42 199 183

J.45 44004 20016

19881

is lysis,

over 80 are

Key

in clandestine methamphetamine and amphetamine synthesis. to the published the thesis methamphetamine and amphetamine is a step at some point in the synthesis. 95 the synthesis these all but ten utilize a such

exists in these that a composite and discussion the involved help

ists investigating these clandestine that a composite list be assistance in

notes in clandestine sites to the open only open in this

have and both devoid extensive synthetic to methamphetamine and

amphetamine utilizing is outlined in 1 and 2. 1 is by the type catalytic species; i.e.

etc. 2 is by the synthetic diate; i.e. base, oxime, etc.

the chemical the chemical to amphetamine and methamphetamine. annotated the type

and utilized. citations

0 1989

184

1

J. alcohol

M.

0.

17 588

23 25

comm.a

communication, by attending clandestine sites. 450

94102.

are ease cross

as or

185

2

via

J. HeagyHalo

1

2 9 8

10 8

3 4 5 6

s 29,451 2 11

701 8 12

1.

catalytic and in synthesis is in the the mechanism the

catalysts has elusive due mainly to the studying such systems. in this has that a system and in the a catalyst yields has been as the catalysts and

the bond by et al. commun., 947201,

in the catalytic has been coated have that the the to the catalytic

is yielding W. an species the

gests that the moiety and the catalytic may not be an in some tic metal systems has been to be dependent upon the topology the catalytic in this be

2

m

{ comm. { 4. 5. {

{

. . . . z

+

{ { catalytic to methamphetamine in

clandestine is most achieved palladium the use platinum is second in

apply to the to amphetamine utilizing palladium, platinum and

m

I

O 23 6 m

I

Pt/Hz

45

or

X to

or esters

or

{

I

/

/

to

or order

to or

to

or

to

+

/

,

/

ketone has limited applicability, since the optimum the base is 6 and 7.

clandestine although less have open utilizing catalysis the synthesis

amphetamine oxime 31, tion 41, 51 and

61. to amphetamine and methamphetamine

have been synthesized the aid catalysis 51.

metal in aluminum, continue to be the most synthetic to methamphetamine and amphetamine in clandestine in the is duced as the metal dissolves, this is a to the

the species. actual mechanism does not involve but is, in a an cess. the metal to a in a

solution to complete metals oxidation states Mg, may as a combination

catalysis is one used to minimize dissolution the metal and to abate evolution made sodium

and have the diminishing the activity the metal thus dissolution the species. aluminum and has the added oxide on the aluminum in contact

to poison the metal the the metal and the inactive metal oxide.

the clandestine amphetamine and methamphetamine the most is via amalgam the

base adduct and the amine 21. despite

111 in 1980. status has in an in the clandestine synthetic

have in clandestine acetic acid 71. to the phenylacetic acid on a

schedule in some synthesis have to utilizes a dissolving metal

and acid 41. utilize dissolving metal

have been a base to methamphetamine 21 and to

amphetamine 91 using sodium in alcohol cited in the open an oxime 31,

amalgam a 41 a 51 to amphetamine and analogs to methamphetamine also cited in the

Metal have not the imagination clandestine chemists like the the community.

is the inability to utilize most to metal

Metal by a to the a double bond. is on the

via the solvent media in the case up in case

use metal agents in clandestine cannot be to the lack open in

these agents Methamphetamine has been in clandestine sites via the adduct and

methylamine a outlined by Weichet et al. the activity is to the ketone

and this is a competing is not the case the selective agent activity is dependent on the the media aluminum activity is and less selective than has been used to phetamine amphetamine the a

i.e. 81, 101, oxime 31, 41 and halogen analogs 111.

has also been used in a by acid to amphetamine a clandestine as outlined in

12

to methamphetamine and amphetamine have been might be as in clandestine synthesis

the the and mid the thesis, employs acid, the most clandestine to amphetamine and methamphetamine. this is still common in lost in the by the end the 1970s. the the acid

to methamphetamine began in in the and the

link the synthesis 81 to amphetamine and methamphetamine 661, no open links

192

acid a benzylic alcohol to the phetamine 11. benzylic alcohols have been to

aliphatic this application chemical syntheses a level chemical not common among clandestine chemists.

mechanism the has been studied and to be a initiated by acid.

the mechanism the acid has not been established. seems that the benzylic alcohol a substitution

iodine. the mechanism the tion is in i.e. via tionation iodine, elevated decomposition to and

the bond

this have to amphetamine and methamphetamine via catalysis, dissolving metals, metal

and these has been highlighted emphasis on the the

species. may be concluded that many options available to destine chemists in actutal the most in the the num the adduct and methylamine

the palladium catalyzed the analog to methamphetamine and the acid to methamphetamine

3 54. J. 9

1.

H. series. 968,545 Mar. 6,1958.

1.

Gero, I. J. Org. 16 1735. 6606g

1. or

H. I. Helv. 12

*J. Heagy, 450 94102,

193

10

12

13

14

15

16

18

and 1. to methamphetamine

W. and 509,661, 3, 1938. 34: 3761

1. phosphate to methamphetamine

and and phosphates. J. Med. 9 66: 28945y

1. acid to methamphetamine and the

lamines. 1859. 38: 1219 2.

base to methamphetamine 702,985, Jan. 27, 1954. 49:

5515g 2.

base + to methamphetamine M. illegal an compound.

6 47: 11661h

analog to amphetamine and Munch, and

activity J. 53 1879. 25: 3635

to phenethylamines and oximes. J.

23: 599 and a 4.

to amphetamine to

3.456,576. 71: 91049c 3.

to amphetamine and study mechanisms chemical

and by &&us 43: 1025h

1. to methamphetamine

844,227 July 20, 1939. 34: 5.

oxime to and catalysis. in

coal in J. 115g 119541.

1. to methamphetamine

and mechanisms chemical and amines by

43: 1025g 1.

to methamphetamine W. and 767,186, Jan. 31 49: 1598c

509,661, 3 34: 3761

194

19 1

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

to methamphetamine Japanese 2307 May 15

47: 543731 2

base + to amphetamine and Misegades, alkylation method the

ketones to amines. J. 70 42: 5411d

activated 2 base + to methamphetamine

alkylation amines. J. 65 41: 37991

2. base + to methamphetamine

W. and 844,227 34: 72975 767,263 47:

also and 6. to amphetamine

to 870,265 52: 16301d

5. oxime to Manske and Johnson, and

pounds. J. 51 23: 1404 2.

base + to methamphetamine the amines. 2,828,343,

25, 1958. 52: 2.

base + to amphetamine Mastigle, M. and the aminolysis some ketones and

hydes. 45: 8970h 2.

base + to amphetamine ketones. J. 70

43: 2.

base + to amphetamine

27 171. 34: 16278 2.

base + to amphetamine M. amination ketones. 3,187,047, June 1, 1965. 63:

3. to amphetamine

J.W. Wilson, labeled J. 39 687. 45: 1728d

3. to amphetamine

and compounds by nickel alloy and alkali solution. J. 74 49: 5342d

32 4. to amphetamine

2,636,901, 28, 1953. 48:

33 4. to amphetamine

and 0. amines. 848,197, 1, 1952. 47: 5438b

34 6. to amphetamine

and acids. 32 45: 4645a

35 3. to amphetamine

and J. 15 14. 44: 4412d

36 5. oxime to

aldehydes and ketones alloy in aqueous alkaline solution. J. Am. 27 3875. 58:

37 to methamphetamine

W. the bases. 65 26: 3495. 38 5.

oxime to alloy. to the synthesis

and active amines. 81 46: 7070d

39 1. to methamphetamine

metals and J. 16 1736. 46: 6606g

40 2. base + to methamphetamine

M2782, 5, 1964. 62: 5228b 41 2.

base + to methamphetamine and W. 871,155.

19.1953. 52: 20055e 508,756, 34: 7765

42 2. base + to methamphetamine

alkylation amines. J. 41:

43 2. base + to methamphetamine

844,288, July 20, 1939. 34: 75441 44 2.

base + to amphetamine Wassink, and Jansen, synthesis amphetamine. J.

51 citation. 45 6.

to amphetamine 870,265, 12, 1953. 52:

16301d

196

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

2. base + to methamphetamine

J. 764. 14: 745

9. Methyl ketone + = +

to methamphetamine and M. in a

tive cleavage

3. to amphetamine

and van 37: 6219

3. to amphetamine.

W. bases.

4. to amphetamine

1879,003, 1932. 27: 373

3. to amphetamine

and compounds. J. 24: 1851

4. to and J. 15 8

14. 44: 4412d 4.

by and to in ketones. 2,557,051 46: 531g

1.

to methamphetamine

metals and J. 1735. 46: 6606g

base + to J. Weichet, J. and amination by sodium 56:

12. by acid to amphetamine.

and in the the synthesis amines.

91 71: 101261g 2.

+ to amines. and

anion as a selective agent. J. 49525n

58 8. to methamphetamine

0. and 0. and 70: 37323d

59 10. to amphetamine

and W.J. and methamphetamine J. 1169.

89: 16316433 60 3.

to amphetamine and Miyazaki, by

oximes lithium aluminium on alkyl ketoximes and tosylates. 69: 6 7158a

61 4. to amphetamine

and addition lithium aluminum to J. 1837 1843. 48:

62 11. to amphetamine

+ + in = M and Japan

10,914 June 17,196l. 61: 11930cd 63 1.

a benzylic alcohol and Wong, 161 and

116 and McMillan, J. 21 et al., J. 2170. W. and

J. and 0 1941.

64 8. + = + to amine

4th ed. and 1987. pp.

8. mechanism study and synthesis amphetamine

and on the J. 9 529 536. 39: 11476

66 8. to by to methamphetamine

0. and 0. and

mu1z, 70: 37323d. 67 8.

to amphetamine Magidson and J.

11 35: 58696 68 8.

to amphetamine and method J.

14 36: 25319.

198

8.

70

71

73

74

75

76

77

78

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

to amphetamine and methamphetamine and and J.

13: 1709 8.

mechanism study

8. mechanism study

and Wildman, on the mechanism the J. 1189. 42: 7263e

8. mechanism study

mechanism the and the bases by acid. 60: via acid and Magidson and J.

11 35: 58685 via phenylacetic acid and lead acetate

M. illegal an compound. 6 47: 11661h

via phenylacetic acid and 1st and

1948, pp. and via phenylacetic acid and

and Manske, Methyl benzyl ketone 16 30: 3807 acid via benzylcyanide

1st and 1948, pp. 723 and 728.

Julian, J.J. and 18 and 36: 2531

and method J. 14 36: 2531

J.W. Wilson, labeled J. 39 687. 45: 1728d

and methyl ketones diethyl acylmalonates. J. 68 1388. 40: 5712

and benzyl ketones and hydantoin J.

and in synthesis. thallium simple synthesis aldehydes and ketones.

M. magnesium 10 2: 265

Mason and phenylacetone. J. 62 1622. 34: 6248*

and McMillian, acylation acids. J. 73 47: 535a and 1977.

and on platinum, a mechanistic study. J. 108 1606 1616.

and palladium and its tion to selectivity in the J. 108 2616.

90 second ed. 1972.

91 Mass in the sciences. 10 92 J. and the

composition methamphetamine and 53 1648.

93 and Methamphetamine and dines. J. 32 71953 962.