4.1 New Generation Satellite Data and Nowcasting Products: Himawari

SCOPE-Nowcasting-EP 18-20 September 2017

Koji Yamashita

kobo.yamashita@met.kishou.go.jp Meteorological Satellite Center (MSC) Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

Successful Launch of Himawari-8

Himawari-8 was successfully launched using H-IIA Launch Vehicle # 25 on 7 October 2014 from the Tanegashima Space Center in Kagoshima, Japan

• Himawari-9 was successfully launched on 5th of Nov. 2016 • Himawari-9 is planned to start a backup-operation for Himawari-8 from next

March (2017)

Successful Launch of Himawari-9

Himawari-8/9 Geostationary

position Around 140.7°E

Attitude control 3-axis attitude-controlled geostationary satellite

Communication

1) Raw observation data transmission Ka-band, 18.1 - 18.4 GHz (downlink)

2) DCS International channel 402.0 - 402.1 MHz (uplink) Domestic channel 402.1 - 402.4 MHz (uplink) Transmission to ground segments Ka-band, 18.1 - 18.4 GHz (downlink)

3) Telemetry and command Ku-band, 12.2 - 12.75 GHz (downlink) 13.75 - 14.5 GHz (uplink)

solar panel

communication antennas

Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI)

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029

MTSAT-1R MTSAT-2

Himawari-8 Himawari-9

standby

manufacture manufacture

a package purchase

launch standby launch

operation operation

operation standby operation standby

standby standby

Himawari-8 began operation on 7 July 2015, replacing the previous MTSAT-2 operational satellite

Spectral Bands

Band Spatial Resolution

Central Wavelength Physical Properties

1 Visible (VIS)

1 km 0.47 μm vegetation, aerosol

2 0.51 μm vegetation, aerosol

3 0.5 km 0.64 μm Vegetation, low cloud, fog

4 Near Infrared (NIR)

1 km 0.86 μm vegetation, aerosol

5 2 km

1.6 μm cloud phase/particle size

6 2.3 μm cloud particle size

7

Infrared (IR) 2 km

3.9 μm low cloud, fog, forest fire

8 6.2 μm upper-level moisture

9 6.9 μm mid- and upper-level moisture

10 7.3 μm mid-level moisture

11 8.6 μm cloud phase, SO2

12 9.6 μm Ozone content

13 10.4 μm cloud imagery, information of cloud top

14 11.2 μm cloud imagery, sea surface temperature

15 12.4 μm cloud imagery, sea surface temperature

16 13.3 μm cloud top height

cf. MTSAT-2

Bands

VIS 0.68 μm

IR4 3.7 μm

IR3 6.8 μm

IR1 10.8 μm

IR2 12.0 μm

Himawari-8/9 Imager (AHI; Advanced Himawari Imager)

3 Visible Bands

Addition of NIR Bands

Increase of WV Bands

Increase of TIR Bands

Improved Resolutions Spectral

G B R

5 bands 16 bands

10 bands

3 bands

3 bands

IR 4 bands

NIR

1 band VIS

MTSAT-1R/2 Himawari-8/9

VIS

IR

Temporal

MTSAT-1R/2 Himawari-8/9

full-disk obs.

Observation Frequency

VIS 1 km IR 4 km

VIS 0.5/1 km IR 2 km

Spatial At sub-satellite point

MTSAT-1R/2 Himawari-8/9

Increased Spatial Resolution MTSAT-2 (VIS)

1km Himawari-8 (B03)

0.5 km

03:00 UTC on 29 January 2015

Tokyo

Tokyo

MTSAT-2 (VIS) Hourly in Monochrome

Himawari-8 (Band01-03) Every 10 minutes in Full-Color

16 UTC on 2nd to 13 UTC on 3rd, April 2015

Increased Observation Frequency

Region 2 SW-JAPAN

Region 1 NE-JAPAN

Region 4 Landmark Area

Region 5 Landmark Area

Region 3 Target Area

Full disk

Interval : 10 minutes (6 times per hour)

Region 3 Target Area

Interval : 2.5 minutes (4 times in 10 min) Dimension : EW x NS: 1000 x 1000 km

Region 2 JAPAN (South-West)

Interval : 2.5 minutes (4 times in 10 min) Dimension : EW x NS: 2000 x 1000 km

Region 1 JAPAN (North-East)

Interval : 2.5 minutes (4 times in 10 min) Dimension : EW x NS: 2000 x 1000 km

Region 4 Landmark Area

Interval : 0.5 minutes (20 times in 10 min) Dimension : EW x NS: 1000 x 500 km

Region 5 Landmark Area

Interval : 0.5 minutes (20 times in 10 min) Dimension : EW x NS: 1000 x 500 km

AHI Observation Modes

2016/11/8

AHI Scan Scenario

2016/11/8

Visible band

Visible band

RGB Composited True Color

Japan & Vicinity Obs.

Full Disk Obs.

Targeted Area obs.

July 9-10, 2015

Himawari-8: Observation Area and Interval in 10 minutes time frame

2.LRIT( Low Rate Information Transmission )

Region : Full disk Number of bands : 4 (VIS, IR1, IR3, IR4) Level resolution : 256 (8bit) Spatial Resolution : 5km at nadir Time Resolution : 10 minutes

Available formats for Himawari imagery

1. HRIT ( High Rate Information Transmission ) Region： Full disk Number of bands : 14 Level resolution : 1024 (10bit) Spatial Resolution : Spatial resolution: VIS: 1 km, IR: 2 - 4 km Time Resolution : 10 minutes

Pacific Islands 3

Pacific Islands 1 Pacific Islands 2

Pacific Islands 4 Pacific Islands 5

Pacific Islands 6 South-east Asia 3

Real-time JPEG Himawari Imagery Service on JMA/MSC Website for Asia-Oceania Region

15

South-east Asia 1 South-east Asia 2

Australia

New Zealand

Central Asia

Hi-res. Asia 2

Hi-res. Asia 3 Hi-res.

Asia 1

Pacific Islands 7

Real-time JPEG Himawari Imagery Service on JMA/MSC Website for Asia-Oceania Region

16

South Asia

Hi-res. Asia 6 ( Timor-Leste)

Hi-res. Asia 4

Hi-res. Asia 5 （Sri Lanka)

Pacific Islands 8

Pacific Islands 9

Pacific Islands 10

Hi-res. Pacific Islands 2 ( Vanuatu)

Hi-res. Pacific Islands 1 ( Solomon)

Hi-res. Pacific Islands 3 ( Fiji)

Oceania Region

Islands 1

Islands 3

Islands 2

Islands 4 Islands 5 Islands 6

Islands 7 Islands 8

Islands 9

Resolution 0.01degree Island 1 : Samoa Island 2 : Tuvalu Island 3 : Tonga Island 4 : Micronesia (Palikir) Island 5 : Micronesia (Weno) Island 6 : Palau Island 7 : Kiribati Island 8 : Nauru Island 9 : Marshall Islands 17

Real-time JPEG Himawari Imagery Service on JMA/MSC Website for Oceania Region

Himawari-8 Products （NOWCASTING PRODUCT)

Natural Color Day Microphysics

Dust Airmass

Night Microphysics

Day Snow-Fog Day Convective Storm

True Color

http://www.data.jma.go.jp/mscweb/data/himawari/sat_img.php?area=fd_

RGBs from Himawari-8 Very useful imageries to analyze meteorological/non-meteorological phenomenon

South Pacific Islands

Southeast Asia

http://www.data.jma.go.jp/mscweb/data/himawari/sat_hrp.php?area=r2s

Possible rainfall areas associated with deep convective clouds are detected based on three infrared bands of Himawari-8.

Heavy Rain Potential Areas

High-resolution Cloud Analysis Information (HCAI)

Basic cloud product with latitude-longitude grid in 0.02 degree. • cloud mask, cloud type and cloud top height

Produced hourly Provided to NMHSs: Indonesia, Myanmar, and Malaysia (under discussion)

Cloud Top Height

Clear Cloud Mixed

Cloud Mask

Atmospheric Motion Vectors (AMV)

Himawari-8 and MTSAT-2 IR AMV (QI>60, 14 of Jan. 2015 1700UTC)

Colder color : upper level wind warmer color : low level wind

Image Resolution 2km/10min.

Image Resolution 4km/30min.

Image Resolution 4km/60min.

Himawari-8 AMVs derived from Himawari-8 imagery with new algorithm

MTSAT-2 AMVs derived from MTSAT-2 imagery and heritage algorithm

Himawari-8 Low Level-AMVs around typhoon (internal use)

The RSMC Tokyo – Typhoon Centre and JMA/MSC have examined to utilize low level AMV of Himawari-8 to estimate sea surface winds around typhoons using operational AMV ( B03, B07 and B13 ) over 700 hPa. JMA has used the Himawari-8 low level AMV in the typhoon monitoring operation in the RSMC Tokyo since July 2017.

Example of operational AMVs (B03) over 975 hPa

Example of low level-AMVs (B03) Wind speed (kt)

03UTC 13 Sep. 2016 03UTC 13 Sep. 2016

Aerosol Optical Depth product (Asian Dust: internal use)

27

Aerosol Optical Depth and Angstrom exponent (the latter is derived only over the ocean)

Retrieval algorithm: LUT 0.64, 0.86 μm (ocean), 0.64, 2.3 μm (land) Aerosol type is assumed to be Asian dust NOT optimized for other aerosol types (e.g. haze)

Internal use (Asian dust monitoring) Plan for introducing a JAXA algorithm in the

AOD product on February 2018 AHI aerosol products for data assimilation Under development in collaboration with JAXA

Volcanic ash retrieval algorithm would be applied to retrieve aerosol during nighttime (Courtesy of D. Uesawa)

Volcanic Ash (Under-development)

28

Preliminary results of VOLCAT for the eruption of Raung (Indonesia) on 13 July 2015.

Adoption of NOAA/NESDIS Algorithm Under implementation VOLCAT software

developed by NOAA/NESDIS for Himawari-8 volcanic ash product at JMA/MSC

Expected Products Ash top height Mass-loading Optical depth

Evaluation and Validation Preliminary products will be provided to

JMA’s Tokyo VAAC (Volcanic Ash Advisory Center) for testing

- Many thanks to NOAA, Dr. Pavolonis and Dr. Sieglaff

Rapidly Developing Cumulus Area（RDCA）

29

red: Cb(Cumulonimbus) green: rapidly growing Cu(Cumulus) blue: middle/lower/unknown cloud

This product is now provided to aviation users only. 29

(movie)

Plan for widening the area of RDCA product RDCA product will be widen the area which may include PNG and Solomon islands (maybe next year or so) This product is test phase in JMA as of September 2017.

15S 180E 85E

55N

31 2017.06.05.1600UTC～2017.06.05.2350UTC

Night Microphysics RGB

True Color Reproduction Image

latitude-longitude grid in 0.02 degree produced every 10 minutes

Yellow：Nighttime Red：Daytime

Fog Detection Product

Archived Servers Operated by Japanese Science Group

The following Himawari Historical Data Servers are operated by Japanese Science Group on a voluntary basis for Non-Profit R&D Users

- Chiba University Data Server CEReS (Center for Environmental Remote Sensing) http://www.cr.chiba-u.jp/english/index.html

- NICT Himawari-8 Real-time Web http://himawari8.nict.go.jp/

- JAXA Himawari Monitor http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/ptree/index.html

- University of Tokyo DIAS (Data Integration and Analysis System) http://www.diasjp.net/en/

Summary • Evolution from heritage GEO imagers

– # of bands: 5 -> 16 • Increased physical/meteorological information!

– Spatial resolutions: VIS: 1 -> 0.5/1.0 km, IR: 4.0 -> 2.0 km – Temporal resolutions: 30/60 min. -> 10 min.

• Himawari-8 products (Nowcasting products) – Real-time RGB composite imageries on JMA website – Geophysical quantity products

• Heavy Rainfall Potential Areas product on JMA website • High-resolution Cloud Analysis Information (HCAI) product on JDDS • Atmospheric Motion Vector product on GTS • Low Level-AMVs around typhoon product for the typhoon monitoring

operation in the RSMC Tokyo ( internal use ) • Aerosol product ( internal use )

– Product by JAXA are also available online • Volcanic Ash product for under-development • Rapidly Developing Cumulus Area product for test phase • Fog Detection Product for test phase 33