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4 Watt Road ShowFebruary 2006
©2005 GS12Making our Vision a Reality
Agenda
• UHF spectrum• Why 4 Watts?• History• Current Status• 4 Watt Authorisation Procedures• Authorised site obligations• Lessons learned so far• Future
©2005 GS13Making our Vision a Reality
Background
• The UHF tags will be able to be read by readers operating within 860 – 960 MHz range.
• The readers will be restricted to a small subset of this range depending on where in the world they are being operated.
• There are also regulations on the amount of power emitted by the readers depending on where the readers are being used.
• Therefore, a tag may be applied to an item and shipped anywhere in the world, but a reader has to be specifically set up for the region or country
©2005 GS14Making our Vision a Reality
Map of the ITU regions
©2005 GS15Making our Vision a Reality
UHF band legislation
Need to consider performance
NB linear scales
860 870 880 890 900 910 920 930 940
Europe (proposed)
Europe (current)
North America
AustraliaAustralia Japan(RFID only)
Freq (MHz)
4
Pow
er
(W)
©2005 GS16Making our Vision a Reality
Why is 4 Watts essential?
• Internationally, most countries are moving towards 4 Watts• North America – 4 Watts EIRP
• Europe – 2 Watts ERP
• Asia region – most countries are 4 Watts EIRP
• Proven that 4 Watts is required for efficient industry adoption• Increased read range
• Improved read rates
• Faster movement through RFID area
©2005 GS17Making our Vision a Reality
2
metr
es
1 Watt
Why is 4 Watts essential?
5.5 metres
5
metr
es
4 Watts
©2005 GS18Making our Vision a Reality
Current Licensing arrangements
CTS
LMSCMTS DIGITALCMTS
DIGITALCMTS
865 890820 845 915 960
935
Radiolocation
928
918 926
RADIOLOCATION
ISM
942
930 933825 830
831
835 852
854
857 870 875
876
880
SINGLE CHANNELTWOFREQUENCY
FIXED SERVICE
LOW CAPACITYFIXED SERVICE
SINGLE FREQUENCYSINGLE CHANNELFIXED SERVICE
FIGURE 1: 900 MHz BAND PLAN DIAGRAM
S
ABBREVIATIONS:
CMTS
DSRR
ISM
CTS
LMS(T)
Cellular Mobile Telephone Service
Digital Short Range Radio
Industrial, Scientific and Medical Applications
Cordless Telephone Service
Land Mobile Service (Trunked)
(BT)
BR Base Receive
BT Base Transmit
CMTS
(BR)
(BR)
(BT)
(BT)(BR)
SOB Sound Outside Broadcast Link
850
Radiolocation
WIDEBAND
FIXEDSERVICE
LEGEND
Services, the names of which are printed in 'CAPITALS'are called 'primary' services.
Services, the names of which are printed in 'normalcharacters' are called 'secondary' services.
3 3
3 43
543
6
9 10
9
6
Fixed Service4Mobile Service
N
N
= see note N in Table 1 of the 900 MHz Band Plan.
= see note N in Table 2 of the 900 MHz Band Plan.
sob
12
12
FIXEDSERVICEWIDEBAND
Frequency
Services
(MHz)
Analoguecmts
(br)
Analoguecmts
(bt)2 2
2 2
FIXED SERVICE
TWOFREQUENCY
LOW CAPACITY
SINGLE FREQUENCY
8
850.5846.5
(T)(T)LMS
861
CTS
11
311
7 73
895 900 905 910 940 945 950 955
7 7
O
S
B
S
O
B
D
R
R
See Table 2 of the 900 MHz Band Plan.
See Table 1 of the 900 MHz Band Plan.
Fixed ServiceFixed Service
2255
YouAre
Here
RFIDIsHere
GSM Services
Cordless phones
RLAN’sRadiolocationUsed by DoD
CDMA Services
Land Mobile Services
RLAN’sSound outside broadcast
©2005 GS19Making our Vision a Reality
Current Licensing arrangements
• Operates under class licensing regime• Radiocommunications (Low Interference
Potential Devices) Class Licence 2000
• Places minimal restrictions on services
• Frequency
• Power
• Additional Limitations where necessary
• No protection/No interference
©2005 GS110Making our Vision a Reality
Current Licensing arrangements
Item Class of transmitter Permitted operating frequency band (MHz) (lower limit exclusive, upper limit inclusive)
Maximum EIRP
Limitations
30 Radiofrequency identification transmitters
1. 1.77–2.17
2. 2.93–3.58
3. 7.2–10.01
100 pW
31 Radiofrequency identification transmitters
1. 13.553–13.567
2. 918–926
3. 2400–2450
4. 5725–5795
5. 5815–5875
6. 24000–24250
1 W
32 Radiofrequency identification transmitters
5795–5815 2 W
©2005 GS111Making our Vision a Reality
1 Watt RFID output
The problem with increasing to 4 Watts
•Class licence ensures services do not interfere•Increasing to 4 Watts increases interference probabilities
4 Watt RFID output1 Watt RFID output
GSM interference level
918 MHz
915 MHz
©2005 GS112Making our Vision a Reality
The Way Forward
• There is a chance of interference, but not sure how much
• ACMA considered testing as the best way forward
• ACMA provided GS1 with an Australian wide Scientific Licence• Working with ACMA on this for over 2 years
• Neutral body
• Not-for-profit organisation
©2005 GS113Making our Vision a Reality
Terms of the Licence
• Initial Licence to run for 1 year• From July 12th 2005 to July 11th 2006
• 4 Watts EIRP
• 920 – 926 MHz
• No interference/no protection• GS1 to maintain database of all RFID sites
• Operator details
• Location
• Equipment
• GS1 to manage interference disputes• GS1 to report all interference incidents to ACMA
©2005 GS114Making our Vision a Reality
Applying for Authorisation
• Step 1• Apply to GS1 Aust by visiting the website
• http://www.gs1au.org/services/epcglobal/4w/_4w.asp• Paper based application
• Download form• Complete all details• Fax application form (including diagram of location)• Fax Third party Authorisation
• Online application• Complete on-line application• Fax diagram of location• Fax Third Party Authorisation
©2005 GS115Making our Vision a Reality
Applying for Authorisation
• Step 2• GS1 Aust will check registration details
• Ensure all details are filled in correctly
• Ensure 3rd Party Authorisation is signed
• Check proximity of RFID site to GSM base station using
• location diagram
• Lat/Long coordinates provided
• Make decision on approval of authorisation
• History of applicant will be considered
©2005 GS116Making our Vision a Reality
Applying for Authorisation
• Step 3• GS1 will respond to applicant to indicate initial
approval status
• Step 4• Payment to be made to GS1 Aust
• Cheque
• Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT)
• Credit card
©2005 GS117Making our Vision a Reality
Applying for Authorisation
• Step 5• Once payment is received, official authorisation
will be sent via e-mail followed by hardcopy.
• If approved sites are within 1 km of GSM base station
• Site applicant will be made aware
• GSM provider will be made aware
• Closer monitoring for interference for these sites
©2005 GS118Making our Vision a Reality
Requirements of Applicant
• Ensure RFID devices operate within specification• As stated in application
• Maintain Log of use• Benefits both applicant and ACMA• Used to determine if RFID in operation when/if
GSM services are interfered with
• Agree to halt operations if interference occurs• Work with solution provider to find a solution to
interference issues• Provide solution to GS1 Australia
©2005 GS119Making our Vision a Reality
Sites operating outside of Rules
• ACMA will be monitoring spectrum• ACMA will take action on sites found to be operating
• Outside of the licence agreement
• At 4 Watts with no authorisation agreement
• Under the Radiocommunications Act 1992, ACMA can:• Fine operators up to $100,000
• Seize all infringing devices
• Act as witness to any civil claims
• Interfered adjacent users can:• Seek compensation for degraded service
©2005 GS120Making our Vision a Reality
Authorisation details
• Cost of application• GS1 is working on a cost recovery only basis
• $140 per site
• Amendments to sites are free
• One company may have many sites in one building
• Readers Groups separated by more than 200m
• The application is only valid till 11th July 2006
©2005 GS121Making our Vision a Reality
Sites
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©2005 GS122Making our Vision a Reality
Sites
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©2005 GS123Making our Vision a Reality
Lessons learned so far
• Interference issues already for two sites • Found to be operating out of band
• Incident reports
• Possible additional requirements for sites found to have previously caused interference
©2005 GS124Making our Vision a Reality
Spectrum Analysers
• Buying an analyser• Either portable or fixed
• Only need to read up to 1 GHz
• Some models:
• Rohde & Schwarz FSH3 (handheld)
• Anritsu MS2711D Colour Portable Spectrum Analyser
• HP 8591E 1.8 GHz Spectrum Analyser
• Renting an analyser• Tech rentals
• National Company
• http://www.techrentals.com.au/index.asp
• Between $250 - $400 a day
©2005 GS125Making our Vision a Reality
Ultimate Goal
• Obtaining a change to the LIPD class licence for UHF RFID services to operate at 4 Watts
• Only happen if we have enough data
• Need applicants to share information
• Need applicants to follow the rules
• Consequences if industry does not support this initiative and need to ensure comply with requirements
©2005 GS126Making our Vision a Reality
Contact details
Fiona Wilson
General Manager
Standards Development
D. +61 3 9558 9559
GS1 Australia
Axxess Corporate Park
Unit 100/45 Gilby Rd
Mt Waverley VIC 3149
T. +61 3 9558 9559
F. +61 3 9558 9551
W. www.gs1au.org
Main 4 Watt RFID Contact:
Gabriel Phillips
Standards Development Coordinator
EPC Network
D. +61 3 9550 3476