n m o v e s l o w e r , t h e i n t a k e p o r t s a r e

u n c o v e r e d a n d f r e s h a i r i s a g a i n b l o w n i n t o t h e c y l i n d e r .

• “ SS CC AA VV EE NN GG II NN GG ” o f t h e e x h a u s t g a s e s t a k e s p l a c e .

• W h e n t h e p i s t o n i s a t B D C , t h e c y c l e i s c o m p l e t e .

Page 9: 4-Stroke and 2-Stroke Cycles - 123seminarsonly.com€¦ · In 2-stroke engine construction, the air for combustion enters the cylinder through holes in the side of the cylinder liner

Page 8 of 32 MARINE TRAININGCCCooommmbbbuuussstttiiiooonnn CCCyyycccllleeesss

Y o u w i l l s e e f r o m t h e d i a g r a m s t h a t e a c h u p w a r d s t r o k e i s a

CC OO MM PP RR EE SS SS II OO NN s t r o k e a n d e a c h d o w n w a r d s t o k e i s a PP OO WW EE RR

s t r o k e .

T o c h a r g e t h e c y l i n d e r w i t h a i r a n d t o r e m o v e t h e e x h a u s t g a s e s

f r o m t h e c y l i n d e r r e q u i r e s t h e u s e o f a i r u n d e r p r e s s u r e . T h e

c h a r g e r t a k e s c a r e o f b o t h o f t h e s e r e q u i r e m e n t s .

T w o - s t r o k e e n g i n e s d o n o t b r e a t h e v e r y w e l l . T h e s c a v e n g i n g o f

t h e e x h a u s t g a s e s f r o m t h e c y l i n d e r a f t e r t h e p o w e r s t r o k e i s n o t

c o m p l e t e ( t h e r e i s a l w a y s s o m e e x h a u s t g a s l e f t i n t h e u n i t ) . T h i s

i s d u e t o t h e v e r y s h o r t t i m e a v a i l a b l e d u r i n g w h i c h t h e i n t a k e

p o r t s a n d t h e e x h a u s t v a l v e s a r e o p e n a t t h e s a m e t i m e f o r t h e

c l e a n a i r t o s c a v e n g e ( c l e a n o u t ) t h e e n t i r e c y l i n d e r .

T h e t i m e w h e n t h e i n l e t p o r t ( o r i n l e t v a l v e ) a n d e x h a u s t v a l v e a r e

o p e n a t t h e s a m e t i m e i s c a l l e d t h e VV AA LL VV EE OO VV EE RR LL AA PP .

Page 10: 4-Stroke and 2-Stroke Cycles - 123seminarsonly.com€¦ · In 2-stroke engine construction, the air for combustion enters the cylinder through holes in the side of the cylinder liner

Page 9 of 32 MARINE TRAININGCCCooommmbbbuuussstttiiiooonnn CCCyyycccllleeesss

44 -- SS tt rr oo kk ee CC yy cc ll ee

A s i t s n a m e w o u l d s u g g e s t , t h e c y c l e o f e v e n t s i s c o m p l e t e d i n f o u r

s t r o k e s o f t h e p i s t o n ( t w o u p w a r d s t r o k e s a n d t w o d o w n w a r d

s t r o k e s ) .

T o e x p l a i n h o w t h e 4- s t r o k e d i e s e l e n g i n e w o r k s , w e m u s t p i c k a

p o i n t i n t h e c y c l e a n d f o l l o w t h e p r o g r e s s o f t h e p i s t o n f r o m t h a t

p o i n t .

W e w i l l c o n s i d e r , f o r o u r e x a m p l e t h a t t h e p i s t o n i s a t t h e v e r y t o p

o f i t s s t r o k e ( TT DD CC ) .

Page 11: 4-Stroke and 2-Stroke Cycles - 123seminarsonly.com€¦ · In 2-stroke engine construction, the air for combustion enters the cylinder through holes in the side of the cylinder liner

Page 10 of 32 MARINE TRAININGCCCooommmbbbuuussstttiiiooonnn CCCyyycccllleeesss

T h e f i r s t s t r o k e i n t h e c y c l e i s d o w n w a r d s f r o m T D C t o B D C . T h i s

i s c a l l e d t h e II NN TT AA KK EE o r II NN DD UU CC TT II OO NN s t r o k e .

• T h e p i s t o n m o v e s d o w n t h e

c y l i n d e r w i t h t h e i n t a k e v a l v e

o p e n a n d t h e e x h a u s t v a l v e

c l o s e d .

• L o w p r e s s u r e i s c r e a t e d a b o v e

t h e p i s t o n i n t h e c y l i n d e r .

• A i r r u s h e s i n t o f i l l t h e p a r t i a l

v a c u u m .

F i g u r e 6

P i s t o n a t B D C

Page 12: 4-Stroke and 2-Stroke Cycles - 123seminarsonly.com€¦ · In 2-stroke engine construction, the air for combustion enters the cylinder through holes in the side of the cylinder liner

Page 11 of 32 MARINE TRAININGCCCooommmbbbuuussstttiiiooonnn CCCyyycccllleeesss

T h e s e c o n d s t r o k e i n t h e c y c l e i s u p w a r d s f r o m B D C t o T D C . T h i s

i s c a l l e d t h e CC OO MM PP RR EE SS SS II OO NN s t r o k e .

• T h e p i s t o n m o v e s u p t h e

c y l i n d e r .

• T h e i n t a k e v a l v e a n d t h e

e x h a u s t v a l v e a r e c l o s e d .

• T h e a i r t r a p p e d i n t h e c y l i n d e r

i s c o m p r e s s e d g i v i n g a r i s e i n

t e m p e r a t u r e .

• J u s t b e f o r e , a n d t h r o u g h T D C ,

f u e l i s i n j e c t e d i n t o t h e

c y l i n d e r .

F i g u r e 7

P i s t o n R i s i n g O n C o m p r e s s i o n S t r o k e A n d F u e l I n j e c t i o n

Page 13: 4-Stroke and 2-Stroke Cycles - 123seminarsonly.com€¦ · In 2-stroke engine construction, the air for combustion enters the cylinder through holes in the side of the cylinder liner

Page 12 of 32 MARINE TRAININGCCCooommmbbbuuussstttiiiooonnn CCCyyycccllleeesss

T h e t h i r d s t r o k e i n t h e c y c l e i s d o w n w a r d s f r o m T D C t o B D C . T h i s

i s c a l l e d t h e PP OO WW EE RR s t r o k e .

• T h e h i g h l y a t o m i z e d f u e l t h a t

h a s b e e n i n j e c t e d c o m e s i n t o

c o n t a c t w i t h t h e v e r y h o t a i r i n

t h e c y l i n d e r .

• T h e f u e l i g n i t e s w i t h t h e

i n c r e a s e i n i t s t e m p e r a t u r e .

• A s t h e f u e l a n d a i r m i x t u r e

b u r n , e x p a n s i o n o f t h e g a s e s

o c c u r s a n d t h e p i s t o n i s p u s h e d

d o w n t h e c y l i n d e r .

• T h e c o n n e c t i n g r o d t u r n s t h e

c r a n k s h a f t .

F i g u r e 8

F u e l B u r n i n g a n d P i s t o n M o v i n g D o w n C y l i n d e r

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Page 13 of 32 MARINE TRAININGCCCooommmbbbuuussstttiiiooonnn CCCyyycccllleeesss

T h e f o u r t h s t r o k e i n t h e c y c l e i s u p w a r d s f r o m B D C t o T D C . T h i s

i s c a l l e d t h e EE XX HH AA UU SS TT s t r o k e .

• A s t h e p i s t o n r e a c h e s B D C , t h e

e x h a u s t v a l v e i s o p e n e d .

• E x h a u s t g a s e s s t a r t t o f l o w o u t .

• T h e u p w a r d s t r o k e o f t h e p i s t o n

h e l p s t o c l e a r t h e c y l i n d e r o f

e x h a u s t g a s e s .

• N e a r T D C , t h e e x h a u s t v a l v e

c l o s e s a n d t h e i n t a k e v a l v e

o p e n s .

• W h e n t h e p i s t o n r e a c h e s T D C ,

t h e c y c l e i s c o m p l e t e a n d t h e

u n i t i s r e a d y t o s t a r t a n o t h e r

c y c l e .

F i g u r e 9

P i s t o n M o v i n g U p T h e C y l i n d e r P u s h i n g O u t E x h a u s t G a s

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Page 14 of 32 MARINE TRAININGCCCooommmbbbuuussstttiiiooonnn CCCyyycccllleeesss

F i g u r e 1 0

4 - S t r o k e C y c l e

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Page 15 of 32 MARINE TRAININGCCCooommmbbbuuussstttiiiooonnn CCCyyycccllleeesss

DD II EE SS EE LL EE NN GG II NN EE TT II MM II NN GG DD II AA GG RR AA MM SS

Y o u w i l l n o w u n d e r s t a n d t h e b a s i c o p e r a t i o n o f 2- s t r o k e a n d 4-

s t r o k e e n g i n e s a n d a l s o r e a l i z e t h a t t h e t i m i n g o f t h e e v e n t s i s

v e r y i m p o r t a n t f o r e f f i c i e n t o p e r a t i o n o f t h e e n g i n e . F o r e x a m p l e ,

i f t h e i n l e t o r e x h a u s t v a l v e w e r e t o o p e n d u r i n g t h e c o m p r e s s i o n

s t r o k e o f t h e c y c l e , a l l t h e d e v e l o p e d p r e s s u r e , w h i c h i s r e q u i r e d

t o p r o d u c e t h e h e a t n e e d e d f o r b u r n i n g t h e f u e l , w o u l d d i s a p p e a r .

O r i f t h e f u e l w e r e i n j e c t e d w h e n t h e p i s t o n w a s a t B D C t h e r e

w o u l d b e n o h e a t t o i g n i t e i t .

T h e m a n u f a c t u r e r , d u r i n g t h e d e ve l o p m e n t o f t h e e n g i n e , d e c i d e d

t h a t i n t a k e a n d e x h a u s t v a l v e s s h o u l d b e o p e n e d a n d c l o s e d , a n d

t h e f u e l i n j e c t e d a t p a r t i c u l a r t i m e s i n t h e c y c l e f o r t h a t p a r t i c u l a r

e n g i n e .

A l t h o u g h t h e p i s t o n m o v e s o n l y u p a n d d o w n i n t h e c y l i n d e r , i t s

c r a n k r o t a t e s i n a c i r c l e . T h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e p i s t o n i n t h e c y l i n d e r

c a n b e r e l a t e d t o t h e n u m b e r o f d e g r e e s t h e c r a n k h a s t u r n e d .

S e e f i g u r e 1 1 .

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Page 16 of 32 MARINE TRAININGCCCooommmbbbuuussstttiiiooonnn CCCyyycccllleeesss

F i g u r e 1 1

I f t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e p i s t o n i n t h e l i n e r i s n o t a t TT DD CC o r BB DD CC b u t

s o m e w h e r e i n b e t w e e n , i t i s t e r m e d a s a n u m b e r o f d e g r e e s o f t h e

c r a n k s h a f t r o t a t i o n w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o TT DD CC o r BB DD CC .

F o r e x a m p l e :

• AA – P i s t o n a t T D C

• BB – P i s t o n “ X ” d e g r e e s a f t e r T D C

• CC – P i s t o n 9 0 d e g r e e s a f t e r T D C

• DD – P i s t o n a t B D C

T D C

P I S T O N S T R O K E

A B C D

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Page 17 of 32 MARINE TRAININGCCCooommmbbbuuussstttiiiooonnn CCCyyycccllleeesss

A s t h e p i s t o n s t a r t s t o m o v e up t h e c y l i n d e r , t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e

p i s t o n i n t h e l i n e r c a n b e t e r m e d a s :

• A n u m b e r o f d e g r e e s a f t e r B D C o r

• A n u m b e r o f d e g r e e s b e f o r e T D C

I n t h e c y c l e , t h e f u l l l i s t i n g o f p o s i t i o n s o f t h e p i s t o n a r e a s

f o l l o w s :

T o p D e a d C e n t r e T D C

A f t e r T o p D e a d C e n t r e A T D C

B e f o r e B o t t o m D e a d C e n t r e B B D C

B o t t o m D e a d C e n t r e B D C

A f t e r B o t t o m D e a d C e n t r e A B D C

B e f o r e T o p D e a d C e n t r e B T D C

B y u s i n g t h i s t e r m i n o l o g y , a g r a p h i c a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e v a l v e

t i m i n g c a n b e m a d e .

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Page 18 of 32 MARINE TRAININGCCCooommmbbbuuussstttiiiooonnn CCCyyycccllleeesss

22 -- SS tt rr oo kk ee CC yy cc ll ee TT ii mm ii nn gg DD ii aa gg rr aa mm

F i g u r e 1 2

2 - S t r o k e T i m i n g D i a g r a m

T h e t a b l e i n F i g u r e 1 3 s h o w s t h e t i m i n g o f t h e v a l v e s a n d i n j e c t i o n

o f f u e l .

4 5 °° 4 5 °°

7 7 °° 6 1 °°

1 0 3 °°

T D C

B D C

E X H A U S T V A L V E O P E N S

A I R I N T A K E P O R T S O P E N

A I R I N T A K E P O R T S C L O S E

E X H A U S T V A L V E

C L O S E S

F U E L I N J E C T I O N

S T A R T S

PP OO WW EE RR CC OO MM PP RR EE SS SS II OO NN

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Page 19 of 32 MARINE TRAININGCCCooommmbbbuuussstttiiiooonnn CCCyyycccllleeesss

I t e m

O p e r a t i o n

P o s i t i o n

C o m m e n t

P i s t o n

S t o p p e d

B D C

S c a v e n g i n g / C h a r g i n g

I n l e t V a l v e

O p e n

B D C

S c a v e n g i n g / C h a r g i n g

E x h a u s t

V a l v e

O p e n

B D C

S c a v e n g i n g / C h a r g i n g

P i s t o n

M o v i n g u p

c y l i n d e r

S c a v e n g i n g / C h a r g i n g

I n l e t V a l v e

C l o s e d

4 5 0 A B D C

S c a v e n g i n g

E x h a u s t

V a l v e

C l o s e d

6 1 0 A B D C

C o m p r e s s i o n

F u e l

I n j e c t o r

I n j e c t i o n

2 5 0 B T D C

C o m b u s t i o n b e g i n s

P i s t o n

S t o p p e d

T D C

C o m b u s t i o n

c o n t i n u e s

P i s t o n

M o v i n g d o w n

c y l i n d e r

P o w e r S t r o k e

E x h a u s t

V a l v e

O p e n

7 7 0 B B D C

E x h a u s t l e a v i n g

c y l i n d e r

I n l e t V a l v e

O p e n

4 5 0 B B D C

A i r e n t e r s c y l i n d e r

P i s t o n

S t o p p e d

B D C

S c a v e n g i n g

F i g u r e 1 3

D i f f e r e n t e n g i n e s , e v e n m o d e l s f r o m t h e s a m e M a n u f a c t u r e r m a y

h a v e t i m i n g d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h a t l a i d o u t i n t h e t a b l e a b o v e .

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Page 20 of 32 MARINE TRAININGCCCooommmbbbuuussstttiiiooonnn CCCyyycccllleeesss

T h e n u m b e r s c h o s e n a r e o n l y i n d i c a t i o n s o f t h e t i m i n g t o b e f o u n d .

T h e M a n u f a c t u r e r ’ s m a n u a l w i l l h a ve t h e v a l v e a n d i n j e c t i o n t i m i n g

l i s t e d f o r e a c h p a r t i c u l a r e n g i n e .

44 -- SS tt rr oo kk ee CC yy cc ll ee TT ii mm ii nn gg DD ii aa gg rr aa mm

A f o u r - s t r o k e c y c l e e n g i n e r e q u i r e s f o u r s t r o k e s o f t h e p i s t o n t o

c o m p l e t e e a c h c o m b u s t i o n c y c l e . S e e F i g u r e 1 4 .

F i g u r e 1 4

T D C

B D C

1

3

4

2

C O M P R E S S I O N

E X H A U S T I N D U C T I O N

P O W E R

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Page 21 of 32 MARINE TRAININGCCCooommmbbbuuussstttiiiooonnn CCCyyycccllleeesss

D u r i n g t h e f o u r s t r o k e s o f t h e c o m b u s t i o n c y c l e , v a r i o u s e v e n t s

o c c u r . T h e s e a r e s h o w n i n F i g u r e 1 5 .

F i g u r e 1 5

T D C

B D C

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Page 22 of 32 MARINE TRAININGCCCooommmbbbuuussstttiiiooonnn CCCyyycccllleeesss

F r o m t h e d i a g r a m s h o w n i n F i g u r e 1 5 , y o u w i l l n o t i c e t h a t t h e i n l e t

v a l v e i s o p e n e d b e f o r e t h e p i s t o n r e a c h e s TT DD CC . B y o p e n i n g t h e

i n l e t v a l v e b e f o r e t h e e x h a u s t v a l v e c l o s e s h e l p s t o g i v e g o o d

c y l i n d e r s c a v e n g i n g . T h e p e r i o d w h e n t h e i n l e t a n d e x h a u s t

v a l v e s a r e o p e n i s c a l l e d VV AA LL VV EE OO VV EE RR LL AA PP .

W h e n t h e p i s t o n m o v e s d o w n t h e c y l i n d e r o n t h e i n d u c t i o n s t r o k e ,

w e w o u l d e x p e c t t h a t t h e a m o u n t o f a i r c o m i n g i n t o t h e c y l i n d e r

w o u l d e q u a l t h e s p a c e a v a i l a b l e a b o v e t h e p i s t o n .

H o w e v e r , b e c a u s e t h e a i r h a s w e i g h t , i t n e e d s t o h a v e a f o r c e

e x e r t e d o n i t t o s t a r t i t m o v i n g i n t o t h e c y l i n d e r . T h e p i s t o n

m o v i n g d o w n t h e c y l i n d e r a n d c r e a t i n g a p a r t i a l v a c u u m i n t h e

c y l i n d e r p r o d u c e s t h e f o r c e n e e d e d . T h e a i r a t a h i g h e r

a t m o s p h e r i c p r e s s u r e n o w m o v e s i n t o t h e l o w e r p r e s s u r e a r e a o f

t h e c y l i n d e r .

T h e a i r c a n n o t s t a r t m o v i n g u n t i l t h e v a c u u m h a s b e e n p r o d u c e d ,

s o t h e r e i s a d e la y b e t w e e n t h e p i s t o n m o v i n g d o w n a n d t h e a i r

e n t e r i n g t h e c y l i n d e r . T h i s i s k n o w n a s GG AA SS LL AA GG .

A t h i g h p i s t o n s p e e d s , t h e l a g c a n h a v e a s e r i o u s e f f e c t o n t h e

a m o u n t o f a i r e n t e r i n g t h e c y l i n d e r f o r c o m b u s t i o n .

T o h e l p r e d u c e t h e e f f e c t o f g a s l a g , t h e i n l e t v a l v e i s k e p t o p e n

f o r a p e r i o d a f t e r BB DD CC .

F i g u r e 1 6 s h o w s a t y p i c a l t i m i n g d i a g r a m f o r a f o u r - s t r o k e e n g i n e .

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Page 23 of 32 MARINE TRAININGCCCooommmbbbuuussstttiiiooonnn CCCyyycccllleeesss

F i g u r e 1 7

F i g u r e 1 7 l i s t s t h e t i m i n g o f t h e v a l v e s a n d i n j e c t i o n o f t h e f u e l f o r

t h e d i a g r a m s h o w n i n f i g u r e 1 5 .

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Page 24 of 32 MARINE TRAININGCCCooommmbbbuuussstttiiiooonnn CCCyyycccllleeesss

I t e m

O p e r a t i o n

P o s i t i o n

C o m m e n t

P i s t o n

S t o p p e d

T D C

S c a v e n g i n g

I n l e t V a l v e

O p e n

T D C

S c a v e n g i n g

E x h a u s t V a l v e

O p e n

T D C

S c a v e n g i n g

P i s t o n

M o v i n g d o w n

I n d u c t i o n s t r o k e

E x h a u s t V a l v e

C l o s e s

1 0 0 A T D C

I n d u c t i o n

P i s t o n

M o v i n g u p

B D C

C o m p r e s s i o n s t r o k e b e g i n s

I n l e t V a l v e

C l o s e s

4 3 0 A B D C

I n d u c t i o n c o m p l e t e

P i s t o n

M o v i n g u p

C o m p r e s s i o n s t a r t s

I n j e c t o r

S t a r t s i n j e c t i o n

2 9 0 B T D C

F u e l e n t e r s u n i t

P i s t o n

M o v i n g d o w n

P o w e r s t r o k e

E x h a u s t V a l v e

O p e n s

4 6 0 B B D C

E x h a u s t s t a r t s t o l e a v e c y l i n d e r

P i s t o n

M o v i n g u p

E x h a u s t s t r o k e

I n l e t V a l e

O p e n s

1 3 0 B T D C

S c a v e n g i n g b e g i n s

P i s t o n

T D C

S c a v e n g i n g

F i g u r e 1 7

T h e m a x i m u m p u s h o n t h e c r a n k s h a f t i s w h e n t h e c r a n k i s a t 9 0 0 t o

t h e co n n e c t i n g r o d . T h e p i s t o n s t r o k e i s 9 0 % c o m p l e t e w h e n t h e

c r a n k i s 4 5 0 B B D C , s o b y o p e n i n g t h e e x h a u s t v a l v e a t 4 6 0 B B D C

d o e s n o t c a u s e a g r e a t l o s s i n p o w e r , a s t h e e f f e c t i v e s t r o k e i s

n e a r l y c o m p l e t e . S e e f i g u r e 1 8 .

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Page 25 of 32 MARINE TRAININGCCCooommmbbbuuussstttiiiooonnn CCCyyycccllleeesss

F i g u r e 1 8

P I S T O N S T R O K E

C O N N E C T I N G R O D

M A X I M U M C R A N K E F F O R T A T T H I S P O I N T

T D C

1

2

3

4

5

6 7

8 B D C

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

A P P R O X I M A T E L Y 9 0 % O F P I S T O N S T R O K E I S C O M P L E T E W H E N C R A N K I S 4 5 0 B B D C

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Page 26 of 32 MARINE TRAININGCCCooommmbbbuuussstttiiiooonnn CCCyyycccllleeesss

FF UU EE LL II NN JJ EE CC TT II OO NN

C o m p r e s s i n g t h e a i r c h a r g e i n s i d e t h e c y l i n d e r o f t h e d i e s e l e n g i n e

r a i s e s t h e t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e a i r . A t t h e TT DD CC , t h e p r e s s u r e a n d

t h e t e m p e r a t u r e w i l l b e a t t h e m a x i m u m v a l u e .

I f t h e f u e l i s i n j e c t e d a t TT DD CC , i t w i l l n o t st a r t t o i g n i t e u n t i l t h e

p i s t o n i s a l r e a d y m o v i n g d o w n o n t h e p o w e r s t r o k e , s i n c e i t w i l l

t a k e t i m e t o c o m e u p t o a t e m p e r a t u r e h i g h e n o u g h t o i g n i t e i t .

I f t h e f u e l i s i n j e c t e d t o o e a r l y , i g n i t i o n w i l l o c c u r b e f o r e t h e p i s t o n

h a s r e a c h e d TT DD CC . T h i s e a r l y i g n i t i o n w i l l c a u s e h e a v y k n o c k i n g

a n d m a y c a u s e s e v e r e m e c h a n i c a l d a m a g e t o t h e e n g i n e .

T h e PP OO II NN TT OO FF II NN JJ EE CC TT II OO NN (( PP OO II )) i s a c a r e f u l l y c h o s e n p o s i t i o n i n

t h e c o m b u s t i o n c y c l e w h e n t h e f u e l i s i n j e c t e d i n t o t h e c y l i n d e r .

T w o m a i n f a c t o r s t h a t w i l l d e t e r m i n e t h e p o i n t o f i n j e c t i o n a r e :

•• ss ee ll ff ii gg nn ii tt ii oo nn tt ee mm pp ee rr aa tt uu rr ee

• dd ee ll aa yy pp ee rr ii oo dd

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Page 27 of 32 MARINE TRAININGCCCooommmbbbuuussstttiiiooonnn CCCyyycccllleeesss

SS ee ll ff -- II gg nn ii tt ii oo nn TT ee mm pp ee rr aa tt uu rr ee (( SS II TT ))

I f a m i x t u r e o f a i r a n d f u e l i s h e a t e d g r a d u a l l y i n a c o n t a i n e r , a

c e r t a i n t e m p e r a t u r e w i l l b e r e a c h e d a t w h i c h t h e r e a c t i o n s p e e d

w i l l b e c o m e s o f a s t t h a t s o m e o f t h e m i x t u r e w i l l ss ee ll ff -- ii gg nn ii tt ee . I t

w i l l b u r s t i n t o f l a m e a n d c a u s e t h e e n t i r e m i x t u r e t o b u r n r a p i d l y .

T h i s i s c a l l e d t h e ii gg nn ii tt ii oo nn tt ee mm pp ee rr aa tt uu rr ee o f t h e m i x t u r e .

F o r d i e s e l f u e l , t h e S I T i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 3 0 0 0 C .

F o r a s p e c i f i c f u e l , t h e S I T a l w a y s h a s t h e s a m e v a l u e .

DD ee ll aa yy PP ee rr ii oo dd

T h e d e l a y p e r i o d i s t h e t i m e t a k e n f r o m w h e n t h e f u e l i s i n j e c t e d

i n t o t h e c y l i n d e r u n t i l t h e S I T i s r e a c h e d .

T h e e n g i n e m a n u f a c t u r e r t a k e s a l l t h e s e f a c t o r s i n t o a c c o u n t a n d

t h e n c a l c u l a t e s t h e m o s t e f f i c i e n t p o i n t o f i n j e c t i o n . T h i s i s

u s u a l l y b e t w e e n 2 0 0 a n d 2 5 0 B T D C .

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Page 28 of 32 MARINE TRAININGCCCooommmbbbuuussstttiiiooonnn CCCyyycccllleeesss

TT II MM II NN GG MM AA RR KK SS

T o e n s u r e t h a t t h e v a l v e s o p e n a n d c l o s e a n d t h a t t h e f u e l i s

i n j e c t e d a t t h e r i g h t m o m e n t i n t h e o p e r a t i n g c y c l e , t h e v a l v e s a n d

t h e f u e l p u m p a r e T I M E D b y g e a r i n g t o t h e c r a n k s h a f t .

F i g u r e 1 9

C A M S H A F T G E A R

F U E L I N J E C T I O N P U M P A N D G O V E R N O R

D R I V E

I D L E R G E A R

C R A N K S H A F T G E A R

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Page 29 of 32 MARINE TRAININGCCCooommmbbbuuussstttiiiooonnn CCCyyycccllleeesss

F i g u r e 2 0

T o e n s u r e t h a t t h e t i m i n g i s a l w a y s r e a s s e m b l e d i n t h e c o r r e c t

r e l a t i o n s h i p a f t e r m a i n t e n a n c e , e a c h o f t h e g e a r w h e e l s i s m a r k e d

w i t h TT II MM II NN GG MM AA RR KK SS ( MM EE SS HH MM AA RR KK SS ) .

T o a s s i s t i n m a i n t e n a n c e d u r i n g v a l v e t a p p e t s e t t i n g a n d f u e l p u m p

t i m i n g , t h e f l y w h e e l s o f m o s t e n g i n e s a r e m a r k e d w i t h t h e p o s i t i o n

o f N o . 1 c y l i n d e r T D C .

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Page 30 of 32 MARINE TRAININGCCCooommmbbbuuussstttiiiooonnn CCCyyycccllleeesss

T h e t i m i n g m a r k s a r e f o u n d o n t h e o u t e r c i r c u m f e r e n c e o f t h e

f l y w h e e l . A p o i n t e r i s f i x e d t o t h e f l y w h e e l h o u s i n g . W h e n t h e

p o i n t e r l i n e s u p w i t h t h e f l y w h e e l t i m i n g m a r k , N o . 1 p i s t o n i s a t

T D C .

NN oo tt ee

A n e n g i n e w o r k i n g o n t h e f o u r - s t r o k e c y c l e h a s t h e p i s t o n

a t T D C t w i c e i n t h e c y c l e , o n c e o n t h e c o m p r e s s i o n s t r o k e

a n d o n c e a t t h e e n d o f t h e e xh a u s t s t r o k e .

F i g u r e 2 1

F L Y W H E E L M A R K I N G

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O n s o m e C a t e r p i l l a r e n g i n e s , T D C i s f o u n d b y i n s e r t i n g a b o l t

t h r o u g h t h e f l y w h e e l- h o u s i n g a n d i n t o a s p e c i a l l y d r i l l e d a n d

t a p p e d h o l e i n t h e f l y w h e e l . W h e n t h e b o l t c a n b e s c r e w e d i n ,

N o . 1 p i s t o n i s a t T D C .