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BEC 401 THESIS IITOPIC: Accuracy ComparisonBetween Ground Control Survey and

Differential Global PositioningSystemBY:

CHIEW CHUANG SHYANG(KI050300)

SUPERVISOR :SR. SITI NUR ALIAA ROSLANEXAMINER :SR. HJ ABDUL RAZAK

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CHAPTERCHAPTER 11INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

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GENERAL

GENERALSurveying has been an essential element in theSurveying has been an essential element in thedevelopment of the human enviroment since thedevelopment of the human enviroment since thebeginning of recorded history ( 5000 years ago)beginning of recorded history ( 5000 years ago)it is a requirement in the planning and execution of it is a requirement in the planning and execution of

nearly every form of construction.nearly every form of construction.First, surveys are made to collect dataFirst, surveys are made to collect dataSeconds, surveys are made to layout dimensionsSeconds, surveys are made to layout dimensions

(book of Surveying with construction Application 3rd edition, Barry F. Kavanagh)(book of Surveying with construction Application 3rd edition, Barry F. Kavanagh)

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TYPES OF SURVEYSTYPES OF SURVEYSControl SurveysControl Surveys

Define as the establishment of a base for horizontal and verticalDefine as the establishment of a base for horizontal and verticalmeasurements. Control Surveys establish reference points andmeasurements. Control Surveys establish reference points and

reference lines for preliminary and construction surveys.reference lines for preliminary and construction surveys.(Hermandes et. al, 1999)(Hermandes et. al, 1999)Differential G lobal Position System (RTK)Differential G lobal Position System (RTK)

Differential GPS (DGPS) is a method of eliminating errors in aDifferential GPS (DGPS) is a method of eliminating errors in aGPS receiver to make the output more accurate. This process isGPS receiver to make the output more accurate. This process isbased on the principle that most of the errors seen by GPSbased on the principle that most of the errors seen by GPSreceivers in a local area will be common errors. (R. H. Protheroreceivers in a local area will be common errors. (R. H. Prothero1999)1999)

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TYPES OF SURVEYSTYPES OF SURVEYSReal Time Kinematic G PS Methods (RTK)Real Time Kinematic G PS Methods (RTK)

Methods similar to DGPS can be also beMethods similar to DGPS can be also beemployed with carrier phaseemployed with carrier phase- -shift mesurement shift mesurement to eliminate errors. It requires the simultaneousto eliminate errors. It requires the simultaneous

use of tow or more receivers.use of tow or more receivers. (Hermandes et. al,(Hermandes et. al,1999)1999)

The use of an RTK capable GPS system canThe use of an RTK capable GPS system cancompensate for atmospheric delay, orbitalcompensate for atmospheric delay, orbital

errors and other variables in GPS geometry,errors and other variables in GPS geometry,increasing positioning accuracy up to within aincreasing positioning accuracy up to within acentimeter.centimeter. (Hermandes et. al, 1999)(Hermandes et. al, 1999)

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Hand-Held GPSEDM TOTAL STATIONNikon

Magellan PRO-MARK3Real Time Kinematic GPS

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REASEARCH OBJECTIVESREASEARCH OBJECTIVESThis research carries out twoThis research carries out twoobjectives as follows:objectives as follows:

To compare the accuracy betweenTo compare the accuracy betweenground control survey data andground control survey data andDifferential Global Positioning SystemDifferential Global Positioning System

(DGPS).(DGPS).To enhance knowledge in using RealTo enhance knowledge in using RealTime Kinematic GPS (RTK)Time Kinematic GPS (RTK)

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Coordinate SystemCoordinate SystemWorld Geod estic System 1984 ( WGS 84)World G eod estic Syst em 1984 ( WGS 84)

An ea rth An ea rth- -c entr ed Cart esian coodinat e syst emc entr ed Cart esian coodinat e syst em(X, Y, Z).(X, Y, Z).is a standard f or us e in carto gra phy, ge od esy, is a standard f or us e in carto gra phy, ge od esy, and na vi gation . I t com pris es a standard and na vi gation . I t com pris es a standard coordinat e f ram e f or th e e arth, a standard coordinat e f ram e f or th e e arth, a standard s ph eroidal r efe r enc e s ur f ac e ( th e dat um or s ph eroidal r efe r enc e s ur f ac e ( th e dat um or r efe r enc e e lli psoid) f or ra w altit ud e data, and a r efe r enc e e lli psoid) f or ra w altit ud e data, and a gra vitational equ a pot ential s ur f ac e ( th e ge oid) gra vitational equ a pot ential s ur f ac e ( th e ge oid)

that d ef in es th e nominal s ea l eve l .that d ef in es th e nominal s ea l eve l .(Marco ( Marco C eccar elli,C eccar elli,1998 1998 ) )

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M alaysian Revis ed Triangulation ( MRT ) M alaysian R evis ed T riangulation ( MRT )

T he

M alaysian

R evis ed

T riangulation (

MRT ) has bee n us ed f or g eod eti c, m a pp ing , c adastral and s eve ral ot he r

a ctiviti es sin ce 1948 in Peninsular M alaysia . T his n et wor kconsists o f 77 g eod eti c, 240 p ri mary , 837 s econdary and 51 t ertiary stations . T his n et wor k is bas ed on t heconv entional o bs ervations wit h m any o f t he triangulation

points ar e dat ed as f ar ba ck as 1885. T he MRT has bee n ado pt ed as a r esult o f t he r e-c o mp utations o f t he e arli er n et wor k tog et he r wit h t he P ri mary ( R ep sold) T riangulation carri ed out be t wee n 1913 and 1916.

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R ectifi ed Sk ew O rthomophic ( R S O ) R ectifi ed Sk ew O rthomophic ( R S O ) a Proj ection (th e w ay it ems ar e plac ed on th ea Proj ection (th e w ay it ems ar e plac ed on th emap, lik e m ercator .map, lik e m ercator .

Proj ection is us ed throughout th e w orld .Proj ection is us ed throughout th e w orld .Wh en Hotlin e Ob liqu e M ercator (1 point & Wh en Hotlin e Ob liqu e M ercator (1 point & Azimuth) is s el ect ed in th e us er d efin ed Azimuth) is s el ect ed in th e us er d efin ed

coordinat e syst em param et ers coordinat e syst em param et ers ( M arco C eccar elli,1998 ) ( M arco C eccar elli,1998 )

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CHAPTER 2CHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEWLITERATURE REVIEW

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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Differential Global Positioning SystemDifferential Global Positioning SystemIn construction, the system does have someIn construction, the system does have some

limitations. First, there must be a (relatively)limitations. First, there must be a (relatively)clear "line of sight" between the receiver'sclear "line of sight" between the receiver'santenna and several orbiting satellites.antenna and several orbiting satellites.Buildings, trees, overpasses, and otherBuildings, trees, overpasses, and otherobstructions that block the line of sight obstructions that block the line of sight between the satellite and the observer (GPSbetween the satellite and the observer (GPSantenna) make it impossible to work with GPS.antenna) make it impossible to work with GPS.(Watson, 1994)(Watson, 1994)

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REVIEW OF JOURNALSREVIEW OF JOURNALS

GPS has inherited errors that are unique to thisGPS has inherited errors that are unique to thistechnology. GPS, as a surveying tool, has many standardtechnology. GPS, as a surveying tool, has many standard(traditional) surveying errors as well. For example, an(traditional) surveying errors as well. For example, an

instrument setup error applies across the board to allinstrument setup error applies across the board to allsurveying measurements regardless of the instrument orsurveying measurements regardless of the instrument ortechnique used. It does not make a difference what technique used. It does not make a difference what instrument is used, if a GPS receiver, a total station or ainstrument is used, if a GPS receiver, a total station or arange pole is on the wrong point, or not properly set uprange pole is on the wrong point, or not properly set upon the proper point, the survey is erroneous. There areon the proper point, the survey is erroneous. There are

two major categories of error sources in GPS surveys.two major categories of error sources in GPS surveys.The first is System Errors and the other is OperationalThe first is System Errors and the other is OperationalErrors.Errors. .(Lynn et. al., 1995).(Lynn et. al., 1995)

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Advantages of G PS Advantages of G PSCompar e to conv entional surv eying Compar e to conv entional surv eying

t echnology, GCS .t echnology, GCS .

It is fast er .It is fast er .R equir es l ess la bor (manpow er) R equir es l ess la bor (manpow er) R equir es l ess training R equir es l ess training

It works day and night It works day and night

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Advantages of G round Control Advantages of G round Control

SurveysSurveysT h er e ar e advantag es to placing ground targ ets in T h er e ar e advantag es to placing ground targ ets in advanc e of photography .advanc e of photography .th ey can be a finit e imag e point, p erhaps l eading to th ey can be a finit e imag e point, p erhaps l eading to be tt er map accuracy .be tt er map accuracy .T h er e should be l ess chanc e of misid entification or T h er e should be l ess chanc e of misid entification or a control point, eith er by surv eyor a control point, eith er by surv eyor m easur em ents without a r efl ector m easur em ents without a r efl ector

Simplicity in work Simplicity in work Graphic support Graphic support

(book of Surv eying with construction Application 3rd edition, Barry F. K avanagh )(book of Surv eying with construction Application 3rd edition, Barry F. K avanagh )

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REVIEW OF JOURNALS (cont)REVIEW OF JOURNALS (cont)P ossi bl e P ro bl ems With G P S U nits P ossi bl e P ro bl ems With G P S U nits Clock errors ar e not th e num be r on e sourc eClock errors ar e not th e num be r on e sourc eof inaccurat e information in G P S units . T h eof inaccurat e information in G P S units . T h e

num be r on e sourc e of inaccurat e information num be r on e sourc e of inaccurat e information com e from th e atmosph er e. Wh en th e signal com e from th e atmosph er e. Wh en th e signal pass es through th e atmosph er e to th epass es through th e atmosph er e to th esat ellit es, it can encount er conditions that can sat ellit es, it can encount er conditions that can sp ee d it up or slow it down, thus aff ecting th esp ee d it up or slow it down, thus aff ecting th e

tim e. ( tim e. ( H ermand es et . al, 1999 ) H ermand es et . al, 1999 )

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REVIEW OF JOURNALS (cont)REVIEW OF JOURNALS (cont)

As G P S signals propagat e through earth s atmosph er e, th ey ar e r efract ed . M ajor As G P S signals propagat e through earth s atmosph er e, th ey ar e r efract ed . M ajor influ enc e originat es from ionosph er e and n eutral atmosph er e lay er (mostly du einflu enc e originat es from ionosph er e and n eutral atmosph er e lay er (mostly du eto troposph er e ) .to troposph er e ) .T h e atmosph er e consists of charg ed particl es, n eutral atom, mol ecul es, gas es, T h e atmosph er e consists of charg ed particl es, n eutral atom, mol ecul es, gas es, wat er vapour, etc ., and chang es th e v elocity (sp ee d and dir ection) of th e G P S wat er vapour, etc ., and chang es th e v elocity (sp ee d and dir ection) of th e G P S signals . A chang e in signal sp ee d chang ed th e signal transit tim e cons equ ently, signals . A chang e in signal sp ee d chang ed th e signal transit tim e cons equ ently, th e m easur ed rang e be tw ee n th e sat e llit e and th e r ec eiv er is diff er ent from its th e m easur ed rang e be tw ee n th e sat e llit e and th e r ec eiv er is diff er ent from its

lin e of sight g eom etric rang e. T his eff ect is oft en addr ess ed as atmosph eric lin e of sight g eom etric rang e. T his eff ect is oft en addr ess ed as atmosph eric r efraction or atmosph eric d elay . ( T ajul et al . , 2005 ) .r efraction or atmosph eric d elay . ( T ajul et al . , 2005 ) .

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Disadvantages of G PSDisadvantages of G PSCompar e to conv entional surv eying t echnology, GCS .Compar e to conv entional surv eying t echnology, GCS .Syst em errors:Syst em errors:

El ectromagn etic wav es can be aff ect ed by s ev eral El ectromagn etic wav es can be aff ect ed by s ev eral sourc es of error during th eir transmission .sourc es of error during th eir transmission .Ionosph eric and troposhph eric r efraction .Ionosph eric and troposhph eric r efraction .Bulls Bulls-- ey e Le v el bu bb l e collimation error ey e Le v el bu bb l e collimation error T ri brach M isalignm ent T ri brach M isalignm ent M ultipath M ultipath Obstruction Obstruction R aining day R aining day Cloudy sky Cloudy sky

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Disadvantages of G PSDisadvantages of G PS

Compar e to conv entional surv eying t echnology, Compar e to conv entional surv eying t echnology, GCS .GCS .

O p eration errors:O p eration errors:Sat ellit e G eom etry Sat ellit e G eom etry Instrum ent S etup Instrum ent S etup

Ant enna H eight Ant enna H eight All of th es e e rrors contri but e to th e total error of All of th es e e rrors contri but e to th e total error of G P S d eriv ed coordinat es in th e ground stations .G P S d eriv ed coordinat es in th e ground stations .

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CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 3METHODOLO G YMETHODOLO G Y

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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONIntroductionIntroduction

The objective of methodology is to taking the control point The objective of methodology is to taking the control point at male hostel in Ikram Park. Method will be used as following.at male hostel in Ikram Park. Method will be used as following.Established by using Real Time Kinematic (RTK) GPSEstablished by using Real Time Kinematic (RTK) GPSStep 1: Positioning control point at Male Hostel in Ikram Park byStep 1: Positioning control point at Male Hostel in Ikram Park by

using Magellan Professionalusing Magellan Professional- -Mark3Mark3Step 2: obtain baseline for Global Positioning System within 3Step 2: obtain baseline for Global Positioning System within 3hourshoursStep 3: Detailing for Global Positioning System within 1 hours.Step 3: Detailing for Global Positioning System within 1 hours.Step 4: Download the data from GPS controller into computerStep 4: Download the data from GPS controller into computerusing GNSS Software.using GNSS Software.

Step 5: Process the data using the GNSS software.Step 5: Process the data using the GNSS software.Step 6: Analysis and obtain the result Step 6: Analysis and obtain the result Step 7: Export result into AutoCAD to generate hostel drawings.Step 7: Export result into AutoCAD to generate hostel drawings.

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G ROUND CONTROLG ROUND CONTROL

SURVEYSSURVEYSEstablished by using Total StationEstablished by using Total StationStep 1: Obtain the benchmark of x and y.Step 1: Obtain the benchmark of x and y.Step 2: Make the close traverse control around Male hostelStep 2: Make the close traverse control around Male hostelStep 3: Detailing for total station is the process to get Step 3: Detailing for total station is the process to get topographic details to the control net.topographic details to the control net.

Step 4: Downloading the data from Nikon total stationStep 4: Downloading the data from Nikon total stationconverts, format and place the measurement data.converts, format and place the measurement data.Step 5: Obtaining result Step 5: Obtaining result Step 6: Export result into AutoCAD to generate HostelStep 6: Export result into AutoCAD to generate Hosteldrawings.drawings.Comparison the drawing coordinates between RTK data andComparison the drawing coordinates between RTK data and

Total Station data.Total Station data. coordinatescoordinates accuracyaccuracy positioningpositioning

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LOCATIONLOCATION

The location of survey has been carried out was atKuala Lumpur Infrastructure University College of

Male Hostel.

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FLOW CHART OF RESEARCH METHODOLO G YFLOW CHART OF RESEARCH METHODOLO G Y

SE T UP TH E INS TRUM E NT

OBTAIN B E NCHMARK NE AR TH E IKRAM HO S TE L

MAK E A CLO SE TRAV E R SEAROUND TH E HO S TE L

ES TABLI S HCONTROL POINT

COLL E CTING TOTALS TATION CONTROL POINT

COORDINAT E CONV E R S ION DATA

WGS84- MRT -R S O

ANALY SE TH E R ES ULTOF TH E R S O COORDINAT E

GROUND CONTROL S URV E Y

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FLOW CHART OF RESEARCH METHODOLO G YFLOW CHART OF RESEARCH METHODOLO G Y

SE T UP TH E INS TRUM E NT

ES TABLI S HCONTROL POINT

COLL E TING GP SCONTROL POINT

DIFF E R E NTIAL GP S

PROC ESS BY U S ING GN SS S OLUTION S OFTWAR E

COORDINAT E CONV E R S IONWG S84- MRT -R S O

Real Time KinematicMethod

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FLOW CHART OF RESEARCHFLOW CHART OF RESEARCHMETHODOLO G YMETHODOLO G Y

ANALY SE THE R ES ULTINTO R S O COORDINAT E

ANALY SE THE R ES ULTINTO R S O COORDINAT E

EX PORT TH E R ES ULTINTO

AUTOCAD DRAWING

ACCURACY COMPARI S ONBE TW EE N DPG S AND GROUND

CONTROL FROM IT SCOORDINAT E AND PO S ITION

R E AL TIM E KIN E MATICGPS MethodGROUND CONTROL

S URV E Y

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CHAPTERCHAPTER 44 Analysis and Discussion Analysis and Discussion

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LOCATIONLOCATION

After carried out the location of close traverse atKuala Lumpur Infrastructure University College of Male Hostel.

BLD 4

BLD3

BLD2BLD1

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Real Time Kinematic Result Real Time Kinematic Result The WG S84 coordinate for point 1,2,3, 4 and 0obtained from GN SS software is then converted toRectified Sk ew Orthomorphic (R S O) coordinaterespectively.

Table shown that coordinates of control point by

usinng Real Time Kinematic GP S

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Ground Control Survey Result Ground Control Survey Result

The WG S84 coordinate for point 1,2,3, 4 and 0

obtained from GNSS

software is then converted toR S O coordinate respectively

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LOCATIONLOCATION

After carried out the location of close traverse atKuala Lumpur Infrastructure University College of Male Hostel.

S TN 4

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LOCATIONLOCATION

After carried out the location of Detailing at KualaLumpur Infrastructure University College of MaleHostel.

BLD 2

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Station 4 Result Station 4 Result

BLD2

Accuracy comparison coordinates differences between GC S and GP S instation 4 .

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BLD 2 Result BLD 2 Result

Accuracy comparison coordinates differences between GC S and GP S inhostel building labeled as BLD 2

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The Differences Cassini Coordinates Result The Differences Cassini Coordinates Result

Based from table above, it can

be concluded the accuracy of the GP S receiver (MagellanPro -Mar k 3) RTK is about +/ -0.200 meters or 20 cm.Therefore the final coordinatesobtained for BLD1,2,3, and 4

is also about +/-

0.200 metersaccuracy.

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CHAPTERCHAPTER 55Conclusion &Conclusion &

RecommendationRecommendation

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CONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONExpected result of the Ground Control Surveys will beExpected result of the Ground Control Surveys will bemore accurate than GPS.more accurate than GPS.In order to get the accuracy of a coordinate, use RealIn order to get the accuracy of a coordinate, use RealTime Kinematic GPS is very time consuming and toTime Kinematic GPS is very time consuming and toensure the collected data is accurate. It took nearly 3ensure the collected data is accurate. It took nearly 3hours to obtain the baseline GPS coordinate and thehours to obtain the baseline GPS coordinate and therest would took 1 hour for a detailing coordinate byrest would took 1 hour for a detailing coordinate byusing rover GPS. Total time has been consumed wasusing rover GPS. Total time has been consumed wasabout 10 hours within a day, to carried out the RTK about 10 hours within a day, to carried out the RTK method at male Hotel building.method at male Hotel building.The RTK can not be used to building corners or otherThe RTK can not be used to building corners or otherobstructions.obstructions.Use Total Station would take 3 hours only to get allUse Total Station would take 3 hours only to get allthe coordinate around the area of male hostel.the coordinate around the area of male hostel.It can be concluded that the accuracy achieved forIt can be concluded that the accuracy achieved forthe new control points at Ikram Hostel is about +/the new control points at Ikram Hostel is about +/- -0.200 meters.0.200 meters.

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RecommendationRecommendationIn the future, there is a new advance technology to overcomeIn the future, there is a new advance technology to overcomethese accuracy problems which is SmartStation.these accuracy problems which is SmartStation.SmartStation combines the best of both to make the points better highSmartStation combines the best of both to make the points better highaccuracy.accuracy.SmartStation is a new revolution surveying system that combines a highSmartStation is a new revolution surveying system that combines a high- -performance TPS1200 total station with a powerful GPS RTK receiver.performance TPS1200 total station with a powerful GPS RTK receiver.SmartStation can save an enormous amount of time, speed up work,SmartStation can save an enormous amount of time, speed up work,reduce costs and increase the profit for the construction site company.reduce costs and increase the profit for the construction site company.Total Stations can mesure and stakeout where RTK can not be used toTotal Stations can mesure and stakeout where RTK can not be used tobuilding corners, to points under trees and bushes, in city canyons, onbuilding corners, to points under trees and bushes, in city canyons, onconstruction sites where there are large obstruction.construction sites where there are large obstruction.Used high cost GPS to obtained better accuracy may be up to cm accuracy.Used high cost GPS to obtained better accuracy may be up to cm accuracy.

Figure shown that the newSmartStation of Leica Geosystems

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THANKTHANKYOUYOU