COMPULSORY SECONDARY EDUCATION SECOND CYCLE 4ºESO

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1 THE PATH TO THE ENLIGHTENMENT 1700-17502 FREEDOM, EQUALITY, BROTHERHOOD? 1750-18703 AN AGE OF CONFLICT 1870-19454 THE STORY GOES ON 1945+

ISBN-978-84-7703-810-8

,!7II4H7-adibai!

History4azala:OSTeGIZ2/1/000 15/4/10 10:20 Página 1

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TEXTBOOK CONTENTS

page 5

page 41

page 121

page 175

UNITS

1- THE PATH TO THE

ENLIGHTENMENT(1700-1750)

2- FREEDOM, EQUALITY,

BROTHERHOOD? (1750-1870)

3- AN AGE OF CONFLICT

(1870-1945)

4- THE STORY GOES ON

(1945+)

MAIN CONCEPTUALCONTENT

• Main events & politics• Society • Economy• Arts and culture

A time of revolutions:• The Industrial Revolution• Social revolution• Political revolution

Art movements

• Towards 1stWorld War• First World War• Inter-war period• Second World War

Art movements

Post-Cold War:• Cold War• Two worlds• Nowadays

MAIN PROCEDURALCONTENT

• Analyse and write a biography• Critical analysis of art• Carry out research• Describe maps & graphs

• Historical text commentary• Select information from primarywritten sources

• Compare maps• Synthesise information

• Analyse propagandistic posters• Create a time-line

• Take notes from a speech• Carry out a webquest

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ALEARNING PATH

ANINTRODUCTION

INFORMATIONAND ACTIVITIES

USING WHAT YOUHAVE LEARNT

This shows you the different sections and the objectives of the unit.

This consists of a short text and some activities designed to find out whatyou might already know about the unit.

Organised in the sections mentioned in the learning path, you can distin-guish between them by reading the different titles at the top of eachpage.

In each section, the information is presented in a variety of ways: throughtexts, diagrams, maps and charts.

There are also different types of activities based on a variety of objectivesand historical skills. Each type is indicated by a different icon, as below:

This last section consists of activities designed to help you to synthesise,and to use, what you have learnt in the whole unit.

The textbook has four units. Each one consists of the following:

These are activities to help you learn new contents, starting from what you already know.

These are activities to apply what you havealready read or completed.

These are guided research activities, often internet-based

These are activities to recap what you havelearnt in the section

In this case, you can create the time-lime of the period we are going to study in this section. In order to do this, matcheach event to its appropriate date on the time-line.Two events may have happened on the same date.

The Congress of Berlin; 1st World War; Russian Revolution; Spanish Civil War; Financial crisis in the USA;2nd World War; 2nd Spanish Republic; Hitler becomes German Chancellor ; Mussolini becomes ItalianPrime Minister ; First nuclear bomb used on civilians.

The period of revolutions that you have just studied was characterised by many profoundpolitical and social changes. Some of them were sudden, some of them were more gradual.

But people’s lives were changed for ever, and society began to look very different from the onethat had predominated during the Ancien Régime.

During the final decades of 19th century, the basis of anew society was in place.The problem was that it failedto end the period of conflicts. By 1870 several new pow-ers had emerged that wanted more control and influ-ence, either economic or political. The effects of thesesubsequent changes to Europe culminated in a periodof ‘macro-conflict’ (WorldWars), that was to bring lossesof life on a scale that could not have been previouslyimagined. They also changed the world just as radicallyas the previous revolutions had, but in ways that no-onehad foreseen.At the end of the 1stWorldWar the prob-lems didn’t disappear – on the contrary the 2ndWorldWar was a direct consequence of the problems the 1stWorld War created: hatred between countries, econom-ic crisis, fascist and communist ideologies, etc… For goodor for bad, these conflicts have shaped the world that welive in today.

74

FROM GERMAN UNIFICATION TO THE END OF THE 2nd WORLD WAR (1870-1945)1914 1931 1936 1945

1876 1885 1917 1922 1929 1933 1939

AN AGE OF CONFLICT

84

Here are some facts and details about the events above. See how many you know or can guess correctly.

1. In 1877, Queen Victoria of England proclaimed herself the Empress of which country?

a1 India

b1 China

c1 Brazil

2. The Suez Canal, linking Europe with India and the Western Pacific countries, was opened in:

a1 1789

b1 1940

c1 1869

3. In 1898 Spain lost its final colonies.These were:

a1 Portugal, Cuba, Australia

b1 Cuba, Puerto Rico,The Philippines

c1 Hong Kong, Peru, Angola

4. The First World War took place between:

a1 1913-1920

b1 1920-1925

c1 1914-1918

5. Fascism first began as a political movement in:

a1 Italy

b1 Russia

c1 England

6. The total amount of casualties (military and civilian) in the First World War is estimated at:

a1 5 million

b1 15 million

c1 40 million

7. The main Nazi ally during the Second World War was:

a1 Belgium

b1 Japan

c1 Poland

AN AGE OF CONFLICT

85

75

Queen Victoria of England

Why was it a problem to lose colonies? Looking at Spain as an example, we can see various consequences. With re-gard to this idea, try to do the quick ‘Analysis’ exercise below. Arrange the ‘problem consequences’ below into a hier-archy, from 1 to 6, according to your opinion. Number 1 is the most significant (problematic) and number 6 the least.

a1 Loss of national self-esteem and confidence.

b1 Loss of international markets for trade.

c1 Loss of sources of raw materials and exclusive products.

d1 Loss of confidence in politicians.

e1 Loss of international military prestige.

f1 Loss of investment in national industry.

AN AGE OF CONFLICTTHE PATH TO THE 1st WORLD WAR

86

IMPERIALISMANDTHE 1STWORLDWAR (1870-1914)

During this period many events contributed to theoutbreak of the First World War. From the 1870-71war between Prussia and France, from the creationof the German Empire and the disappearance ofthe French Empire, Europe moved into another pe-riod. At the same time, some other non-Europeancountries appeared on the scene, most of whichwere involved in economic and political competi-tion.

• Economic rivalry: colonialism

• Political rivalry:– Alliances– New powers: the USA & Japan– The Balkans conflict

Economic rivalry: Colonial losses andgains

By the second half of the 19th century, there werefew surviving colonies from the early modern age.The Portuguese still had some possessions in Africa

and Asia, the Dutch had landed in South Americaand Indonesia, and Great Britain had some territo-ries, among others Canada and Australia. Spain stillpossessed some territories in the Caribbean, andthe Philippines in the Pacific. But it seemed that thegreat age of colonial expansion was over.

Losses

• Between 1811 and 1825 Spain lost all its SouthAmerican colonies, due to the independencemovements.

• In 1898, after a shortwar with the UnitedStates (The Spanish-United States War)Spain lost its finalcolonies in Cuba, Puer-to Rico and The Philip-pines.

UUsseeffuull FFaaccttss

1898 in Spain becameknown as the ‘Year of dis-aster’. It produced an im-portant group of writers,the ‘Generation of 98’ (Un-amuno, Pío Baroja, thebrothers Machado, Ortegay Gasset).

76

1 2 3 4 5 6

AN AGE OF CONFLICT THE PATH TO THE 1st WORLD WAR

87

... / ...

COLONIAL GAINS

While Spain suffered the consequences of coloniallosses, other countries were immersed in a new pe-riod of colonial expansion. Why?

As the 19th century progressed, three powersemerged because of the benefits of the IndustrialRevolution: Europe, the United States and Japan. InEurope, the main players were Great Britain, Ger-many, France, and then Belgium and Holland.

The Scramble for Africa

Britain was in a privileged position in the secondhalf of the 19th century. Despite losing the Ameri-can colonies in the 18th century, its empirestretched from west to east, and in 1877 the officialannexation of India made Britain the most powerfulnation in the world. It possessed colonies whoagreed on an economic relationship - stretchingfrom Canada in the west to Australia and NewZealand in the east.

Britain had tried to secure two things: economic andstrategic power. A map of the world shows howthey achieved these two goals in the 19th century.

• Britain controlled the Suez Canal (by occupyingEgypt in 1882).

• Britain controlled the Cape Colony (now SouthAfrica).

• Britain controlled Cyprus – to minimise Russianinfluence in the area.

• Britain controlled the entrance to the Mediter-ranean by possessing Gibraltar.

Colo

nial Empires

Further demographic growth Revolution in maritimetransport (Steam Ships) Industrial development Developed countries

compete for dominance

Emigration to the USA,South America, Australia

Search for new markets,to sell products and

invest capital

Search for cheap rawmaterials

Development of newand more sophisticatedweapons, arsenals and

navies.

New colonial(imperial)

expansionist policies

The elements of colonialism

Spain

France

Belgium

The Netherlands Great Britain

Germany

Italy

Portugal

... / ...

• After 1884, countries had to agree to the princi-ple of ‘effective occupation’. This meant that theyhad to administer the country, not just possess it.

• Africa was divided up mainly between GreatBritain and France.

• This was supposed to reduce the possibilities ofconflict over colonial territories.

• Holding the conference in Germany gave extrastatus to Bismarck. It gave him (and Germany) avery high profile – which is what he wanted.

• Britain controlled the Falkland Islands (Las Mal -vinas) in the South Atlantic, and maintained aclose economic relationship with Argentina.

But after 1870, Germany, the United States, and al-so Japan were beginning to compete industriallywith Britain. France wanted to regain lost power,and Portugal, Belgium and Italy were all becominginterested in the colonial possibilities of Africa.

Some African countries had these thingsmentioned in the diagram, but in others thestrategic argument was more important.

Strategically, the British had shown that by oc-cupying Egypt, they could link the west withthe east by using the Suez Canal. Africa wasimportant!

This need for colonies was creating tensionsbetween countries. For this reason, the Ger-man Chancellor Otto Von Bismarck arrangeda conference in Berlin in 1885 to discuss theAfrican problem. Fourteen countries attend-ed (only one African country attended –Zanzibar).

The conference was important because:

• Before 1885, one powerful country couldoccupy new territory (for example inAfrica) and simply say “This belongs to usnow!”

AN AGE OF CONFLICT THE PATH TO THE 1st WORLD WAR

88

Rubber

Copper

Slave labourIvory

Gold

Diamonds

Cloves and spices

AFRICA COULDPROVIDE

UUsseeffuull FFaaccttss

By 1900, Germany was producing higher quality tex-tiles and metals than Britain, and its chemical indus-try was the most advanced in the world.

BELGIANCONGO

THE BECHUANALANDPROTECTORATE

MALI NIGERFRENCH WEST AFRICA

THE GOLDCOAST

FRENCHCONGO

SOUTH-WEST

AFRICA

RHODESIA

UNION OF SOUTHAFRICA

GERMAN EASTAFRICA

ANGLO-EGYPTIANSUDAN

MADAGASCAR

MOZAMBIQUE

KENYA

SOMALIA (Italy)

ABYSSINIA

LIBYAALGERIA

NIGERIA

CAMEROON

SAHARA

MOROCCOTUNISIA

EGYPT

ANGOLABelgium

Great Britain

Spain

France

Portugal

Germany

Italy

COLONIAL POSSESSIONS

ERITREASOMALIA (France)

SOMALIA (England)

THE DISTRIBUTION OF AFRICA (Berlin 1885)

Discuss these questions in pairs and write your answers down in notes

1. The partition of Africa has been called by historians ‘The Scramble for Africa’. What does ‘scramble’ mean andwhy is it a good word to describe what happened?

2. Some countries said at the Berlin Conference that they wanted to ‘civilise’ parts of Africa. What do you think theymeant?

3. Many African frontiers were re-drawn (moved) for the convenience of the divisions, and many countries weregiven new names. What problems do you think these changes caused for future generations and for the peoplewho lived in these areas?

4. Looking at the map, which countries do you think benefited the most, from a strategic perspective?

5. Which, in your opinion, were the real reasons for the scramble for Africa? Put these reasons in order of impor-tance: Military (Strategy), Economic, National Prestige, Spreading Christianity

6. Using the map above, classify the imperial powers in order of importance.

7. With the same map, complete a table showing the colonies of each empire, but using the contemporary namesof the countries. You’ll probably need an atlas!

AN AGE OF CONFLICT THE PATH TO THE 1st WORLD WAR

89

INDIAN OCEAN

ATLANTIC

OCEAN

PACIFIC

OCEAN FRENCHGUYANADUTCH

GUYANA

BRITISHGUYANA THE DUTCH INDIES

ANGLO-EGYPTIANSUDAN

BELGIANCONGO

FRENCHINDOCHINA

GERMAN EASTAFRICARHODESIA

UNION OFSOUTH AFRICA

FRENCHWEST AFRICA

THE GOLDCOAST

Italian EmpirePortuguese Empire

Belgian Empire German EmpireFrench EmpireDutch EmpireSpanish Empire

British Empire

PACIFIC

OCEAN

FRENCHEQUATORIAL AFRICA

SOUTH-WESTAFRICA

IMPERIAL COLONIES (1914)

77

CONSEQUENCES OF COLONIALISM

These consequences were significant, but differentfor the colonies or empires and their internationalpolicies.

International political consequences

Colonialism increased the competition betweencountries, and often resulted in a series of alliancesand pacts. This competition developed into an arms

Growth due to medicaladvances

No industrialisation: thecolonies merely provided

markets

Single-cropagricultures servingthe colonial power’s

domestic needs

Mining

Imposition of Europeanlanguages, religion and

customs

Except for Australia, New Zealand and Canada(colonies which were used to reduce the demographic

pressure on Britain)

Consequences of colonialism for the colonies

Artificialborders

Cultural consequencesDemographic consequences

Social consequences

Destruction ofethnic structures

Political consequences

Economic consequences

78

race, with a resulting increase in military expendi-ture. Main powers saw colonies as symbols of sta-tus and prestige.

90

THE PATH TO THE 1st WORLD WARAN AGE OF CONFLICT

Draw a diagram about the consequences of colonialism. Notice that the text doesn’t really detail the consequencesfor the colonial empires (as regards economy, politics, society...), but you should be able to work these out on yourown.

POLITICAL RIVALRY. ALLIANCES IN EUROPE

The desire for territory was of course the desirefor power. Africa was divided up after 1885, but as ageneral principle for future peace, it probably wasn’t

a very good idea. Too many countries were gettingnervous about each other. Why? Here are six rea-sons which we could call ‘Tension Factors’:

Patriotism: People weredeeply patriotic. They wantedtheir own country to be thebest and the most successful.

Of course, all of the six reasons above are linked.But the most significant of these ‘tension factors’was the creation of a series of alliances. What werethese alliances?

• In 1882, the political ten-sions between France andGermany resulted inChancellor Bismarck sign-ing the Triple Alliance be-tween Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy, withthe intention of isolatingFrance.

• After the failure of 1870the French empire wasdissolved and the 3rd Re-public was created. Francewas very weak and itsmain objective was to

break out from the isolation imposed by Ger-many. In 1904 France managed to sign the TripleEntente between Russia, Britain and France.

Remember, these alliances were trying to preservethe peace, not go to war. Britain and France were tra-ditional enemies, and Russian and France had foughtagainst each other in the Napoleonic Wars – but theEntente was formed to basically combat the growingpower of Germany – to warn it to be careful.

Apart from the five or six main players in the twoalliances, other small agreements (pacts) weremade between individual countries. For example:

• Britain had signed an agreement with Belgiumback in 1839 to protect them if they were everattacked.

• Russia had signed an agreement with Serbia in1908, to protect Serbia if it was attacked (espe-cially by Austria-Hungary).

The Arms Race: Germanyand Russia were building upmassive armies. Germany andBritain were building up lots ofnew warships.

War Plans: War was acceptedas a way for countries to getwhat they wanted. Some want-ed a war. Others said it was in-evitable. This caused a dan-gerous ‘climate of war’.

Rival empires: Each Euro-pean power had an overseasempire. Britain had the biggest.Germany wanted more.

Alliances: Countries madealliances with each other. Theypromised to protect each otherin the event of an attack by anaggressor.

The Kaiser: From 1870, Germanyhad been growing stronger. Ger-many’s rivals were suspicious of theirruler, the ‘Kaiser’ (Wilhelm II). Theythought he wanted to make Germanyeven stronger, but at any cost.

Otto von Bismarck(1815-1898)

... / ...

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THE PATH TO THE 1st WORLD WARAN AGE OF CONFLICT

... / ...

• Britain had signed an agreement with Japan in 1902 to helpeach other if one of the others was attacked.

• Italy signed a secret treaty with France, even though Italywas part of the Triple Alliance.

• Germany signed an agreement with the Ottoman Empirein August 1914.

UUsseeffuull FFaaccttss IInn 11990000

BRITAIN: 200 Warships700,000 Troops

FRANCE: 62 Warships1,000,000 Troops

RUSSIA: 30 Warships1,200,000 Troops

GERMANY: 100 Warships2,000,000 Troops

AUSTRIA 28 WarshipsHUNGARY: 800,000 Troops

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THE PATH TO THE 1st WORLD WARAN AGE OF CONFLICT

Based on the information above, do these exercises.

1. Read the short paragraphs below and match each to one of the countries you see profiled in the ‘Useful Facts’box.

a1 It was a poor country, but the biggest in Europe, ruled by Tsar Nicholas II. It had no lands overseas, but itwanted more land in Europe and Asia, with access to the sea.

b1 It ruled an empire with over one-quarter of the world’s people and was strong industrially. It was an island, soit needed a strong navy to protect itself (and its colonies) from invasion.

c1 A central European empire, composed of ten different nationalities. Many of these nationalities wanted inde-pendence. It was ruled by the emperor Franz Joseph II.

d1 It also had an overseas empire. It was angry because it had lost the Alsace region in a war in 1871, and washostile and suspicious towards its neighbours to the east.

e1 It had a small Empire, but was jealous of the fact that Britain’s was bigger. Its industrial development wasstrong, but it needed more markets abroad.

2. Referring to the ‘extra’ agreements between countries, these agreements were done for strategic reasons. Again,match the strategic reasons below with the agreements.

a1 This agreement was signed because it created a maritime axis from west to east.

b1 Even though they were in the Triple Alliance, they did this because they were in truth a rival of Austria-Hun-gary, competing with them for control of the Adriatic Sea.

c1 They did this because they didn’t want this weak but geographically strategic country (ex-Empire) to join withthe Triple Entente powers.

d1 This country did this because they had cultural connections with them, and because they were suspicious ofAustria-Hungary ambitions to annex this smaller country.

e1 They did this to protect their own eastern coastline – just in case.

SPANISH INTERNATIONAL DECLINE. THE RESTORATION OF THE MONARCHY

During the last third of the 19th century, after theloss of the American colonies, Spain’s internationalpower continued to decline, difficulties which com-bined with the country’s many internal problems.

After the revolutionary and re-publican attempts of 1868-73failed, there was a coup d’étatof the moderate liberals andmonarchists which put Alfon-so, the son of Isabella II, ontothe throne. So in 1874, AlfonsoXII became the new monarchof Spain. His Prime Ministerwas Cánovas del Castillo, whowrote a new moderate Con-stitution and created a political

model in which two liberal parties ‘rotated’ in gov-ernment, although this obliged them to falsify elec-tion results. Apart from these factors he had to faceup to several different uprisings.

After 1885 Alfonso XIII, the newborn child, becomethe king and the situation became slowly more dif-ficult.

• The workers’ movement became more powerfulwith the industrialisation of Catalonia, Biscay andAsturias.

• Nationalism also appeared in Spain, first in Cat-alonia, and then in the Basque Country.

• In The Philippines and Cuba the independencemovements became more prominent and mili-tary conflicts were frequent.

• There were also some problems in Morocco.

• The workers movement became more radicaland aggressive, particularly the anarchist move-ment, using strikes, bombs and assassinations(Cánovas del Castillo was murdered in 1897).

Everything worsened in 1898, when the independ-ence movements of Cuba and The Philippines weresupported by the United States of America, andSpain lost its last colonies. It was the beginning ofthe end, because these colonies were very impor-

tant for the Spanish economy butalso for its prestige. These were thelast colonies left after the previousAmerican losses.

In the beginning of the 20th centurySpain tried to recover some mili-tary prestige in Africa, causing vari-ous problems with other countriesestablished there. The seconddecade was the most problematic.During the 1st World War Spainwas neutral, which had been an im-portant boost for the economy be-cause they sold goods to bothsides. This was fine while the war lasted but in 1917things changed.

• Prices were high and the workers’ living conditionsworsened, leading to a call for a general strike.

• Some politicians, especially Catalan, didn’t agreewith Cánovas’ system and wanted it changed.They organised a parliamentary convention tochange the situation.

• Certain members of the military wanted tochange things.

The bourgeoisie started to be afraid of the work-ers, and with the help of the army the uprisingswere suppressed. The political system was certainlyin danger. Between 1917-23 thirteen different gov-ernments tried to improve the situation.

Alfonso XIII and his motherMaría Cristina

Nobody In Spain could ignore the importanceof maintaining the Antilles: they are the lastJewel in the Crown of Castile; they are the Mer-chant of our grains, of our flour, of our wines;they are the main foodstuffs for our soldiers; itis the main emigration point of the Spaniardswho can make both themselves and Spain rich;they are the main link between the EuropeanSpanish race and the American Spanish race.

NAVARRO Y RODRIGO, Carlos, Las Antillas, 1872

Antonio Cánovas del Castillo(1828-1897)

AN AGE OF CONFLICT THE PATH TO THE 1st WORLD WAR

93

The text about Spanish international decline mentions five main problems for Spain over this period:

• Nationalist movements• Colonial independence movements• Workers’ movements• Economic problems• Constitutional problems

Take each problem, and attach some basic concrete facts to it.

For example:

1. Nationalist movements: Catalonia...

AN AGE OF CONFLICT THE PATH TO THE 1st WORLD WAR

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80

We have already studied the causes of the 1st World War. Now put them onto a concept map like this one. You cancopy this one and continue yourself. Remember which states signed each agreement because these became the dif-ferent sides during the war.To understand the policy of the USA in this period we need to know something of the

81

Alliances Balkans

POLITICAL RIVALRY ECONOMIC RIVALRY

CAUSES OF THE1stWORLD WAR

Colonialism

SELLOEUROPEO

1998Eleanitz English

Project

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DUKE OF EDINBURGH

PRIZE

2006

�

ENGLISH-SPEAKING UNIONPRESIDENT'S AWARDFor innovation in the use ofnew technologies

ELTINNOVATION

AWARDS

2008BRITISHCOUNCIL

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INNOVATION AWARDInternational nominated: ‘The Explorers 1’ language teaching materials for 10 to 11year-olds

EUROPEAN LABELFor innovative projects in languageteaching and learning

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E4º

ESO

1 THE PATH TO THE ENLIGHTENMENT 1700-17502 FREEDOM, EQUALITY, BROTHERHOOD? 1750-18703 AN AGE OF CONFLICT 1870-19454 THE STORY GOES ON 1945+

ISBN-978-84-7703-810-8

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